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Cahyani NKD, Kasanah N, Kurnia DS, Hamann MT. Profiling Prokaryotic Communities and Aaptamines of Sponge Aaptos suberitoides from Tulamben, Bali. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 25:1158-1175. [PMID: 38008858 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Sponges (Porifera) harbor a diversity of microorganisms that contribute largely to the production a vast array of bioactive compounds. The microorganisms associated with sponge have an important impact on the chemical diversity of the natural products. Herein, our study focuses on an Aaptos suberitoides commonly found in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to investigate the profile of prokaryotic community and the presence of aaptamine metabolites in sponge Aaptos suberitoides. Sponges were collected from two site locations (Liberty Wreck and Drop Off) in Tulamben, Bali. The sponges were identified by barcoding DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The profile of prokaryotic composition was investigated by amplifying the 16S rRNA gene using primers 515f and 806r to target the V4 region. The metabolites were analyzed using LC-MS, and dereplication was done to identify the aaptamines and its derivates. The barcoding DNA of the sponges confirmed the identity of samples as Aaptos suberitoides. The prokaryotic communities of samples A. suberitoides were enriched and dominated by taxa Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria. The chemical analysis showed that all sponges produce aaptamine and isoaaptamine except A. suberitoides S2421 produce analog of aaptamines. This is the first report on the profile of prokaryotic community and the aaptamine of tropical marine sponges, A. suberitoides, from Tulamben, Bali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Kadek Dita Cahyani
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Noer Kasanah
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Dewi Sri Kurnia
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mark T Hamann
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Wen ZH, Kuo HM, Shih PC, Hsu LC, Chuang JMJ, Chen NF, Sun HW, Liu HT, Sung CS, Chen WF. Isoaaptamine increases ROS levels causing autophagy and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in glioblastoma multiforme cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114359. [PMID: 36753955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a common central nervous system disease with a poor prognosis; its five-year survival rate is <5 %, and its median survival of 15 months. Current treatment includes chemotherapy with temozolomide, which is ineffective against GBM, suggesting an urgent need to develop novel therapies. This study evaluated isoaaptamine and aaptamine in the GBM cell lines for cell viability; GBM 8401, U87 MG, U138 MG, and T98G. Our findings showed that isoaaptamine was more potent than its iso-form aaptamine in these four cell lines, and GBM 8401 was most sensitive to isoaaptamine. The study in GBM 8401 cells showed that apoptosis was induced by isoaaptamine with increased cleaved caspase 3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). Moreover, isoaaptamine enhanced oxidative stress by increasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting mitochondrial and cellular superoxidase dismutases (SOD1&2), peroxidase and an anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2), and disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, the oxygen consumption rates and activities of mitochondrial complexes I-V were significantly reduced. Mitochondrial dynamics were prone to fission instead of fusion after isoaaptamine treatment, and ATP synthesis was ablated. Also, autophagy-related acidic organelle vesicles were formed, indicating autophagy was triggered. Overall, isoaaptamine-induced ROS overproduction in mitochondria could cause mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and autophagy in the GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Mei Kuo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chang Shih
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ling-Chen Hsu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; Department of Institute Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Jimmy Ming-Jung Chuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Fu Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan; Center for General Education, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833301, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Wen Sun
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Tzu Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970473, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Sung Sung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Management, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
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Pech-Puch D, Grilo D, Calva-Pérez SE, Pedras A, Villegas-Hernández H, Guillén-Hernández S, Díaz-Gamboa R, Tunjano MF, Rodríguez J, Lenis-Rojas OA, Jiménez C, Pimentel C. Antifungal Potential of Marine Organisms of the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) against Medically Important Candida spp. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020606. [PMID: 36677663 PMCID: PMC9863849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections represent a global health threat. They are associated with high mortality and morbidity rates, partly due to the ineffectiveness of the available antifungal agents. The rampant increase in infections recalcitrant to the current antifungals has worsened this scenario and made the discovery of new and more effective antifungals a pressing health issue. In this study, 65 extracts from marine organisms of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, were screened for antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, two of the most prevalent fungal species that cause nosocomial invasive fungal infections worldwide. A total of 51 sponges, 13 ascidians and 1 gorgonian were collected from the coral reef and mangrove forest in the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) and extracted with organic solvents. Nine crude extracts showed potent antifungal activity, of which four extracts from the sponge species Aiolochroia crassa, Amphimedon compressa, Monanchora arbuscula and Agelas citrina had promising activity against Candida spp. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the M. arbuscula extract revealed the remarkable fungicidal activity of some fractions. Analysis of the chemical composition of one of the most active fractions by UHPLC-HRMS and NMR indicated the presence of mirabilin B and penaresidin B, and their contribution to the observed antifungal activity is discussed. Overall, this work highlights marine organisms of the Yucatan Peninsula as important reservoirs of natural products with promising fungicidal activity, which may greatly advance the treatment of invasive fungal infections, especially those afflicting immunosuppressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawrin Pech-Puch
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, A.P. 4-116 Itzimná, Merida CP 97100, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida (ENES Mérida), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Carretera Mérida-Tetiz km 4.5, Tablaje, Catastral No. 6998, Municipio de Ucú, Ucú CP 97357, Mexico
| | - Diana Grilo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 1070-312 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Eunice Calva-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, A.P. 4-116 Itzimná, Merida CP 97100, Mexico
| | - Andreia Pedras
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 1070-312 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Harold Villegas-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, A.P. 4-116 Itzimná, Merida CP 97100, Mexico
| | - Sergio Guillén-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, A.P. 4-116 Itzimná, Merida CP 97100, Mexico
| | - Raúl Díaz-Gamboa
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, A.P. 4-116 Itzimná, Merida CP 97100, Mexico
| | - Mateo Forero Tunjano
- Centro de Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 Coruña, Spain
| | - Jaime Rodríguez
- Centro de Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 Coruña, Spain
| | - Oscar A. Lenis-Rojas
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 1070-312 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (O.A.L.-R.); (C.J.); (C.P.)
