Surface modified niosomal quercetin with cationic lipid: an appropriate drug delivery system against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections

The Increase in infections caused by resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses a formidable challenge to global healthcare systems. P. aeruginosa is capable of causing severe human infections across diverse anatomical sites, presenting considerable therapeutic obstacles due to its heightened drug resistance. Niosomal drug delivery systems offer enhanced pharmaceutical potential for loaded contents due to their desirable properties, mainly providing a controlled-release profile. This study aimed to formulate an optimized niosomal drug delivery system incorporating stearylamine (SA) to augment the anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities of quercetin (QCT) against both standard and clinical strains of P. aeruginosa. QCT-loaded niosome (QCT-niosome) and QCT-loaded SA- niosome (QCT-SA- niosome) were synthesized by the thin-film hydration technique, and their physicochemical characteristics were evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), zeta potential measurement, entrapment efficacy (EE%), and in vitro release profile. The anti-P. aeruginosa activity of synthesized niosomes was assessed using minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MICs/MBCs) and compared with free QCT. Additionally, the minimum biofilm inhibitory and eradication concentrations (MBICs/MBECs) were carried out to analyze the ability of QCT-niosome and QCT-SA-niosome against P. aeruginosa biofilms. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity assay was conducted on the L929 mouse fibroblasts cell line to evaluate the biocompatibility of the formulated niosomes. FE-SEM analysis revealed that both synthesized niosomal formulations exhibited spherical morphology with different sizes (57.4 nm for QCT-niosome and 178.9 nm for QCT-SA-niosome). The EE% for cationic and standard niosomal formulations was reported at 75.9% and 59.6%, respectively. Both formulations showed an in vitro sustained-release profile, and QCT-SA-niosome exhibited greater stability during a 4-month storage time compared to QCT-niosome. Microbial experiments indicated that both prepared formulations had higher anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities than free QCT. Also, the QCT-SA-niosome exhibited greater reductions in MIC, MBC, MBIC, and MBEC values compared to the QCT-niosome at equivalent concentrations. This study supports the potential of QCT-niosome and QCT-SA-niosome as effective agents against P. aeruginosa infections, manifesting significant anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy alongside biocompatibility with L929 cell lines. Furthermore, our results suggest that optimized QCT-niosome with cationic lipids could efficiently target P. aeruginosa cells with negligible cytotoxic effect.

Leading Paediatric Infectious Diseases-Current Trends, Gaps, and Future Prospects in Oral Pharmacotherapeutic Interventions

Paediatric infectious diseases contribute significantly to global health challenges. Conventional therapeutic interventions are not always suitable for children, as they are regularly accompanied with long-standing disadvantages that negatively impact efficacy, thus necessitating the need for effective and child-friendly pharmacotherapeutic interventions. Recent advancements in drug delivery technologies, particularly oral formulations, have shown tremendous progress in enhancing the effectiveness of paediatric medicines. Generally, these delivery methods target, and address challenges associated with palatability, dosing accuracy, stability, bioavailability, patient compliance, and caregiver convenience, which are important factors that can influence successful treatment outcomes in children. Some of the emerging trends include moving away from creating liquid delivery systems to developing oral solid formulations, with the most explored being orodispersible tablets, multiparticulate dosage forms using film-coating technologies, and chewable drug products. Other ongoing innovations include gastro-retentive, 3D-printed, nipple-shield, milk-based, and nanoparticulate (e.g., lipid-, polymeric-based templates) drug delivery systems, possessing the potential to improve therapeutic effectiveness, age appropriateness, pharmacokinetics, and safety profiles as they relate to the paediatric population. This manuscript therefore highlights the evolving landscape of oral pharmacotherapeutic interventions for leading paediatric infectious diseases, crediting the role of innovative drug delivery technologies. By focusing on the current trends, pointing out gaps, and identifying future possibilities, this review aims to contribute towards ongoing efforts directed at improving paediatric health outcomes associated with the management of these infectious ailments through accessible and efficacious drug treatments.

Lipid-based nanoparticles as a promising treatment for the skin cancer

The prevalence of skin disorders, especially cancer, is increasing worldwide. Several factors are involved in causing skin cancer, but ultraviolet (UV) light, including sunlight and tanning beds, are considered the leading cause. Different methods such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, and photodynamic therapy are mostly used for the skin cancer treatment. However, drug resistance and toxicity against cancer cells are related to these treatments. Lipid-nanoparticles have attracted significant interest as delivery systems due to non-invasive and targeted delivery based on the type of active drug. However, the stratum corneum, the outer layer of the skin, is inherently impervious to drugs. Due to their ability to penetrate the deep layers of the skin, skin delivery systems are capable of delivering drugs to target cells in a protected manner. The aim of this review was to examine the properties and applications of nanoliposomes used in the treatment and prevention of numerous types of skin cancer.

Characterization and Evaluation of Nano-niosomes Encapsulating Docetaxel against Human Breast, Pancreatic, and Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Cancer Cell Lines

Background

Docetaxel (DXL) is an antineoplastic agent for cancer treatment, the therapeutic efficiency of which is limited due to low solubility, hydrophobicity, and tissue specificity.

Objective

In this study, nano-niosomes were introduced for improving therapeutic index of DXL.

