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Zhang S, Liu Y, Chai Y, Xing L, Li J. Effects of intermittent cold stimulation on growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant capacity and liver lipid metabolism in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103442. [PMID: 38262335 PMCID: PMC10835453 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermittent cold stimulation (ICS) enhances broilers' resistance to cold stress. Nonetheless, further research is needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms that enhance cold stress resistance. A total of 160 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly divided into 2 groups (CC and CS5), with the CC group managing temperature according to the standard for broiler growth stages, while the CS5 group were subjected to cold stimulation at a temperature 3℃ lower than the CC group for 5 h, every 2 d from 15 to 35 d. Sampling was conducted at 36 d (36D), 50 d (50D) and after acute cold stress for 24 h (Y24). First, we examined the effects of ICS on broiler growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism. The results demonstrated that ICS enhanced the performance of broilers to a certain degree. Specifically, the average weight gain in the CS5 group was significantly higher than that of the CC group, and the feed conversion ratio significantly decreased compared to CC at 4 W and 6 W (P ≤ 0.05). Compared with the CC group, cold stimulation significantly reduced drip loss, shearing force, and yellowness (a* value) of chicken meat, while significantly increased redness (b* value) (P ≤ 0.05). At Y24, the levels of T-AOC and GSH-PX in the serum of the CS5 group were significantly higher than those of the CC group, while the level of MDA was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05). The content of TG, FFA, and VLDL in the serum of the CS5 group was significantly elevated, whereas the level of TC and HDL was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, we further explored whether AMPK-mTOR pathway is involved in the regulation of changes in lipid metabolism and the possible regulatory mechanisms downstream of the signaling pathway. The results showed that ICS significantly upregulated the expression levels of AMPK mRNA and protein in the liver of the CS5 group at 36D and Y24, while significantly down-regulating mTOR (P ≤ 0.05). Compared with the CC group, ICS significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of lipid synthesis and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes (SREBP1c, FAS, SCD, ACC, GRP78 and PERK) at 36D and Y24, while significantly up-regulating the mRNA expression levels of lipid decomposition and autophagy-related genes (PPAR and LC3) (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, at Y24, the protein expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes (GRP78) in the CS5 group were significantly lower, while autophagy-related genes (LC3 and ATG7) were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05). ICS can affect meat quality and lipid metabolism in broilers, and when broilers are subjected to acute cold stress, broilers trained with cold stimulation have stronger lipid metabolism capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yiwen Chai
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Lu Xing
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030, China.
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2
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Zhang D, Ma Y, Liu J, Wang D, Geng Z, Wen D, Chen H, Wang H, Li L, Zhu X, Wang X, Huang M, Zou C, Chen Y, Ma L. Fenofibrate improves hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and shapes the gut microbiome via TFEB-autophagy in NAFLD mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176159. [PMID: 37898287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major liver disease subtype worldwide, is commonly associated with insulin resistance and obesity. NAFLD is characterized by an excessive hepatic lipid accumulation, as well as hepatic steatosis. Fenofibrate is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist widely used in clinical therapy to effectively ameliorate the development of NAFLD, but its mechanism of action is incompletely understood. Here, we found that fenofibrate dramatically modulate the gut microbiota composition of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mouse model, and the change of gut microbiota composition is dependent on TFEB-autophagy axis. Furthermore, we also found that fenofibrate improved hepatic steatosis, and increased the activation of TFEB, which severed as a regulator of autophagy, thus, the protective effects of fenofibrate against NAFLD are depended on TFEB-autophagy axis. Our study demonstrates the host gene may influence the gut microbiota and highlights the role of TFEB and autophagy in the protective effect of NAFLD. This work expands our understanding of the regulatory interactions between the host and gut microbiota and provides novel strategies for alleviating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Yicheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Da Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Zuotao Geng
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children's Hospital of Lijiang, Lijiang, 674100, PR China
| | - Daiyan Wen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Hang Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Lanyi Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Minshan Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Chenggang Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China.
| | - Yuanli Chen
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, PR China.
| | - Lanqing Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, PR China.
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3
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Li Q, Lin Y, Liang G, Xiao N, Zhang H, Yang X, Yang J, Liu A. Autophagy and Senescence: The Molecular Mechanisms and Implications in Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16880. [PMID: 38069199 PMCID: PMC10706096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the primary organ accountable for complex physiological functions, including lipid metabolism, toxic chemical degradation, bile acid synthesis, and glucose metabolism. Liver function homeostasis is essential for the stability of bodily functions and is involved in the complex regulation of the balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Cell proliferation-halting mechanisms, including autophagy and senescence, are implicated in the development of several liver diseases, such as cholestasis, viral hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Among various cell death mechanisms, autophagy is a highly conserved and self-degradative cellular process that recycles damaged organelles, cellular debris, and proteins. This process also provides the substrate for further metabolism. A defect in the autophagy machinery can lead to premature diseases, accelerated aging, inflammatory state, tumorigenesis, and cellular senescence. Senescence, another cell death type, is an active player in eliminating premalignant cells. At the same time, senescent cells can affect the function of neighboring cells by secreting the senescence-associated secretory phenotype and induce paracrine senescence. Autophagy can promote and delay cellular senescence under different contexts. This review decodes the roles of autophagy and senescence in multiple liver diseases to achieve a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms and implications of autophagy and senescence in various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anding Liu
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan 430100, China; (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (G.L.); (N.X.); (H.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.Y.)
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4
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Zhang C, Zhang D, Huang H, Lu X, Shi H, Liu K, Guo X, Zhang R, Wang H. Cathepsin D mediates prenatal caffeine exposure-caused NAFLD susceptibility in male rat offspring by regulating autophagy. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:684-699. [PMID: 37743032 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence has revealed that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) harbors an intrauterine origin. Autophagy is known to be involved in the protective mechanism in the development of adult NAFLD, but whether it engages in the occurrence of fetal-originated NAFLD remains unclear. In this study, a rat model of fetal-originated NAFLD was established by giving a high-fat diet or chronic stress after birth on prenatal caffeine exposure (PCE) male offspring. The alterations of liver morphologic analysis, lipid metabolism, and autophagy before and after birth were determined to confirm autophagy mechanism, NAFLD susceptibility, and intrauterine origin in PCE male adult offspring. Our results revealed that PCE-induced intrauterine high concentration of corticosterone exposure blocked autophagic flux by inhibiting cathepsin D expression in hepatocytes, leading to β-oxidation inhibition and lipid accumulation in the liver. Moreover, high concentration of corticosterone upregulated miR-665 by activating the glucocorticoid receptor to suppress cathepsin D, thus causing lysosomal degradation dysfunction and autophagy flux blockade. Notably, hepatic overexpression of cathepsin D could reverse PCE-induced postnatal NAFLD susceptibility in male rat offspring. This study elucidates the epigenetic programming mechanism of intrauterine autophagy-related fetal-originated NAFLD susceptibility, and identifies cathepsin D as its early intervention target, providing an experimental basis for exploring early prevention and treatment strategies for fetal-originated NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dingmei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hegui Huang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China; Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaoqian Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Huasong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaoling Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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5
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Abdelrahman BA, El-Khatib AS, Attia YM. Insights into the role of vitamin D in targeting the culprits of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Life Sci 2023; 332:122124. [PMID: 37742738 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) is a secosteroid hormone that is renowned for its crucial role in phospho-calcium homeostasis upon binding to the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR). Over and above, the pleiotropic immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic roles VD plays in different disease settings started to surface in the past few decades. On the other hand, a growing body of evidence suggests a correlation between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive inflammatory form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with vitamin D deficiency (VDD) owing to the former's ingrained link with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Accordingly, a better understanding of the contribution of disrupted VDR signalling to NAFLD incidence and progression would provide further insights into its diagnosis, treatment modalities, and prognosis. This is especially significant as, hitherto, no drug for NAFLD has been approved. This review, therefore, sought to set forth the likely contribution of VDR signalling in NAFLD and how it might influence its multiple drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma A Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aiman S El-Khatib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Yasmeen M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
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Horakova O, Sistilli G, Kalendova V, Bardova K, Mitrovic M, Cajka T, Irodenko I, Janovska P, Lackner K, Kopecky J, Rossmeisl M. Thermoneutral housing promotes hepatic steatosis in standard diet-fed C57BL/6N mice, with a less pronounced effect on NAFLD progression upon high-fat feeding. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1205703. [PMID: 37501785 PMCID: PMC10369058 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1205703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can progress to more severe stages, such as steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Thermoneutral housing together with high-fat diet promoted NAFLD progression in C57BL/6J mice. Due to possible differences in steatohepatitis development between different C57BL/6 substrains, we examined how thermoneutrality affects NAFLD progression in C57BL/6N mice. Methods Male mice were fed standard or high-fat diet for 24 weeks and housed under standard (22°C) or thermoneutral (30°C) conditions. Results High-fat feeding promoted weight gain and hepatic steatosis, but the effect of thermoneutral environment was not evident. Liver expression of inflammatory markers was increased, with a modest and inconsistent effect of thermoneutral housing; however, histological scores of inflammation and fibrosis were generally low (<1.0), regardless of ambient temperature. In standard diet-fed mice, thermoneutrality increased weight gain, adiposity, and hepatic steatosis, accompanied by elevated de novo lipogenesis and changes in liver metabolome characterized by complex decreases in phospholipids and metabolites involved in urea cycle and oxidative stress defense. Conclusion Thermoneutrality appears to promote NAFLD-associated phenotypes depending on the C57BL/6 substrain and/or the amount of dietary fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Horakova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gabriella Sistilli
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Veronika Kalendova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kristina Bardova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marko Mitrovic
