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Asare KK, Azumah DE, Adu-Gyamfi CO, Opoku YK, Adela EM, Afful P, Abotsi GK, Abban EA, Duntu PE, Anyamful A, Moses AB, Botchway E, Mwintige P, Kyei S, Amoah LE, Ekuman EO. Comparison of microscopic and xpert MTB diagnoses of presumptive mycobacteria tuberculosis infection: retrospective analysis of routine diagnosis at Cape Coast Teaching Hospital. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:660. [PMID: 38956504 PMCID: PMC11218342 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis is a global health problem that causes 1. 4 million deaths every year. It has been estimated that sputum smear-negative diagnosis but culture-positive pulmonary TB diagnosis contribute to 12.6% of pulmonary TB transmission. TB diagnosis by smear microscopy smear has a minimum detection limit (LOD) of 5,000 to 10,000 bacilli per milliliter (CFU/ml) of sputum result in missed cases and false positives. However, GeneXpert technology, with a LOD of 131-250 CFU/ml in sputum samples and its implementation is believe to facilitate early detection TB and drug-resistant TB case. Since 2013, Ghana health Service (GHS) introduce GeneXpert MTB/RIF diagnostic in all regional hospitals in Ghana, however no assessment of performance between microscopy and GeneXpert TB diagnosis cross the health facilities has been reported. The study compared the results of routine diagnoses of TB by microscopy and Xpert MTB from 2016 to 2020 at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTH). METHODS The study compared routine microscopic and GeneXpert TB diagnosis results at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTH) from 2016 to 2020 retrospectively. Briefly, sputum specimens were collected into 20 mL sterile screw-capped containers for each case of suspected TB infection and processed within 24 h. The samples were decontaminated using the NALC-NaOH method with the final NaOH concentration of 1%. The supernatants were discarded after the centrifuge and the remaining pellets dissolved in 1-1.5 ml of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and used for diagnosis. A fixed smears were Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain and observed under microscope and the remainings were used for GeneXpert MTB/RIF diagnosis. The data were analyze using GraphPad Prism. RESULTS 50.11% (48.48-51.38%) were females with an odd ratio (95% CI) of 1.004 (0.944-1.069) more likely to report to the TB clinic for suspected TB diagnosis. The smear-positive cases for the first sputum were 6.6% (5.98-7.25%), and the second sputum was 6.07% (5.45-6.73%). The Xpert MTB-RIF diagnosis detected 2.93% (10/341) (1.42-5.33%) in the first and 5.44% (16/294) (3.14-8.69%) in the second smear-negative TB samples. The prevalence of Xpert MTB-RIF across smear positive showed that males had 56.87% (178/313) and 56.15% (137/244) and females had 43.13% (135/313) and 43.85% (107/244) for the first and second sputum. Also, false negative smears were 0.18% (10/5607) for smear 1 and 0.31% (16/5126) for smear 2. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the study highlights the higher sensitivity of the GeneXpert assay compared to traditional smear microscopy for detecting MTB. The GeneXpert assay identified 10 and 16 positive MTB from smear 1 and smear 2 samples which were microscopic negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Kumi Asare
- Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | | | - Czarina Owusua Adu-Gyamfi
- Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Yeboah Kwaku Opoku
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana
| | | | - Philip Afful
- Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Godwin Kwami Abotsi
- Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Paul Ekow Duntu
- Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Akwasi Anyamful
- Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Emmanuel Botchway
- Laboratory Departments, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Philimon Mwintige
- Laboratory Departments, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Samuel Kyei
- Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Linda Eva Amoah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Parajuli A, Kakchapati S, Arjyal A, Joshi D, Kharel C, Otmani Del Barrio M, Baral SC. Assessing intersectional gender analysis in Nepal's health management information system: a case study on tuberculosis for inclusive health systems. Infect Dis Poverty 2024; 13:31. [PMID: 38659012 PMCID: PMC11044533 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-024-01194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem in Nepal, high in settings marked by prevalent gender and social inequities. Various social stratifiers intersect, either privileging or oppressing individuals based on their characteristics and contexts, thereby increasing risks, vulnerabilities and marganilisation associated with TB. This study aimed to assess the inclusiveness of gender and other social stratifiers in key health related national policies and the Health Management Information System (HMIS) of National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP) by conducting an intersectional analysis of TB cases recorded via HMIS. METHODS A desk review of key policies and the NTP's HMIS was conducted. Retrospective intersectional analysis utilized two secondary data sources: annual NTP report (2017-2021) and records of 628 TB cases via HMIS 6.5 from two TB centres (2017/18-2018/19). Chi-square test and multi-variate analysis was used to assess the association between social stratifers and types of TB, registration category and treatment outcome. RESULTS Gender, social inclusion and concept of intersectionality are incorporated into various health policies and strategies but lack effective implementation. NTP has initiated the collection of age, sex, ethnicity and location data since 2014/15 through the HMIS. However, only age and sex disaggregated data are routinely reported, leaving recorded social stratifiers of TB patients static without analysis and dissemination. Furthermore, findings from the intersectional analysis using TB secondary data, showed that male more than 25 years exhibited higher odds [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 4.95, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.60-19.06, P = 0.01)] of successful outcome compared to male TB patients less than 25 years. Similarly, sex was significantly associated with types of TB (P < 0.05) whereas both age (P < 0.05) and sex (P < 0.05) were significantly associated with patient registration category (old/new cases). CONCLUSIONS The results highlight inadequacy in the availability of social stratifiers in the routine HMIS. This limitation hampers the NTP's ability to conduct intersectional analyses, crucial for unveiling the roles of other social determinants of TB. Such limitation underscores the need for more disaggregated data in routine NTP to better inform policies and plans contributing to the development of a more responsive and equitable TB programme and effectively addressing disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayuska Parajuli
- HERD International, Saibu Awas Cr-10 Marga, Bhaisepati, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | | | - Abriti Arjyal
- HERD International, Saibu Awas Cr-10 Marga, Bhaisepati, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Deepak Joshi
- HERD International, Saibu Awas Cr-10 Marga, Bhaisepati, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Chandani Kharel
- HERD International, Saibu Awas Cr-10 Marga, Bhaisepati, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Mariam Otmani Del Barrio
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sushil C Baral
- HERD International, Saibu Awas Cr-10 Marga, Bhaisepati, Lalitpur, Nepal.