Material and Methods

In this experimental study, two nano-niosomes were synthesized using Span 20® and Span 80® and a thin film hydration method with DXL loading (DXL-Span20 and DXL-Span80). Characterization, in-vitro cytotoxicity and bioavailability of the nano-niosomes was also evaluated via in-vivo experiments.

Results

DXL-Span20 and DXL-Span80 have vesicles size in a range of 84-90 nm and negative zeta potentials. DXL entrapment efficiencies were obtained as 69.6 and 74.0% for DXL-Span20 and DXL-Span80, respectively; with an in-vitro sustained release patterns. Cytotoxicity assays were performed against MDA-MB-231, Calu-6, and AsPC-1 cell lines, and the results indicated that DXL loading into nano-niosomes led to decrement in values of half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at least 2.5 times and at most 6.5 times, compared to free DXL. Moreover, the rat blood bioavailability of DXL after intraperitoneal administration and the pharmacokinetic parameters indicated higher DXL plasma level and the higher effectiveness of DXL-Span80 compared to DXL-Span20.

Conclusion

Carrying DXL by the nano-niosomes led to enhanced cytotoxicity (and lower IC50 values) and higher efficacy with enhanced pharmacokinetic parameters.

Lipid-based nanocarriers for enhanced delivery of plant-derived bioactive molecules: a comprehensive review

Bioactive compounds derived from plants have been investigated for treating various pathological conditions. However, the utilization of these compounds has challenges such as instability, low solubility and bioavailability. To overcome these challenges, the encapsulation of bioactive molecules with in a novel nano carrier system enabling effective delivery and clinical translation has become essential. Lipid-based nanocarriers provide versatile platforms for encapsulating and delivering bioactive compounds and overcome the challenges. These novel carriers can improve solubility, stability, improved drug retention and therapeutic efficacy of plant derived bioactive compounds. The current review evaluates the challenges in delivery of plant bioactives and highlights the potential of various lipid-based nano carriers designed to improve its therapeutic efficacy.

A Synoptic Update on Smart Lipid Nanocarrier: Cubosomes, and their Design Development, and Recent Challenges

Cubosomes are a kind of nanoparticle that is distinct from solid particles in that they are liquid crystalline particles formed by self-assembly of a certain surfactant with a current water ratio. Their unique properties as a result of their microstructure are useful in practical applications. Cubosomes, specifically lyotropic nonlamellar liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNs) have gained acceptance as a medication delivery strategy for cancer and other disorders. Cubosomes are produced by the fragmentation of a solid-like phase into smaller particles. Because of its particular microstructure, which is physiologically safe and capable of allowing for the controlled release of solubilized compounds, cubic phase particles are garnering considerable attention. These cubosomes are highly adaptable carriers with promising theranostic efficacy because they can be given orally, topically, or intravenously. Throughout its operation, the drug delivery system regulates the loaded anticancer bioactive's target selectivity and drug release characteristics. This compilation examines recent advances and obstacles in the development and application of cubosomes to treat various cancers, as well as the challenges of turning it into a potential nanotechnological invasion.

Unlocking the Potential of Bilosomes and Modified Bilosomes: a Comprehensive Journey into Advanced Drug Delivery Trends

Vesicular drug delivery systems have revolutionized the pharmaceutical field, offering a promising path for achieving targeted and sustained drug delivery. The oral, transdermal, and ocular routes of administration offer optimal ease in attaining desired therapeutic outcomes. However, conventional treatment strategies are all plagued with several challenges, such as poor skin permeability, ocular barriers, and gastrointestinal (GIT) degradation leading to vesicular disruption with the release of the encapsulated drug before reaching the targeted site of action. In recent years, bilosomes-stabilized nanovesicles containing bile salts have received considerable attention due to their versatility and adaptability for diverse applications. These bilayered vesicles enhance the solubility of lipophilic drugs and improve formulation stability in the gastrointestinal tract. They exhibit ultra-deformable properties, improving stratum corneum permeability, making them ideal candidates for oral and transdermal drug delivery. In addition, bilosomes find utility in topical drug delivery, making them applicable for ocular administration. Over the past decade, extensive research has highlighted bilosomes' potential as superior vesicular carriers surpassing liposomes and niosomes. Advances in this field have led to the development of modified bilosomes, such as probilosomes and surface-modified bilosomes, further enhancing their capabilities and therapeutic potential. Thus, the present review provides a comprehensive summary of bilosomes, modified bilosomes, surface modifications with their mechanism of action, formulation components, preparation methods, patents, and a wide array of recent pharmaceutical applications in oral, transdermal, and ocular drug delivery. The enhanced properties of bilosomes offer promising prospects for targeted and effective drug delivery, providing potential solutions for addressing various therapeutic challenges.

Lipid nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery to the brain

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have revolutionized the field of drug delivery through their applications in siRNA delivery to the liver (Onpattro) and their use in the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. While LNPs have been extensively studied for the delivery of RNA drugs to muscle and liver targets, their potential to deliver drugs to challenging tissue targets such as the brain remains underexplored. Multiple brain disorders currently lack safe and effective therapies and therefore repurposing LNPs could potentially be a game changer for improving drug delivery to cellular targets both at and across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this review, we will discuss (1) the rationale and factors involved in optimizing LNPs for brain delivery, (2) ionic liquid-coated LNPs as a potential approach for increasing LNP accumulation in the brain tissue and (3) considerations, open questions and potential opportunities in the development of LNPs for delivery to the brain.

