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Di Pasqua LG, Cagna M, Palladini G, Croce AC, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Perlini S, Adorini L, Ferrigno A, Vairetti M. FXR agonists INT-787 and OCA increase RECK and inhibit liver steatosis and inflammation in diet-induced ob/ob mouse model of NASH. Liver Int 2024; 44:214-227. [PMID: 37904642 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We have previously shown in a model of hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury that the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) restores reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK), an inverse modulator of metalloproteases (MMPs) and inhibitor of the sheddases ADAM10 and ADAM17 involved in inflammation and fibrogenesis. Here, the effects of FXR agonists OCA and INT-787 on hepatic levels of RECK, MMPs, ADAM10 and ADAM17 were compared in a diet-induced ob/ob mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS Lep ob/ob NASH mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or control diet (CD) for 9 weeks (wks) were treated with OCA or INT-787 0.05% dosed via HFD admixture (30 mg/kg/day) or HFD for further 12 wks. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and inflammatory cytokines, liver RECK, MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity as well as ADAM10, ADAM17, collagen deposition (Sirius red), hepatic stellate cell activation (α-SMA) and pCK+ reactive biliary cells were quantified. RESULTS Only INT-787 significantly reduced serum ALT, IL-1β and TGF-β. A downregulation of RECK expression and protein levels observed in HFD groups (at 9 and 21 wks) was counteracted by both OCA and INT-787. HFD induced a significant increase in liver MMP-2 and MMP-9; OCA administration reduced both MMP-2 and MMP-9 while INT-787 markedly reduced MMP-2 expression. OCA and INT-787 reduced both ADAM10 and ADAM17 expression and number of pCK+ cells. INT-787 was superior to OCA in decreasing collagen deposition and α-SMA levels. CONCLUSION INT-787 is superior to OCA in controlling specific cell types and clinically relevant anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic molecular mechanisms in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Di Pasqua
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Cagna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Palladini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Internal Medicine Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna C Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pavia, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Center and Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stefano Perlini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Emergency Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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MCD Diet Rat Model Induces Alterations in Zinc and Iron during NAFLD Progression from Steatosis to Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126817. [PMID: 35743260 PMCID: PMC9224179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluate the effects of the methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet on serum and hepatic zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) and their relationships with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their modulators (TIMPs and RECK) as well as hepatic fatty acids using male Wistar rats fed 2-, 4- and 8-week MCD diets. Serum and hepatic Zn decrease after an 8-week MCD diet. Serum Fe increases after an 8-week MCD diet and the same occurs for hepatic Fe. An increase in hepatic MMP activity, associated with a decrease in RECK and TIMPs, is found in the MCD 8-week group. Liver Fe shows a positive correlation versus MMPs and RECK, and an inverse correlation versus TIMPs. A positive correlation is found comparing liver Zn with stearic, vaccenic and arachidonic acids, and an inverse correlation is found with linolenic and docosatetraenoic acids. An opposite trend is found between liver Fe versus these fatty acids. During NAFLD progression from steatosis to steatohepatitis, MCD rats exhibit an increase in Zn and a decrease in Fe levels both in serum and tissue associated with alterations in hepatic MMPs and their inhibitors, and fatty acids. The correlations detected between Zn and Fe versus extracellular matrix modulators and fatty acids support their potential role as therapeutic targets.
