1
|
Palakornkitti P, Rattananukrom T. Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Induced by Diosmin and Hesperidin: A Case Report. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17:1127-1132. [PMID: 38770090 PMCID: PMC11104364 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s464672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a severe cutaneous adverse reaction which exhibits a diverse range of presentations. We described a 48-year-old man diagnosed with acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP)-like DRESS following the administration of diosmin and hesperidin. To our knowledge, diosmin and hesperidin-induced DRESS are exceptionally rare. This aims to raise awareness of potential severe cutaneous side effects in patients taking these agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasita Palakornkitti
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Rattananukrom
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mirzaei M, Moosavi M, Mansouri E, Mohtadi S, Khodayar MJ. Diosmin exerts hepatoprotective and antihyperglycemic effects against sodium arsenite-induced toxicity through the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation in mice. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 78:127154. [PMID: 36934613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure to high concentrations of inorganic arsenic (NaAsO2) in drinking water is related to an increase in the risk of liver toxicity and diabetes. Diosmin has various pharmacological properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of diosmin on diabetes and hepatotoxicity caused by NaAsO2. METHODS Sixty male 8-week-old NMRI mice, weighing 25 ± 2 g, were randomly selected and put into six groups. The control (Group 1) was treated orally with distilled water, group 2 was treated with diosmin (100 mg/kg, p.o), group 3 received NaAsO2 (10 mg/kg, p.o), and groups 4, 5, 6 received diosmin (25, 50, 100 mg/kg, p.o), respectively and NaAsO2 (10 mg/kg, p.o). After 29 days, fasting blood sugar (FBS) measurement and glucose tolerance test were done. The mice were sacrificed on day 31, and blood and tissue (liver and pancreas) samples were taken. Then, serum and tissue samples were studied for biochemical and histological evaluations. RESULTS The results demonstrated that diosmin ameliorated glucose intolerance and decreased FBS compared to the NaAsO2 group. Diosmin (50 and 100 mg/kg) improved the serum factors of liver function (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase) in the groups receiving NaAsO2. Moreover, increased levels of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in liver tissue induced by NaAsO2 were diminished by diosmin treatment. Administration of diosmin increased total thiol and enzymatic activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in liver tissue. Furthermore, treatment with diosmin reduced the increase in protein amount of Sirtuin 3 and nuclear factor kappa B in the groups receiving NaAsO2. Also, the liver and pancreas histological lesions induced by NaAsO2 were attenuated by diosmin treatment. CONCLUSION Diosmin has a preventive effect against hepatotoxicity and diabetes induced by NaAsO2 in mice through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melika Mirzaei
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Moosavi
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esrafil Mansouri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shokooh Mohtadi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Khodayar
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sil S, Das A, Seal I, Mukherjee S, Roy S. A toxicological evaluation for safety assessment of ruthenium-based diosmetin complex in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 137:105303. [PMID: 36427689 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The flavonoid-based organometallic complexes have been identified as novel bioactive compounds with enhanced pharmacological and therapeutic activity. In this study, the ruthenium-p-cymene diosmetin complex was synthesized, characterized, and investigated for toxicological profiling through different toxicological and genotoxicological studies which include acute and sub-acute toxicity, chromosomal aberration, and bone marrow micronucleus study. The acute oral toxicity study demonstrated the LD50 dose of the complex at 500 mg/kg body weight which further instigated the sub-acute doses i.e. 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. The histopathological analysis demonstrated that the 400 mg/kg dose was associated with severe toxicological incidences of the vital organs (liver, kidney, pancreas, testis, and stomach) except the ovary with increased levels of ALP, AST, ALT, and WBC count. However, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg doses did not show any toxicological alteration and maintained the normal levels of hematological and serum biochemical parameters. The genotoxicological assessment of the complex depicted no such genetic damage or mutagenicity in any complex treated groups. In conclusion, the 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg doses were determined as therapeutic dose of the novel ruthenium-p-cymene diosmetin complex without any genotoxic and mutagenic potential which can be further implemented in the investigation of various pharmacological and therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidhanta Sil
