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Calderón-Santoyo M, Calderón-Chiu C, Ragazzo-Calderón FZ, Barros-Castillo JC, Ragazzo-Sánchez JA. Mexican Coccoloba uvifera L. Leaf and Fruit Extracts: Identification of Pentacyclic Triterpenes and Volatile Profile by GC-MS. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2024:10.1007/s11130-024-01186-7. [PMID: 38795268 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-024-01186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Mexican Coccoloba uvifera fruit contains polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, while in the leaves, lupeol, α- and β-amyrin have been previously identified by HPLC. However, the low resolution by HPLC of pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) is a limitation. Moreover, the volatile profile of C. uvifera fruit is still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to identify PTs in C. uvifera leaf and fruit extracts by CG-MS analysis and to determine the volatile profile of C. uvifera pulp by headspace solid-phase microextraction. The results showed trimethylsilylated compounds of standards lupeol, α- and β-amyrin, indicating that the silylation reaction was suitable. These trimethylsilylated compounds were identified in leaf and fruit extracts. The fruit volatile profile revealed the presence of 278 esters, 20 terpenes, 9 aldehydes, 5 alcohols, and 4 ketones. The fruit showed a high content of esters and terpenes. Due to their flavour properties, esters are essential for the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics industries. Moreover, terpenes in the fruit, such as menthone, β-elemene, junipene, and β-caryophyllene have the potential as anticancer and phytopathogen agents. The results indicated that GC-MS is an alternative to HPLC approaches for identifying PTs. Besides, identifying volatile compounds in the fruit will increase the value of this plant and expand its application. Identifying PTs and volatile compounds in Mexican C. uvifera leads to a better understanding of the potential benefits of this plant. This would increase the consumption of Mexican C. uvifera fresh or as functional ingredients in nutraceutical or pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Calderón-Santoyo
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Carolina Calderón-Chiu
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Frida Zoé Ragazzo-Calderón
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Julio César Barros-Castillo
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Juan Arturo Ragazzo-Sánchez
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Tepic, Nayarit, México.
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Abu El Wafa S, A. Seif-Eldein N, Anwar Aly Taie H, Marzouk M. Coccoloba uvifera Leaves: Polyphenolic Profile, Cytotoxicity, and Antioxidant Evaluation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32060-32066. [PMID: 37692217 PMCID: PMC10483514 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of Coccoloba uvifera leaves and evaluate the antioxidant and antitumor effects of the total extract and its major metabolites. Four assays were used to determine the antioxidant activity, including radical scavenging abilities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), radical cation, and ferric-reducing power. Additionally, vincristine was used as a reference medication to examine the anticancer activity on Ehrlich aesthete carcinoma cells (EACC). Nine compounds were isolated from C. uvifera leaves aqueous methanol extract. Their structures were identified as gallic acid (1), methyl gallate (2), protocatechuic acid methyl ester (3), protocatechuic acid (4), quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (isoquercitrin, 5), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-neohespridoside (6), myricitrin 4″-O-gallate (7), myricetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (8), and myricetin 3-O-arabinopyranoside (9). The majority possess noticeable antioxidant and antitumor properties. However, compounds 1, 5, 4, 2, and 7 displayed a strong antioxidant potential in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity, with values of 85.72 ± 0.30, 82.16 ± 0.20, 81.34 ± 0.20, 79.62 ± 0.29, and 79.34 ± 0.20%, respectively. Compounds 4, 1, 5, 7, and 2 revealed high reducing power activity, with respective values of 1.348 ± 0.043, 1.303 ± 0.011, 1.154 ± 0.020, 1.058 ± 0.032, and 1.056 ± 0.019. Compounds 4 and 1 showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging capabilities (91.90 ± 0.24 and 91.83 ± 0.74%) and ferric-reducing power ability (1979 ± 14.53 and 1965 ± 26.86 μmol Trolox/100 g, respectively). Compound 4 has the highest level of cytotoxicity, resulting in 78.710.21% dead cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa
A. Abu El Wafa
- Pharmacognosy
and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty
of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 4450113, Egypt
| | - Noha A. Seif-Eldein
- Pharmacognosy
and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty
of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 4450113, Egypt
| | - Hanan Anwar Aly Taie
- Plant
Biochemistry Department, Agricultural and Biology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth Street (Former El-Tahrir Street), Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Marzouk
- Chemistry
of Tanning Materials and Leather Technology Department, Chemical Industries
Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth Street (Former El-Tahrir