Review on Different Vesicular Drug Delivery Systems (VDDSs) and Their Applications

BACKGROUND

Colloidal dispersions, also known as vesicular drug delivery systems (VDDSs), are highly ordered assemblies composed of one or more concentric bilayers formed by the self-assembly of amphiphilic building blocks in the presence of water.

OBJECTIVE

VDDSs are important to target the entrapped drugs at specific sites inside the body, control the drug release, enhance the drug bioavailability, and reduce undesired side effects.

METHODS

There are different types of VDDSs suitable for the entrapment of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. According to the patent composition, VDDSs are classified into lipid-based and nonlipid- based VDDSs.

RESULTS

There are different types of VDDSs which include liposomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, ufasomes, colloidosomes, cubosomes, niosomes, bilosomes, aquasomes, etc. Conclusion: This review article aims to address the different types of VDDSs, their advantages and disadvantages, and their therapeutic applications.

Transdermal drug delivery systems for the effective management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by either insufficient insulin production or the inability to take it up for the glycemic regulation in the human body. According to WHO reports, T2DM will be the seventh-largest syndrome resulting in mortality by 2030. To tackle this chronic metabolic disorder, the person with diabetes population depends on subcutaneous administration (Sub-Q) of insulin and certain oral hypoglycemic drugs. However, these current invasive practices suffered from painful injections, needle phobia, multiple doses, risk of infection and poor-patient compliance. Hence, the search for a non-invasive and patient-friendly insulin administration system was high in the past decades leading to the development of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS). These can offer rapid and sustained release of therapeutic compounds at controlled rates with no pain during the administration. In recent years, the usage of such TDDS has been increasing at an exponential rate in Type 2 diabetes management. In the present review, the scholarly works on the different modes of TDDS were comprehensively reported chronlogically to appreciate their developments. Conclusively, this review critically identified prevailing research gaps in the current TDDS research and presented potential research hotspots for the prospect development in T2DM management.

Improved Activity of Herbal Medicines through Nanotechnology

Phytochemicals or secondary metabolites are substances produced by plants that have been shown to have many biological activities, providing a scientific basis for using herbs in traditional medicine. In addition, the use of herbs is considered to be safe and more economical compared to synthetic medicine. However, herbal medicines have disadvantages, such as having low solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Some of them can undergo physical and chemical degradation, which reduces their pharmacological activity. In recent decades, nanotechnology-based herbal drug formulations have attracted attention due to their enhanced activity and potential for overcoming the problems associated with herbal medicine. Approaches using nanotechnology-based delivery systems that are biocompatible, biodegradable, and based on lipids, polymers, or nanoemulsions can increase the solubility, stability, bioavailability, and pharmacological activity of herbals. This review article aims to provide an overview of the latest advances in the development of nanotechnology-based herbal drug formulations for increased activity, as well as a summary of the challenges these delivery systems for herbal medicines face.

Formulation and Evaluation of Azithromycin-Loaded Niosomal Gel: Optimization, In Vitro Studies, Rheological Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Study

Several novel, innovative approaches for improving transdermal delivery of BCS class III drugs have been proposed. Despite their great aqueous solubility, BCS class III drugs have the drawback of limited permeability. The objective of the current work was to screen the suitability of niosomes as a nanocarrier in permeation enhancement of azithromycin (AZM) transdermal delivery. Niosomes were prepared by an ether injection method using a nonionic surfactant (Span 60) and cholesterol at different concentrations. The ζ potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), and particle size (PS) of AZM-loaded niosomes were evaluated. The size of the niosomes was found to vary between 288 and 394 nm. The results revealed that the niosomes prepared in a ratio of 2:1 (Span 60: cholesterol) had larger vesicle sizes, but all of them were characterized by narrow size distributions (PDI <0.95). Niosomal gel was successfully prepared using different polymers. The appearance, pH, viscosity, and ex vivo drug release of niosomal gel formulations were all examined. The flow curves showed that the niosomal gel displayed lower viscosity values than its corresponding conventional gels. Niosomal and conventional gels exhibited a domination of the elastic modulus (G') over the viscous modulus (G″) (G'>G″) in the investigated frequency range (0.1-100 rad/s), indicating stable gels with more solid-like properties. Ex vivo skin permeation studies for the niosomal gel show 90.83 ± 3.19% of drug release in 24 h as compared with the conventional gel showing significantly lower (P < 0.001) drug release in the same duration (1.25 ± 0.12%). Overall, these results indicate that niosomal gel could be an effective transdermal nanocarrier for enhancing the permeability of AZM, a BCS class III drug. In conclusion, this study suggests that transdermal formulations of AZM in the niosomal gel were successfully developed and could be used as an alternative route of administration.

Beneath the Skin: A Review of Current Trends and Future Prospects of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

The ideal drug delivery system has a bioavailability comparable to parenteral dosage forms but is as convenient and easy to use for the patient as oral solid dosage forms. In recent years, there has been increased interest in transdermal drug delivery (TDD) as a non-invasive delivery approach that is generally regarded as being easy to administer to more vulnerable age groups, such as paediatric and geriatric patients, while avoiding certain bioavailability concerns that arise from oral drug delivery due to poor absorbability and metabolism concerns. However, despite its many merits, TDD remains restricted to a select few drugs. The physiology of the skin poses a barrier against the feasible delivery of many drugs, limiting its applicability to only those drugs that possess physicochemical properties allowing them to be successfully delivered transdermally. Several techniques have been developed to enhance the transdermal permeability of drugs. Both chemical (e.g., thermal and mechanical) and passive (vesicle, nanoparticle, nanoemulsion, solid dispersion, and nanocrystal) techniques have been investigated to enhance the permeability of drug substances across the skin. Furthermore, hybrid approaches combining chemical penetration enhancement technologies with physical technologies are being intensively researched to improve the skin permeation of drug substances. This review aims to summarize recent trends in TDD approaches and discuss the merits and drawbacks of the various chemical, physical, and hybrid approaches currently being investigated for improving drug permeability across the skin.

