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Suzuki Y, Aoki T, Tomita A, Mitsukawa T, Hama Y, Yamada M. Slanted and Standard Lateral Rectus Recession Procedures for Convergence Insufficiency-Type Intermittent Exotropia in Children: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Clin Ophthalmol 2024; 18:2453-2460. [PMID: 39228766 PMCID: PMC11370759 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s471172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of slanted bilateral lateral rectus recession (BLR-rec) for treating convergence insufficiency-type intermittent exotropia (CI-IXT) in children. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, 26 patients aged <16 years with CI-IXT who underwent BLR-rec between August 2016 and July 2021 with six months of follow-up data post-surgery were classified into slanted BLR-rec group (n = 14) and standard BLR-rec group (n = 12; equal-length recession of the upper and lower horns of the LR muscle). Surgical outcomes were compared between the groups. Results In the slanted and standard groups, the preoperative distance exodeviation was 27.9 ± 5.5 and 30.8 ± 10.0 prism diopter (PD) (p = 0.63), near exodeviation was 41.1 ± 5.6 and 42.9 ± 9.2 PD (p = 0.75), and difference between near and distance deviation (N-D deviation difference) was 13.2 ± 3.2 and 12.1 ± 3.3 PD (p = 0.30), respectively. The ratio of postoperative and preoperative N-D deviation difference was compared between the slanted BLR and standard BLR groups at six months postoperatively. The results revealed that the ratio for slanted-BLR was 0.44 ± 0.19, and for standard-BLR was 0.84 ± 0.24. In the standard group, stereoacuity remained unchanged post-surgery compared to that pre-surgery, while the slanted group showed significant improvement (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Conclusion Compared with the standard BLR-rec procedure, the slanted BLR-rec procedure reduced N-D deviation differences in CI-IXT, positively impacting gross stereopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Aoki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akane Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Mitsukawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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Weatherby T, Marsh I. Medial Rectus Inferior Half Plication for the Treatment of Near Exotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2024; 61:219-222. [PMID: 38275204 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20231221-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a relatively new surgical treatment for near exotropia called medial rectus inferior half plication. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of the outcomes from a single surgeon performing a plication of the inferior half of the medial rectus muscle in 17 consecutive patients with near exotropia unresponsive to medial rectus bupivacaine injection. RESULTS Thirteen of 17 (76%) patients were asymptomatic after surgery with no diplopia for near fixation and with either a normal or slightly reduced prism fusion range enabling them to have comfortable binocular single vision. There was one minor surgical overcorrection with distance diplopia that disappeared within 2 weeks of surgery. Of the 4 of 17 (24%) patients who required further intervention, 3 required one further surgical procedure and 1 required an injection of bupivacaine into the contralateral medial rectus muscle to obtain a satisfactory alignment and control of symptoms. No patient needed more than two total operations. CONCLUSIONS The data show medial rectus inferior plication can produce excellent outcomes with minimal risk of overcorrection. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2024;61(3):219-222.].
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Kim SJ, Jeon H, Choi HY. Comparison between Down Transposition and Slanted Surgery for Bilateral Lateral Rectus Recession in Convergence Insufficiency-Type Exotropia. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2022.63.9.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: We compared bilateral lateral rectus recession with down transposition and slanted bilateral lateral rectus recession as surgical methods for convergence insufficiency-type exotropia.Methods: We included patients who underwent bilateral lateral rectus recession with down transposition or slanted bilateral lateral rectus recession for convergence insufficiency-type exotropia from January 2012 to January 2021 and observed them for more than 1 year. We retrospectively analyzed sex, age, preoperative best-corrected visual acuity, spherical equivalent, axial length, amount of surgery, and deviation angle before surgery and after surgery (immediately, 1 week, 6 months, and 1 year). We also examined surgical success and stereopsis before surgery and after 6 months and 1 year.Results: The down transposition group included 45 patients and the slanted group included 40. The deviation angle of distance, deviation angle of near and the near-distance disparity (NDD) all decreased in the down transposition group and slanted group 1 year after surgery (1.96 ± 8.77 prism diopter [PD] and 4.60 ± 4.99 PD, respectively; 5.53 ± 9.09 PD and 9.03 ± 9.09 PD, respectively; and 3.58 ± 5.26 PD and 4.43 ± 5.32 PD, respectively). Surgical success after 1 year was 55.6% in the down transposition group and 52.5% in the slanted group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups.Conclusions: In convergence insufficiency-type exotropia, both bilateral lateral rectus recession with down transposition and slanted bilateral lateral rectus recession were effective to correct the deviation angle of near, distance, and NDD. Both are suitable primary surgical methods for convergence insufficiency-type exotropia.