- Department of Pharmacy, NSHM Knowledge Campus Kolkata-Group of Institution, 124, B.L. Saha Road, Tara Park, Behala, 700053, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhijit Das
- Department of Pharmacy, NSHM Knowledge Campus Kolkata-Group of Institution, 124, B.L. Saha Road, Tara Park, Behala, 700053, West Bengal, India
| | - Ishita Seal
- Department of Pharmacy, NSHM Knowledge Campus Kolkata-Group of Institution, 124, B.L. Saha Road, Tara Park, Behala, 700053, West Bengal, India
| | - Swarupananda Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacy, NSHM Knowledge Campus Kolkata-Group of Institution, 124, B.L. Saha Road, Tara Park, Behala, 700053, West Bengal, India
| | - Souvik Roy
- Department of Pharmacy, NSHM Knowledge Campus Kolkata-Group of Institution, 124, B.L. Saha Road, Tara Park, Behala, 700053, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anton IC, Mititelu-Tartau L, Popa EG, Poroch M, Poroch V, Pelin AM, Pavel LL, Drochioi IC, Botnariu GE. Zinc Chloride Enhances the Antioxidant Status, Improving the Functional and Structural Organic Disturbances in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:1620. [PMID: 36363577 PMCID: PMC9695737 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58111620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex disease affecting the whole metabolic balance of the body and resulting in multiple organ complications: cardiovascular, neuronal, renal, etc. Our study focuses on investigating the effect of zinc chloride (Zn) on certain blood parameters suggestive for assessing the metabolic disturbances, the liver and kidney function, the oxidative stress and the immune defense capacity in experimental-induced DM with streptozotocin (STZ) and cholesterol in rats. Materials and Methods: The animals were assigned to three groups, as follows: Group 1 (Control): buffer citrate solution 0.1 mL/100 g body; Group 2 (STZ): 20 mg/kg body STZ and fat diet (10 g cholesterol/100 g diet); Group 3 (STZ+Zn): 20 mg/kg body STZ + 5 mg/kg body Zn chloride and the same fat diet. DM was induced by administering STZ in a single take daily, for three consecutive days, Zn and citrate buffer were administered orally for a month. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University 'Grigore T Popa' Iasi, in agreement with the International Regulations about the handling of laboratory animals. Results: The use of STZ in rats fed with cholesterol was correlated with important weight gain, hyperglycemia, the intensification of the transaminases activity and the increase in serum alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, creatinine and in malondialdehyde. Conclusions: The treatment with Zn resulted in weight loss and a decrease in blood sugar in diabetic rats. Supplementation with Zn notably reduced oxidative stress, preserved the pancreatic architecture and restored the liver and kidney function and structure in STZ-induced DM in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Claudia Anton
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii St. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Liliana Mititelu-Tartau
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii St. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Eliza Gratiela Popa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii St. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Poroch
- Department of Family Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii St. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Vladimir Poroch
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii St. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Pelin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunărea de Jos’ University, 800010 Galați, Romania
| | - Liliana Lacramioara Pavel
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunărea de Jos’ University, 800010 Galați, Romania
| | - Ilie Cristian Drochioi
- Surgical Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gina Eosefina Botnariu
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disease, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii St. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Optimization of Lipid Nanoparticles by Response Surface Methodology to Improve the Ocular Delivery of Diosmin: Characterization and In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Assessment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091961. [PMID: 36145708 PMCID: PMC9506089 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diosmin is a flavonoid with a great variety of biological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ones. Its cytoprotective effect in retinal pigment epithelium cells under high glucose conditions makes it a potential support in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Despite its benefits, poor solubility in water reduces its potential for therapeutic use, making it the biggest biopharmaceutical challenge. The design of diosmin-loaded nanocarriers for topical ophthalmic application represents a novelty that has not been yet explored. For this purpose, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), compatible for ocular administration, to encapsulate diosmin and improve its