Glycerosomal thermosensitive in situ gel of duloxetine HCl as a novel nanoplatform for rectal delivery: in vitro optimization and in vivo appraisal

Duloxetine HCl (DXH) is a reuptake inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine used to treat the major depressive disorder. Following its extensive hepatic metabolism, acid-labile nature, and limited aqueous solubility, DXH has poor oral bioavailability (40%). The rectal route has been suggested as another route of administration to surmount such challenges. The present study aimed to prepare DXH-loaded glycerosomal (DXH-GLYS) in situ gel for rectal administration to increase DXH permeability and improve its bioavailability. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was adopted to prepare and optimize nanoglycerosomes. The impact of Phospholipon 90G (PL90G), Tween 80 concentrations, and glycerol percentage on encapsulation efficiency, nanoglycerosomal size, % cumulative DXH released, and the cumulative DXH permeated per unit area after 24 h were studied by the design. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of optimized formulation was investigated in rats. The formulated DXH-GLYS had a vesicle size ranging between 135.9 and 430.6 nm and an entrapment efficiency between 69.11 and 98.12%. The permeation experiment revealed that the optimized DXH-GLYS in situ gel increased DXH permeation by 2.62-fold compared to DXH solution. Pharmacokinetics studies disclosed that the DXH-GLYS in situ rectal gel exhibited 2.24-times increment in DXH bioavailability relative to oral DXH solution. The pharmacodynamic study revealed that the DXH-GLYS rectal treatment significantly improved the behavioral analysis parameters and was more efficacious as an antidepressant than the oral DXH solution. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that GLYS can be considered a potentially valuable rectal nanocarrier that could boost the DXH efficacy.

Physicochemical and Stability Evaluation of Topical Niosomal Encapsulating Fosinopril/γ-Cyclodextrin Complex for Ocular Delivery

This study aimed to develop a chemically stable niosomal eye drop containing fosinopril (FOS) for lowering intraocular pressure. The effects of cyclodextrin (CD), surfactant types and membrane stabilizer/charged inducers on physiochemical and chemical properties of niosome were evaluated. The pH value, average particle size, size distribution and zeta potentials were within the acceptable range. All niosomal formulations were shown to be slightly hypertonic with low viscosity. Span® 60/dicetyl phosphate niosomes in the presence and absence of γCD were selected as the optimum formulations according to their high %entrapment efficiency and negative zeta potential values as well as controlled release profile. According to ex vivo permeation study, the obtained lowest flux and apparent permeability coefficient values confirmed that FOS/γCD complex was encapsulated within the inner aqueous core of niosome and could be able to protect FOS from its hydrolytic degradation. The in vitro cytotoxicity revealed that niosome entrapped FOS or FOS/γCD formulations were moderate irritation to the eyes. Furthermore, FOS-loaded niosomal preparations exhibited good physical and chemical stabilities especially of those in the presence of γCD, for at least three months under the storage condition of 2–8 °C.

Vesicular Approach Review on Nanocarriers bearing Curcumin and Applications

Phytoconstituents have been used to treat a variety of human diseases for a long time, but their use in pharmaceuticals is limited because of their low aqueous solubility. Researchers have created vesicular systems to address many of the issues associated with the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of poorly water-soluble drugs and target the drug to the desired location in the body. Several vesicular nanocarrier systems have been developed. Review contrasts various vesicular drug delivery systems, including liposomes, sphingosomes, emulsomes, niosomes, ethosomes, virosomes, phytosomes, aquasomes, proniosomes, transfersomes, pharmacosomes. Vesicular drug delivery systems have caused a scientific revolution, which has resulted in the development of novel dosage forms. This review aims to illustrate the applications, advantages, and disadvantages of the vesicular approach as nanocarriers bearing curcumin and widely used in gene delivery, tumor-targeting to the brain, oral formulations, and resolving various problems associated with drug stability and permeability issues. Nanocarriers also has wide application as green nanocomposites and for antitubercular drugs depending on their physical properties.

Conformational control of two-dimensional gold nanoparticle arrays in a confined geometry within a vesicular wall

The two-dimensional (2D) assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in a confined geometry is a rare phenomenon that has not been experimentally verified for complex systems. In this study, this process was investigated in detail using two types of block copolymers with hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks and a series of AuNPs of three different sizes protected by hydrophobic ligands. In aqueous solutions, the selected block copolymers self-assembled into vesicular nanostructures with a hydrophobic domain in the wall, which functions as a confined geometrical space for hydrophobic AuNPs (i.e., it exerts a confinement effect and restricts the movement of AuNPs). Small-angle X-ray scattering studies revealed that AuNPs of different sizes assembled differently in the same confined geometry of the vesicular wall. In addition, optimal conditions for the formation of a regular NP array in the hydrophobic domain were determined. The AuNPs successfully self-assembled into a regular 2D lattice structure, forming a shell around the vesicle, when their size matched the thickness of the hydrophobic domain of the vesicular nanostructure. This study provides guidelines for the fabrication of nanoparticle arrays with controlled structures, which could enhance the functionality of materials and their physical properties.