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Li Y, Lin H. Slanted recession on bilateral lateral rectus for the treatment of intermittent Exotropia with convergence insufficiency. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:134. [PMID: 35331195 PMCID: PMC8951717 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of slanted bilateral lateral rectus recession (S-BLRc) for the treatment of convergence insufficiency-type intermittent exotropia (CI-IXT) in children and to probe the relationship of the slanted amount and surgical outcomes. Methods Retrospective study. Fifty-eight patients with CI-IXT, aged 4 to 10 years old, underwent S-BLRc procedures. According to the different slanted amount between the upper and lower poles of lateral rectus, all the patients were grouped: Group A (slanting 1 mm, n = 22), Group B (slanting 1.5 mm, n = 18) and Group C (slanting 2 mm, n = 18). The successful surgical outcome was defined as deviation in the primary position ranging from exotropia< 8△ to esotropia< 5△ both at near and at distant as well as the near-distance difference (NDD) < 5△. We analyzed and compared the preoperative and postoperative data including deviations both at near and at distance, NDD, objective torsion, horizontal deviation at up and down gaze, lateral incomitance, binocular vision and surgical success rate among three groups. Results The average deviations were significantly decreased from − 37.1△ ± 4.2△ (−,exotropia) to − 1.4△ ± 4.6△ at near (P < 0.05) and from − 25.8△ ± 3.7△ to − 0.1 ± 4.1△ at distance (P < 0.05). The postoperative NDD on average was significantly reduced from 10.0△ to 1.8△ in Group A (P < 0.05), from 11.2△ to 0.8△ in Group B (P < 0.05) and from 13.3△ to 0.9△ in Group C (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the mean corrections of NDD among the three groups (8.2△ in group A, 10.3△ in group B and 12.4△ in group C respectively, P < 0,05). All the patients attained various improvement of stereopsis after surgery. None had torsional diplopia, A-V pattern and lateral incomitance after strabismic surgery. Totally, the surgical success rate was 89.7% in our series at the 6- to 8-month follow-up. Conclusions Slanted bilateral lateral rectus recession is an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of CI-IXT in children. S-BLRc can successfully collapse exotropia both at distance and at near, decrease NDD and benefit to gain binocular vision. The correction of NDD was associated with the slanted amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Li
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin, 300020, China.
| | - Huiyu Lin
- QuanZhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, 362000, China
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Ren M, Wang Q, Wang L. Slanted bilateral lateral rectus recession for convergence insufficiency-type intermittent exotropia: a retrospective study. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:287. [PMID: 32664882 PMCID: PMC7362399 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study sought to investigate the efficiency and safety of slanted bilateral lateral rectus recession for the treatment of convergence insufficiency-type intermittent exotropia. Methods This retrospective study included 34 patients who underwent slanted bilateral lateral rectus recession for convergence insufficiency-type intermittent exotropia in Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University between September 2013 and October 2015 with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. A successful surgical alignment was defined as + 5 (positive for esotropia) to − 10 (negative for exotropia) prism diopters (PD) of orthotropia in the primary position while viewing distant or near targets and a near-distance deviation difference ≤ 8PD. Results The mean age of the patients at surgery was 7.09 ± 3.80 years (range, 3 to 18 years). The mean distance deviations were − 26.09 ± 6.5 PD (range, − 15 to − 35 PD) and the mean near deviations, − 37.21 ± 6.3 PD (range, − 25 to − 45 PD) preoperatively. The mean recession amount of upper pole of the lateral rectus was 5.97 mm (range, 4.0 to 7.5 mm) and that of lower pole of the lateral rectus, 7.49 mm (range, 6.0 to 8.5 mm). At a mean follow-up of 15.0 months (range, 6 to 37 months), the surgical success rate was 70.6% (24/34), the under-correction rate was 17.6% (6/34), and the overcorrection rate was 11.8% (4/34). The mean near-distance deviation difference was significantly reduced from 11.12 ± 2.06 PD (range, 10 to 15 PD) preoperatively to 2.47 ± 3.04 PD (range, 0 to 10 PD) postoperatively (P < 0.001). Each millimeter of difference between the upper and lower poles of the lateral rectus recession was associated with an improvement of 5.65 PD in the near-distance deviation difference. At the final follow up, a near-distance deviation difference of ≤8PD was found in 32 (94.1%) patients. None of the patients developed A-V pattern, torsional diplopia, or restricted abduction of the eyes. Conclusions Slanted bilateral lateral rectus recession may successfully reduce the distance and near exodeviations and the near-distance deviation difference, thus was proved to be an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of convergence insufficiency-type intermittent exotropia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong Province, China.
