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Islam N, Zamir R, Faruque MO. Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Antidiabetic Herbal Preparations: A Safety Screening. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2024; 2024:6507185. [PMID: 39145043 PMCID: PMC11324365 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6507185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the human health risk of metals in locally consumed herbal preparations used to treat diabetes. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used after microwave-assisted digestion to mineralize the samples. Toxic metal assessment was done by adopting mathematical modeling for carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks in the exposed population and comparing the raw results with maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by regulatory authorities. Hazard quotient (HQ) values for Fe, Hg, Cu, Pb, and Zn were recorded above 1. Noncarcinogenic health risks remain in 29% of samples for Fe, 67% of samples for Hg, 17% of samples for Cu, 33% of samples for Pb, and 4% of samples for Zn. Hazard index (HI) values in 33% of samples were above 1. Carcinogenic risks for Pb, Cr, Cd, and Ni were higher than the acceptable limit (1 × 10-6). Carcinogenic health risks exist in 54% of samples for Pb, 58% of samples for Cr, 46% of samples for Cd, and 58% of samples for Ni. MRLs for metals were crossed in samples in varying degrees. This is a harrowing account and may put public health safety at risk. Considering these facts, there should be more investigation into toxic metals in other frequently marketed herbal drugs in the antidiabetic and other therapeutic classes. Pre- and postmarket monitoring strategies for the preparations should also be in place to ensure safe consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Islam
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
- Department of General Educational Development, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rausan Zamir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Omar Faruque
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
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Broad-Leaved Tree Growth Modulated by Industrial Air Pollution in the Northern Romania (Baia Mare Region). FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13050807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollutants over the last century have led to increased negative impacts on the environment, especially on forest ecosystems. In the Baia Mare region of Romania, the influence of pollution on the neighboring forests of the municipality has been reported since 1970, and its negative effects have been reported mainly in the form of reduced tree growth, which implies significant losses of wood biomass. The objective of this study is to analyze the temporal and spatial effect of industrial pollution on the auxological processes of beech trees in this region. Quantification of auxological changes was performed by analyzing the resilience, recovery and resistance indices. The most intense negative effect of local pollution with heavy metal dusts, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and sulfuric acid vapors, on the auxological processes of beech trees was found in the period 1960–1990, with a maximum in the period 1970–1980, when the mining activity was at its highest intensity. Beech trees responded to the negative effect of pollution by significantly reducing their growth during the period affected by local pollution, and after 1990 they resumed their auxological activity close to normal. In addition, it was noted that the index that best captures the effect of pollution over time is the resilience index. Tree growth resilience, recovery, and resistance assessment and analysis significantly contributes to our understanding of trees response to environment pollution more broadly creating also the base for strategic planning initiatives with valuable insight into the efforts of making the forests more resilient and resistant.
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Zeb J, Tahir H, Othman A, Habeebullah TM, Sayqal A, Assaggaf HM, Ahmed OB, Sultan M, Mohiuddin S, Masood SS, Mirza AZ, Hajira B. Geo-environmental approach to assess heavy metals around auto-body refinishing shops using bio-monitors. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08809. [PMID: 35111986 PMCID: PMC8790620 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The vehicular industry is looking for continuous challenges to develop the sustainability of its manufacturing, maintenance processes, and vehicle emissions due to marketability, environmental, economic, and policy concerns. The present study focuses on the impact of these processes on the environment. In Pakistan, most of the auto-body refinishing processes are carried out in an open atmosphere. The shades of Azadirachta indica (Neem Tree) are generally used for the outdoor practice of scrapping, grinding, and painting in auto-body refinishing shops of Pakistan. Azadirachta indica leaves were selected as bio-indicator. For the present work, 26 affected sites and 10 control sites were selected from Karachi city, which is the financial hub and biggest city of Pakistan. Concentrations of different metals (Fe, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A geographic information system (GIS) is used to present the variation in concentrations within Karachi city. The only positive correlation was observed in Pb and Mn (0.750). Principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to identify the anthropogenic effect between auto-body refinishing areas and control areas. Almost all analyzed metals show higher concentration at affected sites but Pb (87.14 mg/kg), Mn (46.47 mg/kg) and Fe (146.95 mg/kg) were leading the values, as compared to their concentration at control sites, Pb (48.83 mg/kg), Mn (15.23 mg/kg) and Fe (43.07 mg/kg). All analyzed metals are frequently present in different color pigments, whereas Pb, Mn, and Fe may also come from other sources, like the anti-knocking agent, vehicular exhaust, and scraping of car surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahan Zeb