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Centro de Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence: (O.A.L.-R.); (C.J.); (C.P.)
| | - Catarina Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 1070-312 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (O.A.L.-R.); (C.J.); (C.P.)
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Dhara S, Chakraborty K. Apoptotic effect of sulfated galactofucan from marine macroalga Turbinaria ornata on hepatocellular and ductal carcinoma cells. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 203:113363. [PMID: 35944609 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor protein or cellular tumor antigen p53, is considered a critical transcriptional regulation factor, which can suppress the growth of tumor cells by activating other functional genes. The current study appraised the p53 activation pathways, which could be used as an alternative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hepatocellular and ductal carcinoma. Algal polysaccharides have been used as emerging sources of bioactive natural pharmacophores. A sulfated galactofucan characterized as [→1)-O-4-sulfonato-α-fucopyranose-(3 → 1)-α-fucopyranose-(3→] as the main branch with [→1)-6-O-acetyl-β-galactopyranose-(4→] as side chain isolated from marine macroalga Turbinaria ornata exhibited prospective apoptosis on HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) and MCF7 (ductal carcinoma) cells. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate-propidium iodide study displayed higher early apoptosis in MCF7 and HepG2 cell lines (56 and 24.2%, respectively) treated with TOP-3 (at IC50 concentration) than those administered with standard camptothecin. Upregulation of the p53 gene expression was perceived in TOP-3 treated HepG2 and MCF7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajit Dhara
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P.B. No. 1603, Cochin, India; Department of Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, 574199, Karnataka State, India
| | - Kajal Chakraborty
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P.B. No. 1603, Cochin, India.
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Potential role of Marine Bioactive Compounds targeting signaling pathways in cancer: A review. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 936:175330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chaudhry GES, Md Akim A, Sung YY, Sifzizul TMT. Cancer and apoptosis: The apoptotic activity of plant and marine natural products and their potential as targeted cancer therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:842376. [PMID: 36034846 PMCID: PMC9399632 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.842376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multifactorial, multi-stage disease, including complex cascades of signaling pathways—the cell growth governed by dysregulated and abrupt cell division. Due to the complexity and multi-regulatory cancer progression, cancer is still a challenging disease to treat and survive. The screening of extracts and fractions from plants and marine species might lead to the discovery of more effective compounds for cancer therapeutics. The isolated compounds and reformed analogs were known as future prospective contenders for anti-cancer chemotherapy. For example, Taxol, a potent mitotic inhibitor discovered from Taxus brevifolia, suppresses cell growth and arrest, induces apoptosis, and inhibits proliferation. Similarly, marine sponges show remarkable tumor chemo preventive and chemotherapeutic potential. However, there is limited research to date. Several plants and marine-derived anti-cancer compounds having the property to induce apoptosis have been approved for clinical trials. The anti-cancer activity kills the cell and slows the growth of cancer cells. Among cell death mechanisms, apoptosis induction is a more profound mechanism of cell death triggered by naturally isolated anti-cancer agents. Evading apoptosis is the major hurdle in killing cancer cells, a mechanism mainly regulated as intrinsic and extrinsic. However, it is possible to modify the apoptosis-resistant phenotype of the cell by altering many of these mechanisms. Various extracts and fractions successfully induce apoptosis, cell-cycle modulation, apoptosis, and anti-proliferative activity. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop new anti-cancer drugs of natural origins to reduce the effects on normal cells. Here, we’ve emphasized the most critical elements: i) A better understanding of cancer progression and development and its origins, ii) Molecular strategies to inhibit the cell proliferation/Carcino-genesis, iii) Critical regulators of cancer cell proliferation and development, iv) Signaling Pathways in Apoptosis: Potential Targets for targeted therapeutics, v) Why Apoptosis induction is mandatory for effective chemotherapy, vi) Plants extracts/fractions as potential apoptotic inducers, vii) Marine extracts as Apoptotic inducers, viii) Marine isolated Targeted compounds as Apoptotic inducers (FDA Approved/treatment Phase). This study provides a potential therapeutic option for cancer, although more clinical studies are needed to verify its efficacy in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul-e-Saba Chaudhry
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Gul-e-Saba Chaudhry, ,
| | - Abdah Md Akim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Yeong Yik Sung
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
