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Maity S, Guchhait R, De S, Pramanick K. High doses of nano-polystyrene aggravate the oxidative stress, DNA damage, and the cell death in onions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120611. [PMID: 36368557 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has been reported to negatively impact global biodiversity and ecosystem health. However, the molecular mechanisms of nano-plastics in plants are unidentified, especially their negative impacts on genomic stability. This study for the first time showed that nano-polystyrene leads to cell death in plants by subjugating the cellular antioxidant defence mechanisms through the aggravated production of ROS, which in turn could induce the DNA damage impairing the genetic regulation of the corresponding DNA repair pathway. To validate the proposed hypothesis, the DNA damage potential of nano-polystyrene and the expression levels of key genetic regulators of the DNA damage repair pathway (such as - CYCA/B, CDKA, SOG1, MYB transcription factors, and RAD51) have been assessed in onion roots after 72 h exposure with three ecologically relevant concentrations (25, 50, and 100 μg ml-1) of 100 nm nano-polystyrene. In addition, imbalance in redox homeostasis (oxidative stress), cell viability, and nuclear aberrations such as - the frequency of micronucleus and bi-nucleate cells that are directly linked to the DNA damages have been checked to point out the cause and effect of nano-polystyrene-induced DNA damage. Results showed a significant increase in oxidative stress in each treatment concentrations of nano-polystyrene. However, ROS generated at 100 μg ml-1 nano-polystyrene dose subdues the antioxidant defence system and induces cell death. These observations may be ascribed to the accumulation damaged DNA and the down-regulation of repair pathway-associated genes, as observed in this treatment group. Conversely, the observed DNA damage and the reduced expressions of genes would be a mere consequence of reduced cellular viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhendu Maity
- Integrative Biology Research Unit (IBRU), Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajkumar Guchhait
- Integrative Biology Research Unit (IBRU), Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; Department of Zoology, Mahishadal Raj College, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Sukanta De
- Department of Physics, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kousik Pramanick
- Integrative Biology Research Unit (IBRU), Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Rashid F, Singh D, Attri S, Kaur P, Kaur H, Mohana P, Quadar J, Vig AP, Bhatia A, Singh B, Walia H, Arora S. Modulation of atrazine-induced chromosomal aberrations and cyclin-dependent kinases by aqueous extract of Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baillon leaves in Allium cepa. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12570. [PMID: 35869268 PMCID: PMC9307653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baillon an indigenous medicinal plant of Lamiaceae family used for the treatment of several diseases. In the present study, its aqueous (leaves) extract was tested for genoprotective action against atrazine-induced chromosomal aberrations in the root tip cells of Allium cepa. Atrazine is a herbicide of triazine class commonly used to inhibit the growth of broad leaf and grassy weeds. In order to find the concentration of atrazine that exhibits maximum toxicity, its different concentrations (1, 5 and 10 µg/mL) were tested. It was observed that 10 µg/mL concentration was more toxic as it reduced the mitotic index and also increased the chromosomal aberrations. Among all the tested concentrations of aqueous (leaves) extracts (0.25. 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 3.0 µg/mL), the3.0 µg/mL concentration in both modes of experiments i.e. pre and post showed a significant reduction in chromosomal aberrations induced by atrazine. To understand the mechanism of protection by plant extract on atrazine-induced chromosomal abnormalities the RT-qPCR studies were conducted to observe the expression of marker genes Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) (CDKA:1, CDKB2:1 and CDKD1:1. For this, the RNA was extracted from root tips treated with extract along with atrazine by TRIzol®. It was observed that aqueous extract of Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baillon leaves upregulated the CDKs gene expression in both the modes i.e. pre and post treatments. A critical analysis of results indicated that aqueous extract ameliorated the chromosomal aberrations caused by atrazine which may be be due to the increased expression level of CDKs genes.