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Pape S, Karki SJ, Heinsohn T, Brandes I, Dierks ML, Lange B. Tuberculosis case fatality is higher in male than female patients in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infection 2024:10.1007/s15010-024-02206-z. [PMID: 38521839 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidemiological TB data indicate differences in infection prevalence, progression rates, and clinical disease incidence between sexes. In contrast, evidence on sex-specific differential (post) TB case fatality in Europe has not been synthesized systematically. METHODS We searched electronic databases and grey literature up to December 2020 for studies reporting sex-stratified TB death data for Europe. The JBI critical appraisal tools served for bias risk assessment and subgroup analyses for studying heterogeneity. Random-effects models meta-analyses enabled estimating pooled relative risks of sex-associated TB fatality. Considering associations of comorbidities and risk factors on fatality differences, we applied relative risk meta-regression. RESULTS Based on 17,400 records screened, 117 studies entered quantitative analyses. Seventy-five studies providing absolute participant data with moderate quality and limited sex stratification reported 33 to 235,000 TB cases and 7 to 27,108 deaths. The pooled male-to-female TB fatality risk ratio was 1.4 [1.3-1.5]. Heterogeneity was high between studies and subgroups. Study time, concurrent comorbidities (e.g., HIV, diabetes, cancers), and mean participant ages showed no effect modification. We identified higher male TB fatality in studies with higher homelessness (coefficient 3.18, 95% CI [-0.59 to 6.94], p-value 0.10) and lower migrants proportion (coefficient - 0.24, 95% CI [- 0.5 to 0.04], p-value 0.09). CONCLUSION We found 30-50% higher TB case fatality for males in Europe. Except for homelessness, migration, and a trend for some comorbidities, assessing effect modification could not reduce our meta-analysis' high heterogeneity. Public health authorities should take heed of this higher risk of dying in male patients' treatment services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pape
- Institute for Epidemiology, Social Medicine and Health Systems, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Sudip Jung Karki
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, Occitanie, France
| | - Torben Heinsohn
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Iris Brandes
- Institute for Epidemiology, Social Medicine and Health Systems, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Dierks
- Institute for Epidemiology, Social Medicine and Health Systems, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Berit Lange
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
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WAMULIMA TITUS, MASABA JOHNPETERMASETTE, MUSOKE DAVID, MUKUNYA DAVID, MATOVU JOSEPHKB. Missed opportunity for tuberculosis screening among patients presenting at two health facilities in Manafwa district, Uganda. J Public Health Afr 2023; 14:2682. [PMID: 38500696 PMCID: PMC10946296 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2023.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Missed opportunities for Tuberculosis (TB) screening are key drivers of continued tuberculosis transmission. To determine the proportion of and factors associated with missing TB screening amongst patients who attended Bubulo and Butiru health facilities in the Manafwa district to inform future TB prevention and control efforts in Uganda. This was a facility-based, cross-sectional study with quantitative methods of data collection. 125 patients (≥18 years) with at least one symptom suggestive of TB were systematically selected and interviewed at the exit. Data analysis was done by Stata version 15, using a cluster-based logistic regression model. Of the 125 patients enrolled at both sites, 39% (n=49) were aged between 30 and 49 years; 75.2% (n=94) were females; 44% (n=55) were married while 66.4% (n=83) had a primary level of education. Of the patients enrolled in the study, 68% (n=85) had a missed opportunity for TB screening. Having a; post-primary education level (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=5.9; 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]=1.3, 27.1) and attending Bubulo HCIV (AOR=0.01; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.2) were significantly associated with having a missed opportunity for TB screening. Our findings show that slightly more than two-thirds of the patients who presented to the study health facilities with symptoms suggestive of TB missed the opportunity to be screened for TB. Study findings suggest a need for interventions to increase TB screening, particularly among better-educated TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- TITUS WAMULIMA
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, P.O. Box 1460, Mbale, Uganda
| | | | - DAVID MUSOKE
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - DAVID MUKUNYA
- Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale
| | - JOSEPH KB MATOVU
- Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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Mendoza-Hisey EC, Dier A, Marquez NV, Bumanglag LV, Cadiao SBA, Guirgis SF. Gender-related factors affecting access to TB services and treatment outcomes in the Philippines. Public Health Action 2023; 13:107-111. [PMID: 37736580 PMCID: PMC10446658 DOI: 10.5588/pha.23.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING The Philippines is one of the countries with the highest TB burdens. While TB affects men and women differently, studies also show that gender affects people's experience of and access to healthcare. Men and women have usually assigned roles and responsibilities that affect their decisions and health-seeking behaviour. OBJECTIVE The gender analysis aimed to examine the relationship between gender and access to TB services and treatment outcomes according to five domains: cultural norms and beliefs; patterns of power and decision-making; gender roles and responsibilities; access to resources; laws and policies. DESIGN The team conducted 19 in-depth interviews and five focus group discussions with project staff, TB coordinators from healthcare facilities, representatives from the private and informal business sector and representatives from the Philippine Department of Health from August to November 2019. RESULTS Study findings indicated that men faced greater limitations than women in terms of accessing TB resources and services, which highlight the differences between genders in relation to health-seeking behaviours and ability to access healthcare. CONCLUSION This demonstrates the importance of integrating a gender lens into the service provision set up, from screening to treating and monitoring, to ensure equitable health benefits for men, women, transgender and gender-diverse persons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Dier
- FHI 360 Philippine Country Office, Makati, The Philippines
| | - N V Marquez
- FHI 360 Philippine Country Office, Makati, The Philippines
| | - L V Bumanglag
- FHI 360 Philippine Country Office, Makati, The Philippines
| | - S B A Cadiao
- FHI 360 Philippine Country Office, Makati, The Philippines
| | - S F Guirgis
- FHI 360 Philippine Country Office, Makati, The Philippines
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Turusbekova N, Celan C, Caraulan L, Rucsineanu O, Jibuti M, Ibragimova O, Saidova N. Gender-related factors associated with delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1999. [PMID: 36320011 PMCID: PMC9623904 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a preventable and treatable disease, yearly affects millions of people and takes more than a million lives. Recognizing the symptoms and obtaining the correct diagnosis are vital steps towards treatment and cure. How timely a person with TB gets diagnosed may be influenced by biological differences between the sexes, and factors that are linked to the person's gender, in the context of the prevailing gender norms. According to our hypothesis, gender-related factors contribute to delays in the diagnosis of TB. We investigated four countries (Georgia, Kazakhstan, Republic of Moldova, and Tajikistan) of Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA) - a region with a high burden of drug-resistant TB, scarcity of gender-related TB information, and varying gender equality. Retrospective information was collected directly from the people with a history of TB - through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. We did not find differences between genders in the way participants recognized TB symptoms. In three countries women de-prioritized seeking diagnosis because of their lack of access to finances, and household-related obligations. In all four countries, men, traditionally carrying the weight of economically supporting the family, tended to postpone TB diagnosis. In two countries women experienced stigma more often than men, and it was a deterrent factor to seeking healthcare. The role of gender in obtaining the correct diagnosis came forth only among the respondents from Georgia and to some extent from Kazakhstan. We conclude that there are barriers to health care seeking and TB diagnosis that affect differently women, men and gender-diverse persons in EECA Region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Celan
- Center for Health Policies and Studies (PAS Center), Crisinau, Moldova
| | | | | | | | - Oxana Ibragimova
- ALE: Kazakhstan Union of People, living with HIV, Almaty , Kazakhstan