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Naqvi SAR, Sherazi TA, Hassan SU, Shahzad SA, Faheem Z. Anti-inflammatory, anti-infectious and anti-cancer potential of marine algae and sponge: A review. EUR J INFLAMM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20587392221075514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms are potentially a pretty good source of highly bioactive secondary metabolites that are best known for their anti-inflammation, anti-infection, and anti-cancer potential. The growing threat of bacterial resistance to synthetic antibiotics, is a potential source to screen terrestrial and marine natural organisms to discover promising anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents which can synergistically overcome the inflammatory and infectious disases. Algae and sponge have been studied enormously to evaluate their medicinal potential to fix variety of diseases, especially inflammation, infections, cancers, and diabetes. Cytarabine is the first isolated biomolecule from marine organism which was successfully practiced in clinical setup as chemotherapeutic agent against xylogenous leukemia both in acute and chronic conditions. This discovery opened the horizon for systematic evaluation of broad range of human disorders. This review is designed to look into the literature reported on anti-inflammatory, anti-infectious, and anti-cancerous potential of algae and sponge to refine the isolated compounds for value addition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ali Raza Naqvi
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tauqir A Sherazi
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf U Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Sohail A Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Faheem
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Amewu RK, Sakyi PO, Osei-Safo D, Addae-Mensah I. Synthetic and Naturally Occurring Heterocyclic Anticancer Compounds with Multiple Biological Targets. Molecules 2021; 26:7134. [PMID: 34885716 PMCID: PMC8658833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex group of diseases initiated by abnormal cell division with the potential of spreading to other parts of the body. The advancement in the discoveries of omics and bio- and cheminformatics has led to the identification of drugs inhibiting putative targets including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family receptors, fibroblast growth factors (FGF), platelet derived growth factors (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), and neuropeptide Y4 (NY4), amongst others. Drug resistance, systemic toxicity, and drug ineffectiveness for various cancer chemo-treatments are widespread. Due to this, efficient therapeutic agents targeting two or more of the putative targets in different cancer cells are proposed as cutting edge treatments. Heterocyclic compounds, both synthetic and natural products, have, however, contributed immensely to chemotherapeutics for treatments of various diseases, but little is known about such compounds and their multimodal anticancer properties. A compendium of heterocyclic synthetic and natural product multitarget anticancer compounds, their IC50, and biological targets of inhibition are therefore presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kwamla Amewu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana; (R.K.A.); (P.O.S.); (D.O.-S.)
| | - Patrick Opare Sakyi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana; (R.K.A.); (P.O.S.); (D.O.-S.)
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani P.O. Box 214, Ghana
| | - Dorcas Osei-Safo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana; (R.K.A.); (P.O.S.); (D.O.-S.)
| | - Ivan Addae-Mensah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana; (R.K.A.); (P.O.S.); (D.O.-S.)
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Chabowska G, Barg E, Wójcicka A. Biological Activity of Naturally Derived Naphthyridines. Molecules 2021; 26:4324. [PMID: 34299599 PMCID: PMC8306249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine and terrestrial environments are rich sources of various bioactive substances, which have been used by humans since prehistoric times. Nowadays, due to advances in chemical sciences, new substances are still discovered, and their chemical structures and biological properties are constantly explored. Drugs obtained from natural sources are used commonly in medicine, particularly in cancer and infectious diseases treatment. Naphthyridines, isolated mainly from marine organisms and terrestrial plants, represent prominent examples of naturally derived agents. They are a class of heterocyclic compounds containing a fused system of two pyridine rings, possessing six isomers depending on the nitrogen atom's location. In this review, biological activity of naphthyridines obtained from various natural sources was summarized. According to previous studies, the naphthyridine alkaloids displayed multiple activities, i.a., antiinfectious, anticancer, neurological, psychotropic, affecting cardiovascular system, and immune response. Their wide range of activity makes them a fascinating object of research with prospects for use in therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Chabowska
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Ewa Barg
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Anna Wójcicka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
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Nguyen TLA, Doan THN, Truong DH, Ai Nhung NT, Quang DT, Khiri D, Taamalli S, Louis F, El Bakali A, Dao DQ. Antioxidant and UV-radiation absorption activity of aaptamine derivatives - potential application for natural organic sunscreens. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21433-21446. [PMID: 35478841 PMCID: PMC9034140 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04146k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant and UV absorption activities of three aaptamine derivatives including piperidine[3,2-b]demethyl(oxy)aaptamine (C1), 9-amino-2-ethoxy-8-methoxy-3H-benzo[de][1,6]naphthyridine-3-one (C2), and 2-(sec-butyl)-7,8-dimethoxybenzo[de]imidazo[4,5,1-ij][1,6]-naphthyridin-10(9H)-one (C3) were theoretically studied by density functional theory (DFT). Direct antioxidant activities of C1–C3 were firstly evaluated via their intrinsic thermochemical properties and the radical scavenging activity of the potential antioxidants with the HOO˙/HO˙ radicals via four mechanisms, including: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer (SET), proton loss (PL) and radical adduct formation (RAF). Kinetic calculation reveals that HOO˙ scavenging in water occurs via HAT mechanism with C1 (kapp, 7.13 × 106 M−1 s−1) while RAF is more dominant with C2 (kapp, 1.40 × 105 M−1 s−1) and C3 (kapp, 2.90 × 105 M−1 s−1). Antioxidant activity of aaptamine derivatives can be classified as C1 > C3 > C2. Indirect antioxidant properties based on Cu(i) and Cu(ii) ions chelating activity were also investigated in aqueous phase. All three studied compounds show spontaneous and favorable Cu(i) ion chelating activity with ΔG0 being −15.4, −13.7, and −15.7 kcal mol−1, whereas ΔG0 for Cu(ii) chelation are −10.4, −10.8, and −2.2 kcal mol−1 for C1, C2 and C3, respectively. In addition, all compounds show UVA and UVB absorption; in which the excitations are determined mostly as π–π* transition. Overall, the results suggest the potential applications of the aaptamines in pharmaceutics and cosmetics, i.e. as a sunscreen and antioxidant ingredient. Antioxidant and UV absorption activities of three aaptamine derivatives were theoretically studied by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Le Anh Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University Da Nang 550000 Vietnam .,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University Da Nang 550000 Vietnam
| | - Thi Hoai Nam Doan
- Department of Chemistry, Danang University of Science and Technology, The University of Danang Da Nang 550000 Vietnam
| | - Dinh Hieu Truong
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University Da Nang 550000 Vietnam .,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University Da Nang 550000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Ai Nhung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University Hue 530000 Vietnam
| | - Duong Tuan Quang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Hue University Hue 530000 Vietnam
| | - Dorra Khiri
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A - PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère 59000 Lille France
| | - Sonia Taamalli
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A - PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère 59000 Lille France
| | - Florent Louis
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A - PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère 59000 Lille France
| | - Abderrahman El Bakali
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A - PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère 59000 Lille France
| | - Duy Quang Dao
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University Da Nang 550000 Vietnam
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11
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Trang DT, Tai BH, Hang DTT, Yen PH, Nhiem NX, Kiem PV. Four new aaptamine alkaloids from marine sponge Aaptos aaptos. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:5022-5031. [PMID: 33908314 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1917572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Four new aaptamine alkaloids, named as 9-methoxy-N-demethylaaptanone (1), 3,5-dicarbomethoxy-1,6-naphthyridine (2), aaptosvanphongs A and B (3 and 4), and three known aaptamine alkaloids as 2-methoxy-3-oxoaaptamine (5), 8,9,9-trimethoxy-9H-benzo[de][1,6]-naphthyridine (6), and demethyl(oxy)aaptamine (7) were isolated from the sponge Aaptos by various chromatographic methods. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses (HR-ESI-MS, 1 D and 2 D NMR) and by comparison of the spectral data with those reported in the literature. Compounds 1-7 significantly showed cytotoxic effects against SK-LU-1, MCF-7, HepG2, and SK-Mel-2 cell lines with IC50 values in range from 7.7 ± 0.8 to 51.4 ± 1.8 µM. Among them, compound 7 exhibited the most cytotoxic activity with corresponding IC50 values of 9.2 ± 1.0, 7.8 ± 0.6, 8.4 ± 0.8, and 7.7 ± 0.8 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Thi Trang
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bui Huu Tai
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dan Thi Thuy Hang
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hai Yen
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Xuan Nhiem
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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12
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Lavanya M, Lin C, Mao J, Thirumalai D, Aabaka SR, Yang X, Mao J, Huang Z, Zhao J. Synthesis and Anticancer Properties of Functionalized 1,6-Naphthyridines. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:13. [PMID: 33624162 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-00314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The burgeoning interest in synthesis and biological applications of 1,6-naphthyridines reflects the importance of 1,6-naphthyridines in the synthetic as well as medicinal chemistry fields. Specially, 1,6-naphthyridines are pharmacologically active, with variety of applications such as anticancer, anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), anti-microbial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Although collective recent synthetic developments have paved a path to a wide range of functionalized 1,6-naphthyridines, a complete correlation of synthesis with biological activity remains elusive. The current review focuses on recent synthetic developments from the last decade and a thorough study of the anticancer activity of 1,6-naphthyridines on different cancer cell lines. Anticancer activity has been correlated to 1,6-naphthyridines using the literature on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) along with molecular modeling studies. Exceptionally, at the end of this review, the utility of 1,6-naphthyridines displaying activities other than anticancer has also been included as a glimmering extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallu Lavanya
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Xindu, People's Republic of China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Xindu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jincheng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Xindu, People's Republic of China.