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Arista Romeu EJ, Rivera Fernández JD, Roa Tort K, Valor A, Escobedo G, Fabila Bustos DA, Stolik S, de la Rosa JM, Guzmán C. Combined methods of optical spectroscopy and artificial intelligence in the assessment of experimentally induced non-alcoholic fatty liver. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 198:105777. [PMID: 33069975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Due to the existing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its relation to the epidemic of obesity in the general population, it is imperative to develop detection and evaluation methods of the early stages of the disease with improved efficacy over the current diagnostic approaches. We aimed to obtain an improved diagnosis, combining methods of optical spectroscopy -diffuse reflectance and fluorescence- with statistical data analysis applied to detect early stages of NAFLD. METHODS Statistical analysis scheme based on quadratic discriminant analysis followed by canonical discriminant analysis were applied to the diffuse reflectance data combined with endogenous fluorescence spectral data excited at one of these wavelengths: 330, 365, 385, 405 or 415 nm. The statistical scheme was also applied to the combinations of fluorescence spectrum (405 nm) with each one of the other fluorescence spectra. Details of the developed software, including the application of machine learning algorithms to the combination of spectral data followed by classification statistical schemes, are discussed. RESULTS Steatosis progression was differentiated with little classification error (≤1.3%) by using diffuse reflectance and endogenous fluorescence at different wavelengths. Similar results were obtained using fluorescence at 405 nm and one of the other fluorescence spectra (classification error ≤1.0%). Adding the corresponding areas under the curves to the above combinations of spectra diminished errors to 0.6% and 0.3% or less, respectively. The best results for the compounded reflectance-plus-fluorescence spectra were obtained with fluorescence spectra excited at 415 nm with a total classification error of 0.2%; for the combination of the 405nm-excited fluorescence spectrum with another fluorescence spectrum, the best results were achieved for 385 nm, for which total relative classification error amounted 0.4%. The consideration of the area under the spectral curves further improved both classifiers, reducing the error to 0.0% in both cases. CONCLUSION Spectrometric techniques combined with statistical processing are a promising tool to improve steatosis classification through a label free approach. However, statistical schemes here applied, might result complex for the everyday medical practice, the designed software including machine learning algorithms is able to render automatic classification of samples according to their steatosis grade with low error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Arista Romeu
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME Zac, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Josué D Rivera Fernández
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME Zac, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Karen Roa Tort
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME Zac, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Alma Valor
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME Zac, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico.
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Laboratorio de Proteómica, Dirección de Investigación, Hospital General de Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Dr. Balmis 148, Col. Doctores, Alc. Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico
| | - Diego A Fabila Bustos
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME Zac, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico; Laboratorio de Espectroscopia, UPIIH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad del Conocimiento y la Cultura, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42162, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Suren Stolik
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME Zac, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - José Manuel de la Rosa
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME Zac, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Carolina Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Dr. Balmis 148, Col. Doctores, Alc. Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, México.
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4
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Saeed A, Bartuzi P, Heegsma J, Dekker D, Kloosterhuis N, de Bruin A, Jonker JW, van de Sluis B, Faber KN. Impaired Hepatic Vitamin A Metabolism in NAFLD Mice Leading to Vitamin A Accumulation in Hepatocytes. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:309-325.e3. [PMID: 32698042 PMCID: PMC7768561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Systemic retinol (vitamin A) homeostasis is controlled by the liver, involving close collaboration between hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Genetic variants in retinol metabolism (PNPLA3 and HSD17B13) are associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and disease progression. Still, little mechanistic details are known about hepatic vitamin A metabolism in NAFLD, which may affect carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress and the development of fibrosis and cancer, e.g. all risk factors of NAFLD. METHODS Here, we analyzed vitamin A metabolism in 2 mouse models of NAFLD; mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFC) diet and Leptinob mutant (ob/ob) mice. RESULTS Hepatic retinol and retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels were significantly reduced in both mouse models of NAFLD. In contrast, hepatic retinyl palmitate levels (the vitamin A storage form) were significantly elevated in these mice. Transcriptome analysis revealed a hyperdynamic state of hepatic vitamin A metabolism, with enhanced retinol storage and metabolism (upregulated Lrat, Dgat1, Pnpla3, Raldh's and RAR/RXR-target genes) in fatty livers, in conjunction with induced hepatic inflammation (upregulated Cd68, Tnfα, Nos2, Il1β, Il-6) and fibrosis (upregulated Col1a1, Acta2, Tgfβ, Timp1). Autofluorescence analyses revealed prominent vitamin A accumulation in hepatocytes rather than HSC in HFC-fed mice. Palmitic acid exposure increased Lrat mRNA levels in primary rat hepatocytes and promoted retinyl palmitate accumulation when co-treated with retinol, which was not detected for similarly-treated primary rat HSCs. CONCLUSION NAFLD leads to cell type-specific rearrangements in retinol metabolism leading to vitamin A accumulation in hepatocytes. This may promote disease progression and/or affect therapeutic approaches targeting nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeed
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
| | - Paulina Bartuzi
- Section of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janette Heegsma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daphne Dekker
- Section of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Kloosterhuis
- Section of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Section of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Section of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Yin NH, Parker AW, Matousek P, Birch HL. Detection of Age-Related Changes in Tendon Molecular Composition by Raman Spectroscopy-Potential for Rapid, Non-Invasive Assessment of Susceptibility to Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2150. [PMID: 32245089 PMCID: PMC7139798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of clinical detection tools at the molecular level hinders our progression in preventing age-related tendon pathologies. Raman spectroscopy can rapidly and non-invasively detect tissue molecular compositions and has great potential for in vivo applications. In biological tissues, a highly fluorescent background masks the Raman spectral features and is usually removed during data processing, but including this background could help age differentiation since fluorescence level in tendons increases with age. Therefore, we conducted a stepwise analysis of fluorescence and Raman combined spectra for better understanding of the chemical differences between young and old tendons. Spectra were collected from random locations of vacuum-dried young and old equine tendon samples (superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), total n = 15) under identical instrumental settings. The fluorescence-Raman spectra showed an increase in old tendons as expected. Normalising the fluorescence-Raman spectra further indicated a potential change in intra-tendinous fluorophores as tendon ages. After fluorescence removal, the pure Raman spectra demonstrated between-group differences in CH2 bending (1450 cm-1) and various ring-structure and carbohydrate-associated bands (1000-1100 cm-1), possibly relating to a decline in cellular numbers and an accumulation of advanced glycation end products in old tendons. These results demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy can successfully detect age-related tendon molecular differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Hao Yin
- Research Department of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK;
| | - Anthony W. Parker
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; (A.W.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; (A.W.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Helen L. Birch
- Research Department of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK;
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Valor A, Arista Romeu EJ, Escobedo G, Campos-Espinosa A, Romero-Bello II, Moreno-González J, Fabila Bustos DA, Stolik S, de la Rosa Vázquez JM, Guzmán C. Study of Methionine Choline Deficient Diet-Induced Steatosis in Mice Using Endogenous Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173150. [PMID: 31470620 PMCID: PMC6749569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a highly prevalent condition worldwide that increases the risk to develop liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, it is imperative to develop novel diagnostic tools that together with liver biopsy help to differentiate mild and advanced degrees of steatosis. Ex-vivo liver samples were collected from mice fed a methionine-choline deficient diet for two or eight weeks, and from a control group. The degree of hepatic steatosis was histologically evaluated, and fat content was assessed by Oil-Red O staining. On the other hand, fluorescence spectroscopy was used for the assessment of the steatosis progression. Fluorescence spectra were recorded at excitation wavelengths of 330, 365, 385, 405, and 415 nm by establishing surface contact of the fiber optic probe with the liver specimens. A multi-variate statistical approach based on principal component analysis followed by quadratic discriminant analysis was applied to spectral data to obtain classifiers able to distinguish mild and moderate stages of steatosis at the different excitation wavelengths. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were computed to compare classifier’s performances for each one of the five excitation wavelengths and steatosis stages. Optimal sensitivity and specificity were calculated from the corresponding ROC curves using the Youden index. Intensity in the endogenous fluorescence spectra at the given wavelengths progressively increased according to the time of exposure to diet. The area under the curve of the spectra was able to discriminate control liver samples from those with steatosis and differentiate among the time of exposure to the diet for most of the used excitation wavelengths. High specificities and sensitivities were obtained for every case; however, fluorescence spectra obtained by exciting with 405 nm yielded the best results distinguishing between the mentioned classes with a total classification error of 1.5% and optimal sensitivities and specificities better than 98.6% and 99.3%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Valor
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME Zac, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Eduardo J Arista Romeu
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME Zac, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Laboratorio de Proteómica, Dirección de Investigación, Hospital General de Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico
| | - Adriana Campos-Espinosa
- Laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico/Hospital General de Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico
| | - Ivette Irais Romero-Bello
- Laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico/Hospital General de Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico
| | - Javier Moreno-González
- Laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico/Hospital General de Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico
| | - Diego A Fabila Bustos
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME Zac, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Espectroscopia, UPIIH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad del Conocimiento y la Cultura, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42162, Mexico
| | - Suren Stolik
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME Zac, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | | | - Carolina Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico/Hospital General de Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico.