Street), Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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Andriamanantena M, Pithon S, Dijoux M, Hoareau M, Fontaine C, Ferrard J, Lavergne C, Petit T, Caro Y. A survey on the potential contribution of Reunion Island dye plant species diversity to the market demand for bioactive plant-based dyes and pigments. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2023; 19:8. [PMID: 36964580 PMCID: PMC10039506 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-023-00580-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proven toxicity and environmental burdens caused by artificial dyes have motivated dyeing industries to turn to natural alternatives. Plant-based dyestuffs are an interesting group of alternative crops. Reunion Island located in the Indian Ocean is the only European region in the southern hemisphere. It has a great number of assets to find new molecules in the abundant plant biodiversity. However, the dye-producing plants diversity in this island had not been documented to date. METHODOLOGY The assessment of the Reunion Island's plant biodiversity through the "PLANTIN" project allowed us to establish here the first ethnobotanical inventory of plants growing on Reunion Island which may have promising properties as a new alternative source of dyes or colorants for the industries. First, an ethnobotanical survey focused on the uses of plants traditionally used in dyeing was conducted on local stakeholders. Then, the importance of different criteria (e.g., endemicity, accessibility and cultivability, plant organs used for the extraction, industrial interests of the species, etc.) has been considered to establish a classification method of the species, to finally select the most interesting plants which have been further harvested and investigated for their coloring property and dyeing application on natural fibers. RESULTS The results showed that local people have accumulated traditional knowledge of dyeing plants, but that this approach had been discontinued in Reunion. The uses of 194 plant species potentially rich in dyes or pigments, belonging to 72 different families, with diverse botanical status (endemic, native, introduced or alien-invasive species) have been recorded. Then, 43 species were harvested and their coloring property were investigated. It demonstrated that dyes extracted from promising species, e.g., Terminalia bentzoe, Weinmannia tinctoria, Thespesia populnea, Erythroxylum laurifolium, Morinda citrifolia, Leea guinensis, Ochrosia borbonica, Danais fragrans, Terminalia cattapa, Casuarina equisetifolia, and Coccoloba uvifera, amongst others, could be used as new textile dyes. Their efficacy in the wool and cotton dyeing has been successfully demonstrated here. CONCLUSION These plant-based dyestuffs showed promising coloring properties with different shades that could meet industrial application requirement. It's an area that could promote local cultural inheritance, create opportunity for business and farmers, and that can make a significant contribution to preserving endangered native species by supporting reforestation schemes. Additional researches are in progress to evaluate the safety of these plant-based colored extracts, their chemical composition and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahery Andriamanantena
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels (CHEMBIOPRO), Université de La Réunion, La Réunion, France.
| | - Shamsia Pithon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels (CHEMBIOPRO), Université de La Réunion, La Réunion, France
| | - Manon Dijoux
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels (CHEMBIOPRO), Université de La Réunion, La Réunion, France
| | - Marine Hoareau
- Conservatoire Botanique des Mascarins, Saint Leu, La Réunion, France
| | | | - Johnny Ferrard
- Conservatoire Botanique des Mascarins, Saint Leu, La Réunion, France
| | | | - Thomas Petit
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels (CHEMBIOPRO), Université de La Réunion, La Réunion, France
- Département Hygiène Sécurité Environnement (HSE), IUT de La Réunion, Université de La Réunion, La Réunion, France
| | - Yanis Caro
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels (CHEMBIOPRO), Université de La Réunion, La Réunion, France
- Département Hygiène Sécurité Environnement (HSE), IUT de La Réunion, Université de La Réunion, La Réunion, France
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Ghosh S, Sarkar T, Chakraborty R. Underutilized plant sources: A hidden treasure of natural colors. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zengin G, Zheleva-Dimitrova D, Babacan EY, Polat R, Çakılcıoğlu U, Sadeer NB, Costa EV, Mahomoodally MF, Naviglio D, Gallo M, Montesano D, Lorenzo JM, Gevrenova R. Detailed Chemical Characterization and Biological Propensities of Malabaila lasiocarpa Extracts: An Endemic Plant to Turkey. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200068. [PMID: 35263005 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the biological evaluation and chemical characterization of Malabaila lasiocarpa Boiss. (M. lasiocarpa) (Family: Apiaceae). The phytochemical profile, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory of the methanolic, aqueous, dichloromethane, hexane extracts were investigated. Based on UHPLC-HRMS analyses, a total of 101 peaks were annotated or identified for the first time in M. lasiocarpa extracts. They include hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic, acylquinic acids and their glycosides, C- and O-glycosyl and O-diglycosyl flavonoids. In addition, 10 simple mono- and disubstituted coumarins together with 10 furanocoumarins were tentatively annotated. The methanolic extract possessing the highest phenolic (24.36±0.60 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract) and flavonoid (69.15±0.37 mg rutin equivalent/g extract) content also exhibited the strongest radical scavenging potential against 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (21.73±0.42 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, respectively), and highest reducing capacity (57.81±0.97 and 28.00±0.40 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, for cupric reducing antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power, respectively). The dichloromethane extract substantially depressed the tyrosinase (73.92±5.37 mg kojic acid equivalent/g extract), α-amylase (0.63±0.01 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract) and α-glucosidase (0.69±0.02 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract) enzymes. This study has produced critical scientific data on M. lasiocarpa which are potential contenders for the development of novel phyto-pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya, 42130, Turkey