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Lungu PS, Kabaso ME, Mihova R, Silumesii A, Chisenga T, Kasapo C, Mwaba I, Kerkhoff AD, Muyoyeta M, Chimzizi R, Malama K. Undernotification and underreporting of tuberculosis in Zambia: a national data quality assessment. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1074. [PMID: 35996175 PMCID: PMC9396838 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite national implementation of several high impact interventions and innovations to bolster tuberculosis (TB) detection and improve quality of TB services in Zambia, notifications have been declining since 2004. A countrywide data quality assessment (DQA) of Zambia's National TB and Leprosy Programme (NTLP) was undertaken to quantify the degree to which undernotification and underreporting of TB notifications may be occurring. METHODS The NTLP conducted a retrospective DQA of health facilities in high burden districts in all ten Zambian provinces. Multiple routine programmatic data sources were triangulated through a multi-step verification process to enumerate the total number of unique TB patients diagnosed between 1st January and 31st August 2019; both bacteriologically confirmed and clinically diagnosed TB patients were included. Undernotification was defined as the number of TB patients identified through the DQA that were not documented in facility treatment registers, while underreporting was defined as the number of notified TB cases not reported to the NTLP. RESULTS Overall, 265 health facilities across 55 districts were assessed from which 28,402 TB patients were identified; 94.5% of TB patients were ≥ 15 years old, 65.1% were male, 52.0% were HIV-positive, and 89.6% were a new/relapse case. Among all TB cases, 32.8% (95%CI: 32.2-33.3) were unnotified. Undernotification was associated with age ≥ 15 years old (adjusted prevalence odds ratio [aPOR] = 2.4 [95%CI: 2.0-2.9]), HIV-positive status (aPOR = 1.6 [95%CI: 1.5-1.8]), being a new/relapse TB case (aPOR = 17.5 [95%CI: 13.4-22.8]), being a clinically diagnosed TB case (aPOR = 4.2 [95%CI:3.8-4.6]), and being diagnosed at a hospital (range, aPOR = 1.5 [95%CI: 1.3-1.6] to 2.6 [95%CI: 2.3-2.9]). There was substantial heterogeneity in the proportion of unnotified TB cases by province (range, 18.2% to 43.6%). In a sub-analysis among 22,199 TB patients with further data available, 55.9% (95%CI: 55.2-56.6) were notified and reported to the NTLP, 32.8% (95%CI: 32.2-33.4) were unnotified, and 11.3% (95%CI: 10.9-11.7) went unreported to the NTLP. CONCLUSIONS The findings from Zambia's first countrywide TB programme DQA demonstrate substantial undernotification and underreporting of TB cases across all provinces. This underscores the urgent need to implement a robust and integrated data management system to facilitate timely registration and reporting of all TB patients who are diagnosed and treated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M E Kabaso
- Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia.,USAID Sustaining Technical and Analytic Resources (STAR) Project, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - R Mihova
- USAID Eradicate TB Program, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | | | - C Kasapo
- Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - I Mwaba
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - A D Kerkhoff
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Muyoyeta
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - K Malama
- Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
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Gender Differences in Factors Associated with the Total Delay in Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Selangor, Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106258. [PMID: 35627796 PMCID: PMC9140698 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Gender plays a significant role in health-care-seeking behavior for many diseases. Delays in seeking treatment, diagnosis, and treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis (pTB) may increase the risk of transmission in the community and lead to poorer treatment outcomes and mortality. This study explores the differences in factors associated with the total delay in treatment of male and female pTB patients in Selangor, Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2017 to December 2017. Newly diagnosed pTB patients (≥18 years) were recruited from selected government health clinics and hospitals in Selangor during the specified study period. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, knowledge about pTB, stigma, distance to the nearest health facility, and chronology of pTB symptom onset, diagnosis, and treatment. The total delay was measured as the length of time between the onset of pTB symptoms to treatment initiation. Factors significantly associated with a longer total delay among men and women were identified using binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 732 patients (61.5% men, 38.5% women) were enrolled in the study. The median total delay was 60 days. Men who have weight loss as a symptom (AOR: 1.63, 95%CI: 1.10–2.41) and are employed (1.89, 1.15–3.11) were more likely to have a longer total delay, while those who know others who have had pTB (0.64, 0.43–0.96) were less likely to have a longer total delay. On the other hand, among women, having a stigma towards TB (0.52, 0.32–0.84) and obtaining a pTB diagnosis at the first medical consultation (0.48, 0.29–0.79) were associated with a shorter total delay. Conclusion: Factors associated with the total delay in pTB treatment were different for male and female pTB patients. Increasing awareness of pTB symptoms and the importance of seeking early medical consultation and a prompt diagnosis among the general public may reduce total delay in pTB treatment.
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Onah CK, Azuogu BN, Ossai EN, Agu AP, Azuogu VC, Alobu I, Ogah EO. Addressing constraints to informal providers' involvement in tuberculosis control: a qualitative study of patent medicine dealers and tuberculosis programme managers. Glob Health Res Policy 2021; 6:43. [PMID: 34743759 PMCID: PMC8574043 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-021-00227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major constraint to tuberculosis control is low case finding with under-reporting to national authorities. Evidence shows that Patent Medicine Dealers are first port of call for most people with symptoms of tuberculosis, yet there is poor referral of such clients to tuberculosis treatment facilities for further evaluation. This study investigated constraints to involvement of Patent Medicine Dealers in tuberculosis control. METHODS This was a cross-sectional qualitative study among Patent Medicine Dealers and Tuberculosis Control Programme Managers in Ebonyi State Nigeria. Sixty-four Patent Medicine Dealers and five Tuberculosis Control Programme Managers were interviewed using Focus Group Discussion and In-Depth Interview respectively. Data was collected with electronic audio-recording device and analyzed using thematic approach. RESULTS There are some knowledge gaps about tuberculosis signs, symptoms, free-treatment policy and mode of operation of care service among Patent Medicine Dealers. Patent Medicine Dealers and Tuberculosis Control Programme Managers are willing to collaborate in tuberculosis control effort but constant demand for incentives by Patent Medicine Dealers and inability of National Tuberculosis Control Programme to keep up with such demands are obvious constraints. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge gaps in tuberculosis, its control, constant demand for incentives by Patent Medicine Dealers and inability of National Tuberculosis Control Programme to satisfy such demands are constraints to involvement of Patent Medicine Dealers in tuberculosis control. More robust engagement of Patent Medicine Dealers in tuberculosis control with clear job description through tuberculosis education and provision of incentives to support them are recommended policy approaches to improve linkage of clients to tuberculosis treatment facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmas Kenan Onah
- Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki (AEFUTHA), P.M.B: 102, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
| | - Benedict Ndubueze Azuogu
- Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki (AEFUTHA), P.M.B: 102, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Edmund Ndudi Ossai
- Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki (AEFUTHA), P.M.B: 102, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Adaoha Pearl Agu
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria.,African Institute for Health Policy and Health Systems, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | | | - Isaac Alobu
- National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Buruli Ulcer Control Programme, Ebonyi State Ministry of Health, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Emeka Onwe Ogah
- Department of Paediatrics, AE-FUTHA, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
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Herawati F, Fahmi EY, Pratiwi NA, Ramdani D, Jaelani AK, Yulia R, Andrajati R. Oral anti-tuberculosis drugs: An urgent medication reconciliation at hospitals in Indonesia. J Public Health Res 2021; 10. [PMID: 34463088 PMCID: PMC8419597 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2021.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Four oral anti-tuberculosis drugs are conceived to be the most effective ones to eradicate Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and to obviate the resistant organisms. However, the patients’ adherence and medication discrepancies are obstacles to achieving the goal. This study aimed to define the anti-tuberculosis drugs used in the hospitals and to detect the discrepancies in the continuity of the tuberculosis treatment. Design and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was based on medical records of adult patients, and was conducted in two district tertiary care hospitals. Only 35 out of 136 patient records from Hospital A and 33 out of 85 records from Hospital B met the inclusion criteria. Results: The most common systemic anti-infective drugs in the study were ceftriaxone (51.80 DDD/100 patient-days) used in Hospital A and isoniazid (59.53 DDD/100 patient-days) used in Hospital B. The number of rifampicin prescriptions was less than that of isoniazid. Each patient received an average of two DDD/100 patient-days, which is an under dosage for an effective treatment. Conclusion: This study showed a medication discrepancy of tuberculosis therapy. Tuberculosis patients’ medical histories are not under the full attention of treating physicians wherever they are admitted. Thus, medication reconciliation is needed to accomplish the goal of a Tuberculosis-free world in 2050. Significance for public health Among other infectious diseases, tuberculosis causes not only more death in all countries and age groups, but also threatens global health with multidrugresistant TB. Tuberculosis is curable but may have uncertain diagnosis and needs continuation treatment for a minimum of six months. Recently, there is some investigation of the patient pathway for tuberculosis care-seeking; this study showed that even though the patient goes to public health services, discontinuation of therapy happens. The unfulfilled medication needs of tuberculosis patients, should increase awareness about TB resistance hazards and encourage healthcare professionals, healthcare management, and government, particularly in Indonesia, to increase microbiology capacity and develop an information system to connect patient data in the primary care and secondary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauna Herawati
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Jalan Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok .
| | - Eka Yuliantini Fahmi
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Jalan Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya.
| | - Noer Aulia Pratiwi
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Jalan Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya.
| | | | | | - Rika Yulia
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Jalan Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya.
| | - Retnosari Andrajati
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok.