physicochemical issues. NLCs were prepared by a simple and scalable technique: a melt emulsification method followed by ultrasonication. The experimental design was composed of four independent variables (solid lipid concentration, liquid lipid concentration, surfactant concentration and type of solid lipid). The effect of the factors was assessed on NLC size and PDI (responses) by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimized formulation was selected according to the desirability function (0.993). Diosmin at two different concentrations (80 and 160 µM) was encapsulated into NLCs. Drug-loaded nanocarriers (D-NLCs) were subjected to a physicochemical and technological investigation revealing a mean particle size of 83.58 ± 0.77 nm and 82.21 ± 1.12 nm, respectively for the D-NLC formulation prepared with diosmin at the concentration of 80 µM or 160 µM, and a net negative surface charge (−18.5 ± 0.60 and −18.0 ± 1.18, respectively for the two batches). The formulations were analyzed in terms of pH (6.5), viscosity, and adjusted for osmolarity, making them more compatible with the ocular environment. Subsequently, stability studies were carried out to assess D-NLC behavior under different storage conditions up to 60 days, indicating a good stability of NLC samples at room temperature. In-vitro studies on ARPE-19 cells confirmed the cytocompatibility of NLCs with retinal epithelium. The effect of D-NLCs was also evaluated in-vitro on a model of retinal inflammation, demonstrating the cytoprotective effect of D-NLCs at various concentrations. RSM was found to be a reliable model to optimize NLCs for diosmin encapsulation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pharmacology of Diosmin, a Citrus Flavone Glycoside: An Updated Review. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 47:1-18. [PMID: 34687440 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-021-00731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are phytochemicals that are well known for their beneficial pharmacological properties. Diosmin is a flavone glycoside derived from hesperidin, a flavanone abundantly found in citrus fruits. Daflon is an oral phlebotonic flavonoid combination containing diosmin and hesperidin (9:1) that is commonly used for the management of blood vessel disorders. After oral administration, diosmin is converted to diosmetin, which is subsequently absorbed and esterified into glucuronide conjugates that are excreted in the urine. Pharmacological effects of diosmin have been investigated in several in vitro and in vivo studies, and it was found to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antifibrotic effects in different disease models. Diosmin also demonstrated multiple desirable properties in several clinical studies. Moreover, toxicological studies showed that diosmin has a favorable safety profile. Accordingly, diosmin is a potential effective and safe treatment for many diseases. However, diosmin exhibits inhibitory effects on different metabolic enzymes. This encourages the investigation of its potential therapeutic effect and safety in different diseases in clinical trials, while taking potential interactions into consideration.
Collapse
|
7
|
Nazir N, Zahoor M, Nisar M, Khan I, Ullah R, Alotaibi A. Antioxidants Isolated from Elaeagnus umbellata (Thunb.) Protect against Bacterial Infections and Diabetes in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154464. [PMID: 34361617 PMCID: PMC8348310 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in resistance of microbes against conventional drugs is currently a hot issue, whereas diabetes is another main cause of mortalities encountered throughout the world after cancer and heart attacks. New drug sources in the form of plants are investigated to get effective drugs for the mentioned diseases with minimum side effects. Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. is a medicinal plant used for the management of stress related disorders like diabetes and other health complications. The active constituents of the chloroform extract derived from E. umbellata berries was isolated by silica gel column chromatography which were identified as morin, phloroglucinol, and 1-hexyl benzene through various spectroscopic techniques (electron ionization mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy). The possible protective effects (antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activity) of isolated compounds were evaluated using reported methods. Morin exhibited strong in vitro antiradical potential against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals along with prominent antibacterial activities against selected bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis). Among the isolated compounds the more potent one (morin) was assessed for its in vivo antidiabetic potential in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. The in vivo effects observed were further confirmed in ex vivo experiments where the effect of isolated compound on antioxidant enzyme like glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total content of reduced glutathione (GSH), % DPPH inhibition, and the lipid peroxidation MDA (Malondialdehyde) level in pancreatic tissues homogenates were evaluated. In vivo morin at tested doses (2, 10, 15, 30 and 50 mg/kg body