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Serum and Hepatic Autofluorescence as a Real-Time Diagnostic Tool for Early Cholestasis Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092634. [PMID: 30189659 PMCID: PMC6165295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is well established that various factors can impair the production and flow of bile and lead to cholestatic disease in hepatic and extrahepatic sites, an enhanced assessment of the biomarkers of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is still needed to improve early diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. Hence, we investigated fluorescing endogenous biomolecules as possible intrinsic biomarkers of molecular and cellular changes in cholestasis. Spectroscopic autofluorescence (AF) analysis was performed using a fiber optic probe (366 nm excitation), under living conditions and in serum, on the livers of male Wistar rats submitted to bile duct ligation (BDL, 24, 48, and 72 h). Biomarkers of liver injury were assayed biochemically. In the serum, AF analysis distinctly detected increased bilirubin at 24 h BDL. A continuous, significant increase in red-fluorescing porphyrin derivatives indicated the subversion of heme metabolism, consistent with an almost twofold increase in the serum iron at 72 h BDL. In the liver, changes in the AF of NAD(P)H and flavins, as well as lipopigments, indicated the impairment of mitochondrial functionality, oxidative stress, and the accumulation of oxidative products. A serum/hepatic AF profile can be thus proposed as a supportive diagnostic tool for the in situ, real-time study of bio-metabolic alterations in bile duct ligation (BDL) in experimental hepatology, with the potential to eventually translate to clinical diagnosis.
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Croce AC, Ferrigno A, Bottiroli G, Vairetti M. Autofluorescence-based optical biopsy: An effective diagnostic tool in hepatology. Liver Int 2018; 38:1160-1174. [PMID: 29624848 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autofluorescence emission of liver tissue depends on the presence of endogenous biomolecules able to fluoresce under suitable light excitation. Overall autofluorescence emission contains much information of diagnostic value because it is the sum of individual autofluorescence contributions from fluorophores involved in metabolism, for example, NAD(P)H, flavins, lipofuscins, retinoids, porphyrins, bilirubin and lipids, or in structural architecture, for example, fibrous proteins, in close relationship with normal, altered or diseased conditions of the liver. Since the 1950s, hepatocytes and liver have been historical models to study NAD(P)H and flavins as in situ, real-time autofluorescence biomarkers of energy metabolism and redox state. Later investigations designed to monitor organ responses to ischaemia/reperfusion were able to predict the risk of dysfunction in surgery and transplantation or support the development of procedures to ameliorate the liver outcome. Subsequently, fluorescent fatty acids, lipofuscin-like lipopigments and collagen were characterized as optical biomarkers of liver steatosis, oxidative stress damage, fibrosis and disease progression. Currently, serum AF is being investigated to improve non-invasive optical diagnosis of liver disease. Validation of endogenous fluorophores and in situ discrimination of cancerous from non-cancerous tissue belong to the few studies on liver in human subjects. These reports along with other optical techniques and the huge work performed on animal models suggest many optically based applications in hepatology. Optical diagnosis is currently offering beneficial outcomes in clinical fields ranging from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, to dermatology and ophthalmology. Accordingly, this review aims to promote an effective bench to bedside transfer in hepatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cleta Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pavia, Italy.,Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Internal Medicine and Therapy Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bottiroli
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pavia, Italy.,Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Internal Medicine and Therapy Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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9
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Croce AC, Ferrigno A, Di Pasqua LG, Berardo C, Bottiroli G, Vairetti M. NAD(P)H and Flavin Autofluorescence Correlation with ATP in Rat Livers with Different Metabolic Steady-State Conditions. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1519-1524. [PMID: 28696576 DOI: 10.1111/php.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of NAD(P)H and flavin autofluorescence (AF) is at the basis of numerous investigations on energy metabolism. Nevertheless, the ability of these AF biomarkers to accurately represent the energy currency, ATP, is poorly explored. Here, we focused on the AF/ATP correlation in lean and fatty livers with different steady-state metabolic conditions, achieved after organ isolation, preservation and recovery, in a likely dependence on both liver intrinsic metabolic features and externally induced perturbations. Within these eventual, various conditions, a significant correlation was detected between liver NAD(P)H and flavin AF, measured via fiber-optic probe, and biochemical ATP data, strengthening AF as biomarker of energy metabolism in steady-state conditions for wide-ranging experimental and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pavia, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Internal Medicine and Therapy (IMT), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Internal Medicine and Therapy (IMT), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura G Di Pasqua