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Lwin TT, Apidechkul T, Saising J, Upala P, Tamornpark R. Barriers to accessing TB clinics among Myanmar TB patients attending a Thailand‐Myanmar border hospital: a qualitative approach. JOURNAL OF HEALTH RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/jhr-03-2020-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThis qualitative approach study aimed to understand the barriers to accessing a tuberculosis (TB) clinic in a Thai hospital as experienced by TB patients from Myanmar living on the Thailand-Myanmar border.Design/methodology/approachTwenty-two participants were asked to provide information. In-depth interviews were used to gather the information. Each interview lasted 40 min.FindingsTB patients from Myanmar experience several barriers to accessing TB treatment and care at Mae Sai Hospital, such as language and economic problems, although they are very satisfied with the quality of service and positive attitude of the health care providers. A long waiting time and lack of explanation of the pathogenesis of TB were noted as negative aspects by the patients and their relatives. The medical staff at the TB clinic were negatively affected by the excessive workload and unsuitability of some methods or technologies. Using budgetary subsidies from agencies to fund TB care and treatment was not sustainable. Foreign TB patients are not subsidized by the national universal insurance scheme of Thailand, and sending TB patients back to their home country is sometimes unavoidable.Originality/valueThailand and Myanmar should strengthen their collaboration and develop a system to improve the quality of TB patient care and management for those who are living in poverty and lack education, by focusing on reducing language and economic barriers to accessing health care services including support for medicines and laboratory materials related to TB case management among these populations.
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12
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Sekandi JN, Onuoha NA, Buregyeya E, Zalwango S, Kaggwa PE, Nakkonde D, Kakaire R, Atuyambe L, Whalen CC, Dobbin KK. Using a Mobile Health Intervention (DOT Selfie) With Transfer of Social Bundle Incentives to Increase Treatment Adherence in Tuberculosis Patients in Uganda: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e18029. [PMID: 32990629 PMCID: PMC7815451 DOI: 10.2196/18029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization’s End TB Strategy envisions a world free of tuberculosis (TB)—free of deaths, disease, and suffering due to TB—by 2035. Nonadherence reduces cure rates, prolongs infectiousness, and contributes to the emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Moreover, MDR-TB is a growing, complex, and costly problem that presents a major obstacle to TB control. Directly observed therapy (DOT) for treatment adherence monitoring is the recommended standard; however, it is challenging to implement at scale because it is labor-intensive. Mobile health interventions can facilitate remote adherence monitoring and minimize the costs and inconveniences associated with standard DOT. Objective The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using video directly observed therapy (VDOT) plus incentives to improve medication adherence in TB treatment versus usual-care DOT in an African context. Methods The DOT Selfie study is an open-label, randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 2 parallel groups, in which 144 adult patients with TB aged 18-65 years will be randomly assigned to receive the usual-care DOT monitoring or VDOT as the intervention. The intervention will consist of a smartphone app, a weekly internet subscription, translated text message reminders, and incentives for those who adhere. The participant will use a smartphone to record and send time-stamped encrypted videos showing their daily medication ingestion. This video component will directly substitute the need for daily face-to-face meetings between the health provider and patients. We hypothesize that the VDOT intervention will be more effective because it allows patients to swallow their pills anywhere, anytime. Moreover, patients will receive mobile-phone–based “social bundle” incentives to motivate adherence to continued daily submission of videos to the health system. The health providers will log into a secured computer system to verify treatment adherence, document missed doses, investigate the reasons for missed doses, and follow prespecified protocol measures to re-establish medication adherence. The primary endpoint is the adherence level as measured by the fraction of expected doses observed over the treatment period. The main secondary outcome will be time-to-treatment completion in both groups. Results This study was funded in 2019. Enrollment began in July and is expected to be completed by November 2020. Data collection and follow-up are expected to be completed by June 2021. Results from the analyses based on the primary endpoint are expected to be submitted for publication by December 2021. Conclusions This random control trial will be among the first to evaluate the effectiveness of VDOT within an African setting. The results will provide robust scientific evidence on the implementation and adoption of mobile health (mHealth) tools, coupled with incentives to motivate TB medication adherence. If successful, VDOT will apply to other low-income settings and a range of chronic diseases with lifelong treatment, such as HIV/AIDs. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04134689; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04134689 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/18029
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Nabbuye Sekandi
- Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Nicole Amara Onuoha
- Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Sarah Zalwango
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Public Health Service and Environment, Kampala Capital City Authority, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Robert Kakaire
- Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Lynn Atuyambe
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christopher C Whalen
- Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kevin K Dobbin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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13
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Oga-Omenka C, Bada F, Agbaje A, Dakum P, Menzies D, Zarowsky C. Ease and equity of access to free DR-TB services in Nigeria- a qualitative analysis of policies, structures and processes. Int J Equity Health 2020; 19:221. [PMID: 33302956 PMCID: PMC7731779 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-01342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Persistent low rates of case notification and treatment coverage reflect that accessing diagnosis and treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in Nigeria remains a challenge, even though it is provided free of charge to patients. Equity in health access requires availability of comparable, appropriate services to all, based on needs, and irrespective of socio-demographic characteristics. Our study aimed to identify the reasons for Nigeria’s low rates of case-finding and treatment for DR-TB. To achieve this, we analyzed elements that facilitate or hinder equitable access for different groups of patients within the current health system to support DR-TB management in Nigeria. Methods We conducted documentary review of guidelines and workers manuals, as well as 57 qualitative interviews, including 10 focus group discussions, with a total of 127 participants, in Nigeria. Between August and November 2017, we interviewed patients who were on treatment, their treatment supporter, and providers in Ogun and Plateau States, as well as program managers in Benue and Abuja. We adapted and used Levesque’s patient-centered access to care framework to analyze DR-TB policy documents and interview data. Results Thematic analysis revealed inequitable access to DR-TB care for some patient socio-demographic groups. While patients were mostly treated equally at the facility level, some patients experienced more difficulty accessing care based on their gender, age, occupation, educational level and religion. Health system factors including positive provider attitudes and financial support provided to the patients facilitated equity and ease of access. However, limited coverage and the absence of patients’ access rights protection and considerations in the treatment guidelines and workers manuals likely hampered access. Conclusion In the context of Nigeria’s low case-finding and treatment coverage, applying an equity of access framework was necessary to highlight gaps in care. Differing social contexts of patients adversely affected their access to DR-TB care. We identified several strengths in DR-TB care delivery, including the current financial support that should be sustained. Our findings highlight the need for government’s commitment and continued interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity Oga-Omenka
- The School of Public Health of the University of Montreal (ÉSPUM), 7101, Parc avenue, 3rd floor, Montreal, Quebec, H3N 1X9, Canada. .,Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal (CReSP), Montreal, Canada. .,McGill University International TB Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Florence Bada
- International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Aderonke Agbaje
- International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Patrick Dakum
- International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Dick Menzies
- McGill University International TB Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christina Zarowsky
- The School of Public Health of the University of Montreal (ÉSPUM), 7101, Parc avenue, 3rd floor, Montreal, Quebec, H3N 1X9, Canada.,Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal (CReSP), Montreal, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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14
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Understanding the gaps in DR-TB care cascade in Nigeria: A sequential mixed-method study. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2020; 21:100193. [PMID: 33102811 PMCID: PMC7578750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2020.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the availability of free drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) care in Nigeria since 2011, the country continues to tackle low case notification and treatment rates. In 2018, 11% of an estimated 21,000 cases were diagnosed and 9% placed on treatment. These low rates are nevertheless a marked improvement from 2015 when only 3.4% were diagnosed and 2.3% placed on treatment of an estimated 29,000 cases. This study describes the Nigerian DR-TB care cascade from 2013 to 2017 and considers factors influencing gaps in care. Methods Our study utilized a mixed-method design. For the quantitative component, we utilized the national diagnosis and treatment databases, as well as the World Health Organization’s estimates for prevalence to construct a 5-year care cascade: numbers of patients at each level of DR-TB care, including incident cases, individuals who accessed testing, were diagnosed, initiated treated and completed treatment in Nigeria between 2013 and 2017. Using retrospective data for patients diagnosed in 2015, we performed the Fisher’s exact test to determine the association between patient (age and gender) and provider/patient (region- north or south) variables, permitting a closer look at the gaps in care revealed across the 5 years. Barriers to care were explored using framework thematic analysis of 57 qualitative interviews and focus group discussions with patients, including 5 cases not initiated on treatment from the 2015 cohort, treatment supporters, community members, healthcare workers and program managers in 2017. Results A 5-year analysis of cascade of care data shows significant, but inadequate, increases in overall numbers of cases accessing care. On average, between 2013 and 2017, 80% of estimated cases did not access testing; 75% of those who tested were not diagnosed; 36% of those diagnosed were not initiated on treatment and 23% of these did not finish treatment. In 2015, children and patients in Northern Nigeria had odds of 0.3 [95% CI 0.1–0.7] and 0.4 [0.3–0.5] of completing treatment once diagnosed; while males were shown to have a 1.34 [95% CI 1.0–1.7] times greater chance of completing treatment after diagnosis. The main themes from qualitative data identified barriers to care along the care cascade at individual, family and community, as well as health systems levels. At the individual level, a lack of awareness of the true cause of disease and the availability of ‘free’ care was a recurring theme. Family interference was found to be a particular challenge for children and women. At the health system level, low index of suspicion, lack of rapid diagnostic tools and human resource shortages appeared to limit patients’ access. Conclusions Any gains in diagnostic technology and shorter regimens are lost with inadequate access to DR-TB services. The biggest losses in the Nigerian cascade happen before treatment initiation. There is a need for urgent action on identified gaps in the DR-TB cascade in order to improve care continuity at multiple stages, improve health service delivery and facilitate TB control in Nigeria.