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Laboratory of Translational Metabolism, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ilaria Irodenko
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Janovska
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karoline Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Zhao C, Wu B, Li J, Jiang Q, Loor JJ, Liu M, Chen L, Zhu Y, Gao W, Du X, Song Y, Liu G, Lei L, Li X. AdipoRon alleviates fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction in bovine hepatocytes by promoting autophagy. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00295-3. [PMID: 37268562 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During the transition period in dairy cows, high circulating concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) increase hepatic lipid deposits and are considered a major pathological factor for liver damage. We investigated whether AdipoRon, a synthetic small-molecule agonist of adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 shown to prevent liver lipid accumulation in nonruminants, could alleviate NEFA-induced lipid accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Bovine hepatocytes were isolated from 5 healthy Holstein female newborn calves (1 d of age, 30-40 kg, fasting), and independently isolated hepatocytes from at least 3 different calves were used for each subsequent experiment. The composition and concentration of NEFA used in this study were selected according to hematological criteria of dairy cows with fatty liver or ketosis. First, hepatocytes were cultured with various concentrations of NEFA (0, 0.6, 1.2, or 2.4 mM) for 12 h. In a second experiment, hepatocytes were treated with AdipoRon at different concentrations (0, 5, 25, or 50 μM for 12 h) and times (25 μM for 0, 6, 12, or 24 h) with or without NEFA (1.2 mM) treatment. In the last experiment, hepatocytes were treated with AdipoRon (25 μM), NEFA (1.2 mM), or both for 12 h after treatment with or without the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. Hepatocytes treated with NEFA had increased protein abundance of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and mRNA abundance of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACACA), and decreased protein abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARA), proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 α (PGC-1α), mitofusin 2 (MFN2), cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX IV), and mRNA abundance of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), along with lower ATP concentrations. AdipoRon treatment reversed these effects, suggesting this compound had a positive effect on lipid metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction during the NEFA challenge. In addition, upregulated expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II, encoded by MAP1LC3) and downregulated expression of sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1, also called p62) indicated that AdipoRon enhanced autophagic activity in hepatocytes. The fact that chloroquine impeded the beneficial effects of AdipoRon on lipid accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction suggested a direct role for autophagy during NEFA challenge. Our results suggest that autophagy is an important cellular mechanism to prevent NEFA-induced lipid accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction in bovine hepatocytes, which is consistent with other studies. Overall, AdipoRon may represent a promising therapeutic agent to maintain hepatic lipid homeostasis and mitochondrial function in dairy cows during the transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Jinxia Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qianming Jiang
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Menglin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Linfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yiwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiliang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lin Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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8
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Liu X, Li X, Su S, Yuan Y, Liu W, Zhu M, Zheng Q, Zeng X, Fu F, Lu Y, Chen Y. Oleic acid improves hepatic lipotoxicity injury by alleviating autophagy dysfunction. Exp Cell Res 2023:113655. [PMID: 37253404 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity caused by excess free fatty acids, particularly saturated fatty acids (SFAs) such as palmitic acid (PA), is one of the most important pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), such as oleic acid (OA), are nontoxic and can combat SFA-induced toxicity through alleviation of cell apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and lipids metabolism disorder. However, whether OA is able to regulate autophagy is largely unknown. So, this study aims to investigate the mechanism underlying OA mediated modulation of autophagy in hepatocytes and mice with NAFLD. In vitro, human hepatoma cell line HepG2 cells, human normal liver cells L-02 and mouse normal liver cells AML12 were treated with palmitic acid (PA)/tunicamycin (TM) or/and OA for 48 h. In vivo, C57/BL6 mice were fed with high fat diet (HFD) to induce NAFLD. And the HFD was partial replaced by olive oil to observe the protective effects of olive oil. We demonstrated that PA/TM impaired cell viability and induced cellular apoptosis in HepG2 cells and L-02 cells. Moreover, PA/TM induced autophagy impairment by reducing the nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB) and inhibiting the activity of CTSB. However, OA substantially alleviated PA/TM induced cellular apoptosis and autophagy dysfunction in hepatocytes. Additionally, restoring autophagy function is able to reduce ER stress. Similarly, HFD for 20 weeks successfully established NAFLD model in C57/BL6 mice, and significant autophagy impairment were observed in liver tissues. Noteworthily, 30% replacement of HFD with olive oil had profoundly reversed NAFLD. It significantly impoved steatosis, and reduced autophagy dysfunction, ER stress and apoptosis in liver tissue. Conclusively, these data demonstrated that OA is able to effectively impove autophagy dysfunction under the context of both PA and ER stress inducer induced lipotoxicity, and OA mediated regulation of lysosome dysfunction through TFEB plays an important role, suggesting that the regulation of ER stress-autophagy axis is a critical mechanism in OA driven protection in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Shan Su
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yujia Yuan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qing Zheng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Fudong Fu
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Younan Chen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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9
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Zeng J, Acin-Perez R, Assali EA, Martin A, Brownstein AJ, Petcherski A, Fernández-Del-Rio L, Xiao R, Lo CH, Shum M, Liesa M, Han X, Shirihai OS, Grinstaff MW. Restoration of lysosomal acidification rescues autophagy and metabolic dysfunction in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2573. [PMID: 37142604 PMCID: PMC10160018 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in the world. High levels of free fatty acids in the liver impair hepatic lysosomal acidification and reduce autophagic flux. We investigate whether restoration of lysosomal function in NAFLD recovers autophagic flux, mitochondrial function, and insulin sensitivity. Here, we report the synthesis of novel biodegradable acid-activated acidifying nanoparticles (acNPs) as a lysosome targeting treatment to restore lysosomal acidity and autophagy. The acNPs, composed of fluorinated polyesters, remain inactive at plasma pH, and only become activated in lysosomes after endocytosis. Specifically, they degrade at pH of ~6 characteristic of dysfunctional lysosomes, to further acidify and enhance the function of lysosomes. In established in vivo high fat diet mouse models of NAFLD, re-acidification of lysosomes via acNP treatment restores autophagy and mitochondria function to lean, healthy levels. This restoration, concurrent with reversal of fasting hyperglycemia and hepatic steatosis, indicates the potential use of acNPs as a first-in-kind therapeutic for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiu Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Rebeca Acin-Perez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA
| | - Essam A Assali
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA
| | - Andrew Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Alexandra J Brownstein
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA
| | - Anton Petcherski
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA
| | - Lucía Fernández-Del-Rio
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA
| | - Ruiqing Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Shenzhen Middle School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518001, China
| | - Chih Hung Lo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michaël Shum
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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10
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Zakariaª EM, Abdel-Ghanyª RH, Elgharbawyª AS, Alsemehᵇ AE, Metwallyª SS. A novel approach to repositioning memantine for metabolic syndrome-induced steatohepatitis: Modulation of hepatic autophagy, inflammation, and fibrosis. Life Sci 2023; 319:121509. [PMID: 36822316 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated the possible hepatoprotective effects of memantine, compared to pioglitazone, in rat steatohepatitis, emphasizing its role in modulating hepatic autophagy. MAIN METHODS Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was provoked in adult male Wistar rats by a high fructose/fat/salt regimen for eight weeks. Then, rats were administered either memantine or pioglitazone daily for 10 weeks (both at 20 mg/kg, orally). An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done at the end of the study, and serum liver enzymes, lipids, and fasting blood glucose were measured. Also, hepatic contents of inflammatory, oxidative, and autophagy markers were quantified. Additionally, histopathological examinations of general hepatic structure and glycogen content were performed. KEY FINDINGS Compared to the MetS rats, memantine normalized fasting serum insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-IR), serum lipids, and liver enzymes (ALT and AST). Memantine also markedly reduced hepatic inflammatory markers; NF-κB and TNF-α. In addition, hepatic NRF2 and GSH were augmented, while hepatic MDA was reduced by memantine. Interestingly, livers of the memantine group showed elevated Beclin1 and LC3 and reduced p62 contents compared to the MetS group indicating that memantine preserved hepatic autophagy. Histopathological examination revealed that memantine ameliorated hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Pioglitazone also mitigated most of the steatohepatitis-related changes, however, memantine was more effective in most of the studied parameters. SIGNIFICANCE The hepatoprotective effect of memantine against steatohepatitis is mediated, at least partly, through conserving hepatic autophagy along with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-fibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa M Zakariaª
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Rasha H Abdel-Ghanyª
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Atef S Elgharbawyª
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Amira Ebrahim Alsemehᵇ
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Sami S Metwallyª
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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11
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Afshari H, Noori S, Zarghi A. Hepatic Steatosis Alleviated by a Novel Metformin and Quercetin Combination Activating Autophagy Through the cAMP/AMPK/SIRT1 Pathway. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2023; 22:e136952. [PMID: 38116565 PMCID: PMC10728872 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-136952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incidence and prevalence are rapidly increasing globally. The combined effects of metformin and quercetin (Que) have yet to be investigated. However, both have demonstrated the potential to reduce triglyceride (TG) levels and treat NAFLD by promoting autophagy. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism of action and assess the role of autophagy in the lipid-lowering effects of Que, both individually and in combination with metformin, in a HepG2 cell model of hepatic steatosis. Triglyceride levels and lipogenic gene expression were reduced in HepG2 cells exposed to palmitic acid (PA) when treated with Que-metformin, as evidenced by triglyceride measurements and real-time PCR. The LDH release assay also showed that this combination induced autophagy to protect HepG2 cells from PA-induced cell death. According to the Western blot analysis outcomes, Que-metformin increased LC3-I and LC3-II protein levels while decreasing p62 expression to induce autophagy. In HepG2 cells, the co-administration of Que-metformin elevated cAMP, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), and Beclin-1 levels. Additionally, the inhibition of SIRT1 reversed the autophagy induced by Que-metformin. The findings of this study demonstrated for the first time that Que-metformin reduced hepatosteatosis by stimulating autophagy through the cAMP/AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway and diminishing inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havva Afshari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokoofe Noori