| | | | - Sreenath Reddy Aabaka
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Xindu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Xindu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Xindu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhou Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Xindu, People's Republic of China
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13
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Abbasi A, Hajipour N, Hasannezhad P, Baghbanzadeh A, Aghebati-Maleki L. Potential in vivo delivery routes of postbiotics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:3345-3369. [PMID: 33356449 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1865260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive micro- and macro-molecules (postbiotics) derived from gut beneficial microbes are among natural chemical compounds with medical significance. Currently, a unique therapeutic strategy has been developed with an emphasis on the small molecular weight biomolecules that are made by the microbiome, which endow the host with several physiological health benefits. A large number of postbiotics have been characterized, which due to their unique pharmacokinetic properties in terms of controllable aspects of the dosage and various delivery routes, could be employed as promising medical tools since they exert both prevention and treatment strategies in the host. Nevertheless, there are still main challenges for the in vivo delivery of postbiotics. Currently, scientific literature confirms that targeted delivery systems based on nanoparticles, due to their appealing properties in terms of high biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and significant capability to carry both hydrophobic and hydrophilic postbiotics, can be used as a novel and safe strategy for targeted delivery or/and release of postbiotics in various (oral, intradermal, and intravenous) in vivo models. The in vivo delivery of postbiotics are in their emerging phase and require massive investigation and randomized double-blind clinical trials if they are to be applied extensively as treatment strategies. This manuscript provides an overview of the various postbiotic metabolites derived from the gut beneficial microbes, their potential therapeutic activities, and recent progressions in the drug delivery field, as well as concisely giving an insight on the main in vivo delivery routes of postbiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Abbasi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Hajipour
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Paniz Hasannezhad
- Department of Medical Engineering Science, University College of Rouzbahan, Sari, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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14
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He Q, Miao S, Ni N, Man Y, Gong K. A Review of the Secondary Metabolites From the Marine Sponges of the Genus Aaptos. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20951439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges, which belong to the phylum Porifera (Metazoa), are considered the single best source of marine natural products. Among them, members of the genus Aaptos are attractive targets for marine natural product research owing to their abundant biogenetic ability to produce aaptamine derivatives. Apart from aaptamine alkaloids, there are also reports of other compounds from Aaptos sponges. This work reviews the secondary metabolites isolated from Aaptos species from 1982 to 2020, with 46 citations referring to 62 compounds (47 for aaptamines and 15 for others). The emphasis is placed on the structure of the organic molecules, relevant biological activities, chemical ecology aspects, and biosynthesis studies, which are described in the classifications of aaptamines and other compounds in the order of the published year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian He
- Cancer Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Shandong, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Miao
- Cancer Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Na Ni
- Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Man
- Department of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Gong
- Cancer Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Shandong, P. R. China
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15
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Urupocidin C: a new marine guanidine alkaloid which selectively kills prostate cancer cells via mitochondria targeting. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9764. [PMID: 32555282 PMCID: PMC7299949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
New bicyclic guanidine alkaloid, urupocidin C (Ur-C) along with the previously known urupocidin A (Ur-A) were isolated from the rare deep-sea marine sponge Monanchora pulchra, harvested in Northwestern Pacific waters. The unique structure of Ur-C was elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as mass spectra. We discovered a promising selectivity of both alkaloids for human prostate cancer (PCa) cells, including highly drug-resistant lines, compared to non-malignant cells. In cancer cells, marine derived compounds were able to induce G1- and S-cell cycle arrest as well as caspase-mediated cell death. For the first time we have identified mitochondrial targeting as a central mechanism of anticancer action for these and similar molecules. Thus, treatment with the isolated alkaloids resulted in mitochondrial membrane permeabilization consequently leading to the release of cytotoxic mitochondrial proteins to cellular cytoplasm, ROS upregulation, consequent activation of caspase-9 and -3, followed by PARP cleavage, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis. Moreover, synergistic effects were observed when Ur-A and Ur-C were combined with clinically approved PARP inhibitor olaparib. Finally, these alkaloids exhibited additive effects in combination with docetaxel and androgen receptor inhibitor enzalutamide, both applied in PCa therapy. In conclusion, urupocidin-like compounds are promising lead molecules for the development of new drugs for the treatment of advanced PCa.
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16
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Giraldes BW, Goodwin C, Al-Fardi NAA, Engmann A, Leitão A, Ahmed AA, Ahmed KO, Abdulkader HA, Al-Korbi HA, Al Easa HSS, Ahmed Eltai NO, Hanifi-Moghaddam P. Two new sponge species (Demospongiae: Chalinidae and Suberitidae) isolated from hyperarid mangroves of Qatar with notes on their potential antibacterial bioactivity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232205. [PMID: 32401792 PMCID: PMC7219822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the taxonomic description of two new sponge species that are intimately associated with the hyperarid mangrove ecosystem of Qatar. The study includes a preliminary evaluation of the sponges' potential bioactivity against pathogens. Chalinula qatari sp. nov. is a fragile thinly encrusting sponge with a vivid maroon colour in life, often with oscular chimneys and commonly recorded on pneumatophores in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zone. Suberites luna sp. nov. is a massive globular-lobate sponge with a greenish-black colour externally and a yellowish orange colour internally, recorded on pneumatophores in the shallow subtidal zone, with large specimens near the seagrass ecosystem that surrounds the mangrove. For both species, a drug extraction protocol and an antibacterial experiment was performed. The extract of Suberites luna sp. nov. was found to be bioactive against recognized pathogens such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, but no bioactive activity was recorded for Chalinula qatari sp. nov. This study highlights the importance of increasing bioprospecting effort in hyperarid conditions and the importance of combining bioprospecting with taxonomic studies for the identification of novel marine drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Goodwin
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, St. Andrews, New Brunswick,
Canada
- University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick,
Canada
| | | | - Amanda Engmann
- Environmental Science Centre, Qatar University, Doha,
Qatar
| | | | - Asma A. Ahmed
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Science, Qatar
University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kamelia O. Ahmed
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Science, Qatar