Nanotechnology in Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals—A Review of Latest Advancements

Nanotechnology has the potential to generate advancements and innovations in formulations and delivery systems. This fast-developing technology has been widely exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Today, cosmetic formulations incorporating nanotechnology are a relatively new yet very promising and highly researched area. The application of nanotechnology in cosmetics has been shown to overcome the drawbacks associated with traditional cosmetics and also to add more useful features to a formulation. Nanocosmetics and nanocosmeceuticals have been extensively explored for skin, hair, nails, lips, and teeth, and the inclusion of nanomaterials has been found to improve product efficacy and consumer satisfaction. This is leading to the replacement of many traditional cosmeceuticals with nanocosmeceuticals. However, nanotoxicological studies on nanocosmeceuticals have raised concerns in terms of health hazards due to their potential skin penetration, resulting in toxic effects. This review summarizes various nanotechnology-based approaches being utilized in the delivery of cosmetics as well as cosmeceutical products, along with relevant patents. It outlines their benefits, as well as potential health and environmental risks. Further, it highlights the regulatory status of cosmeceuticals and analyzes the different regulatory guidelines in India, Europe, and the USA and discusses the different guidelines and recommendations issued by various regulatory authorities. Finally, this article seeks to provide an overview of nanocosmetics and nanocosmeceuticals and their applications in cosmetic industries, which may help consumers and regulators to gain awareness about the benefits as well as the toxicity related to the continuous and long-term uses of these products, thus encouraging their judicious use.

pH-Responsive Liposomes of Dioleoyl Phosphatidylethanolamine and Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate for the Enhanced Anticancer Efficacy of Cisplatin

The current study aimed to develop pH-responsive cisplatin-loaded liposomes (CDDP@PLs) via the thin film hydration method. Formulations with varied ratios of dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) to cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHEMS) were investigated to obtain the optimal particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release profile, and stability. The particle size of the CDDP@PLs was in the range of 153.2 ± 3.08–206.4 ± 2.26 nm, zeta potential was −17.8 ± 1.26 to −24.6 ± 1.72, and PDI displayed an acceptable size distribution. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a spherical shape with ~200 nm size. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis showed the physicochemical stability of CDDP@PLs, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed the loss of the crystalline nature of cisplatin in liposomes. In vitro release study of CDDP@PLs at pH 7.4 depicted the lower release rate of cisplatin (less than 40%), and at a pH of 6.5, an almost 65% release rate was achieved compared to the release rate at pH 5.5 (more than 80%) showing the tumor-specific drug release. The cytotoxicity study showed the improved cytotoxicity of CDDP@PLs compared to cisplatin solution in MDA-MB-231 and SK-OV-3 cell lines, and fluorescence microscopy also showed enhanced cellular internalization. The acute toxicity study showed the safety and biocompatibility of the developed carrier system for the potential delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. These studies suggest that CDDP@PLs could be utilized as an efficient delivery system for the enhancement of therapeutic efficacy and to minimize the side effects of chemotherapy by releasing cisplatin at the tumor site.

Potential role of resveratrol and its nano-formulation as anti-cancer agent

The uncontrolled and metastatic nature of cancer makes it worse and more unpredictable. Hence, many therapy and medication are used to control and treat cancer. However, apart from this, many medications cause various side effects. In America, nearly 8% of patients admitted to the hospital are due to side effects. Cancer is more seen in people residing in developed countries related of their lifestyle. There are various phytoconstituents molecules in which resveratrol (RSV) is the best-fitted molecule for cancer due to its significantly less adverse effect on the body. RSV inhibits the initiation and progression of cell proliferation due to the modulation of various pathways like the phosphoinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. RSV downgraded cell cycle-regulated proteins like cyclin E, cyclin D1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and induced the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, causing apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD). A great benefit comes with some challenges, hence, RSV does suffer from poor solubility in water i.e. 0.05 mg/mL. It suffers from poor bioavailability due to being highly metabolized by the liver and intestine. Surprisingly, RSV metabolites also induce the metabolism of RSV. Hence, significantly less amount of RSV presented in the urine in the unchanged form. Due to some challenges like poor bioavailability, less aqueous solubility, and retention time in the body, researchers concluded to make the nanocarriers for better delivery. Adopting the technique of nano-formulations, increased topical penetration by up to 21%, improved nano-encapsulation and consequently improved bioavailability and permeability by many folds. Hence, the present review describes the complete profile of RSV and its nano-formulations for improving anti-cancer activity along with a patent survey.

