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Ditton DM, Marchus CR, Bozeman AL, Martes AC, Brumley MR, Schiele NR. Visualization of rat tendon in three dimensions using micro-Computed Tomography. MethodsX 2024; 12:102565. [PMID: 38292310 PMCID: PMC10825692 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Micro-computed tomography (CT) is an X-ray-based imaging modality that produces three-dimensional (3D), high-resolution images of whole-mount tissues, but is typically limited to dense tissues, such as bone. The X-rays readily pass-through tendons, rendering them transparent. Contrast-enhancing chemical stains have been explored, but their use to improve contrast in different tendon types and across developmental stages for micro-CT imaging has not been systematically evaluated. Therefore, we investigated how phosphotungstic acid (PTA) staining and tissue hydration impacts tendon contrast for micro-CT imaging. We showed that PTA staining increased X-ray absorption of tendon to enhance tissue contrast and obtain 3D micro-CT images of immature (postnatal day 21) and sexually mature (postnatal day 50) rat tendons within the tail and hindlimb. Further, we demonstrated that tissue hydration state following PTA staining significantly impacts soft tissue contrast. Using this method, we also found that tail tendon fascicles appear to cross between fascicle bundles. Ultimately, contrast-enhanced 3D micro-CT imaging will lead to better understanding of tendon structure, and relationships between the bone and soft tissues.•Simple tissue fixation and staining technique enhances soft tissue contrast for tendon visualization using micro-CT.•3D tendon visualization in situ advances understanding of musculoskeletal tissue structure and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destinee M. Ditton
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Colin R. Marchus
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Aimee L. Bozeman
- Psychology, Idaho State University, 921 S 8th Avenue Stop 8087, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - Alleyna C. Martes
- Psychology, Idaho State University, 921 S 8th Avenue Stop 8087, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - Michele R. Brumley
- Psychology, Idaho State University, 921 S 8th Avenue Stop 8087, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - Nathan R. Schiele
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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Li K, Yuan Y, Jiang L, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhang L. Animal host range of mpox virus. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28513. [PMID: 36661039 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mpox is caused by the mpox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus and Poxviridae family. Animal hosts, such as African rodents, mice, prairie dogs, and non-human primates, play important roles in the development and transmission of outbreaks. Laboratory animal infection experiments have demonstrated that some animals are susceptible to mpox virus. This review summarizes the current progress on the animal hosts for mpox virus. The surveillance of mpox virus in animal hosts will provide important insights into virus tracing, analysis of mutation evolutionary patterns, transmission mechanisms, and development of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangxin Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yupei Yuan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuwen Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Medvediev VV, Oleksenko NP, Pichkur LD, Verbovska SA, Savosko SI, Draguntsova NG, Lontkovskiy YA, Vaslovych VV, Tsymbalyuk VI. Effect of Implantation of a Fibrin Matrix Associated with Neonatal Brain Cells on the Course of an Experimental Spinal Cord Injury. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gross Morphology of the Brain and Spinal Cord of the African Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris). FOLIA VETERINARIA 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2021-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) is an insectivorous animal, native to Africa. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord, protected by the cranium and vertebral column respectively. Assessment of the gross appearance and morphometries of the African pygmy hedgehog CNS were carried out using six adults (3 males and 3 females). The gross examination showed the brains to be lissencephalic, with relatively large olfactory bulbs, similar to that observed in some rodents. The rootlets of the first cervical spinal nerves were observed to emerge before the foramen magnum. Linear measurements were obtained from both the brain and spinal cord. The mean weight of the animals was 199.00 ± 16.09 g, with the males having an average body weight of 183.50 ± 12.02 g and the females 206.80 ± 11.95 g. Although not statistically significant, the males had a higher encephalisation quotient (0.40 ± 0.08) relative to the females 0.36 ± 0.04). The values for the brain weight, length of spinal cord and heights of the telencephalon and diencephalon at different points were higher in the males, while the spinal cord weight, length of brain and cerebellar height were higher in the females. The spinal cord showed slight enlargements at the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments. This study aimed to provide baseline data for the study of the gross appearance and neuromorpho-metrics of the hedgehog, with possible application in regional anaesthesiology and comparative wildlife neuroanatomy.