weight) significantly restored the alterations in the levels of fasting blood glucose level and body weight loss along with significant decrease in levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, HbA1c level, and significantly increased the high-density lipoprotein in diabetic rats. Morin also effectively ameliorated the hepatic enzymes, and renal functions like serum creatinine. Morin significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme like GPx activity, GSH content, and % DPPH inhibition activity, while reduced the lipid peroxidation MDA (malondialdehyde) level in pancreatic tissues homogenates, and modification of histopathological changes in diabetic rats. Morin exhibited high antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic potentials as compared to phloroglucinol and 1-hexyl benzene, that could, therefore, be considered as a promising therapeutic agent to treat diabetes mellitus and bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nausheen Nazir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: authors: (M.Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Mohammad Nisar
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Anbar 94604, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amal Alotaibi
- Basic Science Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: authors: (M.Z.); (A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chung S, Kim H, Choi H, Park JH, Hwang J. Comparative study of the effects of diosmin and diosmetin on fat accumulation, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance in mice fed a high-fat high-sucrose diet. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5976-5984. [PMID: 33282249 PMCID: PMC7684606 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of diosmin and its aglycone, diosmetin, on body weight, liver fat, serum cholesterol, and glucose intolerance in male C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 12 weeks. The mice were divided into four groups that received the following diets: normal diet (ND), HFHS diet, HFHS diet with 0.5% diosmin, and HFHS diet with 0.5% diosmetin. The body weight increased significantly in the HFHS diet group but decreased significantly in the HFHS diet with 0.5% diosmin group. The diosmin and diosmetin treatment inhibited fat accumulation in liver and epididymal tissues, and improved glucose intolerance by lowering glucose levels during a glucose tolerance test; these effects were greater in the diosmin group than those in the diosmetin group. Furthermore, only diosmin significantly ameliorated dyslipidemia, by reducing TC and LDL-C levels, while diosmetin had little effect on these parameters. Taken together, the results showed that diosmin and diosmetin can prevent fat accumulation and glucose intolerance; however, diosmin was more effective and also showed an antidyslipidemic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Chung
- Korea Food Research InstituteWanju‐gunRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyo‐Jin Kim
- Korea Food Research InstituteWanju‐gunRepublic of Korea
- Department of Food BiotechnologyUniversity of Science & TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Jae Ho Park
- Korea Food Research InstituteWanju‐gunRepublic of Korea
| | - Jin‐Taek Hwang
- Korea Food Research InstituteWanju‐gunRepublic of Korea
- Department of Food BiotechnologyUniversity of Science & TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Diosmin ameliorates inflammation, insulin resistance, and fibrosis in an experimental model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 401:115101. [PMID: 32512072 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
10
|
Motloung DM, Mashele SS, Matowane GR, Swain SS, Bonnet SL, Noreljaleel AEM, Oyedemi SO, Chukwuma CI. Synthesis, characterization, antidiabetic and antioxidative evaluation of a novel Zn(II)-gallic acid complex with multi-facet activity. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1412-1426. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study was done to synthesize a novel Zn(II)-gallic acid complex with improved antidiabetic and antioxidative properties.
Methods
The complex was synthesized and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and 1H NMR. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using Chang liver cells and L6 myotubes. Radical scavenging and Fe3+-reducing, as well as α-glucosidase, α-amylase and glycation inhibitory properties were measured. Glucose uptake was measured in L6 myotubes, while the complex was docked against glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) and protein kinase B (PKB).
Key findings
Analysis showed that complexation occurred through a Zn(O4) coordination; thus, the complex acquired two moieties of gallic acid, which suggests why complexation increased the DPPH (IC50 = 48.2 µm) and ABTS (IC50 = 12.7 µm) scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory (IC50 = 58.5 µm) properties of gallic acid by several folds (5.5, 3.6 and 2.7 folds; IC50 = 8.79, 3.51 and 21.5 µm, respectively). Zn(II) conferred a potent dose-dependent glucose uptake activity (EC50 = 9.17 µm) on gallic acid, without reducing the viability of L6 myotubes and hepatocytes. Docking analysis showed the complex had stronger interaction with insulin signalling proteins (GLUT-4 and PKB) than its precursor.