Site-Specific Vesicular Drug Delivery System for Skin Cancer: A Novel Approach for Targeting

Skin cancer, one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, has demonstrated an alarming increase in prevalence and mortality. Hence, it is a public health issue and a high burden of disease, contributing to the economic burden in its treatment. There are multiple treatment options available for skin cancer, ranging from chemotherapy to surgery. However, these conventional treatment modalities possess several limitations, urging the need for the development of an effective and safe treatment for skin cancer that could provide targeted drug delivery and site-specific tumor penetration and minimize unwanted systemic toxicity. Therefore, it is vital to understand the critical biological barriers involved in skin cancer therapeutics for the optimal development of the formulations. Various nanocarriers for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs have been developed and extensively studied to overcome the limitations faced by topical conventional dosage forms. A site-specific vesicular drug delivery system appears to be an attractive strategy in topical drug delivery for the treatment of skin malignancies. In this review, vesicular drug delivery systems, including liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, and transfersomes in developing novel drug delivery for skin cancer therapeutics, are discussed. Firstly, the prevalence statistics, current treatments, and limitations of convention dosage form for skin cancer treatment are discussed. Then, the common type of nanocarriers involved in the research for skin cancer treatment are summarized. Lastly, the utilization of vesicular drug delivery systems in delivering chemotherapeutics is reviewed and discussed, along with their beneficial aspects over other nanocarriers, safety concerns, and clinical aspects against skin cancer treatment.

Self-Assembly of 2D Gold Nanoparticle Superlattice in a Polymer Vesicle Layer Driven by Hydrophobic Interaction

Self-assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into highly ordered superstructures provides a promising route toward fabricating materials with new functionalities or enhanced physical properties. Although self-assembly of AuNPs has garnered significant research attention recently, a highly ordered superlattice of AuNPs under a low concentration in a confined geometry formed by nonfunctionalized materials has not been reported. Herein, we investigate the self-assembly of a 2D AuNPs superlattice in a polymer vesicle layer using hydrophobic interactions, which exhibits centered rectangular lattice symmetry. To create the highly ordered AuNPs superlattice, the P(EG_x-b-iPGE_y) block copolymers that form the thickness of the hydrophobic vesicle layer comparable to the size of the AuNP are used as a template to control the AuNP degree of freedom. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first demonstration of a centered rectangular structure formation of AuNPs at the vesicle layer in 2D confined geometry.

Innovative Delivery Systems Loaded with Plant Bioactive Ingredients: Formulation Approaches and Applications

Plants constitute a rich source of diverse classes of valuable phytochemicals (e.g., phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, alkaloids) with proven biological activity (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, etc.). However, factors such as low stability, poor solubility and bioavailability limit their food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications. In this regard, a wide range of delivery systems have been developed to increase the stability of plant-derived bioactive compounds upon processing, storage or under gastrointestinal digestion conditions, to enhance their solubility, to mask undesirable flavors as well as to efficiently deliver them to the target tissues where they can exert their biological activity and promote human health. In the present review, the latest advances regarding the design of innovative delivery systems for pure plant bioactive compounds, extracts or essential oils, in order to overcome the above-mentioned challenges, are presented. Moreover, a broad spectrum of applications along with future trends are critically discussed.

Applications of Nanosized-Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Wound Care

Impaired wound healing is an encumbering public health issue that increases the demand for developing new therapies in order to minimize health costs and enhance treatment efficacy. Available conventional therapies are still unable to maximize their potential in penetrating the skin at the target site and accelerating the healing process. Nanotechnology exhibits an excellent opportunity to enrich currently available medical treatments, enhance standard care and manage wounds. It is a promising approach, able to address issues such as the permeability and bioavailability of drugs with reduced stability or low water solubility. This paper focuses on nanosized-lipid-based drug delivery systems, describing their numerous applications in managing skin wounds. We also highlight the relationship between the physicochemical characteristics of nanosized, lipid-based drug delivery systems and their impact on the wound-healing process. Different types of nanosized-lipid-based drug delivery systems, such as vesicular systems and lipid nanoparticles, demonstrated better applicability and enhanced skin penetration in wound healing therapy compared with conventional treatments. Moreover, an improved chemically and physically stable drug delivery system, with increased drug loading capacity and enhanced bioavailability, has been shown in drugs encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles. Their applications in wound care show potential for overcoming impediments, such as the inadequate bioavailability of active agents with low solubility. Future research in nanosized-lipid-based drug delivery systems will allow the achievement of increased bioavailability and better control of drug release, providing the clinician with more effective therapies for wound care.

UV Properties and Loading into Liposomes of Quinoline Derivatives

The scientific relevance of quinolines is strictly linked to the fine-tuning of their features by functionalizing the heterocyclic core. Consequently, the compounds of this class are very versatile and can be used as possible drugs for a lot of medical applications. In this work, the inclusion of eight synthetic quinoline derivatives in liposomes formulated with different lipids was investigated in terms of the encapsulation efficiency and to highlight the effect on the liposome size distribution and thermotropic behavior. Excellent encapsulation was accomplished with all the quinoline/phospholipid combinations. Differences in the interactions at the molecular level, dependent on the quinoline molecular scaffolds and lipid structure, were observed, which could significantly bias the interaction with the drug and its release in pharmaceutical applications. Experiments in combination with computational studies demonstrated that the UV absorption of quinolines with expanded conjugation could be affected by the environment polarity. This was probably due to a solvent-dependent ability of these quinolines to stack into aggregates, which could also occur upon inclusion into the lipid bilayer.

Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Dermal and Transdermal Applications

The stratum corneum, the most superficial layer of the skin, protects the body against environmental hazards and presents a highly selective barrier for the passage of drugs and cosmetic products deeper into the skin and across the skin. Nanomaterials can effectively increase the permeation of active molecules across the stratum corneum and enable their penetration into deeper skin layers, often by interacting with the skin and creating the distinct sites with elevated local concentration, acting as reservoirs. The flux of the molecules from these reservoirs can be either limited to the underlying skin layers (for topical drug and cosmeceutical delivery) or extended across all the sublayers of the epidermis to the blood vessels of the dermis (for transdermal delivery). The type of the nanocarrier and the physicochemical nature of the active substance are among the factors that determine the final skin permeation pattern and the stability of the penetrant in the cutaneous environment. The most widely employed types of nanomaterials for dermal and transdermal applications include solid lipid nanoparticles, nanovesicular carriers, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles. The recent advances in the area of nanomaterial-assisted dermal and transdermal delivery are highlighted in this review.

Progress in novel ultradeformable vesicular drug carrier in the topical and transdermal treatment of psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that is described by infected skin patches. Ultradeformable vesicles have been a novel carrier for the treatment of psoriasis in topical and transdermal therapy. The systemic route may induce adverse effects and the drug concentration may not be localized when applied topically to the psoriasis skin due to their physicochemical properties. These limitations can be overcome by a vesicular delivery system such as transferosomes. Research on transferosomes is ongoing. Transferosomes are flexible deformable vesicular structures, which consist of a bilayer softening agent such as an edge activator, which allows it to penetrate deeper dermal layers. This review outlines the use of transferosomes in the treatment of deeply rooted dermal disorders like psoriasis.

Tackling the various classes of nano-therapeutics employed in topical therapy of psoriasis

Psoriasis is a dermatological chronic skin condition with underlying autoimmune etiology. It deeply affects patients' quality of life. Therefore, it was an interesting target for researchers throughout the past years. Conventionally, the treatment options include anti-inflammatory agents, immune suppressants, biologic treatment, and phototherapy. Nanotechnology offers promising characteristics that allow for tailoring a drug carrier to achieve dermal targeting, improved efficacy and minimize undesirable effects. Being the safest route, the first line of treatment and a targeted approach, we solely discussed the use of the topical route, combined with advanced drug delivery systems for the management of psoriasis in this article. Advanced systems include polymeric, metallic, lipidic and hybrid nanocarriers incorporating different active agents. All formerly mentioned types of drug delivery systems were investigated through the past decades for the purpose of topical application on psoriatic plaques. Scientists' efforts are promising to reach an optimized formula with a convenient dosage form to improve efficacy, safety, and compliance for the treatment of psoriasis. Accordingly, it will offer a better quality of life for patients.

Transfersomes: A Promising Nanoencapsulation Technique for Transdermal Drug Delivery

Transdermal delivery systems have gained much interest in recent years owing to their advantages compared to conventional oral and parenteral delivery systems. They are noninvasive and self-administered delivery systems that can improve patient compliance and provide a controlled release of the therapeutic agents. The greatest challenge of transdermal delivery systems is the barrier function of the skin's outermost layer. Molecules with molecular weights greater than 500 Da and ionized compounds generally do not pass through the skin. Therefore, only a limited number of drugs are capable of being administered by this route. Encapsulating the drugs in transfersomes are one of the potential approaches to overcome this problem. They have a bilayered structure that facilitates the encapsulation of lipophilic and hydrophilic, as well as amphiphilic, drug with higher permeation efficiencies compared to conventional liposomes. Transfersomes are elastic in nature, which can deform and squeeze themselves as an intact vesicle through narrow pores that are significantly smaller than its size. This review aims to describe the concept of transfersomes, the mechanism of action, different methods of preparation and characterization and factors affecting the properties of transfersomes, along with their recent applications in the transdermal administration of drugs.

Lipid Vesicles and Nanoparticles for Non-invasive Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery

The delivery of drugs, via different layers of skin, is challenging because it acts as a natural barrier and exerts hindrance against molecules to permeate into or through it. To overcome such obstacles, different noninvasive methods, like vehicle-drug interaction, modifications of the horny layer and nanoparticles have been suggested. The aim of the present review is to highlight some of the non-invasive methods for topical, diadermal and transdermal delivery of drugs. Special emphasis has been made on the information available in numerous research articles that put efforts in overcoming obstacles associated with barrier functions imposed by various layers of skin. Advances have been made in improving patient compliance that tends to avoid hitches involved in oral administration. Of particular interest is the use of lipid-based vesicles and nanoparticles for dermatological applications. These particulate systems can effectively interact and penetrate into the stratum corneum via lipid exchange and get distributed in epidermis and dermis. They also have the tendency to exert a systemic effect by facilitating the absorption of an active moiety into general circulation.

Effect of Metamorphed Keratolytic Agent on the Behavior of Imiquimod Loaded Hybrid Vesicles Containing Gel

The cost, side effects, and patient compliance-related issues of topically effective imiquimod have prevented its widespread acceptance. The present work intends to evaluate the feasibility of overcoming the shortcomings of poorly soluble and skin-penetrating immunomodulator by using biocompatible keratolytic agent with drug-loaded hybrid vesicles. Salicylic acid was complexed with phospholipid through simple mixing and incorporated into carbopol 940 gel containing drug-loaded vesicles, prepared by thin-film hydration method. The morphology, physicochemical properties, rheological behavior, release profile, and dermatokinetics of developed gel were compared with control gel (developed gel without keratolytic agent). In ex vivo drug release studies across the rat skin, there was significant increase in the steady-state permeation flux (J_ss) and skin retention of drug from developed gel in comparison with control. There was favorable change in almost every evaluated dermatokinetic parameter. The innocuous nature of control gel had not changed on addition of skin structure-altering agent. The developed gel was found to be stable at room temperature and humidity for 1 year.