University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadil A. Abdulkader
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Science, Qatar
University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Halah A. Al-Korbi
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Science, Qatar
University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hala Sultan Saif Al Easa
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences,
Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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17
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Matulja D, Wittine K, Malatesti N, Laclef S, Turks M, Markovic MK, Ambrožić G, Marković D. Marine Natural Products with High Anticancer Activities. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1243-1307. [PMID: 31931690 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200113154115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review covers recent literature from 2012-2019 concerning 170 marine natural products and their semisynthetic analogues with strong anticancer biological activities. Reports that shed light on cellular and molecular mechanisms and biological functions of these compounds, thus advancing the understanding in cancer biology are also included. Biosynthetic studies and total syntheses, which have provided access to derivatives and have contributed to the proper structure or stereochemistry elucidation or revision are mentioned. The natural compounds isolated from marine organisms are divided into nine groups, namely: alkaloids, sterols and steroids, glycosides, terpenes and terpenoids, macrolides, polypeptides, quinones, phenols and polyphenols, and miscellaneous products. An emphasis is placed on several drugs originating from marine natural products that have already been marketed or are currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Matulja
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Karlo Wittine
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nela Malatesti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sylvain Laclef
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agro-ressources (LG2A), CNRS FRE 3517, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Maris Turks
- Faculty of Material Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Maria Kolympadi Markovic
- Department of Physics, and Center for Micro- and Nanosciences and Technologies, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gabriela Ambrožić
- Department of Physics, and Center for Micro- and Nanosciences and Technologies, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dean Marković
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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18
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Dyshlovoy SA, Pelageev DN, Hauschild J, Sabutskii YE, Khmelevskaya EA, Krisp C, Kaune M, Venz S, Borisova KL, Busenbender T, Denisenko VA, Schlüter H, Bokemeyer C, Graefen M, Polonik SG, Anufriev VP, von Amsberg G. Inspired by Sea Urchins: Warburg Effect Mediated Selectivity of Novel Synthetic Non-Glycoside 1,4-Naphthoquinone-6S-Glucose Conjugates in Prostate Cancer. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18050251. [PMID: 32403427 PMCID: PMC7281150 DOI: 10.3390/md18050251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of high sugar consumption by tumor cells is known as Warburg effect. It results from a high glycolysis rate, used by tumors as preferred metabolic pathway even in aerobic conditions. Targeting the Warburg effect to specifically deliver sugar conjugated cytotoxic compounds into tumor cells is a promising approach to create new selective drugs. We designed, synthesized, and analyzed a library of novel 6-S-(1,4-naphthoquinone-2-yl)-d-glucose chimera molecules (SABs)—novel sugar conjugates of 1,4-naphthoquinone analogs of the sea urchin pigments spinochromes, which have previously shown anticancer properties. A sulfur linker (thioether bond) was used to prevent potential hydrolysis by human glycoside-unspecific enzymes. The synthesized compounds exhibited a Warburg effect mediated selectivity to human prostate cancer cells (including highly drug-resistant cell lines). Mitochondria were identified as a primary cellular target of SABs. The mechanism of action included mitochondria membrane permeabilization, followed by ROS upregulation and release of cytotoxic mitochondrial proteins (AIF and cytochrome C) to the cytoplasm, which led to the consequent caspase-9 and -3 activation, PARP cleavage, and apoptosis-like cell death. These results enable us to further clinically develop these compounds for effective Warburg effect targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Dyshlovoy
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (T.B.); (C.B.); (G.v.A.)
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (D.N.P.); (Y.E.S.); (E.A.K.); (K.L.B.); (V.A.D.); (S.G.P.); (V.P.A.)
- School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
- Martini-Klinik, Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +4940-7410-53591
| | - Dmitry N. Pelageev
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (D.N.P.); (Y.E.S.); (E.A.K.); (K.L.B.); (V.A.D.); (S.G.P.); (V.P.A.)
- School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Jessica Hauschild
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (T.B.); (C.B.); (G.v.A.)
| | - Yurii E. Sabutskii
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (D.N.P.); (Y.E.S.); (E.A.K.); (K.L.B.); (V.A.D.); (S.G.P.); (V.P.A.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Khmelevskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (D.N.P.); (Y.E.S.); (E.A.K.); (K.L.B.); (V.A.D.); (S.G.P.); (V.P.A.)
- School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Christoph Krisp
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Moritz Kaune
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (T.B.); (C.B.); (G.v.A.)
| | - Simone Venz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
- Interfacultary Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ksenia L. Borisova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (D.N.P.); (Y.E.S.); (E.A.K.); (K.L.B.); (V.A.D.); (S.G.P.); (V.P.A.)
| | - Tobias Busenbender
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (T.B.); (C.B.); (G.v.A.)
| | - Vladimir A. Denisenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (D.N.P.); (Y.E.S.); (E.A.K.); (K.L.B.); (V.A.D.); (S.G.P.); (V.P.A.)
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (T.B.); (C.B.); (G.v.A.)
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Klinik, Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Sergey G. Polonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (D.N.P.); (Y.E.S.); (E.A.K.); (K.L.B.); (V.A.D.); (S.G.P.); (V.P.A.)
| | - Victor Ph. Anufriev
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (D.N.P.); (Y.E.S.); (E.A.K.); (K.L.B.); (V.A.D.); (S.G.P.); (V.P.A.)
| | - Gunhild von Amsberg
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (T.B.); (C.B.); (G.v.A.)
- Martini-Klinik, Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
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19
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A New Citrinin Derivative from the Indonesian Marine Sponge-Associated Fungus Penicillium citrinum. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18040227. [PMID: 32344725 PMCID: PMC7230553 DOI: 10.3390/md18040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sponge-associated fungi are attractive targets for the isolation of bioactive natural products with different pharmaceutical purposes. In this investigation, 20 fungi were isolated from 10 different sponge specimens. One isolate, the fungus Penicillium citrinum strain WK-P9, showed activity against Bacillus subtilis JH642 when cultivated in malt extract medium. One new and three known citrinin derivatives were isolated from the extract of this fungus. The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, as well as LC-HRMS. Their antibacterial activity against a set of common human pathogenic bacteria and fungi was tested. Compound 2 showed moderate activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC607 with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 µg/mL. Compound 4 exhibited moderate growth inhibition against Bacillus subtilis JH642, B. megaterium DSM32, and M. smegmatis ATCC607 with MICs of 16, 16, and 32 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, weak activities of 64 µg/mL against B. subtilis DSM10 and S. aureus ATCC25923 were observed for compound 4.