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Kemper C, Sack MN. Linking nutrient sensing, mitochondrial function, and PRR immune cell signaling in liver disease. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:886-900. [PMID: 36216719 PMCID: PMC9617785 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Caloric overconsumption in vertebrates promotes adipose and liver fat accumulation while perturbing the gut microbiome. This triad triggers pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated immune cell signaling and sterile inflammation. Moreover, immune system activation perpetuates metabolic consequences, including the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to nonalcoholic hepatic steatohepatitis (NASH). Recent findings show that sensing of nutrient overabundance disrupts the activity and homeostasis of the central cellular energy-generating organelle, the mitochondrion. In parallel, whether caloric excess-initiated PRR signaling and mitochondrial perturbations are coordinated to amplify this inflammatory process in NASH progression remains in question. We hypothesize that altered mitochondrial function, classic PRR signaling, and complement activation in response to nutrient overload together play an integrated role across the immune cell landscape, leading to liver inflammation and NASH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kemper
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Michael N Sack
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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13
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Guo J, Nie J, Chen Z, Wang X, Hu H, Xu J, Lu J, Ma L, Ji H, Yuan J, Xu B. Cold exposure-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress regulates autophagy through the SIRT2/FoxO1 signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3960-3970. [PMID: 35938526 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cold is a factor affecting health in humans and animals. The liver, a major metabolic center, is highly susceptible to ambient air temperature. Recent studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with the liver, and regulates the occurrence and development of liver injury and autophagy. However, the mechanism underlying the relationship between cold exposure and ER stress in the liver is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of ER stress on liver autophagy and its mechanism under cold exposure. AML12 cells were treated with Tg to construct an ER stress model, and the level of autophagy increased. To further explore the mechanism through which ER stress regulates autophagy, we knocked down SIRT2 with shRNA in Tg-treated AML12 cells. Knockdown of SIRT2 significantly increased ER stress and autophagy, increased FoxO1 acetylation, and promoted its entry into the nucleus. To further verify the results of in vitro experiments, we exposed mice to 4°C for 3 h per day for 3 weeks to exacerbate the burden on the liver after cold exposure. Cold exposure damaged the structure and function of the liver and promoted the inflammatory response. It also activated ER stress and promoted autophagy. In addition, cold exposure inhibited the expression of SIRT2, promoted FoxO1 acetylation, and enhanced the interaction with autophagy. Our findings indicated that cold exposure induces liver damage, ER stress, and autophagy through the SIRT2/FoxO1 pathway. These findings suggest that SIRT2 may be a potential target for regulating health under cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Guo
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Junshu Nie
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xian Wang
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Huijie Hu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Li Ma
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Hong Ji
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jianbin Yuan
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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14
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Ameliorating Effects of Bioactive Peptides Extracted from Litopenaeus vannamei Wastes on Oxidative Stress, Glucose Regulation, and Autophagy Gene Expression in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver-Induced Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2679634. [PMID: 36062167 PMCID: PMC9436606 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2679634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of bioactive peptides from Litopenaeus vannamei on oxidative stress, glucose regulation, and autophagy gene expression in the induced nonalcoholic fatty liver rats. Bioactive peptides used in the current study were extracted in a progressive rise in temperature (40–60°C) (GP). For this purpose, twenty-four healthy male rats (initial weight, 230.1 ± 22 g) were divided in four experimental groups including control (standard diet), HFD (high-fat diet), HFD + GP20, and 300 (high-fat diet + 20, 300 mg peptides/kg body weight). After 70 days, the results indicated that experimental treatments did not affect the body and liver weight (P > 0.05), although the higher liver weight was seen in HFD treatment. Based on these results, the use of GP peptides improved antioxidant enzymes and decreased MDA concentration, and a significant difference was observed between peptide treatments and HFD (P < 0.05). In comparison to the HFD group, significantly lower liver enzymes (ALT and AST) were seen in peptide treatments (P < 0.05). Also, the results indicated that the lowest amylase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and inflammation cytokines (TNF-ɑ and IL-6) were seen in peptide groups. The autophagy gene expression was measured in the liver cells, and the results showed that, unlike HFD treatment, the use of GP peptides decreased Beclin 1, Atg7, and P62 expression in male rat's livers. Overall, the results of the current study demonstrated that the use of GP peptides at low concentration shows significant hypoglycemia and antioxidant properties in nonalcoholic fatty liver-induced rats.
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15
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Zhang Y, Chen Y. Roles of organelle-specific autophagy in hepatocytes in the development and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:1673-1681. [PMID: 35950774 PMCID: PMC9509094 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disorder of lipid metabolism. The lipotoxic intermediates of lipid metabolism cause mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Organelle-specific autophagy is responsible for the removal of dysfunctional organelles to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Lipophagy contributes to lipid turnover by degrading lipid droplets. The level of autophagy changes during the course of NAFLD, and the activation of hepatocyte autophagy might represent a method of treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Zhang
- Fourth Department of Liver Disease (Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center), Beijing You’an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Fourth Department of Liver Disease (Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center), Beijing You’an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing 100069, China
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16
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Cell Autophagy in NASH and NASH-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147734. [PMID: 35887082 PMCID: PMC9322157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a cellular self-digestion process, involves the degradation of targeted cell components such as damaged organelles, unfolded proteins, and intracellular pathogens by lysosomes. It is a major quality control system of the cell and plays an important role in cell differentiation, survival, development, and homeostasis. Alterations in the cell autophagic machinery have been implicated in several disease conditions, including neurodegeneration, autoimmunity, cancer, infection, inflammatory diseases, and aging. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, including its inflammatory form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a decrease in cell autophagic activity, has been implicated in the initial development and progression of steatosis to NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We present an overview of autophagy as it occurs in mammalian cells with an insight into the emerging understanding of the role of autophagy in NASH and NASH-related HCC.
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17
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Hou LS, Zhang YW, Li H, Wang W, Huan ML, Zhou SY, Zhang BL. The regulatory role and mechanism of autophagy in energy metabolism-related hepatic fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 234:108117. [PMID: 35077761 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a key pathological process of chronic liver diseases, caused by alcohol, toxic and aberrant energy metabolism. It progresses to cirrhosis or even hepatic carcinoma without effective treatment. Studies have shown that autophagy has important regulatory effects on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) energy metabolism, and then affect the activation state of HSCs. Autophagy maintains hepatic energy homeostasis, and the dysregulation of autophagy can lead to the activation of HSCs and the occurrence and development of hepatic fibrosis. It is necessary to explore the mechanism of autophagy in energy metabolism-related hepatic fibrosis. Herein, the current study summarizes the regulating mechanisms of autophagy through different targets and signal pathways in energy metabolism-related hepatic fibrosis, and discusses the regulatory effect of autophagy by natural plant-derived, endogenous and synthetic compounds for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. A better comprehension of autophagy in hepatic stellate cells energy metabolism-related hepatic fibrosis may provide effective intervention of hepatic fibrosis, explore the potential clinical strategies and promote the drug treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shuang Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yao-Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Meng-Lei Huan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Si-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Bang-Le Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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18
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Rosa-Caldwell ME, Poole KE, Seija A, Harris MP, Greene NP, Wooten JS. Exercise during weight-loss improves hepatic mitophagy. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 4:183-189. [PMID: 36090917 PMCID: PMC9453692 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently become a public health concern concurrent with the obesity crisis. Previous work has shown aberrant mitochondrial content/quality and autophagy in models of NAFLD, whereas exercise is known to improve these derangements. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different weight-loss modalities on hepatic mitochondrial content, autophagy and mitophagy in NAFLD. Forty-eight male C57BL/6J mice were divided into 1 of 4 groups: low fat diet (LFD, 10% fat, 18 weeks), high fat diet (HFD, 60% fat diet, 18 weeks), weight-loss by diet (D, 60% fat diet for 10 weeks then 10% fat diet for 8 weeks) or weight-loss by diet and physical activity (D/PA, 60% fat diet for 10 weeks, then 10% fat diet plus a running wheel for 8 weeks). Immunoblot data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significance denoted at p < 0.05. COX-IV protein contents were approximately 50% less in HFD compared to LFD. D/PA had 50% more BNIP3 compared to HFD. PINK1 content was 40% higher in D and D/PA compared to LFD. P-PARKIN/PARKIN levels were 40% lower in HFD, D, and D/PA compared to LFD. Whereas p-UbSer65 was 3-fold higher in HFD. LC3II/I ratio was 50% greater in HFD and D/PA, yet p62 protein content was 2.5 fold higher in HFD. High-fat diet causes disruptions in markers of mitochondrial quality control. Physical activity combined with diet were able to ameliorate these derangements and seemingly improve hepatic mitochondrial quality above control values.
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19
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Liu X, Zhao T, Wei X, Zhang D, Lv W, Luo Z. Dietary Phosphorus Reduced Hepatic Lipid Deposition by Activating Ampk Pathway and Beclin1 Phosphorylation Levels to Activate Lipophagy in Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Front Nutr 2022; 9:841187. [PMID: 35369063 PMCID: PMC8969567 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.841187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High-phosphorus diet (HPD) reduces lipid deposition and significantly influences lipid metabolism. However, the relevant mechanism is unknown. Herein, using widely-cultured teleost tilapia Oreochromis niloticus as the experimental animals, we found that HPD and Pi incubation reduced triglyceride (TG) content (P ≤ 0.05), suppressed lipogenesis, activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and autophagy (P ≤ 0.05), and increased fatty acid β-oxidation and lipolysis in tilapia liver and hepatocytes (P ≤ 0.05). Our further investigation indicated that Pi treatments activated the lipophagy and facilitated mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, and according reduced TG deposition (P ≤ 0.05). Mechanistically, phosphorus increased the AMPKα1 phosphorylation level at S496 and Beclin1 phosphorylation at S90, and Beclin1 phosphorylation by AMPKα1 was required for phosphorus-induced lipophagy and lipolysis. Our study revealed a mechanism for Beclin1 regulation and autophagy induction in response to high-phosphorus diet, and provided novel evidences for the link between dietary phosphorus addition and lipolytic metabolism via the AMPK/Beclin1 pathway. Our results also suggested that AMPK should be the potential target for the prevention and control of lipid metabolic disorders. Overall, these results suggested that HPD reduced hepatic lipid deposition by activating AMPK pathway and Beclin1 phosphorylation levels to activate lipophagy, which provided potential targets for the prevention and control of fatty liver in fish.