| | | | - Ebru Yüce Babacan
- Munzur University, Pertek Sakine Genç Vocational School, Tunceli, Pertek, 62500, Turkey
| | - Rıdvan Polat
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bingol University, 12000, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Uğur Çakılcıoğlu
- Munzur University, Pertek Sakine Genç Vocational School, Tunceli, Pertek, 62500, Turkey
| | - Nabeelah Bibi Sadeer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius
| | - Emmanoel V Costa
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, 69080-900, AM, Brazil
| | - Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius
| | - Daniele Naviglio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Gallo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Montesano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - José M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900, Ourense, Spain.,Universidade de Vigo, Área de Tecnoloxía dos Alimentos, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Reneta Gevrenova
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, Bulgaria
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Phytochemical Insights into Ficus sur Extracts and Their Biological Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061863. [PMID: 35335228 PMCID: PMC8949149 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the biological evaluation and chemical characterisation of Ficus sur Forssk. (F. sur) (Family: Moraceae). The methanolic and aqueous extracts’ phytochemical profile, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory properties were investigated. The aqueous stem bark extract yielded the highest phenolic content (115.51 ± 1.60 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract), while the methanolic leaves extract possessed the highest flavonoid content (27.47 ± 0.28 mg Rutin equivalent/g extract). In total, 118 compounds were identified in the tested extracts. The methanolic stem bark extract exhibited the most potent radical scavenging potential against 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (475.79 ± 6.83 and 804.31 ± 4.52 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, respectively) and the highest reducing Cu2+ capacity (937.86 ± 14.44 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract). The methanolic stem bark extract substantially depressed tyrosinase (69.84 ± 0.35 mg kojic acid equivalent/g extract), α-amylase (0.77 ± 0.01 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract), acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (2.91 ± 0.07 and 6.56 ± 0.34 mg galantamine equivalent/g extract, respectively) enzymes. F. sur extracts were tested for anticancer properties and antiviral activity towards human herpes virus type 1 (HHV-1). Stem bark infusion and methanolic extract showed antineoplastic activity against cervical adenocarcinoma and colon cancer cell lines, whereas leaf methanolic extract exerted moderate antiviral activity towards HHV-1. This investigation yielded important scientific data on F. sur which might be used to generate innovative phytopharmaceuticals.
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Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of the Extracts from Two Oenanthe Species ( O. aquatica and O. silaifolia). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:ph15010050. [PMID: 35056107 PMCID: PMC8779323 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the evaluation of biological activities and chemical profiling of Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir. and Oenanthe silaifolia M. Bieb. The phytochemical profile, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, cytotoxic and antiviral activities of the methanolic and aqueous extracts were investigated. The aqueous extract of O. aquatica possessing the highest content of phenolics (60.85 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract), also exhibited the strongest radical scavenging potential against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (79.46 and 148.66 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, respectively), the highest reducing ability (207.59 and 107.27 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, for cupric reducing antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant activity, respectively), metal chelating potential (33.91 mg ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent/g extract) and total antioxidant ability (1.60 mmol Trolox equivalent/g extract). Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) permitted tentative identification of compounds from simple organic acids, phenolic acids, coumarins, flavonoids and their glycosides in O. aquatica and O. silaifolia extracts. The methanolic extract of O. aquatica substantially depressed acetylcholinesterase (3.67 mg galantamine equivalent/g extract), tyrosinase (126.66 mg kojic acid equivalent/g extract), and α-amylase (0.83 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract) enzymes. The methanolic extract of O. silaifolia showed highest enzymatic inhibitory property against butyrylcholinesterase, and its aqueous extract depressed α-glucosidase activity (0.26 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract). All tested extracts exerted selective toxicity towards cancer cell lines, and the highest anticancer potential was found for O. aquatica aqueous extract on FaDu and HeLa cells with CC50 of 57.36 and 47.16 µg/mL, respectively. Significant antiviral activity against HSV-1 (HHV-1) was found for both aqueous extracts in concentrations of 1000 µg/mL, which inhibited the HSV-1 cytopathic effect (CPE) in virus infected VERO cells and reduced the virus infective titer by more than 3 log (logCCID50/mL). This study has produced critical scientific data on O. aquatica and O. silaifolia, which are potential contenders for the development of novel phyto-pharmaceuticals.