Conclusions
Data suggest that complexation of Zn(II) with gallic acid resulted in a complex with improved and multi-facet antioxidative and glycaemic control properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denice M Motloung
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - Samson S Mashele
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - Godfrey R Matowane
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - Shasank S Swain
- Division of Microbiology and NCDs, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Susanna L Bonnet
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Anwar E M Noreljaleel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Sunday O Oyedemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - Chika I Chukwuma
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A comprehensive review on zinc(II) complexes as anti-diabetic agents: The advances, scientific gaps and prospects. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104744. [PMID: 32156651 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zinc has gained notable attention in the development of potent anti-diabetic agents, due to its role in insulin storage and secretion, as well as its reported insulin mimetic properties. Consequently, zinc(II) has been complexed with numerous organic ligands as an adjuvant to develop anti-diabetic agents with improved and/or broader scope of pharmacological properties. This review focuses on the research advances thus far to identify the major scientific gaps and prospects. Peer-reviewed published data on the anti-diabetic effects of zinc(II) complexes were sourced from different scientific search engines, including, but not limited to "PubMed", "Google Scholar", "Scopus" and ScienceDirect to identify potent anti-diabetic zinc(II) complexes. The complexes were subcategorized according to their precursor ligands. A critical analysis of the outcomes from published studies shows promising leads, with Zn(II) complexes having a "tri-facet" mode of exerting pharmacological effects. However, the promising leads have been flawed by some major scientific gaps. While zinc(II) complexes of synthetic ligands with little or no anti-diabetic pharmacological history remain the most studied (about 72 %), their toxicity profile was not reported, which raises safety concerns for clinical relevance. The zinc(II) complexes of plant polyphenols; natural ligands, such as maltol and hinokitiol; and supplements, such as ascorbic acid (a natural antioxidant), l-threonine and l-carnitine, showed promising insulin mimetic and glycemic control properties but remain understudied and lack clinical validation, in spite of their minimal safety concerns and health benefits. A paradigm shift toward probing (including clinical studies) supplements, plant polyphenol and natural ligands as anti-diabetic zinc(II) complex is, therefore, recommended. Also, promising anti-diabetic Zn(II) complexes of synthetic ligands should undergo critical toxicity evaluation to address possible safety concerns.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kataria R, Khatkar A. In-silico Designing, ADMET Analysis, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Derivatives of Diosmin Against Urease Protein and Helicobacter pylori Bacterium. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 19:2658-2675. [PMID: 31724503 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191114123452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Designing drug candidates against the urease enzyme, which has been found responsible for many pathological disorders in human beings as well as in animals, was done by insilico means. METHODS Studies were carried out on a designed library of diosmin derivatives with the help of Schrodinger's maestro package of molecular docking software against a crystallographic complex of plant enzyme Jack bean urease (PDB ID: 3LA4). Best twelve derivatives of diosmin were selected for synthesis by considering their interaction energy along with docking score and were further investigated for antioxidant, urease inhibitory and Anti-H. pylori activity by in- vitro method along with ADMET analysis. RESULTS In-vitro results of series concluded compounds D2a, D2d and D7 (IC50 12.6 ± 0.002, 14.14 ± 0.001 and 15.64 ± 0.012 µM respectively in urease inhibition and 5.195 ± 0.036, 5.39 ± 0.020 and 5.64± 0.005 µM in antioxidant behavior against DPPH) were found to be significantly potent with excellent docking score -11.721, -10.795, -10.188 and binding energy -62.674, -63.352, -56.267 kJ/ mol as compared to standard drugs thiourea and acetohydroxamic acid (-3.459, -3.049 and -21.156 kJ/mol and - 17.454 kJ/mol) whereas compounds D2b, D5b, D5d and D6 were found moderate in urease inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION Selected candidates from the outcome of in-vitro urease inhibitory were further examined for anti- H. pylori activity by a well diffusion method against H. pylori bacterium (DSM 4867). Compound D2a showed good anti-H. Pylori activity with a zone of inhibition 10.00 ± 0.00 mm and MIC value 500µg/mL as compared to standard drug acetohydroxamic acid having a zone of inhibition 9.00 ± 0.50mm and MIC 1000µg/mL. In- silico studies played an important role in designing the potent ligands against urease protein as well as in explaining the binding pattern of designed and synthesized ligand within the active pocket of jack bean urease protein. ADMET studies were also carried out to check the drug similarity of designed compounds by the means of quikprop module of molecular docking software. Hence, the present investigation studies will provide a new vision for the discovery of potent agents against H. pylori and urease associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Kataria
- International Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Anurag Khatkar