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Abstract
Recent reports confirm innervational compartments of select rectus extraocular muscles as well as the superior oblique.1 Histopathological and orbital imaging studies demonstrate well defined compartmental innervation of the horizontal rectus muscles with less differentiation in the vertical rectus muscles. Acquired vertical misalignment not associated with cyclovertical muscle dysfunction has been associated with horizontal rectus muscle compartment dysfunction. Pattern and other forms of strabismus have been associated with segmental or compartmental abnormal innervation of the extraocular muscles. Taking advantage of segmental function and innervation, selective weakening and strengthening procedures have been used to treat patients with incomitant near/distance disparities, incomitant vertical and torsional strabismus, and patients with A- and V-pattern strabismus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Pineles
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | - Melinda Y Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vison Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California.,Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Federico G Velez
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina.,Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
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Chun BY, Oh JH, Choi HJ. Comparison of surgical outcomes of slanted procedure for exotropia with convergence insufficiency according to their response to preoperative monocular occlusion. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7261. [PMID: 32350350 PMCID: PMC7190736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this prospective study was to compare surgical outcomes of slanted bilateral lateral rectus (LR) recession for intermittent exotropia (IXT) with convergence insufficiency (CI) according to their response to preoperative monocular occlusion. This prospective study included 55 children who underwent slanted bilateral LR recession for IXT with CI. Patients were divided into two groups according to their response to preoperative monocular occlusion for 2 hours. The True CI group was defined as having near-distance differences of ≥10 PD before and after occlusion; the Masked CI group as having near-distance differences of <10 PD and ≥10 PD prior to and after occlusion. Slanted procedure reduced distance and near exodeviations from 32.1 PD and 43.0 PD to 3.5 PD and 4.4 PD, and collapsed near-distance differences from 10.9 PD to 1.0 PD at 3 years postoperatively. Cumulative probabilities of surgical success were 76%, and the mean recurrence was 50 months at 3 years postoperatively; the True CI and Masked CI groups showed cumulative success rates of 89% and 55%, respectively (p = 0.0052). Patients in the True CI group demonstrated surgical outcomes superior to those demonstrated by patients in the Masked CI group after slanted bilateral LR recession.