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm-Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hajira Tahir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Othman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Umm-Al-Qura University, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M Habeebullah
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm-Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Sayqal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm-Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamza M Assaggaf
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm-Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia.,The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research at Al-Madinah Branch, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar B Ahmed
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm-Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Sultan
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Bibi Hajira
- Department of Physiology, University of Karachi, Pakistan
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Trujillo-González JM, Zapata-Muñoz YL, Torres-Mora MA, García-Navarro FJ, Jiménez-Ballesta R. Assessment of urban environmental quality through the measurement of lead in bryophytes: case study in a medium-sized city. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:3131-3139. [PMID: 32152799 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of bryophytes as an indicator of environmental quality has been addressed on numerous occasions and in different places of the world under a variety of conditions. However, in Latin America their use is still limited. In the study described here, the presence and distribution of the bioaccumulation of lead in bryophytes has been evaluated in both contaminated and uncontaminated sites in Villavicencio (Colombia) and its surroundings. Villavicencio is a medium-sized city that is similar in size to many other cities in Latin America. A total of 52 samples of bryophytes were collected, of which 43 belong to points distributed in urban areas of the city (residential, commercial, highway), and the remaining nine are from uncontaminated areas (reference) taken in the surroundings of the city. The samples were treated with acid (nitric and hydrochloric) and subsequently measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. It was found that Pb concentrations in the commercial sector are between 1 and 6 times higher than in the residential and highway sectors. Spatial distribution maps of lead over the sampled territory were created using Arc-GIS 10.1. It is noteworthy that the values obtained are higher than those found in European cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Trujillo-González
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales de la Orinoquia Colombiana ICAOC, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad de los Llanos, Campus Barcelona, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | - Yair Leandro Zapata-Muñoz
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales de la Orinoquia Colombiana ICAOC, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad de los Llanos, Campus Barcelona, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | - Marco Aurelio Torres-Mora
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales de la Orinoquia Colombiana ICAOC, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad de los Llanos, Campus Barcelona, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | - Francisco Jesús García-Navarro
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta
- Departamento de Geología y Geoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Blount RJ, Pascopella L, Barry P, Zabner J, Stapleton EM, Flood J, Balmes J, Nahid P, Catanzaro DG. Residential urban tree canopy is associated with decreased mortality during tuberculosis treatment in California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134580. [PMID: 32000313 PMCID: PMC6995452 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trees can sequester air pollutants, and air pollution is associated with poor tuberculosis outcomes. However, the health impacts of urban trees on tuberculosis patients are unknown. To elucidate the effects of urban tree canopy on mortality during tuberculosis treatment, we evaluated patients diagnosed with active tuberculosis in California from 2000 through 2012, obtaining patient data from the California tuberculosis registry. Our primary outcome was all-cause mortality during tuberculosis treatment. We determined percent tree cover using 1 mresolution color infrared orthoimagery categorized into land cover classes, then linked tree cover to four circular buffer zones of 50-300 m radii around patient residential addresses. We used the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate survival probabilities and Cox regression models to determine mortality hazard ratios, adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical covariates. Our cohort included 33,962 tuberculosis patients of median age 47, 59% male, 51% unemployed, and 4.9% HIV positive. Tuberculosis was microbiologically confirmed in 79%, and 1.17% were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Median tree cover was 7.9% (50 m buffer). Patients were followed for 23,280 person-years with 2370 deaths during tuberculosis treatment resulting in a crude mortality rate of 1018 deaths per 10,000 person-years. Increasing tree cover quintiles were associated with decreasing mortality risk during tuberculosis treatment in all buffers, and the magnitude of association decreased incrementally with increasing buffer radius: In the 50 m buffer, patients living in neighborhoods with the highest quintile tree cover experienced a 22% reduction in mortality (HR 0.78, 95%CI 0.68-0.90) compared to those living in lowest quintile tree cover; whereas for 100, 200, and 300 m buffers, a 21%, 13%, and 11% mortality risk reduction was evident. In conclusion, urban tree canopy was associated with decreased mortality during tuberculosis treatment even after adjusting for multiple demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical factors, suggesting that trees might play a role in improving tuberculosis outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Blount