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15
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Datiko DG, Jerene D, Suarez P. Patient and health system delay among TB patients in Ethiopia: Nationwide mixed method cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1126. [PMID: 32680489 PMCID: PMC7368783 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Effective tuberculosis (TB) control is the end result of improved health seeking by the community and timely provision of quality TB services by the health system. Rapid expansion of health services to the peripheries has improved access to the community. However, high cost of seeking care, stigma related TB, low index of suspicion by health care workers and lack of patient centered care in health facilities contribute to delays in access to timely care that result in delay in seeking care and hence increase TB transmission, morbidity and mortality. We aimed to measure patient and health system delay among TB patients in Ethiopia. Methods This is mixed method cross-sectional study conducted in seven regions and two city administrations. We used multistage cluster sampling to randomly select 40 health centers and interviewed 21 TB patients per health center. We also conducted qualitative interviews to understand the reasons for delay. Results Of the total 844 TB patients enrolled, 57.8% were men. The mean (SD) age was 34 (SD + 13.8) years. 46.9% of the TB patients were the heads of household, 51.4% were married, 24.1% were farmers and 34.7% were illiterate. The median (IQR) patient, diagnostic and treatment initiation delays were 21 (10–45), 4 (2–10) and 2 (1–3) days respectively. The median (IQR) of total delay was 33 (19–67) days; 72.3% (595) of the patients started treatment after 21 days of the onset of the first symptom. Poverty, cost of seeking care, protracted diagnostic and treatment initiation, inadequate community based TB care and lack of awareness were associated with delay. Community health workers reported that lack of awareness and the expectation that symptoms would resolve by themselves were the main reasons for delay. Conclusion TB patients’ delay in seeking care remains a challenge due to limited community interventions, cost of seeking care, prolonged diagnostics and treatment initiation. Therefore, targeted community awareness creation, cost reduction strategies and improving diagnostic capacity are vital to reduce delay in seeking TB care in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Datiko
- Challenge TB Ethiopia /Management Sciences for Health Ethiopia, box 1157, code 1250, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Degu Jerene
- Challenge TB Ethiopia /Management Sciences for Health Ethiopia, box 1157, code 1250, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Pedro Suarez
- Management Sciences for Health, Senior Director Infectious Disease Cluster, Arlington, USA
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16
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Oga-Omenka C, Tseja-Akinrin A, Sen P, Mac-Seing M, Agbaje A, Menzies D, Zarowsky C. Factors influencing diagnosis and treatment initiation for multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in six sub-Saharan African countries: a mixed-methods systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:e002280. [PMID: 32616481 PMCID: PMC7333807 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-resistant tuberculosis burdens fragile health systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), complicated by high prevalence of HIV. Several African countries reported large gaps between estimated incidence and diagnosed or treated cases. Our review aimed to identify barriers and facilitators influencing diagnosis and treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in SSA, which is necessary to develop effective strategies to find the missing incident cases and improve quality of care. METHODS Using an integrative design, we reviewed and narratively synthesised qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods studies from nine electronic databases: Medline, Global Health, CINAHL, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, PubMed and Google Scholar (January 2006 to June 2019). RESULTS Of 3181 original studies identified, 55 full texts were screened, and 29 retained. The studies included were from 6 countries, mostly South Africa. Barriers and facilitators to DR-TB care were identified at the health system and patient levels. Predominant health system barriers were laboratory operational issues, provider knowledge and attitudes and information management. Facilitators included GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) diagnosis and decentralisation of services. At the patient level, predominant barriers were patients being lost to follow-up or dying due to lengthy diagnostic and treatment delays, negative public sector care perceptions, family, work or school commitments and using private sector care. Some patient-level facilitators were HIV positivity and having more symptoms. CONCLUSION Case detection and treatment for DR -TB in SSA currently relies on individual patients presenting voluntarily to the hospital for care. Specific interventions targeting identified barriers may improve rates and timeliness of detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity Oga-Omenka
- École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal (CReSP), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Paulami Sen
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Muriel Mac-Seing
- École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal (CReSP), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Dick Menzies
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christina Zarowsky
- École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal (CReSP), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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17
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An Opportunity to END TB: Using the Sustainable Development Goals for Action on Socio-Economic Determinants of TB in High Burden Countries in WHO South-East Asia and the Western Pacific Regions. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5020101. [PMID: 32570828 PMCID: PMC7345698 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The progress towards ending tuberculosis (TB) by 2035 is less than expected in 11 high TB burden countries in the World Health Organization South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions. Along with enhancing measures aimed at achieving universal access to quality-assured diagnosis, treatment and prevention services, massive efforts are needed to mitigate the prevalence of health-related risk factors, preferably through broader actions on the determinants of the "exposure-infection-disease-adverse outcome" spectrum. The aim of this manuscript is to describe the major socio-economic determinants of TB and to discuss how there are opportunities to address these determinants in an englobing manner under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework. The national TB programs must identify stakeholders working on the other SDGs, develop mechanisms to collaborate with them and facilitate action on social-economic determinants in high TB burden geographical areas. Research (to determine the optimal mechanisms and impact of such collaborations) must be an integral part of this effort. We call upon stakeholders involved in achieving the SDGs and End TB targets to recognize that all goals are highly interlinked, and they need to combine and complement each other's efforts to end TB and the determinants behind this disease.
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Matakanye H, Ramathuba DU, Tugli AK. Caring for Tuberculosis Patients: Understanding the Plight of Nurses at a Regional Hospital in Limpopo Province, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16244977. [PMID: 31817829 PMCID: PMC6949926 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease which is caused by a relatively large, non-motile, rod-shaped pathogen called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is a major cause of illness and death worldwide, especially in Asia and Africa. Despite the fact that TB is a curable illness, the tragedy is that TB remains the biggest killer in the world as a single pathogen. The aim of this study was to determine the experiences of nurses caring for TB patients at a regional hospital in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive designs were used. A non-probability purposive sampling method was used to select the participants. The personal experiences of six nurses with more than five years’ experience caring for TB patients at a regional hospital were explored, and it was guided by data saturation. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method. Trustworthiness was ensured and ethical considerations were observed in this study. The research findings revealed six major themes from the raw data: challenges of the working environment, problems impacting on the quality of nursing care, fear, anxiety, stress and risk of contracting infection, nurses’ perceptions towards patients, support structure available in the hospital, and support needs for the nurses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address the challenges experienced by nurses caring for communicable diseases through provision of a positive practice work environment.