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20
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Eguchi A, Mizukami S, Nakamura M, Masuda S, Murayama H, Kawashima M, Inohana M, Nagahara R, Kobayashi M, Yamashita R, Uomoto S, Makino E, Ohtsuka R, Takahashi N, Hayashi SM, Maronpot RR, Shibutani M, Yoshida T. Metronidazole enhances steatosis-related early-stage hepatocarcinogenesis in high fat diet-fed rats through DNA double-strand breaks and modulation of autophagy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:779-789. [PMID: 34341928 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a hepatic disorder with deposition of fat droplets and has a high risk of progression to steatosis-related hepatitis and irreversible hepatic cancer. Metronidazole (MNZ) is an antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent widely used to treat patients infected with anaerobic bacteria and intestinal parasites; however, MNZ has also been shown to induce liver tumors in rodents. To investigate the effects of MNZ on steatosis-related early-stage hepatocarcinogenesis, male rats treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine following 2/3 hepatectomy at week 3 were received a control basal diet, high fat diet (HFD), or HFD containing 0.5% MNZ. The HFD induced obesity and steatosis in the liver, accompanied by altered expression of Pparg and Fasn, genes related to lipid metabolism. MNZ increased nuclear translocation of lipid metabolism-related transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in hepatocytes, together with altered liver expression of lipid metabolism genes (Srebf1, Srebf2, Pnpla2). Furthermore, MNZ significantly increased the number of preneoplastic liver foci, accompanied by DNA double-strand breaks and late-stage autophagy inhibition, as reflected by increased levels of γ-H2AX, LC3, and p62. Therefore, MNZ could induce steatosis-related hepatocarcinogenesis by inducing DNA double-strand breaks and modulating autophagy in HFD-fed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Eguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Sayaka Mizukami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Misato Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Sousuke Masuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hirotada Murayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawashima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mari Inohana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Rei Nagahara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mio Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Risako Yamashita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Suzuka Uomoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Emi Makino
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Ohtsuka
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan
| | - Naofumi Takahashi
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan
| | - Shim-Mo Hayashi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F. F. I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-8588, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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21
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Bhattarai KR, Kim HK, Chaudhary M, Ur Rashid MM, Kim J, Kim HR, Chae HJ. TMBIM6 regulates redox-associated posttranslational modifications of IRE1α and ER stress response failure in aging mice and humans. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102128. [PMID: 34562874 PMCID: PMC8476450 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated persistent ER stress is the result of declining chaperone systems of the ER that reduces cellular functions, induces apoptosis, and leads to age-related diseases. This study investigated the previously unknown regulatory mechanism of TMBIM6 during age-associated hepatic abnormalities. Wild-type (WT) and the TMBIM6 knockout (TMBIM6−/−) mice liver, human liver samples from different age groups were used to demonstrate the effect of physiological aging on liver. For TMBIM6 rescue experiments, TMBIM6−/− old mice and stable human hepatic cell lines expressing TMBIM 6 were used to study the functional role of TMBIM6 on aging-associated steatosis and its associated mechanisms. In aging humans and mice, we observed declined expression of TMBIM6 and aberrant UPR expression, which were associated with high hepatic lipid accumulation. During aging, TMBIM6-deficient mice had increased senescence than their WT counterparts. We identified redox-mediated posttranslational modifications of IRE1α such as S-nitrosylation and sulfonation were higher in TMBIM6-deficient aging mice and humans, which impaired the ER stress response signaling. Sulfonation of IRE1α enhanced regulated IRE1α-dependent decay (RIDD) activity inducing TMBIM6 decay, whereas S-nitrosylation of IRE1α inhibited XBP1 splicing enhancing the cell death. Moreover, the degradation of miR-338-3p by strong IRE1α cleavage activity enhanced the expression of PTP1B, resulting in diminishing phosphorylation of PERK. The re-expression of TMBIM6 reduced IRE1α modifications, preserved ER homeostasis, reduced senescence and senescence-associated lipid accumulation in human hepatic cells and TMBIM6-depleted mice. S-nitrosylation or sulfonation of IRE1α and its controller, the TMBIM6, might be the potential therapeutic targets for maintaining ER homeostasis in aging and aging-associated liver diseases. TMBIM6 is downregulated in fatty degeneration, and in aging human and mouse liver. TMBIM6 deficiency induces ER stress response failure and cell death and increases age-associated steatosis. TMBIM6 regulates redox-mediated cysteine modifications such as S-nitrosylation and sulfonation of IRE1α. IRE1α-SNO inhibits XBP1 splicing, whereas IRE1α-SO3H enhances RIDD activity inducing TMBIM6 decay. TMBIM6 overexpression attenuates hepatic steatosis by regulating ER stress and cysteine modifications caused by aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashi Raj Bhattarai
- School of Pharmacy and Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University, 54896, Jeonju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 38105, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hyun-Kyoung Kim
- School of Pharmacy and Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University, 54896, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Manoj Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, 54896, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Mamun Ur Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, 54896, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Kim
- School of Pharmacy and Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University, 54896, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, College of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- School of Pharmacy and Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University, 54896, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Cai M, Chen Y, Wang Y, Fang Q, He X, Wu W, Bao Y, Mao G, Jin W, Zhong W. Sulfated glucuronomannan hexasaccharide G6S1 enhanced lipolysis and lipophagy via PPARα pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 139:106067. [PMID: 34425199 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, ranging from benign steatosis to severe non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Recently, it has been found that lipophagy plays a pivotal role in lipid turnover, which can alleviate NAFLD in hepatocytes. In this study, we found that a highly sulfated glucuronomannan hexamer G6S1 has the ability to enhance lipophagy. When treated with G6S1, the number and the size of lipid droplet (LD) decreased significantly on hepatocytes AML12 cells. Western blot results showed that the expressions of the lipolysis-related proteins increased, while the expressions of proteins that is responsible for lipid transportation and synthesis exhibited no significant change. Immunofluorescence assay and electron microscopy results showed an increase of autophagy related protein expression level and lysosome number in hepatocytes treated with G6S1, suggesting that G6S1 could also promote lipophagy. A significant increase of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) expression level was detected in G6S1 treated cells, suggesting that G6S1 may promote autophagy via enhancing the expression of PPARα. In addition, these effects could be inhibited after treatment with autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and PPARα inhibitor MK-886. These findings indicate that G6S1 can promote lipophagy via enhanced PPARα expression and can result in a slowdown of lipids accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cai
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Yuzhi Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Qiufu Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Xinyue He
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Wanli Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Yizhong Bao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, PR China
| | - Genxiang Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, PR China.
| | - Weihua Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China.
| | - Weihong Zhong
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China.
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23
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Lendvai G, Szekerczés T, Illyés I, Csengeri M, Schlachter K, Szabó E, Lotz G, Kiss A, Borka K, Schaff Z. Autophagy activity in cholangiocarcinoma is associated with anatomical localization of the tumor. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253065. [PMID: 34129628 PMCID: PMC8205141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of autophagy has been indicated in cholangiocarcinoma (CC), which disease has poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Recently, CC has been classified by anatomical localization as intrahepatic (iCC), perihilar (pCC) and distal (dCC), showing different clinical and molecular characteristics. Thus, our aim was to compare autophagy activity in CC samples resected from different anatomical locations. Further, we investigated whether autophagy could be modulated in cell lines originated from iCC and extrahepatic CC (eCC) following the treatments with autophagy inhibitory and inducing agents. Tissue microarrays were prepared from 70 CC (28 iCC, 19 pCC and 23 dCC), 31 adjacent non-tumorous and 9 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) samples. Autophagy markers LC3, p62 and Beclin1 as well as proliferation marker Ki-67 were monitored by immunohistochemistry and were associated with patients' survival. Modulation of autophagy was investigated in cell lines originated from iCC (HuH-28), eCC (TFK-1) and HCC (HepG2) by treating the cells with chloroquine (CQ) for inhibition and with Rapamycin, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and Sorafenib for induction of autophagy. Our results indicated an inhibited autophagy in iCC and pCC tumor tissues, whereas active autophagy seemed to occur in dCC, especially in samples displaying low Ki-67 index. Additionally, low level of Beclin1 and high level of Ki-67 were associated with poor overall survival in dCC, suggesting the prognostic role of these proteins in dCC. Beside a baseline autophagy detected in each cell line, Rapamycin and 5-FU induced autophagy in iCC and HepG2 cell lines, Sorafenib in iCC cells. A chemotherapy agent in combination with CQ decreased IC50 effectively in the cell lines where basal and/or induced autophagy were present. In conclusion, we revealed differences in the autophagy activities of CC tissues and cell lines originated from different anatomical locations, which might influence patients' treatment. Our results also suggest a prognostic role of Beclin1 and Ki-67 in dCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Lendvai
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tímea Szekerczés
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Illyés
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Milán Csengeri
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Schlachter
- Department of Surgical and Molecular Pathology, Center of Tumor Pathology, National Institute of Oncology, Budpest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Szabó
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Lotz
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Kiss
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Borka
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Schaff
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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24
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Flessa CM, Kyrou I, Nasiri-Ansari N, Kaltsas G, Papavassiliou AG, Kassi E, Randeva HS. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Current Evidence and Perspectives. Curr Obes Rep 2021; 10:134-161. [PMID: 33751456 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease with rising prevalence worldwide. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge supporting the role of ER stress and autophagy processes in NAFLD pathogenesis and progression. We also highlight the interrelation between these two pathways and the impact of ER stress and autophagy modulators on NAFLD treatment. RECENT FINDINGS The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in NAFLD progression are currently under investigation. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the concomitant unfolded protein response (UPR) seem to contribute to its pathogenesis mainly due to high ER content in the liver which exerts significant metabolic functions and can be dysregulated. Furthermore, disruption of autophagy processes has also been identified in NAFLD. The crucial role of these two pathways in NAFLD is underlined by the fact that they have recently emerged as promising targets of therapeutic interventions. There is a greater need for finding the natural/chemical compounds and drugs which can modulate the ER stress pathway and autophagy for the treatment of NAFLD. Clarifying the inter-relation between these two pathways and their interaction with inflammatory and apoptotic mechanisms will allow the development of additional therapeutic options which can better target and reprogram the underlying pathophysiological pathways, aiming to attenuate NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Maria Flessa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, UK
- Division of Translational and Experimental Medicine, Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Narjes Nasiri-Ansari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Harpal S Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
- Division of Translational and Experimental Medicine, Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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25
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Interplay of autophagy and cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3695-3717. [PMID: 33893928 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. The most common type of liver cancers is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autophagy is the cellular digestion of harmful components by sequestering the waste products into autophagosomes followed by lysosomal degradation for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The impairment of autophagy is highly associated with the development and progression of HCC although autophagy may be involved in tumour-suppressing cellular events. In regards to its protecting role, autophagy also shelters the cells from anoikis- a programmed cell death in anchorage-dependent cells detached from the surrounding extracellular matrix which facilitates metastasis in HCC. Liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) have the ability for self-renewal and differentiation and are associated with the development and progression of HCC by regulating stemness, resistance and angiogenesis. Interestingly, autophagy is also known to regulate normal stem cells by promoting cellular survival and differentiation and maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the basal autophagic mechanisms and double-faceted roles of autophagy as both tumour suppressor and tumour promoter in HCC, as well as its association with and contribution to self-renewal and differentiation of LCSCs.