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Lisa Pascopella
- Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Pennan Barry
- Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Zabner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Emma M Stapleton
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jennifer Flood
- Tuberculosis Control Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - John Balmes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Payam Nahid
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Donald G Catanzaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Rajfur M. Assessment of the possibility of using deciduous tree bark as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution of atmospheric aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:35945-35956. [PMID: 31709484 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to assess the possibility to use deciduous tree bark in the biomonitoring of urban areas. The tree bark taken from various deciduous tree species growing in the Opole Province (south-western Poland) was used for the research. The bark was collected from tree trunks in the period of June 2-26, 2017. Concentrations of the heavy metals were determined in the barks by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). On the basis of the research, it was determined that type of tree, distance from pollution source, elevation off the ground and the side of trunk from which bark was sampled all influence the research results. A comparison of the values of coefficient of variation CV demonstrated that the bark Quercus robur and Betula pendula is more heterogeneous, e.g. for Fe CVQuercus robur is 48.0 % and CVBetula pendula = 42.3 %, compared to Fagus sylvatica (CVFe = 22.6%). In order to limit the influence of environmental factors (e.g. air movement caused by vehicles and pedestrians) on the samples pollution level with analytes, it seems that the optimum level for collecting the samples is 1.5-2.0 m. It was demonstrated that deciduous tree bark can be used as bioindicator in assessing the pollution of atmospheric aerosol by heavy metals, due to its occurrence in urban areas. However, it is important to validate all stages of the analysis procedure that uses deciduous tree bark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Rajfur
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Opole, ul. kard. B. Kominka 6, 45-032, Opole, Poland.
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Alatou H, Sahli L. Using tree leaves and barks collected from contaminated and uncontaminated areas as indicators of air metallic pollution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 21:985-997. [PMID: 31016999 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1583723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to show the usefulness of woody species in assessing air pollution by cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc. For this, washed leaves, unwashed leaves, and barks of a coniferous species (Cupressus sempervirens var. fastigiata) and a broadleaved one (Eucalyptus cladocalyx F. Muell) were analyzed for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc contents. A transect sampling approach was carried out during spring 2016. Fifty stations were selected along an intensive traffic road, and three in a control area. The results showed that the highest concentrations were recorded in barks for copper (21.86 µg/g, 23.33 µg/g) and lead (14.53 µg/g, 63.33 µg/g), and in unwashed leaves for cadmium (0.57 µg/g, 1.19 µg/g) and zinc (48.94 µg/g, 47.6 µg/g) for E. cladocalyx F. Muell, and C. sempervirens var. fastigiata, respectively. Lead and zinc are the most accumulated metals compared to cadmium and copper in all samples. The studied metal contents in urban area were significantly higher than that of the control one. This represents that traffic road has influenced the metals contamination of the surrounding area. Results of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) for both species indicate that the studied species could be used as biomonitors to identify ecological problems and to predict effect on wildlife habitats. The highest values of metal accumulation index (MAI) indicate the effectiveness of these trees for controlling the air metals in the polluted areas. Result shows too that the studied species could be used for phytoextraction of heavy metals from the polluted soils and/or air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Alatou
- a Laboratory of Biology and Environment, University Mentouri Brothers-Constantine1 , Constantine , Algeria
| | - Leila Sahli
- a Laboratory of Biology and Environment, University Mentouri Brothers-Constantine1 , Constantine , Algeria