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Evenden P, Roche A, Karo B, Balasegaram S, Anderson CS. Presentation and healthcare delays among people with tuberculosis in London, and the impact on treatment outcome. BMJ Open Respir Res 2019; 6:e000468. [PMID: 31673368 PMCID: PMC6797301 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2019-000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A quarter of London’s pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients have over 4 months of delay. Late diagnosis increases disease severity and the risk of transmission. We aim to classify delays, identify associated risk factors and assess treatment outcome. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using London surveillance data, 2012–2018 on adults aged ≥18 years with pulmonary TB. We defined presentation delay (days from symptom onset to first healthcare visit) and healthcare delay (first healthcare visit to treatment commencement) as dichotomous variables; positive delay being days equal or greater than the third quartile. We applied logistic regression models to identify risk factors associated with delays and treatment outcome at 12 months. Results Of 7216 people, 4539 reported presentation and 5193 healthcare delays. The third quartiles for presentation and healthcare delay were 84 and 61 days, respectively. Presentation delay was associated with female sex (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.21; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.39), increasing age (aOR=1.004; 95% CI 1.001 to 1.008), white compared to Asian ethnicity (aOR=1.35; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.62), previous imprisonment (aOR=1.66; 95% CI 1.22 to 2.26) and alcohol misuse (aOR=1.44; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.89). Healthcare delay was associated with female sex (aOR=1.39; 95% CI 1.21 to 1.59), increasing age (aOR=1.014; 95% CI 1.009 to 1.018) and white ethnicity (aOR=1.41; 95% CI 1.19 to 1.68). 16% of 5678 people with known outcome did not complete treatment. Neither delay was associated with non-completion (p value <0.05). Conclusions Female, white and older people with TB were more likely to experience both presentation and healthcare delays. Social risk factors were also associated with delay in presentation. Early diagnosis and treatment remain critical to reduce transmission, regardless of whether delay affected completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy Evenden
- ANTICPE, INSERM U1086, Caen, France.,Field Service, South East and London, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Anita Roche
- South London Health Protection Team, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Basel Karo
- Field Service, South East and London, Public Health England, London, UK.,ECDC, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
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Abstract
Gender inequality has severe consequences on public health in terms of delay in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). In order to explore gender-related differences in diagnosis delay, a cross-sectional study of 10 686 patients diagnosed with PTB in Yulin from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2014 was conducted. Diagnosis delay was categorised into ‘short delay’ and ‘long delay’ by four commonly used cut-off points of 14, 30, 60 and 90 days. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyse gender differences in diagnostic delay. Stratified analyses by smear results, age, urban/rural were performed to examine whether the effect persisted across the strata. The median delay was 31 days (interquartile range 13–65). Diagnostic delay in females at cut-off points of 14, 30, 60 and 90 days had odds ratios (OR) of 0.99 (95% CI 0.91–1.09), 1.09 (95% CI 1.01–1.18), 1.15 (95% CI 1.05–1.26) and 1.18 (95% CI 1.06–1.31), respectively, compared with males. Stratified analysis showed that females were associated with increased risk of longer delay among those aged 30–60 years, smear positive and living in the rural areas (P < 0.05). The female-to-male OR increased along with increased delay time. Further inquiry into the underlying reasons for gender differences should be urgently addressed to improve the current situation.
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Hermans S, Cornell M, Middelkoop K, Wood R. The differential impact of HIV and antiretroviral therapy on gender-specific tuberculosis rates. Trop Med Int Health 2019; 24:454-462. [PMID: 30681241 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of the HIV epidemic and the rollout of antiretroviral therapy (ART) from 2004 on the gender-specific TB burden in Cape Town, we investigated temporal changes in TB notification rates, the HIV-associated relative risk of TB and the population attributable risk fraction (PAF) of HIV by gender. METHODS Annual TB notifications, mid-year population and HIV prevalence estimates were used to calculate rates per 100 000 population stratified by gender and HIV. Annual rate ratios (RR) of TB associated with HIV and PAF were calculated by gender. RESULTS Pre-HIV TB notification rates were lower among women than men (146/100 000 vs. 247/100 000). With the onset of the HIV, epidemic rates increased 5.3-fold in women (to 778/100 000) and 3.7-fold in men (to 917/100 000) to a peak in 2008, after which they declined by 25% in women (to 634/100 000) and 18% in men (to 755/100 000) by 2014. The HIV-associated RR of TB was 25% higher in women than in men in 2006 (25 vs. 20), but decreased to the same level in 2014. HIV PAF declined between 2008 and 2014 from 56% to 50% and from 40% to 38% in women and men, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The HIV epidemic led to greater relative increases in TB rates among women than men. The increased HIV-associated TB risk in women could be compatible with removal of the biological protection of female gender by HIV infection. The decline in RR and PAF in HIV-positive women could be explained by increasing ART usage reversing female gender-related susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hermans
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Morna Cornell
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keren Middelkoop
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robin Wood
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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22
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Quattrocchi A, Barchitta M, Nobile CGA, Prato R, Sotgiu G, Casuccio A, Vitale F, Agodi A. Determinants of patient and health system delay among Italian and foreign-born patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a multicentre cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019673. [PMID: 30082341 PMCID: PMC6078265 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify key factors associated with patient delay (PD), health system delay (HSD) and total delay (TOTD) in patients with tuberculosis (TB) to inform control programmes. SETTING The study was conducted in four Italian regions in 2014-2016. Data were obtained using a questionnaire including: sociodemographic and lifestyle data, TB comorbidities, patient knowledge and attitudes towards TB, stigma, access to TB care and health-seeking behaviours. PARTICIPANTS Patients' inclusion criteria were being diagnosed as a new smear positive pulmonary TB case and living in one of the participating Italian regions. Overall, 344 patients from 30 healthcare centres were invited to participate and 253 patients were included in the analysis (26.5% non-response rate); 63.6% were males and 55.7% were non-Italian born. OUTCOME MEASURES Risk factors for PD, HSD and TOTD in patients with TB were assessed by multivariable analysis. Adjusted ORs (aOR) and 95% CIs were calculated. RESULTS Median PD, HSD and TOTD were 30, 11 and 45 days, respectively. Factors associated with longer PD were: stigma (aOR 2.30; 95% CI 1.06 to 4.98), chest pain (aOR 2.67; 95% CI 1.24 to 6.49), weight loss (aOR 4.66; 95% CI 2.16 to 10.05), paying for transportation (aOR 2.66; 95% CI 1.24 to 5.74) and distance to the health centre (aOR 2.46; 95% CI 1.05 to 5.74) (the latter three were also associated with TOTD). Shorter HSD was associated with foreign-born and female status (aOR 0.50; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.91; aOR 0.28; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.53, respectively), dizziness (aOR 0.18, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.78) and seeking care at hospital (aOR 0.35; 95% CI 0.18 to 0.66). Prior unspecific treatment was associated with longer HSD (aOR 2.25; 95% CI 1.19 to 4.25) and TOTD (aOR 2.55; 95% CI 1.18 to 5.82). Haemoptysis (aOR 0.12; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.43) and repeated visits with the same provider (aOR 0.29; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.76) showed shorter TOTD. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies several determinants of delays associated with patient's behaviours and healthcare qualities. Tackling TB effectively requires addressing key risk factors that make individuals more vulnerable by the means of public health policy, cooperation and advocacy to ensure that all patients have easy access to care and receive high-quality healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Quattrocchi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'GF Ingrassia', University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Martina Barchitta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'GF Ingrassia', University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- LaPoSS, Laboratory of Policies and Social Services, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo G A Nobile
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Græcia', Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosa Prato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Casuccio
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Vitale
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Agodi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'GF Ingrassia', University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- LaPoSS, Laboratory of Policies and Social Services, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Lichtenstein B, Pettway T, Weber J. Sharecropper’s Tuberculosis: Pathologies of Power in a Fatal Outbreak. Med Anthropol 2018; 37:499-513. [DOI: 10.1080/01459740.2017.1417282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Lichtenstein
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Towanda Pettway
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Joe Weber