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26
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Reduced Liver Autophagy in High-Fat Diet Induced Liver Steatosis in New Zealand Obese Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040501. [PMID: 33804819 PMCID: PMC8063826 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as a consequence of overnutrition caused by high-calorie diets, results in obesity and disturbed lipid homeostasis leading to hepatic lipid droplet formation. Lipid droplets can impair hepatocellular function; therefore, it is of utmost importance to degrade these cellular structures. This requires the normal function of the autophagic-lysosomal system and the ubiquitin-proteasomal system. We demonstrated in NZO mice, a polygenic model of obesity, which were compared to C57BL/6J (B6) mice, that a high-fat diet leads to obesity and accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver. This was accompanied by a loss of autophagy efficiency whereas the activity of lysosomal proteases and the 20S proteasome remained unaffected. The disturbance of cellular protein homeostasis was further demonstrated by the accumulation of 3-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxynonenal modified proteins, which are normally prone to degradation. Therefore, we conclude that fat accumulation in the liver due to a high-fat diet is associated with a failure of autophagy and leads to the disturbance of proteostasis. This might further contribute to lipid droplet stabilization and accumulation.
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Zhang MH, Li J, Zhu XY, Zhang YQ, Ye ST, Leng YR, Yang T, Zhang H, Kong LY. Physalin B ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by stimulating autophagy and NRF2 activation mediated improvement in oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:1-12. [PMID: 33388433 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the progressive stage of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease that may ultimately lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer, and there are few therapeutic options for its treatment. Physalin B (PB), a withanolide isolated from Physalis species (Solanaceae), exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, however, the potential role of PB in NASH has not been evaluated. The present study investigated the protective effects of PB against NASH and further elucidated the mechanisms of PB in hepatic autophagy and oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. We conducted a series of experiments using methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet induced NASH mice and cultured L02 cells. Serum markers of liver injury, morphology, and the histology of liver tissues were investigated. Western blot assays and quantitative real-time PCR were used to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of PB. PB significantly ameliorated hepatic injury, including hepatic index, transaminase activities, histology, and inflammation in MCD-induced mice. Moreover, PB markedly increased the expression of P62 and the ratio of LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, PB promoted the interaction between endogenous KEAP1 and P62, reduced the interaction between KEAP1 and NRF2, activated the nuclear translocation of NRF2 and NRF2 target gene expression, and ultimately attenuated oxidative stress. In addition, knockdown of P62 blocked PB-mediated activation of NRF2 in L02 cells. These results clearly indicated that PB ameliorated NASH by stimulating autophagy and P62-KEAP1-NRF2 antioxidative signaling, suggesting that PB is expected to become a novel therapeutic drug for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ying-Rong Leng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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28
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Shen T, Xu F, Fang Z, Loor JJ, Ouyang H, Chen M, Jin B, Wang X, Shi Z, Zhu Y, Liang Y, Ju L, Song Y, Wang Z, Li X, Du X, Liu G. Hepatic autophagy and mitophagy status in dairy cows with subclinical and clinical ketosis. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4847-4857. [PMID: 33551163 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe negative energy balance around parturition is an important contributor to ketosis, a metabolic disorder that occurs most frequently in the peripartal period. Autophagy and mitophagy are important processes responsible for breaking down useless or toxic cellular material, and in particular damaged mitochondria. However, the role of autophagy and mitophagy during the occurrence and development of ketosis is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate autophagy and mitophagy in the livers of cows with subclinical ketosis (SCK) and clinical ketosis (CK). We assessed autophagy by measuring the protein abundance of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II; encoded by MAP1LC3) and sequestosome-1 (p62, encoded by SQSTM1), as well as the mRNA abundance of autophagy-related genes 5 (ATG5), 7 (ATG7), and 12 (ATG12), beclin1 (BECN1), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 (PIK3C3). Mitophagy was evaluated by measuring the protein abundance of the mitophagy upstream regulators PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin. Liver and blood samples were collected from healthy cows [n = 15; blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration <1.2 mM], cows with SCK (n = 15; blood BHB concentration 1.2 to 3.0 mM) and cows with CK (n = 15; blood BHB concentration >3.0 mM with clinical signs) with similar lactation numbers (median = 3, range = 2 to 4) and days in milk (median = 6, range = 3 to 9). The serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase was greater in cows with CK than in healthy cows. Levels of oxidative stress biomarkers malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were also higher in liver tissue from ketotic cows (SCK and CK) than from healthy cows. Compared with cows with CK and healthy cows, the hepatic mRNA abundance of MAP1LC3, SQSTM1, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, and PIK3C3 was upregulated in cows with SCK. Compared with healthy cows, cows with SCK had a lower abundance of p62 and a greater abundance of LC3-II, but levels of both were higher in cows with CK. The mRNA abundance of ATG12 was lower in cows with CK than in healthy cows. Furthermore, the hepatic protein abundance of PINK1 and Parkin was greater in cows with SCK and slightly lower in cows with CK than in healthy cows. These data demonstrated differences in the hepatic activities of autophagy and mitophagy in cows with SCK compared with cows with CK. Although the precise mechanisms for these differences could not be discerned, autophagy and mitophagy seem to be involved in ketosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Renal Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130041, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Zhen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Yiwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Lingxue Ju
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xiliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China.
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China.
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Amanatidou AI, Dedoussis GV. Construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction network of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Comput Biol Med 2021; 131:104243. [PMID: 33550014 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disease with multidimensional complexities. Many attempts have been made over the years to treat this disease but its incidence is rising. For this reason, the need to identify and study new candidate proteins that may be associated with NAFLD is of utmost importance. Systems-based approaches such as the analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network could lead to the discovery of new proteins associated with a disease that can then be translated into clinical practice. The aim of this study is to analyze the interaction network of human proteins associated with NAFLD as well as their experimentally verified interactors and to identify novel associations with other human proteins that may be involved in this disease. Computational analysis made it feasible to detect 77 candidate proteins associated with NAFLD, having high network scores. Furthermore, clustering analysis was performed to identify densely connected regions with biological significance in this network. Additionally, gene expression analysis was conducted to validate part of the findings of this research work. We believe that our research will be helpful in extending experimental efforts to address the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina I Amanatidou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, El. Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece.
| | - George V Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, El. Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece.
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30
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Kouroumalis E, Voumvouraki A, Augoustaki A, Samonakis DN. Autophagy in liver diseases. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:6-65. [PMID: 33584986 PMCID: PMC7856864 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the liver cell energy recycling system regulating a variety of homeostatic mechanisms. Damaged organelles, lipids and proteins are degraded in the lysosomes and their elements are re-used by the cell. Investigations on autophagy have led to the award of two Nobel Prizes and a health of important reports. In this review we describe the fundamental functions of autophagy in the liver including new data on the regulation of autophagy. Moreover we emphasize the fact that autophagy acts like a two edge sword in many occasions with the most prominent paradigm being its involvement in the initiation and progress of hepatocellular carcinoma. We also focused to the implication of autophagy and its specialized forms of lipophagy and mitophagy in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. We analyzed autophagy not only in well studied diseases, like alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver and liver fibrosis but also in viral hepatitis, biliary diseases, autoimmune hepatitis and rare diseases including inherited metabolic diseases and also acetaminophene hepatotoxicity. We also stressed the different consequences that activation or impairment of autophagy may have in hepatocytes as opposed to Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells or hepatic stellate cells. Finally, we analyzed the limited clinical data compared to the extensive experimental evidence and the possible future therapeutic interventions based on autophagy manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kouroumalis
- Liver Research Laboratory, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Argryro Voumvouraki
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Augoustaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Samonakis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece.
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Common Transcriptional Program of Liver Fibrosis in Mouse Genetic Models and Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020832. [PMID: 33467660 PMCID: PMC7830925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifactorial metabolic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, are a major burden to modern societies, and frequently present with no clearly defined molecular biomarkers. Herein we used system medicine approaches to decipher signatures of liver fibrosis in mouse models with malfunction in genes from unrelated biological pathways: cholesterol synthesis-Cyp51, notch signaling-Rbpj, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling-Ikbkg, and unknown lysosomal pathway-Glmp. Enrichment analyses of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Reactome and TRANScription FACtor (TRANSFAC) databases complemented with genome-scale metabolic modeling revealed fibrotic signatures highly similar to liver pathologies in humans. The diverse genetic models of liver fibrosis exposed a common transcriptional program with activated estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) signaling, and a network of interactions between regulators of lipid metabolism and transcription factors from cancer pathways and the immune system. The novel hallmarks of fibrosis are downregulated lipid pathways, including fatty acid, bile acid, and steroid hormone metabolism. Moreover, distinct metabolic subtypes of liver fibrosis were proposed, supported by unique enrichment of transcription factors based on the type of insult, disease stage, or potentially, also sex. The discovered novel features of multifactorial liver fibrotic pathologies could aid also in improved stratification of other fibrosis related pathologies.