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Sundaram V, Jones K, Mootoo N, Tomar MPS. Anatomy of the vertebral column, ribs and sternum in orange rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758): Structural and Functional perspectives. Anat Histol Embryol 2021; 50:985-995. [PMID: 34569090 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The axial skeleton of orange rumped agouti, Dasyprocta leporina, was studied for better understanding of its locomotor behaviour. The bones from eight adult agoutis of both sexes were observed for their anatomical features and functional significance. The vertebral formula was found to be C7 T12 L7 S5 Cy5-6 . The well-developed occipital crest, caudally oriented prominent axis spine and well-developed transverse processes from C3 -C7 indicated a highly flexible neck with greater sagittal mobility. Articular facets were horizontal in anterior series while oblique in the posterior series, which enabled them to perform both lateral and sagittal movements during locomotion. The caudally directed thoracic spines, T12 as anticlinal vertebra and prominent mamillary process in the posterior series were suggestive of strong dorso-ventral flexion/extension and rotation. The robust lumbar vertebrae, well-developed transverse processes with cranio-ventral extension, were the feature for powerful sagittal/dorsoventral movement. The presence of spinous processes and well-developed transverse processes in all caudal vertebrae was an indication of a highly movable tail. The ribs were 13 pairs with first seven as sternal and six as asternal. They were laterally compressed in the anterior series as a cursorial adaptation. A strong muscular attachment to vertebrae provides this rodent speed, agility, dexterity and strength suitable for survival in food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan Sundaram
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mt. Hope, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Kegan Jones
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mt. Hope, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Natasha Mootoo
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mt. Hope, Trinidad and Tobago
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An alternate prospect in detecting presymptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 carriers through odor differentiation by HeroRATs. J Vet Behav 2020; 42:26-29. [PMID: 33519319 PMCID: PMC7832940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The need for a cheap, ubiquitous, sensitive, rapid, noninvasive means of screening large numbers of presymptomatic and asymptomatic samples at departure or arrival into ports of countries, high-risk areas, and within communities forms the subject of this review. The widely used diagnostic test for the SARS-CoV 2 is the real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction assay while antibody-based techniques are being introduced as supplemental tools, but the lack of specialized nucleic acid extraction and amplification laboratories hampers/slows down timely large-scale testing. The use of animals with sensitive olfactory cue as an alternate testing model could serve as an alternative to detect COVID-19 in the saliva of carriers. The African giant rats are highly versatile and detect odorant molecules from carriers of pathogens with high percentage success after few months of training, hence can be taught to detect odor differences of COVID-19 in asymptomatic and presymptomatic individuals. If these are trained, they could help to curtail further spread of COVID infections.
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Hutson CL, Nakazawa YJ, Self J, Olson VA, Regnery RL, Braden Z, Weiss S, Malekani J, Jackson E, Tate M, Karem KL, Rocke TE, Osorio JE, Damon IK, Carroll DS. Laboratory Investigations of African Pouched Rats (Cricetomys gambianus) as a Potential Reservoir Host Species for Monkeypox Virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004013. [PMID: 26517724 PMCID: PMC4627651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease endemic to central and western Africa, where it is a major public health concern. Although Monkeypox virus (MPXV) and monkeypox disease in humans have been well characterized, little is known about its natural history, or its maintenance in animal populations of sylvatic reservoir(s). In 2003, several species of rodents imported from Ghana were involved in a monkeypox outbreak in the United States with individuals of three African rodent genera (Cricetomys, Graphiurus, Funisciurus) shown to be infected with MPXV. Here, we examine the course of MPXV infection in Cricetomys gambianus (pouched Gambian rats) and this rodent species' competence as a host for the virus. We obtained ten Gambian rats from an introduced colony in Grassy Key, Florida and infected eight of these via scarification with a challenge dose of 4X104 plaque forming units (pfu) from either of the two primary clades of MPXV: Congo Basin (C-MPXV: n = 4) or West African (W-MPXV: n = 4); an additional 2 animals served as PBS controls. Viral shedding and the effect of infection on activity and physiological aspects of the animals were measured. MPXV challenged animals had significantly higher core body temperatures, reduced activity and increased weight loss than PBS controls. Viable virus was found in samples taken from animals in both experimental groups (C-MPXV and W-MPXV) between 3 and 27 days post infection (p.i.) (up to 1X108 pfu/ml), with viral DNA found until day 56 p.i. The results from this work show that Cricetomys gambianus (and by inference, probably the closely related species, Cricetomys emini) can be infected with MPXV and shed viable virus particles; thus suggesting that these animals may be involved in the maintenance of MPXV in wildlife mammalian populations. More research is needed to elucidate the epidemiology of MPXV and the role of Gambian rats and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Hutson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori J. Nakazawa
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joshua Self
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Russell L. Regnery
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zachary Braden
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sonja Weiss
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jean Malekani
- Department of Biology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Eddie Jackson
- Animal Resources Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mallory Tate
- Animal Resources Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. Karem
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tonie E. Rocke
- U.S. Geological Survey-National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jorge E. Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Inger K. Damon
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Darin S. Carroll
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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