- Laboratory for Prevention Technology and Enzyme Inhibition Studies, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ali TM, Abo-Salem OM, El Esawy BH, El Askary A. The Potential Protective Effects of Diosmin on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Rats. Am J Med Sci 2019; 359:32-41. [PMID: 31902439 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a nonischemic myocardial disorder characterized by metabolic disturbances and oxidative stress in diabetic patients. The present paper aims to determine the protective effect of the phlebotrophic drug, diosmin, on DCM in a model of high-fat diet-fed and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in the rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS The animals were divided into 4 groups (8 rats/group) as follows: vehicle-treated nondiabetic control group, vehicle-treated diabetic group, diosmin (50 mg/kg)-treated diabetic group and diosmin (100 mg/kg)-treated diabetic group. Treatment was given once daily orally by gavage for 6 weeks. Oxidant and antioxidant stress markers, inflammatory markers and proapoptotic and antiapoptotic gene expression using quantified real-time polymerase chain reaction were investigated. RESULTS Diosmin treatment in diabetic rats lowered elevated blood glucose levels, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, cardiac creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes, cardiac malondialdehyde and nitric oxide. Moreover, diosmin increased plasma insulin and c-peptide levels, cardiac glutathione content, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities. Also, diosmin treatment significantly (P < 0.05) lowered the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), down-regulated cardiac Bcl-2-associated X protein and caspase 3 and 9 and up-regulated B-cell lymphoma 2 mRNA expression levels. CONCLUSIONS Diosmin may have a sizeable therapeutic potential in the treatment of DCM due to antidiabetic, antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. Detailed studies are needed to disclose the precise mechanisms motivating the protective effect of diosmin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Mohamed Ali
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt & Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Osama M Abo-Salem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr-City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basem Hassan El Esawy
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El Askary
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine (New Damietta), Al Azhar University, Nasr-City, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nazir N, Zahoor M, Nisar M, Khan I, Karim N, Abdel-Halim H, Ali A. Phytochemical analysis and antidiabetic potential of Elaeagnus umbellata (Thunb.) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: pharmacological and computational approach. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:332. [PMID: 30545352 PMCID: PMC6293591 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The fruit of Elaeagnus umbellata has high medicinal values and is an excellent source of phytochemicals. This study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and antidiabetic potential of Elaeagnus umbellata. Methods The antioxidant potential of the crude extract and subfractions of E. umbellata fruit were determined using DPPH (2, 20-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2, 2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays. The enzyme inhibitory potentials of extracts against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes were also determined. The in vivo anti-hyperglycemic effects of the extract in STZ-induced type 2 diabetes were determined using Sprague Dawley adult rats. HPLC system (Agilent 1260) was used for the identification of bioactive compounds present in extracts. Molecular docking was used to identify and compare the interaction between the compounds (active constituents) and standard inhibitor acarbose with the α-amylase and α-glucosidase active sites. Results The chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions showed significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 40, 45 and 60 μg/mL against DPPH and 57, 70 and 120 μg/mL against ABTS free radicals respectively. The chloroform and ethyl acetate were highly active against α-amylase and α-glucosidase (IC50 values 58 and 200 μg/ml against α-amylase 60 and 140 μg/ml against α-glucosidase. The crude extract, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions were more potent in controlling the hyperglycemia in STZ-induced type 2 diabetes in rats and considerable reduction of glucose level was observed compared to the non-treated group. Furthermore, the extracts were also found useful in controlling the secondary complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus which was evident from the observed substantial reduction in the blood level of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides. The molecular docking approach indicated the favorable inhibitory interaction between the docked compounds and the active sites of the α-amylase and α-glucosidase. All docked compounds occupied the same binding site as occupied by acarbose. Conclusion It was concluded that E. umbellata can be used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and oxidative stress. The extracts were also found to be effective in relieving the secondary complications associated with type 2 diabetes. Graphical abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2381-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
15
|
Azam A, Raza MA, Sumrra SH. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review. OPEN CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2018-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractDuring the last two decades, number of peoples suffering from diabetes has increased from 30-230 million globally. Today, seven out of the ten top countries are suffering from diabetes, are emergent countries. Due to alarming situations of diabetes, chemists and pharmacist are continuously searching and synthesizing new potent therapeutics to treat this disease. Now a days, considerable attention is being paid to the chemistry of the metal-drug interactions. Metals and their organic based complexes are being used clinically for various ailments. In this review, a comprehensive discussion about synthesis and diabetic evaluation of zinc and vanadium complex is summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Azam
- Department of Chemistry, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asam Raza