- Internal Medicine and Therapy (IMT), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Berardo
- Internal Medicine and Therapy (IMT), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bottiroli
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pavia, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Internal Medicine and Therapy (IMT), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Internal Medicine and Therapy (IMT), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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10
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Croce AC, Ferrigno A, Bertone V, Piccolini VM, Berardo C, Di Pasqua LG, Rizzo V, Bottiroli G, Vairetti M. Fatty liver oxidative events monitored by autofluorescence optical diagnosis: Comparison between subnormothermic machine perfusion and conventional cold storage preservation. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:668-682. [PMID: 27448628 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Livers with moderate steatosis are currently recruited as marginal organs to face donor shortage in transplantation, even though lipid excess and oxidative stress increase preservation injury risk. Sensitive, real-time detection of liver metabolism engagement could help donor selection and preservation procedures, ameliorating the graft outcome. Hence, we investigated endogenous biomolecules with autofluorescence (AF) properties as biomarkers supporting the detection of liver oxidative events and the assessment of metabolic responses to external stimuli. METHODS Livers from male Wistar rats fed a 12-day methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diet were subjected to AF spectrofluorometric analysis (fiber-optic probe, 366-nm excitation) before and after organ isolation, and following preservation (cold storage or 20°C machine perfusion) and reperfusion. RESULTS Innovative dynamic AF results on lipid oxidation to lipofuscin-like lipopigments, correlating with biochemical oxidative damage (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and antioxidant defense (glutathione) parameters, suggested lipid engagement in MCD livers counteracting reactive oxidizing species. The maintained MCD liver functionality was supported by limited changes in bilirubin AF spectral profile, reflecting bile composition balance, despite their intrinsic mitochondrial weakness, confirmed by adenosine 5'-triphosphate levels, and regardless of different preservation effects on energy metabolism revealed by conventional reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and flavin AF data. CONCLUSION Autofluorescence showed that, after a relatively short time on an MCD diet, livers are still able to face oxidizing events and maintain a functional balance. These results strengthen AF as a supportive diagnostic tool in experimental hepatology, to characterize marginal livers in real time, monitor their response to ischemia/reperfusion, and investigate protective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cleta Croce
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Biology and Biotechnology Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Internal Medicine and Therapy Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Bertone
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Maria Piccolini
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Berardo
- Internal Medicine and Therapy Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Vittoria Rizzo
- Molecular Medicine Department, University of Pavia and Istituto Ricovero e Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bottiroli
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Biology and Biotechnology Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Internal Medicine and Therapy Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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11
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Croce AC, Bottiroli G. Autofluorescence Spectroscopy for Monitoring Metabolism in Animal Cells and Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1560:15-43. [PMID: 28155143 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Excitation of biological substrates with light at a suitable wavelength can give rise to a light emission in the ultraviolet (UV)-visible, near-infrared (IR) spectral range, called autofluorescence (AF). This is a widespread phenomenon, ascribable to the general presence of biomolecules acting as endogenous fluorophores (EFs) in the organisms of the whole life kingdom. In cytochemistry and histochemistry, AF is often an unwanted signal enhancing the background and affecting in particular the detection of low signals or rare positive labeling spots of exogenous markers. Conversely, AF is increasingly considered as a powerful diagnostic tool because of its role as an intrinsic biomarker directly dependent on the nature, amount, and microenvironment of the EFs, in a strict relationship with metabolic processes and structural organization of cells and tissues. As a consequence, AF carries multiple information that can be decrypted by a proper analysis of the overall emission signal, allowing the characterization and monitoring of cell metabolism in situ, in real time and in the absence of perturbation from exogenous markers. In the animal kingdom, AF studies at the cellular level take advantage of the essential presence of NAD(P)H and flavins, primarily acting as coenzymes at multiple steps of common metabolic pathways for energy production, reductive biosynthesis and antioxidant defense. Additional EFs such as vitamin A, porphyrins, lipofuscins, proteins, and neuromediators can be detected in different kinds of cells and bulk tissues, and can be exploited as photophysical biomarkers of specific normal or altered morphofunctional properties, from the