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20
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Yurchenko EA, Yurchenko AN, Van Minh C, Aminin DL. Achievements in the Study of Marine Low‐Molecular Weight Biologically Active Metabolites from the Vietnamese Territorial Waters as a Result of Expeditions aboard the Research Vessel ‘Akademik Oparin’ (2004–2017). Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800654. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Yurchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic ChemistryFar Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159 690022 Vladivostok Russia
| | - Anton N. Yurchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic ChemistryFar Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159 690022 Vladivostok Russia
| | - Chau Van Minh
- Institute of Marine BiochemistryVietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay 100000 Hanoi Viet Nam
| | - Dmitry L. Aminin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic ChemistryFar Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159 690022 Vladivostok Russia
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21
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Ercolano G, De Cicco P, Ianaro A. New Drugs from the Sea: Pro-Apoptotic Activity of Sponges and Algae Derived Compounds. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E31. [PMID: 30621025 PMCID: PMC6356258 DOI: 10.3390/md17010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds derived from marine organisms exhibit a wide variety of biological activities. Over the last decades, a great interest has been focused on the anti-tumour role of sponges and algae that constitute the major source of these bioactive metabolites. A substantial number of chemically different structures from different species have demonstrated inhibition of tumour growth and progression by inducing apoptosis in several types of human cancer. The molecular mechanisms by which marine natural products activate apoptosis mainly include (1) a dysregulation of the mitochondrial pathway; (2) the activation of caspases; and/or (3) increase of death signals through transmembrane death receptors. This great variety of mechanisms of action may help to overcome the multitude of resistances exhibited by different tumour specimens. Therefore, products from marine organisms and their synthetic derivates might represent promising sources for new anticancer drugs, both as single agents or as co-adjuvants with other chemotherapeutics. This review will focus on some selected bioactive molecules from sponges and algae with pro-apoptotic potential in tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ercolano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola De Cicco
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Angela Ianaro
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Marine sponge alkaloid aaptamine enhances the anti-bacterial and anti-cancer activity against ESBL producing Gram negative bacteria and HepG 2 human liver carcinoma cells. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Della Sala G, Agriesti F, Mazzoccoli C, Tataranni T, Costantino V, Piccoli C. Clogging the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Machinery with Marine Natural Products: Last Decade Update. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E467. [PMID: 30486251 PMCID: PMC6316072 DOI: 10.3390/md16120467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) is the central protein degradation system in eukaryotic cells, playing a key role in homeostasis maintenance, through proteolysis of regulatory and misfolded (potentially harmful) proteins. As cancer cells produce proteins inducing cell proliferation and inhibiting cell death pathways, UPP inhibition has been exploited as an anticancer strategy to shift the balance between protein synthesis and degradation towards cell death. Over the last few years, marine invertebrates and microorganisms have shown to be an unexhaustive factory of secondary metabolites targeting the UPP. These chemically intriguing compounds can inspire clinical development of novel antitumor drugs to cope with the incessant outbreak of side effects and resistance mechanisms induced by currently approved proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib). In this review, we report about (a) the role of the UPP in anticancer therapy, (b) chemical and biological properties of UPP inhibitors from marine sources discovered in the last decade, (c) high-throughput screening techniques for mining natural UPP inhibitors in organic extracts. Moreover, we will tell about the fascinating story of salinosporamide A, the first marine natural product to access clinical trials as a proteasome inhibitor for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Della Sala
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Francesca Agriesti
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Carmela Mazzoccoli
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Tataranni
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Valeria Costantino
- The NeaNat Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Claudia Piccoli
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, via L. Pinto c/o OO.RR., 71100 Foggia, Italy.
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Sponges: A Reservoir of Genes Implicated in Human Cancer. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16010020. [PMID: 29320389 PMCID: PMC5793068 DOI: 10.3390/md16010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it was shown that the majority of genes linked to human diseases, such as cancer genes, evolved in two major evolutionary transitions—the emergence of unicellular organisms and the transition to multicellularity. Therefore, it has been widely accepted that the majority of disease-related genes has already been present in species distantly related to humans. An original way of studying human diseases relies on analyzing genes and proteins that cause a certain disease using model organisms that belong to the evolutionary level at which these genes have emerged. This kind of approach is supported by the simplicity of the genome/proteome, body plan, and physiology of such model organisms. It has been established for quite some time that sponges are an ideal model system for such studies, having a vast variety of genes known to be engaged in sophisticated processes and signalling pathways associated with higher animals. Sponges are considered to be the simplest multicellular animals and have changed little during evolution. Therefore, they provide an insight into the metazoan ancestor genome/proteome features. This review compiles current knowledge of cancer-related genes/proteins in marine sponges.