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Galsgaard KD. The Vicious Circle of Hepatic Glucagon Resistance in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9124049. [PMID: 33333850 PMCID: PMC7765287 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A key criterion for the most common chronic liver disease—non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)—is an intrahepatic fat content above 5% in individuals who are not using steatogenic agents or having significant alcohol intake. Subjects with NAFLD have increased plasma concentrations of glucagon, and emerging evidence indicates that subjects with NAFLD may show hepatic glucagon resistance. For many years, glucagon has been thought of as the counterregulatory hormone to insulin with a primary function of increasing blood glucose concentrations and protecting against hypoglycemia. However, in recent years, glucagon has re-emerged as an important regulator of other metabolic processes including lipid and amino acid/protein metabolism. This review discusses the evidence that in NAFLD, hepatic glucagon resistance may result in a dysregulated lipid and amino acid/protein metabolism, leading to excess accumulation of fat, hyperglucagonemia, and increased oxidative stress contributing to the worsening/progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine D. Galsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; ; Tel.: +45-6044-6145
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kim YS, Kim SG. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy dysregulation in alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 26:715-727. [PMID: 32951410 PMCID: PMC7641579 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases begin from an imbalance in lipid metabolism in hepatocytes as the earliest response. Both liver diseases share common disease features and stages (i.e., steatosis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma). However, the two diseases have differential pathogenesis and clinical symptoms. Studies have elucidated the molecular basis underlying similarities and differences in the pathogenesis of the diseases; the factors contributing to the progression of liver diseases include depletion of sulfhydryl pools, enhanced levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates, increased sensitivity of hepatocytes to toxic cytokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is caused by the accumulation of misfolded proteins and calcium depletion, contributes to the pathogenesis, often causing catastrophic cell death. Several studies have demonstrated a mechanism by which ER stress triggers liver disease progression. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that regulates organelle turnover and cellular energy balance through decomposing damaged organelles including mitochondria, misfolded proteins, and lipid droplets. Autophagy dysregulation also exacerbates liver diseases. Thus, autophagy-related molecules can be potential therapeutic targets for liver diseases. Since ER stress and autophagy are closely linked to each other, an understanding of the molecules, gene clusters, and networks engaged in these processes would be of help to find new remedies for alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent findings and perspectives in the context of the molecular pathogenesis of the liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Seok Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Korea
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Silencing of functional p53 attenuates NAFLD by promoting HMGB1-related autophagy induction. Hepatol Int 2020; 14:828-841. [PMID: 32607732 PMCID: PMC7561543 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-020-10068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and aim Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease worldwide, but its pathogenesis remains imprecisely understood and requires further clarification. Recently, the tumor suppressor p53 has received growing attention for its role in metabolic diseases. In this study, we performed in vivo and in vitro experiments to identify the contribution of p53–autophagy regulation to NAFLD. Methods Livers from wild-type and p53 knockout mice as well as p53-functional HepG2 cells and p53-dysfunctional Huh7 cells were examined for autophagy status and HMGB1 translocation. In vivo and in vitro NAFLD models were established, and steatosis was detected. In the cell models, autophagy status and steatosis were examined by p53 and/or HMGB1 silencing. Results First, the silencing of p53 could induce autophagy both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, p53 knockout attenuated high-fat diet-induced NAFLD in mice. Similarly, knockdown of p53 could alleviate palmitate-induced lipid accumulation in cell models. Furthermore, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was proven to contribute to the effect of silencing p53 on alleviating NAFLD in vitro as an autophagy regulator. Conclusion The anti-NAFLD effect of functional p53 silencing is associated with the HMGB1-mediated induction of autophagy. Graphic abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s12072-020-10068-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Tang M, Jiang Y, Jia H, Patpur BK, Yang B, Li J, Yang C. Osteopontin acts as a negative regulator of autophagy accelerating lipid accumulation during the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 48:159-168. [PMID: 31852298 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1699822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence links osteopontin (OPN), a pro-fibrogenic extracellular matrix protein, to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, liver tissues isolated from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients expressed higher OPN than those of controls. However, the exact mechanism(s) for this phenomenon is yet to be clarified. Autophagy is the natural, regulated degradation and recycling of a cell's dysfunctional components, in order to maintain homeostasis. Increasing evidence supports that autophagy can constitute an effective Defence mechanism against NAFLD conditions. Herein, we constructed NAFLD mice model by high-fat (HF) and methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet and found that OPN is upregulated in livers of NAFLD mice. Besides, secreted OPN inhibited autophagosome-lysosome fusion via binding with its receptors integrin αVβ3 and αVβ5 in HepG2 cells supplemented with free fatty acids (FFA) and the livers of NAFLD mice. Silencing of OPN attenuated autophagy impairment and reduced lipid accumulation, while supplementation of OPN exhibited the opposite effect. Furthermore, treatment with anti-OPN Ab significantly attenuated steatosis as well as autophagy impairment in the liver. Our findings indicated that OPN plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of the development of NAFLD via autophagy impairment, which might represent a potential new therapeutic target for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institution of Digestive Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institution of Digestive Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Jia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institution of Digestive Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Bhuvanesh Kinish Patpur
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institution of Digestive Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institution of Digestive Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institution of Digestive Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Changqing Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institution of Digestive Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Zhao T, Wu K, Hogstrand C, Xu YH, Chen GH, Wei CC, Luo Z. Lipophagy mediated carbohydrate-induced changes of lipid metabolism via oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ChREBP/PPARγ pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1987-2003. [PMID: 31392349 PMCID: PMC11105093 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-carbohydrate diets (HCD) can induce the occurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by dramatic accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets (LDs). However, the potential molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy in the process of HCD-induced changes of hepatic lipid metabolism, and to examine the process of underlying mechanisms during these molecular contexts. We found that HCD significantly increased hepatic lipid accumulation and activated autophagy. Using primary hepatocytes, we found that HG increased lipid accumulation and stimulated the release of NEFA by autophagy-mediated lipophagy, and that lipophagy significantly alleviated high glucose (HG)-induced lipid accumulation. Oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways played crucial regulatory roles in HG-induced lipophagy activation and HG-induced changes of lipid metabolism. Further investigation found that HG-activated lipophagy and HG-induced changes of lipid metabolism were via enhancing carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) DNA binding capacity at PPARγ promoter region, which in turn induced transcriptional activation of the key genes related to lipogenesis and autophagy. The present study, for the first time, revealed the novel mechanism for lipophagy mediating HCD-induced changes of lipid metabolism by oxidative stress and ER stress, and ChREBP/PPARγ pathways. Our study provided innovative evidence for the direct relationship between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism via ChREBP/PPARγ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yi-Huan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guang-Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chuan-Chuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Yang X, Chen X, Xia C, Li S, Zhu L, Xu C. Comparative analysis of the expression profiles of genes related to the Gadd45α signaling pathway in four kinds of liver diseases. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:949-960. [PMID: 32298459 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gadd45α (growth arrest and DNA damage inducible alpha) is a member of a group of genes whose transcript levels are increased following stressful conditions that lead to growth arrest and treatment with agents that lead to DNA damage. Gadd45α is upregulated in liver cirrhosis (LC), hepatic cancer (HC), acute liver failure (AHF) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Here, we investigated the essential differences in the Gadd45α signaling pathway in these diseases at the transcriptional level. The results showed that 44, 46, 71 and 27 genes significant changes in these diseases, and the H-cluster showed that the expression of the Gadd45α signaling-related genes was significantly different in the four liver diseases. DAVID functional analysis showed that the Gadd45α signaling pathway-related genes were mainly involved in cell adhesion and migration, cell proliferation, apoptosis, stress and inflammatory responses, etc. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software was used to predict the functions of the Gadd45α signaling-related genes, and the results indicated that there were significant changes in cell differentiation, DNA damage repair, autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis. Gadd45α signaling pathway is involved in four kinds of liver disease and regulates a variety of activities via P38 MAPK, NF-κB, mTOR/STAT3, P21, PCNA, PI3K/Akt and other signaling pathways. Modulation of Gadd45α may be exploited to prevent the progression of liver disease, and to identify specific treatments for different stages of liver disease. In summary, the Gadd45α signaling pathway is involved in four kinds of liver disease and regulates a variety of physiological activities through various signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianguang Yang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China. .,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Bioengineering Key Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Xuelin Chen
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Bioengineering Key Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Cong Xia
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Bioengineering Key Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Shuaihong Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Bioengineering Key Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Bioengineering Key Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Cunshuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Bioengineering Key Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
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Zheng W, Chen Q, Wang C, Yao D, Zhu L, Pan Y, Zhang J, Bai Y, Shao C. Inhibition of Cathepsin D (CTSD) enhances radiosensitivity of glioblastoma cells by attenuating autophagy. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:651-660. [PMID: 32253787 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy is a commonly used treatment for glioblastoma (GBM) but radiotherapy often fails to achieve the expected results mainly due to tumor radioresistance. In this study, we established a radioresistant subline from human glioma cell line U251 and found that Cathepsin D (CTSD), a gene closely related to the clinical malignancy and prognosis in glioma, had higher expression level in radioresistant clones than that in parental cells, and knocking down CTSD by small interfering RNA (siRNA) or its inhibitor Pepstatin-A increased the radiosensitivity. The level of autophagy was enhanced in the radioresistant GBM cells compared with its parent cells, and silencing autophagy by light chain 3 (LC3) siRNA significantly sensitized GBM cells to ionizing radiation (IR). Moreover, the protein expression level of CTSD was positively correlated with the autophagy marker LC3 II/I and negatively correlated with P62 after IR in radioresistant cells. As expected, through the combination of Western blot and immunofluorescence assays, inhibition of CTSD increased the formation of autophagosomes, while decreased the formation of autolysosomes, which indicating an attenuated autophagy level, leading to radiosensitization ultimately. Our results revealed for the first time that CTSD regulated the radiosensitivity of glioblastoma by affecting the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. In significance, CTSD might be a potential molecular biomarker and a new therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zheng
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianping Chen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Yao
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianghong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Jin X, Gao J, Zheng R, Yu M, Ren Y, Yan T, Huang Y, Li Y. Antagonizing circRNA_002581-miR-122-CPEB1 axis alleviates NASH through restoring PTEN-AMPK-mTOR pathway regulated autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:123. [PMID: 32054840 PMCID: PMC7018772 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to play critical roles in cancer biology, but their functions in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remain unexplored. Full length of circRNA_002581 was amplified and sequenced, followed by RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA-Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization and dual luciferase reporter gene analysis to confirm the existence of the circRNA_002581–miR-122–CPEB1 regulatory axis in vitro. CircRNA_002581 knockdown was used to study its roles in high concentration of free fatty acids-induced NASH-like cell model and a methionine and choline deficiency (MCD) diet-induced NASH mice model. Autophagy flux and related potential PTEN–AMPK–mTOR pathway were tested by western blot. CircRNA_002581 overexpression significantly relieved the inhibitory role of miR-122 on its target CPEB1 by sponging miR-122. CircRNA_002581 knockdown markedly attenuated lipid droplet accumulation, reduced the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis, H2O2, and increased ATP level in both mice and cellular models of NASH. Mechanistically, circRNA_002581 interference significantly rescue the defective autophagy evidenced by increased autophagosome number, upregulated LC3-II/I level, and decreased p62 level. Further chloroquine-mediated total autophagy inhibition antagonizes the protective effect of circRNA_002581 knockdown. Finally, CPEB1–PTEN–AMPK–mTOR pathway is shown to link the autophagy and circRNA_002581 knockdown-mediated NASH alleviation. CircRNA_002581–miR-122–CPEB1 axis actively participates in the pathogenesis of NASH through PTEN–AMPK–mTOR pathway-related autophagy suppression. Targeting circRNA_002581 is a potential therapeutic strategy for NASH through partial autophagy restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruoheng Zheng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, 310053, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mosang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Ren
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianlian Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China.