retinoid storage in the liver to aging processes, metabolic disorders or cell transformation processes. The AF phenomenon involves all living system, and literature reports numerous investigations and diagnostic applications of AF, taking advantage of continuously developing self-assembled or commercial instrumentation and measuring procedures, making almost impossible to provide their comprehensive description. Therefore a brief summary of the history of AF observations and of the development of measuring systems is provided, along with a description of the most common EFs and their metabolic significance. From our direct experience, examples of AF imaging and microspectrofluorometric procedures performed under a single excitation in the near-UV range for cell and tissue metabolism studies are then reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGM) - CNR, via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Bottiroli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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12
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Sell DR, Sun W, Gao X, Strauch C, Lachin JM, Cleary PA, Genuth S, Monnier VM. Skin collagen fluorophore LW-1 versus skin fluorescence as markers for the long-term progression of subclinical macrovascular disease in type 1 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:30. [PMID: 26864236 PMCID: PMC4750185 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin collagen Long Wavelength Fluorescence (LWF) is widely used as a surrogate marker for accumulation of advanced glycation end-products. Here we determined the relationship of LWF with glycemia, skin fluorescence, and the progression of complications during EDIC in 216 participants from the DCCT. METHODS LW-1 and collagen-linked fluorescence (CLF) were measured by either High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (LW-1) or total fluorescence of collagenase digests (CLF) in insoluble skin collagen extracted from skin biopsies obtained at the end of the DCCT (1993). Skin intrinsic fluorescence (SIF) was noninvasively measured on volar forearm skin at EDIC year 16 by the SCOUT DS instrument. RESULTS LW-1 levels significantly increased with age and diabetes duration (P < 0.0001) and significantly decreased by intensive vs. conventional glycemic therapy in both the primary (P < 0.0001) and secondary (P < 0.037) DCCT cohorts. Levels were associated with 13-16 year progression risk of retinopathy (>3 sustained microaneurysms, P = 0.0004) and albumin excretion rate (P = 0.0038), the latter despite adjustment for HbA1c. Comparative analysis for all three fluorescent measures for future risk of subclinical macrovascular disease revealed the following significant (P < 0.05) associations after adjusting for age, diabetes duration and HbA1c: coronary artery calcium with SIF and CLF; intima-media thickness with SIF and LW-1; and left ventricular mass with LW-1 and CLF. CONCLUSIONS LW-1 is a novel risk marker that is robustly and independently associated with the future progression of microvascular disease, intima-media thickness and left ventricular mass in type 1 diabetes. Trial registration NCT00360815 and NCT00360893 at clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Sell
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Bldg. 5-301, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Wanjie Sun
- Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Xiaoyu Gao
- Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Christopher Strauch
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Bldg. 5-301, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - John M Lachin
- Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Patricia A Cleary
- Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Saul Genuth
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | | | - Vincent M Monnier
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Bldg. 5-301, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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13
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In Situ Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Rat Fatty Liver Induced by a Methionine- and Choline-Deficient Diet. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9307064. [PMID: 26881047 PMCID: PMC4736780 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9307064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious health problem in developed countries. We documented the effects of feeding with a NAFLD-inducing, methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet, for 1-4 weeks on rat liver oxidative stress, with respect to a control diet. Glycogen, neutral lipids, ROS, peroxidated proteins, and SOD2 were investigated using histochemical procedures; ATP, GSH, and TBARS concentrations were investigated by biochemical dosages, and SOD2 expression was investigated by Western Blotting. In the 4-week-diet period, glycogen stores decreased whereas lipid droplets, ROS, and peroxidated proteins expression (especially around lipid droplets of hepatocytes) increased. SOD2 immunostaining decreased in poorly steatotic hepatocytes but increased in the thin cytoplasm of macrosteatotic cells; a trend towards a quantitative decrease of SOD expression in homogenates occurred after 3 weeks. ATP and GSH values were significantly lower for rats fed with the MCD diet with respect to the controls. An increase of TBARS in the last period of the diet is in keeping with the high ROS production and low antioxidant defense; these TBARS may promote protein peroxidation around lipid droplets. Since these proteins play key roles in lipid mobilization, storage, and metabolism, this last information appears significant, as it points towards a previously misconsidered target of NAFLD-associated oxidative stress that might be responsible for lipid dysfunction.