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Isoaaptamine Induces T-47D Cells Apoptosis and Autophagy via Oxidative Stress. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16010018. [PMID: 29315210 PMCID: PMC5793066 DOI: 10.3390/md16010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aaptos is a genus of marine sponge which belongs to Suberitidae and is distributed in tropical and subtropical oceans. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of Aaptos sp. methanolic extract resulted in the isolation of aaptamine, demethyloxyaaptamine, and isoaaptamine. The cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated revealing that isoaaptamine exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against breast cancer T-47D cells. In a concentration-dependent manner, isoaaptamine inhibited the growth of T-47D cells as indicated by short-(MTT) and long-term (colony formation) anti-proliferative assays. The cytotoxic effect of isoaaptamine was mediated through apoptosis as indicated by DNA ladder formation, caspase-7 activation, XIAP inhibition and PARP cleavage. Transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometric analysis using acridine orange dye indicated that isoaaptamine treatment could induce T-47D cells autophagy. Immunoblot assays demonstrated that isoaaptamine treatment significantly activated autophagy marker proteins such as type II LC-3. In addition, isoaaptamine treatment enhanced the activation of DNA damage (γH2AX) and ER stress-related proteins (IRE1 α and BiP). Moreover, the use of isoaaptamine resulted in a significant increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as in the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The pretreatment of T-47D cells with an ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), attenuated the apoptosis and MMP disruption induced by isoaaptamine up to 90%, and these effects were mediated by the disruption of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf 2)/p62 pathway. Taken together, these findings suggested that the cytotoxic effect of isoaaptamine is associated with the induction of apoptosis and autophagy through oxidative stress. Our data indicated that isoaaptamine represents an interesting drug lead in the war against breast cancer.
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Marine Sponge Natural Products with Anticancer Potential: An Updated Review. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15100310. [PMID: 29027954 PMCID: PMC5666418 DOI: 10.3390/md15100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the huge investment into research and the significant effort and advances made in the search for new anticancer drugs in recent decades, cancer cure and treatment continue to be a formidable challenge. Many sources, including plants, animals, and minerals, have been explored in the oncological field because of the possibility of identifying novel molecular therapeutics. Marine sponges are a prolific source of secondary metabolites, a number of which showed intriguing tumor chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties. Recently, Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs derived from marine sponges have been shown to reduce metastatic breast cancer, malignant lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease. The chemopreventive and potential anticancer activity of marine sponge-derived compounds could be explained by multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms, including DNA protection, cell-cycle modulation, apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory activities as well as their ability to chemosensitize cancer cells to traditional antiblastic chemotherapy. The present article aims to depict the multiple mechanisms involved in the chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of marine sponges and critically explore the limitations and challenges associated with the development of marine sponge-based anticancer strategy.
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Ratovitski EA. Anticancer Natural Compounds as Epigenetic Modulators of Gene Expression. Curr Genomics 2017; 18:175-205. [PMID: 28367075 PMCID: PMC5345332 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160803165229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that hallmarks of cancer include: "genetic and epigenetic alterations leading to inactivation of cancer suppressors, overexpression of oncogenes, deregulation of intracellular signaling cascades, alterations of cancer cell metabolism, failure to undergo cancer cell death, induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, invasiveness, metastasis, deregulation of immune response and changes in cancer microenvironment, which underpin cancer development". Natural compounds as bioactive ingredients isolated from natural sources (plants, fungi, marine life forms) have revolutionized the field of anticancer therapeutics and rapid developments in preclinical studies are encouraging. Natural compounds could affect the epigenetic molecular mechanisms that modulate gene expression, as well as DNA damage and repair mechanisms. The current review will describe the latest achievements in using naturally produced compounds targeting epigenetic regulators and modulators of gene transcription in vitro and in vivo to generate novel anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Ratovitski
- Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Guanidine Alkaloids from the Marine Sponge Monanchora pulchra Show Cytotoxic Properties and Prevent EGF-Induced Neoplastic Transformation in Vitro. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14070133. [PMID: 27428983 PMCID: PMC4962023 DOI: 10.3390/md14070133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanidine alkaloids from sponges Monanchora spp. represent diverse bioactive compounds, however, the mechanisms underlying bioactivity are very poorly understood. Here, we report results of studies on cytotoxic action, the ability to inhibit EGF-induced neoplastic transformation, and the effects on MAPK/AP-1 signaling of eight rare guanidine alkaloids, recently isolated from the marine sponge Monanchora pulchra, namely: monanchocidin A (1), monanchocidin B (2), monanchomycalin C (3), ptilomycalin A (4), monanchomycalin B (5), normonanchocidin D (6), urupocidin A (7), and pulchranin A (8). All of the compounds induced cell cycle arrest (apart from 8) and programmed death of cancer cells. Ptilomycalin A-like compounds 1–6 activated JNK1/2 and ERK1/2, following AP-1 activation and caused p53-independent programmed cell death. Compound 7 induced p53-independent cell death without activation of AP-1 or caspase-3/7, and the observed JNK1/2 activation did not contribute to the cytotoxic effect of the compound. Alkaloid 8 induced JNK1/2 (but not ERK1/2) activation leading to p53-independent cell death and strong suppression of AP-1 activity. Alkaloids 1–4, 7, and 8 were able to inhibit the EGF-induced neoplastic transformation of JB6 P+ Cl41 cells. Our results suggest that investigated guanidine marine alkaloids hold potential to eliminate human cancer cells and prevent cancer cell formation and spreading.
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