Advances in encapsulated dermal formulations in chemoprevention of melanoma: An overview

BACKGROUND

The three forms of skin cancer are cutaneous malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Melanoma skin cancer is an aggressive type and one of the most chemotherapy-resistant malignancies. Conventional topical products are beset with limitations, leading to lower efficacy. There is a growing need to develop topical formulations encapsulated in polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, dendrimers, and liposomes exhibiting enhanced skin penetration and longer skin retention leading to better efficacy.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this article is the screening of reported novel drug encapsulated delivery systems effective topically in melanoma chemoprevention.

AIM

The scope of this work is to provide an overview pertaining to the development and evaluation of three exemplary drug delivery systems (DDS), namely vesicular, particulate, and specialized emulsions.

METHODS

Topical drug delivery approaches targeting skin cancer have been reviewed and discussed. The focal point of the article is presentation of insights from published studies.

RESULTS

This review focuses on the novel delivery systems in chemoprevention of melanoma with discussion highlighting on advances in topical delivery.

CONCLUSION

Literature indicates that drug-loaded encapsulated topical formulations when compared with conventional dosage forms for skin cancer treatment exhibit greater efficacy and provide benefits like extended drug release, protection of the active ingredient against degradation, and lower skin irritation. Incorporation of phytoconstituents in newer delivery systems will be the way forward for improved topical chemoprevention strategy in melanoma. This has raised hope in making dermal therapy more useful and acceptable.

Anti-biofilm activity of a sophorolipid-amphotericin B niosomal formulation against Candida albicans

Sophorolipids (SLs) have gained interest in the pharmaceutical industries due to their anti-microbial, anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm properties. In the present study, the production of SL was increased by using low-cost media components. The potential of a SL-based niosomal formulation of amphotericin B (AmB) was determined against biofilm of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. In-house prepared SL-AmB niosomes were characterized by different microscopic techniques. The mean entrapment efficiency of AmB within SL-AmB niosome was 63.20% ± 3.86. The cytotoxicity of SL-AmB on mature C. albicans biofilm was compared with an expensive, marketed drug, viz. phosome (a liposomal formulation of AmB). Fewer hyphae were observed in C. albicans biofilm treated with SL-AmB niosome whereas more budding cells were found in phosome treated biofilm. The present study has established the affordable production of SL and the suitability of this approach for delivery of poorly soluble drugs such as AmB against candidiasis infections.

Phospholipid Complex Technique for Superior Bioavailability of Phytoconstituents

Phytoconstituents have been utilized as medicines for thousands of years, yet their application is limited owing to major hurdles like deficit lipid solubility, large molecular size and degradation in the gastric environment of gut. Recently, phospholipid-complex technique has unveiled in addressing these stumbling blocks either by enhancing the solubilizing capacity or its potentiating ability to pass through the biological membranes and it also protects the active herbal components from degradation. Hence, this phospholipid-complex-technique can enable researchers to deliver the phytoconstituents into systemic circulation by using certain conventional dosage forms like tablets and capsules. This review highlights the unique property of phospholipids in drug delivery, their role as adjuvant in health benefits, and their application in the herbal medicine systems to improve the bioavailability of active herbal components. Also we summarize the prerequisites for phytosomes preparation like the selection of type of phytoconstituents, solvents used, various methods employed in phytosomal preparation and its characterization. Further we discuss the key findings of recent research work conducted on phospholipid-based delivery systems which can enable new directions and advancements to the development of herbal dosage forms.

Biomimetic Lipid-Based Nanosystems for Enhanced Dermal Delivery of Drugs and Bioactive Agents

Clinical utility of conventional oral therapies is limited by their inability to deliver therapeutic molecules at the local or targeted site, causing a variety of side effects. Transdermal delivery has made a significant contribution in the management of skin diseases with enhanced therapeutic activities over the past two decades. In the modern era, various biomimetic and biocompatible polymer-lipid hybrid systems have been used to augment the transdermal delivery of therapeutics such as dermal patches, topical gels, iontophoresis, electroporation, sonophoresis, thermal ablation, microneedles, cavitational ultrasound, and nano or microlipid vesicular systems. Nevertheless, the stratum corneum still represents the main barrier to the delivery of vesicles into the skin. Lipid based formulations applied to the skin are at the center of attention and are anticipated to be increasingly functional as the skin offers many advantages for the direction of such systems. Accordingly, this review provides an overview of the development of conventional to advanced biomimetic lipid vesicles for skin delivery of a variety of therapeutics, with special emphasis on recent developments in this field including the development of transferosomes, niosomes, aquasomes, cubosomes, and other new generation lipoidal carriers.

Lipid-based nanovesicles for nanomedicine

Multifunctional lipid-based nanovesicles (L-NVs) prepared by molecular self-assembly of membrane components together with (bio)-active molecules, by means of compressed CO₂-media or other non-conventional methods lead to highly homogeneous, tailor-made nanovesicles that are used for advanced nanomedicine. Confocal microscopy image of siRNA transfection using L-NVs, reprinted with permission from de Jonge,et al.,Gene Therapy, 2006,13, 400–411.