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Kwon JM, Lee SJ. Long-term Results of Slanted Recession of Bilateral Lateral Rectus Muscle for Intermittent Exotropia with Convergence Insufficiency. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2019; 33:353-358. [PMID: 31389211 PMCID: PMC6685829 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2019.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the long-term efficacy of slanted lateral rectus recession in children for reducing distance and near exodeviation and near-distance deviation difference in intermittent exotropia with convergence insufficiency. METHODS The medical records of 53 patients with convergence insufficiency intermittent exotropia who underwent slanted bilateral lateral rectus recession performed by a single surgeon and received follow-up for more than 12 months were retrospectively analyzed. Deviation angles at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively and on the last visit were reviewed. Surgical success was defined as postoperative residual distance and near deviation angles ≤8 prism diopters and a difference between the near and distance angles ≤8 prism diopters. RESULTS The mean duration of follow-up was 24 months (range, 12 to 61 months). On the last visit, the residual deviation angles were ≤8 prism diopters in 75.5% for distance, 62.3% for near, and 81.1% for the near-distance difference. Surgical success was achieved in 31 (58.5%) patients, and none of them manifested limitations in eye movements or diplopia at the last follow-up visit. CONCLUSIONS Slanted lateral rectus recession is an effective surgical method for reducing distance and near exodeviation and near-distance deviation difference in intermittent exotropia with convergence insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Soo Jung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
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Rajavi Z, Feizi M, Aliasghar Nabavi S, Sabbaghi H, Behradfar N, Mehdi Yaseri MS, Faghihi M, Abdi S. Slanted versus Augmented Recession for Horizontal Strabismus. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2019; 14:465-473. [PMID: 31875102 PMCID: PMC6825697 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v14i4.5453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the surgical outcomes of slanted versus augmented recession in patients with horizontal strabismus. Methods In this randomized clinical trial, a total of 100 esotropic (ET) and exotropic (XT) patients with a high AC/A ratio which was defined as a difference of ≥ 10 prism diopters (pd) between the distance and near deviations were included if the patients had a distance deviation ≥ 15 pd. Patients were randomly assigned into the slanted (n = 26 in ET and n = 24 in XT group) and augmented recession groups (n = 25 in ET and n = 25 in XT group). In the slanted group, recession was performed on the superior and inferior poles of the muscle based on the distance and near deviations, respectively, while in the augmented recession group, the muscles were recessed 1.00 or 1.50 mm more than the standard amount according to the distance and near difference between 10 and 20 pd or > 20 pd, respectively. Results The mean age was 9.8 ± 9.6 years and 63% were female. There was a significant postoperative reduction of difference in convergence excess in ET cases compared to patients who underwent the augmented recession procedure (12.65 ± 6.16 vs 8.64 ± 6.1 pd, P = 0.014). Among our XT groups, there was no significant difference in postoperative reduction in the XT angle in the slanted group compared with the augmented group (P > 0.05). Conclusion Slanted recession is recommended in convergence excess ET patients. In XT patients, either slanted or augmented recession may be chosen according to the priority and experience of the surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhale Rajavi
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Ophthalmology, Torfeh Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Negah Specialty Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Feizi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Torfeh Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Aliasghar Nabavi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Sabbaghi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Behradfar
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M S Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Faghihi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Torfeh Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Abdi
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chougule P, Kekunnaya R. Surgical management of intermittent exotropia: do we have an answer for all? BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2019; 4:e000243. [PMID: 30997406 PMCID: PMC6440598 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2018-000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent exotropia (X(T)) is one of the most common form of strabismus with surgery being the mainstay of treatment. The main goal of surgery is to preserve binocular vision and stereopsis and to prevent its further loss. The decision to operate is mainly based on four aspects: increasing angle of exodeviation, deteriorating control of X(T), decrease in stereopsis for near or distance and quality of life. Bilateral lateral rectus muscle recession and unilateral lateral rectus recession with medial rectus resection, are the two most common surgical procedures performed and have been studied extensively in basic, divergence excess and convergence insufficiency types of X(T). However, there is no consensus over the relative efficacy of the two procedures in terms of postoperative alignment, residual or recurrent exotropia and consecutive esotropia with widely variable results, which can be attributed to poor understanding of the natural course of the disease. Multiple demographic, clinical and anatomic features that may influence the surgical outcomes have been studied to explain this variability. Moreover, most of the evidence regarding surgical outcomes of X(T) is from retrospective studies and the ongoing randomised prospective trials can shed light on long-term efficacy of these procedures. The goal of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of the outcomes of various surgical techniques in the management of different types of X(T), the preoperative and postoperative factors that may affect the surgical outcomes and to discuss the dilemmas faced by the treating surgeons including the effective management of overcorrection and undercorrection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Chougule
- Child Sight Institute, Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramesh Kekunnaya
- Child Sight Institute, Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Kim MH, Song SH, Yum HR. Comparison between Modified Bilateral Lateral Rectus Recession and Augmented Unilateral Recession-resection for Convergence Insufficiency Exotropia. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2018.59.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Hwan Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seok Hyeon Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hae Ri Yum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Comment on “Early Results of Slanted Recession of the Lateral Rectus Muscle for Intermittent Exotropia with Convergence Insufficiency”. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:8236314. [PMID: 27057350 PMCID: PMC4808542 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8236314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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