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14
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Piao D, Sultana N, Holyoak GR, Ritchey JW, Wall CR, Murray JK, Bartels KE. In vivo assessment of diet-induced rat hepatic steatosis development by percutaneous single-fiber spectroscopy detects scattering spectral changes due to fatty infiltration. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:117002. [PMID: 26538183 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.11.117002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study explores percutaneous single-fiber spectroscopy (SfS) of rat livers undergoing fatty infiltration. Eight test rats were fed a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet, and four control rats were fed a normal diet. Two test rats and one control rat were euthanized on days 12, 28, 49, and 77 following initiation of the diet, after percutaneous SfS of the liver under transabdominal ultrasound guidance. Histology of each set of the two euthanized test rats showed mild and mild hepatic lipid accumulations on day 12, moderate and severe on day 28, severe and mild on day 49, and moderate and mild on day 77. Livers with moderate or higher lipid accumulation generally presented higher spectral reflectance intensity when compared to lean livers. Livers of the eight test rats on day 12, two of which had mild lipid accumulation, revealed an average scattering power of 0.37±0.14 in comparison to 0.07±0.14 for the four control rats (p<0.01 ). When livers of the test rats with various levels of fatty infiltration were combined, the average scattering power was 0.36±0.15 0.36±0.15 in comparison to 0.14±0.24 of the control rats (0.05<p<0.1). Increasing lipid accumulation in concentration and size seemed to cause an increase of the scattering power prior to increasing total spectral reflectance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqing Piao
- Oklahoma State University, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 202 Engineering South, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Nigar Sultana
- Oklahoma State University, Graduate Program on Interdisciplinary Sciences, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - G Reed Holyoak
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 002 VTH, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Jerry W Ritchey
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Corey R Wall
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 002 VTH, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Jill K Murray
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 002 VTH, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Kenneth E Bartels
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 002 VTH, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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15
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Mittal A, de Reuver PR, Shanbhag S, Staerkle RF, Neale M, Thoo C, Hugh TJ, Gill AJ, Samra JS. Distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy, and celiac axis resection (DPS-CAR): Common hepatic arterial stump pressure should determine the need for arterial reconstruction. Surgery 2015; 157:811-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Croce AC, Bottiroli G. Autofluorescence spectroscopy and imaging: a tool for biomedical research and diagnosis. Eur J Histochem 2014; 58:2461. [PMID: 25578980 PMCID: PMC4289852 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2014.2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Native fluorescence, or autofluorescence (AF), consists in the emission of light in the UV-visible, near-IR spectral range when biological substrates are excited with light at suitable wavelength. This is a well-known phenomenon, and the strict relationship of many endogenous fluorophores with morphofunctional properties of the living systems, influencing their AF emission features, offers an extremely powerful resource for directly monitoring the biological substrate condition. Starting from the last century, the technological progresses in microscopy and spectrofluorometry were convoying attention of the scientific community to this phenomenon. In the future, the interest in the autofluorescence will certainly continue. Current instrumentation and analytical procedures will likely be overcome by the unceasing progress in new devices for AF detection and data interpretation, while a progress is expected in the search and characterization of endogenous fluorophores and their roles as intrinsic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the National Research Council, University of Pavia.
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