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Chen M, Loor JJ, Zhai Q, Liang Y, Yu H, Du X, Shen T, Fang Z, Shi Z, Wang X, Zhu Y, Song Y, Liu G, Li X, Wang Z, Li X. Short communication: Enhanced autophagy activity in liver tissue of dairy cows with mild fatty liver. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3628-3635. [PMID: 32037170 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
During the transition period, dairy cows are challenged by increased energy demands and decreased dry matter intake, which can induce a variety of metabolic disorders, especially fatty liver. Dairy cows suffering from mild or moderate fatty liver in this period show no distinct clinical symptoms, indicating the occurrence of adaptive processes. The process of autophagy (an adaptive response) leads to degradation of intracellular components to generate energy and maintains cellular homeostasis during negative nutrient status. Whether autophagy is involved in metabolic adaptations of the pathological course of mild fatty liver is unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine hepatic autophagy status in dairy cows with mild fatty liver. Liver samples were collected from healthy cows (n = 15), defined as having hepatic triglyceride (TG) content <1% on a wet weight basis, and cows with mild fatty liver (n = 15), defined as having hepatic TG content between 1 and 5%. The abundance of the ubiquitinated proteins, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3, also called LC3-II) and sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1, also called p62) was lower, whereas the mRNA abundance of MAP1LC3 and SQSTM1 was greater in cows with mild fatty liver. The hepatic mRNA abundance of autophagy-related (ATG) genes ATG5 and ATG7 was greater in response to fatty liver. However, the protein abundance of ATG5 and ATG7 did not differ between healthy and mild fatty liver cows. Together, these data indicate that the formation and degradation of autophagosomes is enhanced in the liver of cows with mild fatty liver. Besides, these results are conducive to define the adaptation mechanisms of dairy cows during the transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Qian Zhai
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, China
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xiliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Taiyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Zhen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Yiwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China.
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41
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Canivet CM, Bonnafous S, Rousseau D, Leclere PS, Lacas-Gervais S, Patouraux S, Sans A, Luci C, Bailly-Maitre B, Iannelli A, Tran A, Anty R, Gual P. Hepatic FNDC5 is a potential local protective factor against Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165705. [PMID: 32001301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic cleavage of Fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 (FNDC5) generates soluble irisin. Initially described as being mainly produced in muscle during physical exercise, irisin mediates adipose tissue thermogenesis and also regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatic expression of FNDC5 and its role in hepatocytes in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver (NAFL). Here we report that hepatic expression of FNDC5 increased with hepatic steatosis and liver injury without impacting the systemic level of irisin in mouse models of NAFLD (HFD and MCDD) and in obese patients. The increased Fndc5 expression in fatty liver resulted from its upregulation in hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells in mice. The local production of Fndc5 in hepatocytes was influenced by genotoxic stress and p53-dependent pathways. The down-regulation of FNDC5 in human HepG2 cells and in primary mouse hepatocytes increased the expression of PEPCK, a key enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis associated with a decrease in the expression of master genes involved in the VLDL synthesis (CIDEB and APOB). These alterations in FNDC5-silenced cells resulted to increased steatosis and insulin resistance in response to oleic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine, respectively. The downregulation of Fndc5 also sensitized primary hepatocytes to apoptosis in response to TNFα, which has been associated with decreased hepatoprotective autophagic flux. In conclusion, our human and experimental data strongly suggest that the hepatic expression of FNDC5 increased with hepatic steatosis and its upregulation in hepatocytes could dampen the development of NAFLD by negatively regulating steatogenesis and hepatocyte death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence M Canivet
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CHU, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Stéphanie Bonnafous
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CHU, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Sandra Lacas-Gervais
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée (CCMA), Parc Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Stéphanie Patouraux
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CHU, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Arnaud Sans
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Carmelo Luci
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | | | - Antonio Iannelli
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CHU, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Albert Tran
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CHU, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Rodolphe Anty
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CHU, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France.
| | - Philippe Gual
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France.
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42
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Guo R, Yu Q, Liong EC, Fung ML, Tipoe GL. Cathepsin-B dependent autophagy ameliorates steatoheaptitis in chronic exercise rats. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:833-847. [PMID: 31975365 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the role of cathepsin B dependent autophagy induced by chronic aerobic exercise on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in rats. METHODS Healthy female (Sprague-Dawley) SD rats (8-10 weeks old; 180g-200g; n=6 per group) were divided into: (1) control group; (2) HFD group; (3) Exercise group; (4) HFD + exercise group. Rats were fed with a normal chow or an HFD for 12 weeks. Rats with exercise ran on a rotarod for 30 min per day from weeks 9-12. RESULTS Exercise training significantly (1) upregulated the levels of autophagy markers Beclin1, ATG5 and LC3II partly through inhibiting the p-AKT/mTOR pathway; (2) ameliorated HFD-mediated accumulation of fat mass by upregulating β-oxidation regulator PPAR-α and downregulating fatty acid synthesis marker SREBP-1c via lipophagy; (3) diminished the HFD-induced hepatic pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α and IL-1β via NF-κB inactivation; (4) decreased the NASH-induced hepatic apoptotic marker caspase-3 activation caused by the upstream oxidative stress and by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1); (5) mitigated the HFD-mediated lysosomal membrane permeabilisation and cathepsin B release partly via the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). CONCLUSIONS Chronic aerobic exercise reduces oxidative stress/ROS and ROS may cause lysosomal membrane destabilisation and disrupts the autophagic process. The beneficial effect of chronic exercise may further inhibit the process of lysosome membrane permeabilisation and facilitate lysosome fusion with autophagosomes to trigger autophagy. This process may possibly contribute to the inhibition of cathepsin B released into cytosol which further reduces inflammation and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R
| | - Emily C Liong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R
| | - Man Lung Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R.,Brain Hormone Healthy Aging Centre, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R
| | - George L Tipoe
- Brain Hormone Healthy Aging Centre, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R.,School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R.
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43
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Joo HW, Song YS, Park IH, Shen GY, Seong JH, Shin NK, Lee AH, Kim H, Kim KS. Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis Associated with Improvement of Autophagy in Diabetic Rats. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 2020:2156829. [PMID: 32775312 PMCID: PMC7397386 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2156829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that the granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) ameliorated hepatic steatosis with the enhancement of β-oxidation-related gene expression. However, the mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. This study aimed to determine whether the improvement of hepatic steatosis by G-CSF was associated with autophagy in a rat model of diabetes. METHODS Eight rats were fed a standard diet, and 16 rats were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 5 weeks. All HFD-fed rats were then injected with streptozotocin (STZ). One week later, HFD rats injected with STZ were randomly treated with either G-CSF (200 μg/kg/day; diabetes mellitus (DM)/G-CSF) or saline (DM/saline) for 5 consecutive days. Four weeks later, serum biochemical and histology analyses were conducted. The expression of autophagy-associated proteins was determined by Western blotting. The mRNA expression of β-oxidation-related genes was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. HepG2 cells were cultured under high glucose (HG) conditions with G-CSF treatment, followed by Oil Red O staining for quantification of lipids. RESULTS Histological analysis showed lower lipid accumulation in the DM/G-CSF group than in the DM/saline-treated rats. Protein levels of LC3 and beclin-1 were higher, and those of p62 were lower in the DM/G-CSF rats than in the DM/saline-treated rats. The mRNA expression of β-oxidation-related genes was higher in DM/G-CSF rats than in the DM/saline-treated rats. Quantification of lipid levels in HepG2 cells cultured with HG and G-CSF treatment revealed no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that G-CSF potentially improves hepatic steatosis and autophagy in the liver of diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Joo
- 1Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Sun Song
- 1Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hwa Park
- 1Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Guang-Yin Shen
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- 3Department of Cardiology, Jilin University Jilin Central Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Jin-Hee Seong
- 1Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Kyoung Shin
- 1Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Hyeon Lee
- 1Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Kim
- 4Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Kim
- 1Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Luci C, Bourinet M, Leclère PS, Anty R, Gual P. Chronic Inflammation in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:597648. [PMID: 33384662 PMCID: PMC7771356 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.597648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is the progressive form of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), the main cause of chronic liver complications. The development of NASH is the consequence of aberrant activation of hepatic conventional immune, parenchymal, and endothelial cells in response to inflammatory mediators from the liver, adipose tissue, and gut. Hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells contribute to the significant accumulation of bone-marrow derived-macrophages and neutrophils in the liver, a hallmark of NASH. The aberrant activation of these immune cells elicits harmful inflammation and liver injury, leading to NASH progression. In this review, we highlight the processes triggering the recruitment and/or activation of hepatic innate immune cells, with a focus on macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells as well as the contribution of hepatocytes and endothelial cells in driving liver inflammation/fibrosis. On-going studies and preliminary results from global and specific therapeutic strategies to manage this NASH-related inflammation will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Luci
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Rodolphe Anty
- Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, INSERM, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Philippe Gual
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Philippe Gual,
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45
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Shepard CR. TLR9 in MAFLD and NASH: At the Intersection of Inflammation and Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:613639. [PMID: 33584545 PMCID: PMC7880160 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.613639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) is an ancient receptor integral to the primordial functions of inflammation and metabolism. TLR9 functions to regulate homeostasis in a healthy system under acute stress. The literature supports that overactivation of TLR9 under the chronic stress of obesity is a critical driver of the pathogenesis of NASH and NASH-associated fibrosis. Research has focused on the core contributions of the parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in the liver, adipose, and gut compartments. TLR9 is activated by endogenous circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Chronically elevated circulating levels of mtDNA, caused by the stress of overnutrition, are observed in obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and NASH. Clinical evidence is supportive of TLR9 overactivation as a driver of disease. The role of TLR9 in metabolism and energy regulation may have an underappreciated contribution in the pathogenesis of NASH. Antagonism of TLR9 in NASH and NASH-associated fibrosis could be an effective therapeutic strategy to target both the inflammatory and metabolic components of such a complex disease.