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Nuić I, Trgo M, Vukojević Medvidović N, Ugrina M. A Mass Transfer Analysis of Competitive Binding of Pb, Cd, and Zn from Binary Systems onto a Fixed Zeolite Bed. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030426. [PMID: 30717242 PMCID: PMC6388295 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The low-cost natural zeolite clinoptilolite was successfully applied for the competitive removal of Pb, Cd, and Zn from binary (Pb + Zn) and (Cd + Zn) aqueous solutions at different Pb/Zn and Cd/Zn concentration ratios. The obtained efficiency was in the range of 79.0⁻85.0%, and was similar for both systems, indicating that no loss in capacity was observed for six successive sorption-desorption cycles. In both systems, after the breakthrough, competition between the ions occurs, leading to overshooting in the Zn's initial concentration, indicating displacement of already-bound Zn with Pb and Cd from the feeding solutions. The Zn exceeded its initial concentration up to 2.3 times in the presence of Pb, and up to 1.2 times in the presence of Cd. The film diffusion was pronounced as the slowest step responsible for the overall process rate. The overall mass transfer coefficient (Ka) shows higher values for the (Cd + Zn) system compared to the (Pb + Zn) one due to reduced competition and ions migration. An SEM-EDS analysis confirmed a higher amount of bound Pb and Cd compared to Zn, and a mapping analysis revealed the equal distribution of all ions onto the zeolite surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Nuić
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Marina Trgo
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
| | | | - Marin Ugrina
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
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Amato-Lourenco LF, Lobo DJA, Guimarães ET, Moreira TCL, Carvalho-Oliveira R, Saiki M, Saldiva PHN, Mauad T. Biomonitoring of genotoxic effects and elemental accumulation derived from air pollution in community urban gardens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:1438-1444. [PMID: 27720253 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Urban gardening is a growing global phenomenon with a positive impact on society. Despite several associated benefits, growing vegetables in urban gardens that are localized in highly polluted areas poses questions about the safety of the produced food. Therefore, the identification of risk factors that result in possible deleterious effects to human health is important for realizing all of the benefits to society. We evaluated the use of two biomonitoring methods in ten urban gardens of Sao Paulo city and one control site: the micronuclei frequencies for early tetrads of Tradescantia pallida (Rose) Hunt. cv. "Purpurea" Boom (hereafter, Trad-MCN) as a short-term indicator of genotoxic response and tree barks to quantify the accumulation of traffic-related chemical elements as a long-term biomarker of air pollution in urban gardens. Mature plants of Tradescantia pallida were exposed in each garden, and their inflorescences were sampled over three months. A random set of 300 early tetrads in 13 to 21 slides per garden were evaluated for micronuclei frequencies. Elemental concentrations in 428 tree barks samples from 107 different trees in the areas surrounding urban gardens were quantified using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The frequency of Trad-MCN has a significant correlation with traffic variables and chemical elements related to road dust and tailpipe emissions deposited in tree barks. Negative associations between Trad-MCN and both the distance through traffic and the presence of vertical obstacles were observed in the community gardens. The Mn/Zn concentrations in tree barks were associated with increased Trad-MCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Fernando Amato-Lourenco
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Study Group on Urban Agriculture, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Sao Paulo (IEA), Brazil.
| | - Debora Jã A Lobo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane T Guimarães
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mitiko Saiki
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN-CNEN/SP - Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Study Group on Urban Agriculture, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Sao Paulo (IEA), Brazil
| | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Study Group on Urban Agriculture, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Sao Paulo (IEA), Brazil
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Tembeni B, Oyedeji OO, Ejidike IP, Oyedeji AO. Evaluation of Trace Metal Profile in Cymbopogon validus and Hyparrhenia hirta Used as Traditional Herbs from Environmentally Diverse Region of Komga, South Africa. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2016; 2016:9293165. [PMID: 27795868 PMCID: PMC5067313 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9293165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
FAAS was used for the analysis of trace metals in fresh and dry plant parts of Cymbopogon validus and Hyparrhenia hirta species with the aim of determining the trace metals concentrations in selected traditional plants consumed in Eastern Cape, South Africa. The trace metal concentration (mg/kg) in the samples of dry Cymbopogon validus leaves (DCVL) showed Cu of 12.40 ± 1.000; Zn of 2.42 ± 0.401; Fe of 2.50 ± 0.410; Mn of 1.31 ± 0.210; Pb of 3.36 ± 0.401 mg/kg, while the samples of fresh Hyparrhenia hirta flowers (FHHF) gave Cu of 9.77 ± 0.610; Zn of 0.70 ± 0.200; Fe of 2.11 ± 0.200; Mn of 1.15 ± 0.080; Pb of 3.15 ± 0.100 mg/kg. Abundance of metal concentrations follows the order: Cu > Fe > Pb > Mn > Zn in the flower samples of Cymbopogon validus and Hyparrhenia hirta species. The concentrations of trace metals in both plant parts were below the permissible limits (PL) set by WHO. It is suggested that pharmacovigilance be carried out periodically to improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of various herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babalwa Tembeni
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P.O. Box X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P.O. Box X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Ikechukwu P. Ejidike
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P.O. Box X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Adebola O. Oyedeji
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5099, South Africa
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