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Tank JG, Pandya RV, Thaker VS. Changes in radical scavenging activity of normal, endoreduplicated and depolyploid root tip cells of Allium cepa. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 24:1538-1546. [PMID: 30294223 PMCID: PMC6169515 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cell responds to abiotic stress conditions by adjusting its cellular metabolism and various defensive mechanisms. Cellular metabolism involves changes in the cell cycle, in which the cell undergoes repeated rounds of endocycles leading to polyploidization. Defense mechanisms such as role of antioxidants are a key to understand plant adaptation. The present work describes endoreduplication and radical scavenging activity as two different defense mechanisms adapted by plants for their survival under stress condition. The work describes linkage of these two processes with each other under abiotic stress. Endoreduplicated root tip cells of Allium cepa were depolyploidized by exogenous phytohormones. Further, free radical scavenging activity from normal, endoreduplicated and depolyploidized root tips cells was observed to understand the role of phytohormones. Elevated free radical scavenging potential was observed in endoreduplicated cells compared to normal and depolyploidized cells. Based on these results, it was concluded that endoreduplication and antioxidant pathways are linked with each other through phytohormonal activities. The concentration of auxin and cytokinin regulates the activity of ascorbate oxidase enzyme, which in turn maintains the concentration of AsA within the cell. AsA level directs the prolyl-hydroxylation process of cell division proteins in quiescent center cells either toward endoreduplication process or cell division process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigna G. Tank
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Rohan V. Pandya
- Gujarat Biodiversity Gene Bank, Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vrinda S. Thaker
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
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Cortes AD, Seña CAD, Aggangan NS. Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Properties of a Medicinal Plant, <i>Cyperus kyllingia</i> Endl. CYTOLOGIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.83.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelbert D. Cortes
- Biology Department, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Mindanao State University Main Campus
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College
| | - Cesar A. dela Seña
- Biology Department, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Mindanao State University Main Campus
| | - Nelly S. Aggangan
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College
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Shemer O, Landau U, Candela H, Zemach A, Eshed Williams L. Competency for shoot regeneration from Arabidopsis root explants is regulated by DNA methylation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 238:251-61. [PMID: 26259192 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants exhibit high capacity to regenerate in three alternative pathways: tissue repair, somatic embryogenesis and de novo organogenesis. For most plants, de novo organ initiation can be easily achieved in tissue culture by exposing explants to auxin and/or cytokinin, yet the competence to regenerate varies among species and within tissues from the same plant. In Arabidopsis, root explants incubated directly on cytokinin-rich shoot inducing medium (SIM-direct), are incapable of regenerating shoots, and a pre-incubation step on auxin-rich callus inducing medium (CIM) is required to acquire competency to regenerate on the SIM. However the mechanism underlying competency acquisition still remains elusive. Here we show that the chromomethylase 3 (cmt3) mutant which exhibits significant reduction in CHG methylation, shows high capacity to regenerate on SIM-direct and that regeneration occurs via direct organogenesis. In WT, WUSCHEL (WUS) promoter, an essential gene for shoot formation, is highly methylated, and its expression on SIM requires pre-incubation on CIM. However, in cmt3, WUS expression induced by SIM-direct. We propose that pre-incubation on CIM is required for the re-activation of cell division. Following the transfer of roots to SIM, the intensive cell division activity continues, and in the presence of cytokinin leads to a dilution in DNA methylation that allows certain genes required for shoot regeneration to respond to SIM, thereby advancing shoot formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Shemer
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences & Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Udi Landau
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences & Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Héctor Candela
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Assaf Zemach
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Leor Eshed Williams
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences & Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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Chandler JW, Werr W. Cytokinin-auxin crosstalk in cell type specification. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:291-300. [PMID: 25805047 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Auxin and cytokinin affect cell fate specification transcriptionally and non-transcriptionally, and their roles have been characterised in several founder cell specification and activation contexts. Similarly to auxin, local cytokinin synthesis and response gradients are instructive, and the roles of ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 7/15 (ARR7/15) and the negative cytokinin response regulator ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN 6, as well as auxin signalling via MONOPTEROS/BODENLOS, are functionally conserved across different developmental processes. Auxin and cytokinin crosstalk is tissue- and context-specific, and may be synergistic in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) but antagonistic in the root. We review recent advances in understanding the interactions between auxin and cytokinin in pivotal developmental processes, and show that feedback complexity and the multistep nature of specification processes argue against a single morphogenetic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- John William Chandler
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Werr
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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