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46
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Masuda S, Mizukami S, Eguchi A, Ichikawa R, Nakamura M, Nakamura K, Okada R, Tanaka T, Shibutani M, Yoshida T. Immunohistochemical expression of autophagosome markers LC3 and p62 in preneoplastic liver foci in high fat diet-fed rats. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:565-574. [PMID: 31378768 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive deposition of droplets in hepatocytes. Patients with NAFLD can be at risk for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. Autophagy is a cellular pathway that is crucial for survival and homeostasis, and which protects against pathophysiological changes like obesity and cancer. We determined the expression of autophagy markers in preneoplastic hepatic lesions and the effects of an autophagy repressor chloroquine (CQ) or inducer amiodarone (AM) in a steatosis-related hepatocarcinogenesis model. Male F344 rats were fed a control diet or high fat diet (HFD), and subjected to initiation and promotion steps with N-nitrosodiethylamine injection at week 0 and a partial hepatectomy at week 3. Several HFD-fed rats were administered 0.1% CQ and 0.5% AM in their drinking water during week 2 and 8. CQ and AM did not improve HFD-induced obesity. AM, but not CQ, significantly decreased the number of glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive preneoplastic liver foci in the liver. Autophagosome markers LC3 and the LC3-binding protein p62 were heterogeneously expressed in the preneoplastic foci. CQ might inhibit autophagy by significantly increased p62/LC3 ratio, while AM might have a potential of inducing autophagy by showing an increased gene expression of the autophagy regulator, Atg5. These results suggest that preneoplastic lesions express autophagosome markers and that AM might decrease steatosis-related early hepatocarcinogenesis by potentially inducing autophagy in HFD-fed rats, while inhibition of autophagy by CQ did not alter the hepatocarcinogenesis. However, an immunohistochemical trial revealed a technical limitation in detecting autophagosome markers because there were variations in each preneoplastic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosuke Masuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Sayaka Mizukami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Ayumi Eguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Ryo Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Misato Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Kazuki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Rena Okada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Takaharu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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47
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Zhang Y, Cao Y, Chen J, Qin H, Yang L. A New Possible Mechanism by Which Punicalagin Protects against Liver Injury Induced by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Upregulation of Autophagy via the Akt/FoxO3a Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13948-13959. [PMID: 31698901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of punicalagin (PU), which is a main component of pomegranate polyphenols, against liver injury induced by Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to explore the molecular mechanism based on autophagy in vivo and in vitro. In T2DM mice, we found that PU significantly improved liver histology, reversed serum biochemical abnormalities, and increased the autophagosome number in the liver. In HepG2 cells cultured in a high-glucose environment, PU upregulated the glucose uptake level. Both in vivo and in vitro, PU upregulated the expression of autophagy-related proteins, such as LC3b and p62, and reduced the phosphorylated Akt/total Akt and phosphorylated FoxO3a/total FoxO3a protein ratios, and these effects were enhanced by LY294002 (a PI3K/Akt inhibitor). In summary, our current findings suggest that PU protects against liver injury induced by T2DM by restoring autophagy through the Akt/FoxO3a signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Zhang
- Xiangya School of Public Health , Central South University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Xiangya School of Public Health , Central South University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Jihua Chen
- Xiangya School of Public Health , Central South University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Hong Qin
- Xiangya School of Public Health , Central South University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Lina Yang
- Xiangya School of Public Health , Central South University , Changsha 410128 , China
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48
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Neto JGO, Boechat SK, Romão JS, Pazos-Moura CC, Oliveira KJ. Treatment with cinnamaldehyde reduces the visceral adiposity and regulates lipid metabolism, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver of a rat model of early obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 77:108321. [PMID: 31869758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition at early stages of life contributes to the alarming incidence of childhood obesity, insulin resistance and hepatoesteatosis. Cinnamaldehyde, major component of cinnamon, increases insulin sensitivity and modulates adiposity and lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of cinnamaldehyde treatment during adolescence in a rat model of early obesity. Litter size reduction was used to induce overfeeding and early obesity. At postnatal day 30 (adolescence), the male Wistar rats received cinnamaldehyde by gavage (40 mg/kg of body weight/day) for 29 days and were studied at the end of treatment at 60 days old or 4 months thereafter (180 days old). At 60 days of age, the treatment with cinnamaldehyde promoted reduced visceral adiposity, serum triacylglycerol, and attenuation of energy efficiency and insulin resistance. In the liver, it reduced lipid synthesis, stimulated autophagy and reduced ER stress. At 180 days of age, animals treated with cinnamaldehyde during the adolescence exhibited normalization of visceral adiposity and energy efficiency, and attenuation of hyperphagia, serum hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic triacylglycerol content, with molecular markers indicative of reduced hepatic synthesis. However, the beneficial effect observed at 60 days of age on glucose homeostasis, autophagy and ER stress was lost. Therefore, the cinnamaldehyde supplementation during the adolescence has short- and long-term metabolic beneficial effects, highlighting its potential as an adjuvant in the treatment of early obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Geisebel Oliveira Neto
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Melo, 101, São domingos, Niterói, 24210-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvia Karl Boechat
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Melo, 101, São domingos, Niterói, 24210-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Santos Romão
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Melo, 101, São domingos, Niterói, 24210-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carmen Cabanelas Pazos-Moura
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro,21949-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karen Jesus Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Melo, 101, São domingos, Niterói, 24210-130, RJ, Brazil; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro,21949-900, RJ, Brazil.
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49
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Yahaghi L, Ebrahim‐Habibi A, Hayati‐Roodbari N, Irani S, Yaghmaei P. A simple method for inducing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with fibrosis. Animal Model Exp Med 2019; 2:282-290. [PMID: 31942560 PMCID: PMC6930990 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly occurring in sedentary people, and may progress to NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is essential to design affordable animal models for the study of various diseases, including fatty liver, which was the aim of the study. In this study, a high-fat diet was devised that triggers NASH's animal model quickly and easily. High-fat diet (HFD) was used both with intra-mouth oral gavage and in combination with animal pellets. METHODS Twenty-four male C57BL/6J mice were divided into HFD and ND groups, which received a high-fat diet and a normal diet, respectively. At the end of the experiment (fourth week of treatment), body and liver weights, biochemical parameters, PPAR-α gene expression and histopathologic characteristics of the liver were evaluated. RESULTS During 4 weeks, body weight of mice did not show a significant increase in the HFD group compared to the ND group, while weight gain of the liver was significant. Histological assessment of the HFD group's liver confirmed NASH symptoms. In the HFD group, HDL-c, SOD, catalase, FRAP, adiponectin, and PPAR-α decreased significantly, and lipid profiles, hepatic enzymes, MDA, leptin, and TNF-α showed a significant increase compared to the ND group. CONCLUSION Our high-fat diet has successfully induced all aspects of NASH with fibrosis in 4 weeks, and with low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Yahaghi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Azadeh Ebrahim‐Habibi
- Biosensor Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Molecular‐Cellular Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Parichehreh Yaghmaei
- Department of Biology, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
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50
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Rosa-Caldwell ME, Brown JL, Lee DE, Wiggs MP, Perry RA, Haynie WS, Caldwell AR, Washington TA, Lo WJ, Greene NP. Hepatic alterations during the development and progression of cancer cachexia. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:500-512. [PMID: 31618604 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated bodyweight loss (cachexia) is a hallmark of many cancers and is associated with decreased quality of life and increased mortality. Hepatic function can dramatically influence whole-body energy expenditure and may therefore significantly influence whole-body health during cancer progression. The purpose of this study was to examine alterations in markers of hepatic metabolism and physiology during cachexia progression. Male C57BL/6J mice were injected with 1 × 106 Lewis Lung Carcinoma cells dissolved in 100 μL PBS and cancer was allowed to develop for 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks. Control animals were injected with an equal volume of phosphate-buffered saline. Livers were analyzed for measures of metabolism, collagen deposition, protein turnover, and mitochondrial quality. Animals at 4 weeks had ∼30% larger livers compared with all other groups. Cancer progression was associated with altered regulators of fat metabolism. Additionally, longer duration of cancer development was associated with ∼3-fold increased regulators of collagen deposition as well as phenotypic collagen content, suggesting increased liver fibrosis. Mitochondrial quality control regulators appeared to be altered before any phenotypic alterations to collagen deposition. While induction of Akt was noted, downstream markers of protein synthesis were not altered. In conclusions, cancer cachexia progression is associated with hepatic pathologies, specifically liver fibrosis. Alterations to mitochondrial quality control mechanisms appear to precede this fibrotic phenotype, potentially suggesting mitochondrial mechanisms for the development of hepatic pathologies during the development and progression of cancer cachexia. Novelty Cachexia progression results in liver collagen deposition and fibrosis. Alterations in mitochondrial quality control may precede liver pathologies during cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Jacob L Brown
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - David E Lee
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Michael P Wiggs
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
| | - Richard A Perry
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Wesley S Haynie
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Aaron R Caldwell
- Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Wen-Juo Lo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Human Resources, and Communication Disorders, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
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