- Department of Chemistry, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Koothappan M, Vellai RD, Subramanian IP, Subramanian SP. Synthesis of a New Zinc-Mixed Ligand Complex and Evaluation of Its Antidiabetic Properties in High Fat Diet: Low Dose Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats. Diabetes Metab J 2018; 42:244-248. [PMID: 29885106 PMCID: PMC6015968 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the multifactorial and multisystemic nature of diabetes mellitus, it is often treated with a combination of therapeutic agents having different mode of action. Earlier, we have synthesized several organozinc complexes and evaluated their safety and antidiabetic properties in experimental type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). More recently, we have synthesized a metformin-3-hydroxyflavone complex and studied its antidiabetic efficacy in experimental rats. In the present study, a new zinc-mixed ligand (metformin-3-hydroxyflavone) was synthesized, characterized by spectral studies and its antidiabetic properties was evaluated in HFD fed-low dose streptozotocin induced T2DM in rats. The hypoglycemic efficacy of the complex was evaluated through oral glucose tolerance test, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index and by determining the status of important biochemical parameters. Oral administration of the complex at a concentration of 10 mg/kg body weight/rat/day for 30 days significantly improved the glucose homeostasis. The complex possesses significant antidiabetic properties relatively at a less concentration than metformin-3-hydroxyflavone complex in ameliorating hyperglycemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roshana Devi Vellai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hsu CC, Lin MH, Cheng JT, Wu MC. Antihyperglycaemic action of diosmin, a citrus flavonoid, is induced through endogenous β-endorphin in type I-like diabetic rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:549-555. [PMID: 28218955 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diosmin is one of the flavonoids contained in citrus and has been demonstrated to improve glucose metabolism in diabetic disorders. However, the mechanism(s) of diosmin in glucose regulation remain obscure. Therefore, we investigated the potential mechanism(s) for the antihyperglycaemic action of diosmin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ-diabetic rats). Diosmin lowered hyperglycaemia in a dose-dependent manner in STZ-diabetic rats. This action was inhibited by naloxone at a dose sufficient to block opioid receptors. Additionally, we determined the changes in plasma β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (BER) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Diosmin also increased BER dose-dependently in the same manner. Repeated treatment of STZ-diabetic rats with diosmin for 1 week resulted in an increase in the expression of the glucose transporter subtype 4 (GLUT 4) in the soleus muscle and a reduction in the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in the liver. These effects were also inhibited by naloxone at a dose sufficient to block opioid receptors. Bilateral adrenalectomy in STZ-diabetic rats eliminated the actions of diosmin, including both the reduction in hyperglycemia and the elevation of plasma BER. In conclusion, our results suggest that diosmin may act on the adrenal glands to enhance the secretion of β-endorphin, which can stimulate the opioid receptors to attenuate hepatic gluconeogenesis and increase glucose uptake in soleus muscle, resulting in reduced hyperglycemia in STZ-diabetic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Hsu
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Mang Hung Lin
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Chief Secretary 's Office, Chiayi Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Juei Tang Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Yong Kang, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Science, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Guei-Ren, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming Chang Wu
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hsu CC, Lin MH, Cheng JT, Wu MC. Diosmin, a Citrus Nutrient, Activates Imidazoline Receptors to Alleviate Blood Glucose and Lipids in Type 1-Like Diabetic Rats. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070684. [PMID: 28665324 PMCID: PMC5537799 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diosmin is a nutrient that is widely contained in citrus and that has been indicated to improve glucose metabolism in diabetic disorders. Recently, we demonstrated that diosmin induces β-endorphin to lower hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. However, the mechanisms of diosmin in opioid secretion were unclear. Therefore, we focused on the secretion of opioids from isolated adrenal glands induced by diosmin. The changes in the released β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (BER) were determined using ELISA. Diosmin increased the BER level in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect was markedly reduced in the absence of calcium ions. Activation of the imidazoline I-2 receptor (I-2R) has been introduced to induce opioid secretion. Interestingly, we observed that diosmin activates CHO cells expressing I-R. Additionally, diosmin-increased BER was inhibited by the blockade of I-2R in isolated adrenal glands. Additionally, an antagonist of I-2R blocked diosmin-induced effects, including the reduction in hyperglycemia and the increase in plasma BER in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ-diabetic rats). Repeated treatment of STZ-diabetic rats with diosmin for one week induced changes in hepatic glycogen, lipid levels, and the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). Furthermore, an antagonist of I-2R blocked the diosmin-induced changes. Additionally, plasma lipids modified by diosmin were also reversed by the blockade of I-2R in STZ-diabetic rats. Taken together, we suggest that diosmin may activate I-2R to enhance the secretion of β-endorphin from adrenal glands and to influence metabolic homeostasis, resulting in alleviation of blood glucose and lipids in STZ-diabetic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Hsu
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung City 90801, Taiwan.
| | - Mang Hung Lin
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung City 90801, Taiwan.
- Chief Secretary's Office, Chiayi Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Chiayi City 60001, Taiwan.
| | - Juei-Tang Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Yong Kang, Tainan City 73101, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medical Science, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Guei-Ren, Tainan City 71101, Taiwan.
| | - Ming Chang Wu
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung City 90801, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|