- Department of Geography, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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Ebrahimi Kalan M, Yekrang Sis H, Kelkar V, Harrison SH, Goins GD, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Han J. The identification of risk factors associated with patient and healthcare system delays in the treatment of tuberculosis in Tabriz, Iran. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:174. [PMID: 29361918 PMCID: PMC5781292 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious health concern, particularly in developing countries. Various delays, such as patient delay (PD) and healthcare system delay (HSD) in the TB process, are exacerbating the disease burden and increasing the rates of transmission and mortality in various global communities. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify risk factors associated with PD and HSD in TB patients in Tabriz, Iran. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 173 TB patients in Tabriz, Iran from 2012 to 2014. Patients were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire. Frequencies and percentages were reported for patient categories of sex, age, and education. The median and interquartile range (IQR) were reported for the time intervals of delays. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions of delay in respect to socio-demographic and clinical variables were performed. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS The median values for delays were 53 days for HSD (IQR = 73) and 13 days for PD (IQR = 57). Odds ratios (OR) associated with PD were: employed vs. unemployed (OR = 5.86, 95% CI: 1.59 to 21.64); public hospitals vs. private hospitals (OR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.01 to 6.85); ≥ 3 vs. < 3 visits to health facilities before correct diagnosis (OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.08 to 5.11); and male vs. female (OR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.29 to 4.39). The OR associated with HSD were: ≥ 3 vs. < 3 visits to health facilities before correct diagnosis (OR = 9.44, 95% CI: 4.50 to 19.82), without vs. with access to TB diagnostic services (OR = 3.56, 95% CI: 1.85 to 6.83), and misdiagnosis as cold or viral infection vs. not (OR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.40 to 4.91). CONCLUSIONS The results provide for an important understanding of the risk factors associated with PD and HSD. One of the major recommendations is to provide more TB diagnostic knowledge and tools to primary health providers and correct diagnoses for patients during their initial visit to the health care facilities. The knowledge generated from this study will be helpful for prioritizing and developing strategies for minimizing delays, initiating early treatment to TB patients, and improving TB-related training programs and healthcare systems in Tabriz, Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA
| | - Hassan Yekrang Sis
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan Iran
| | - Vinaya Kelkar
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA
| | - Scott H. Harrison
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA
| | - Gregory D. Goins
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA
| | - Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan Iran
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan Iran
| | - Jian Han
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA
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25
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Hutchison C, Khan MS, Yoong J, Lin X, Coker RJ. Financial barriers and coping strategies: a qualitative study of accessing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and tuberculosis care in Yunnan, China. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:221. [PMID: 28222724 PMCID: PMC5320743 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) and multidrug-resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) pose serious challenges to global health, particularly in China, which has the second highest case burden in the world. Disparities in access to care for the poorest, rural TB patients may be exacerbated for MDR-TB patients, although this has not been investigated widely. We examine whether certain patient groups experience different barriers to accessing TB services, whether there are added challenges for patients with MDR-TB, and how patients and health providers cope in Yunnan, a mountainous province in China with a largely rural population and high TB burden. METHODS Using a qualitative study design, we conducted five focus group discussions and 47 in-depth interviews with purposively sampled TB and MDR-TB patients and healthcare providers in Mandarin, between August 2014 and May 2015. Field-notes and interview transcripts were analysed via a combination of open and thematic coding. RESULTS Patients and healthcare providers consistently cited financial constraints as the most common barriers to accessing care. Rural residents, farmers and ethnic minorities were the most vulnerable to these barriers, and patients with MDR-TB reported a higher financial burden owing to the centralisation and longer duration of treatment. Support in the form of free or subsidised treatment and medical insurance, was deemed essential but inadequate for alleviating financial barriers to patients. Most patients coped by selling their assets or borrowing money from family members, which often strained relationships. Notably, some healthcare providers themselves reported making financial and other contributions to assist patients, but recognised these practices as unsustainable. CONCLUSIONS Financial constraints were identified by TB and MDR-TB patients and health care professionals as the most pervasive barrier to care. Barriers appeared to be magnified for ethnic minorities and patients coming from rural areas, especially those with MDR-TB. To reduce financial barriers and improve treatment outcomes, there is a need for further research into the total costs of seeking and accessing TB and MDR-TB care. This will enable better assessment and targeting of appropriate financial support for identified vulnerable groups and geographic development of relevant services.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hutchison
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - M S Khan
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Yoong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - X Lin
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China.
| | - R J Coker
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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26
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Martinez L, Xu L, Chen C, Sekandi JN, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Whalen CC, Zhu L. Delays and Pathways to Final Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Patients from a Referral Hospital in Urban China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:1060-1065. [PMID: 28193742 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractChina is among the countries with the largest epidemic of drug susceptible and resistant tuberculosis globally. We investigated the locations tuberculosis patients visited before being diagnosed, total diagnostic delay, and risk factors associated with total delay from a large tuberculosis referral hospital in Nanjing, China. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among tuberculosis patients who initiated anti-tuberculosis treatment within 3 months prior to the study date. Patient information regarding time and locations visited while seeking care for tuberculosis-related symptoms was collected through face-to-face interviews. Crude and adjusted Cox proportional hazard ratios of factors associated with time to diagnosis were calculated. Of 179 bacteriologically confirmed patients, 37% were women and median age was 41 (interquartile range [IQR], 26-62). Public hospitals were the most commonly visited health-care institution and repeated visits to them were common. The mean days to tuberculosis diagnosis were 50.3. Female patients (hazard ratio [HR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.48) or patients who contacted a health-care provider 2 weeks after becoming symptomatic (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.43-1.70) were significantly less likely to have a timely diagnosis. In a referral hospital in urban China, we found that female tuberculosis patients took significantly more time to reach diagnosis than males and patients often cycled in public hospitals for multiple visits before reaching final diagnosis. Health professionals at public hospitals in Nanjing should be encouraged to refer potential tuberculosis patients as soon as possible to avoid nosocomial transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Martinez
- Institute of Global Health, University of Georgia School of Public Health, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia School of Public Health, Athens, Georgia
| | - Lin Xu
- Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Juliet N Sekandi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia School of Public Health, Athens, Georgia.,Institute of Global Health, University of Georgia School of Public Health, Athens, Georgia.,Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Yongzhong Zhu
- Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Christopher C Whalen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia School of Public Health, Athens, Georgia.,Institute of Global Health, University of Georgia School of Public Health, Athens, Georgia
| | - Limei Zhu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Vissandjee B, Mourid A, Greenaway CA, Short WE, Proctor JA. Searching for sex- and gender-sensitive tuberculosis research in public health: finding a needle in a haystack. Int J Womens Health 2016; 8:731-742. [PMID: 28008287 PMCID: PMC5170621 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s119757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite broadening consideration of sex- and gender-based issues in health research, when seeking information on how sex and gender contribute to disease contexts for specific health or public health topics, a lack of consistent or systematic use of terminology in health literature means that it remains difficult to identify research with a sex or gender focus. These inconsistencies are driven, in part, by the complexity and terminological inflexibility of the indexing systems for gender- and sex-related terms in public health databases. Compounding the issue are authors’ diverse vocabularies, and in some cases lack of accuracy in defining and using fundamental sex–gender terms in writing, and when establishing keyword lists and search criteria. Considering the specific case of the tuberculosis (TB) prevention and management literature, an analysis of sex and gender sensitivity in three health databases was performed. While there is an expanding literature exploring the roles of both sex and gender in the trajectory and lived experience of TB, we demonstrate the potential to miss relevant research when attempting to retrieve literature using only the search criteria currently available. We, therefore, argue that for good clinical practice to be achieved; there is a need for both public health researchers and users to be better educated in appropriate usage of the terminology associated with sex and gender. In addition, public health database indexers ought to accept the task of developing and implementing adequate definitions of sex and gender terms so as to facilitate access to sex- and gender-related research. These twin advances will allow clinicians to more readily recognize and access knowledge pertaining to systems of redress that respond to gendered risks that compound existing health inequalities in disease management and control, particularly when dealing with already complex diseases. Given the methodological and linguistic challenges presented by the multidimensional and highly contextual nature of definitions of sex and gender, it will be important that this review task be undertaken using a multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilkis Vissandjee
- Faculty of Nursing, Public Health Research Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Assia Mourid
- Allied Health Library, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christina A Greenaway
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Wendy E Short
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jodi A Proctor
- School of Social Work, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Khazaei S, Mansournia MA, Nematollahi S, Ayubi E, Zahiri A, Mohamadian-Hafshejani A, Ahmadi Pishkuhi M, Salehiniya H, khazaei S. Determinants of delay in tuberculosis diagnosis in Hamadan province, 2006−2014. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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29
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Four Degrees of Separation: Social Contacts and Health Providers Influence the Steps to Final Diagnosis of Active Tuberculosis Patients in Urban Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:361. [PMID: 26293293 PMCID: PMC4546132 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Delay in tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis adversely affects patients’ outcomes and prolongs transmission in the community. The influence of social contacts on steps taken by active pulmonary TB patients to seek a diagnosis has not been well examined. Methods A retrospective study design was use to enroll TB patients on treatment for 3 months or less and aged ≥18 years from 3 public clinics in Kampala, Uganda, from March to July 2014. Social network analysis was used to collect information about social contacts and health providers visited by patients to measure the number of steps and time between onset of symptoms and final diagnosis of TB. Results Of 294 TB patients, 58 % were male and median age was 30 (IQR: 24–38) years. The median number of steps was 4 (IQR: 3, 7) corresponding to 70 (IQR: 28,140) days to diagnosis. New patients had more steps and time to diagnosis compared retreatment patients (5 vs. 3, P < 0.0001; 84 vs. 46 days P < 0.0001). Fifty-eight percent of patients first contacted persons in their social network. The first step to initiate seeking care accounted for 41 % of the patients’ time to diagnosis while visits to non-TB providers and TB providers (without a TB diagnosis) accounted for 34 % and 11 % respectively. New TB patients vs. retreatment (HR: 0.66, 95 % CI; 1.11, 1.99), those who first contacted a non-TB health provider vs. contacting social network (HR: 0.72 95 % CI; 0.55, 0.95) and HIV seronegative vs. seropositive patients (HR: 0.70, 95 % CI; 0.53, 0.92) had a significantly lower likelihood of a timely final diagnosis. Conclusions There were four degrees of separation between the onset of symptoms in a TB patient and a final diagnosis. Both social and provider networks of patients influenced the diagnostic pathways. Most delays occurred in the first step which represents decisions to seek help, and through interactions with non-TB health providers. TB control programs should strengthen education and active screening in the community and in health care settings to ensure timely diagnosis of TB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1084-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Cai J, Wang X, Ma A, Wang Q, Han X, Li Y. Factors associated with patient and provider delays for tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120088. [PMID: 25807385 PMCID: PMC4373856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Delays in tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment is a major barrier to effective management of the disease. Determining the factors associated with patient and provider delay of TB diagnosis and treatment in Asia may contribute to TB prevention and control. Methods We searched the PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science for studies that assessed factors associated with delays in care-seeking, diagnosis, or at the beginning of treatment, which were published from January 1992 to September 2014. Two reviewers independently identified studies that were related to our meta-analysis and extracted data from each study. Independent variables were categorized in separate tables for patient and provider delays. Results Among 45 eligible studies, 40 studies assessed patient delay whereas 30 assessed provider delay. Cross-sectional surveys were used in all but two articles, which included 17 countries and regions. Socio-demographic characteristics, TB-related symptoms and medical examination, and conditions of seeking medical care in TB patients were frequently reported. Male patients and long travel time/distance to the first healthcare provider led to both shorter patient delays [odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence intervals, CI) = 0.85 (0.78, 0.92); 1.39 (1.08, 1.78)] and shorter provider delays [OR (95%CI) = 0.96 (0.93, 1.00); 1.68 (1.12, 2.51)]. Unemployment, low income, hemoptysis, and positive sputum smears were consistently associated with patient delay [ORs (95%CI) = 1.18 (1.07, 1.30), 1.23 (1.02, 1.49), 0.64 (0.40, 1.00), 1.77 (1.07, 2.94), respectively]. Additionally, consultation at a public hospital was associated with provider delay [OR (95%CI) = 0.43 (0.20, 0.91)]. Conclusions We propose that the major opportunities to reduce delays involve enabling socio-demographic factors and medical conditions. Male, unemployed, rural residence, low income, hemoptysis, positive sputum smear, and long travel time/distance significantly correlated with patient delay. Male, long travel time/distance and consultation at a public hospital were related to provider delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- The College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xianhua Wang
- The College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Aiguo Ma
- The College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qiuzhen Wang
- The College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xiuxia Han
- The College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yong Li
- The College of Public Health, Beijing University, Beijing, PR China
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31
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Cremers AL, de Laat MM, Kapata N, Gerrets R, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Grobusch MP. Assessing the consequences of stigma for tuberculosis patients in urban Zambia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119861. [PMID: 25806955 PMCID: PMC4373828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigma is one of the many factors hindering tuberculosis (TB) control by negatively affecting hospital delay and treatment compliance. In Zambia, the morbidity and mortality due to TB remains high, despite extended public health attempts to control the epidemic and to diminish stigma. STUDY AIM To enhance understanding of TB-related stigmatizing perceptions and to describe TB patients' experiences of stigma in order to point out recommendations to improve TB policy. METHODS We conducted a mixed method study at Kanyama clinic and surrounding areas, in Lusaka, Zambia; structured interviews with 300 TB patients, multiple in-depth interviews with 30 TB patients and 10 biomedical health workers, 3 focus group discussions with TB patients and treatment supporters, complemented by participant observation and policy analysis of the TB control program. Predictors of stigma were identified by use of multivariate regression analyses; qualitative analysis of the in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation was used for triangulation of the study findings. RESULTS We focused on the 138/300 patients that described TB-related perceptions and attitudes, of whom 113 (82%) reported stigma. Stigma provoking TB conceptions were associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection, alleged immoral behaviour, (perceived) incurability, and (traditional) myths about TB aetiology. Consequences of stigma prevailed both among children and adults and included low self-esteem, insults, ridicule, discrimination, social exclusion, and isolation leading to a decreased quality of life and social status, non-disclosure, and/or difficulties with treatment compliance and adherence. Women had significantly more stigma-related problems than men. CONCLUSIONS The findings illustrate that many TB patients faced stigma-related issues, often hindering effective TB control and suggesting that current efforts to reduce stigma are not yet optimal. The content and implementation of sensitization programs should be improved and more emphasis needs to be placed on women and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lia Cremers
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Science, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Myrthe Manon de Laat
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathan Kapata
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The National TB/Leprosy Control Programme, Lusaka, Zambia
- University of Zambia—University College London (UNZA-UCL) program, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Rene Gerrets
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Science, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Martin Peter Grobusch
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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