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Świątek Ł, Sieniawska E, Sinan KI, Maciejewska-Turska M, Boguszewska A, Polz-Dacewicz M, Senkardes I, Guler GO, Bibi Sadeer N, Mahomoodally MF, Zengin G. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Analysis, Cytotoxic, Antiviral, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of Four Extracts of Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f.: A Good Gift from the Natural Treasure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7621. [PMID: 34299238 PMCID: PMC8307321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the biological evaluation and chemical characterization of Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f. Different solvent extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts) were prepared. The phytochemical profile, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activity were investigated. Cytotoxicity was assessed using VERO, FaDu, HeLa and RKO cells. The antiviral activity was carried out against HSV-1 (Herpes simplex virus 1) propagated in VERO cell line. The aqueous extract, possessing high phenolic content (170.50 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract), showed the highest reducing capacity (613.27 and 364.10 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, for cupric reducing antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power, respectively), radical scavenging potential (469.82 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, against 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), metal chelating ability (52.39 mg ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent/g extract) and total antioxidant capacity (3.15 mmol Trolox equivalent/g extract). Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) alloved to tentatively identify a total of 56 compounds in the extracts, including ellagitannins, gallic acid and galloyl derivatives amongst others. The ethyl acetate extracts substantially depressed cholinesterase enzymes (4.49 and 12.26 mg galantamine equivalent/g extract against AChE and BChE, respectively) and α-amylase enzyme (1.04 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract). On the other hand, the methanolic extract inhibited tyrosinase (121.42 mg kojic acid equivalent/g extract) and α-glucosidase (2.39 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract) activities. The highest selectivity towards all cancer cell lines (SI 4.5-10.8) was observed with aqueous extract with the FaDu cells being the most sensitive (CC50 40.22 µg/mL). It can be concluded that the presence of certain bioactive antiviral molecules may be related to the high anti HSV-1 activity of the methanolic extract. This work has generated vital scientific data on this medicinal plant, which is a prospective candidate for the creation of innovative phyto-pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Świątek
- Department of Virology with SARS Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Elwira Sieniawska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.S.); (M.M.-T.)
| | - Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey;
| | | | - Anastazja Boguszewska
- Department of Virology with SARS Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
- Department of Virology with SARS Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Ismail Senkardes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Turkey;
| | - Gokalp Ozmen Guler
- Department of Biological Education, Ahmet Kelesoglu Education Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, Turkey;
| | - Nabeelah Bibi Sadeer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius; (N.B.S.); (M.F.M.)
| | - Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius; (N.B.S.); (M.F.M.)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey;
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Rathee P, Kumar S, Kumar D, Kumari B, Yadav SS. Skin hyperpigmentation and its treatment with herbs: an alternative method. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
With an increasing number of patients, those who are facing a lot of skin-related complaints, often referred to as skin of pigmentation patients, are on the rise. Among all the most common complaints in patients with skin of color is hyperpigmentation. So, there is need of herbal formulation for treatment of hyperpigmentation.
Main body
This review article addresses the different types of hyperpigmentation, causes, and its treatment with herbs for the management of the skin hyperpigmentation. As uneven pigmentation of skin or hyperpigmentation is a common skin condition, which occurs when the skin produces more melanin. This can make spots or patches of skin appear darker than surrounding areas. Some forms of hyperpigmentation with post-inflammatory, melasma, and sun spots are more likely to affect areas of face, arms, and legs due to sun exposure and injury. Although the availability of multiple treatments for the condition which leads to some adverse effects, hyperpigmentation continues to present skin care management challenges for dermatologists.
Conclusion
Some plants and phytoconstituents, e.g., Azadirachta indica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Panax ginseng and genistein, ellagic acids, quercetin, are very useful in herbal cosmetic as anti-hyperpigmentry agents in cosmetic industries. Some of flavonoids and triterpenoids present in plants also show their effect as antioxidant and skin whitening agents. It is expected that this review will compile and improve the existing knowledge on the potential utilization of herbs for the treatment of skin hyperpigmentation.
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Ferdaus MJ, Ferdous Z, Sara RJ, Mahin MG, Faruque MO. Total Antioxidants Activity and Proximate Analysis of Selected Fruits and Vegetables in Jashore Region, Bangladesh. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.8.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant plays essential roles in the maintaining of good health. Fruits and vegetables are the primary sources of antioxidants. Antioxidant contents in fruits and vegetables could vary in geographical distribution and also in the same soil for different time intervals. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the total antioxidant status and proximate analysis of some selected locally available fruits and vegetables and they were Mangiferaindica, Musa acuminate, Psidium guajava, Carcia papaya, Lagenariasiceraria, Trichosanthesdioica, Momordica charantia, Basella alba, and Amaranthus gangeticus from three villages. In this analysis, total antioxidant status was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, and proximate analysis of moisture, ash, fat (Soxhlet extraction method), and protein (Kjeldahl method with N × 6.25) were determined as the method outlined in AOAC (2005). Among the four fruits sample, Papaya hadthe highest moisture content (88.08%)but was lower in ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrate contents. Among the vegetables, Bottle gourd had the highest moisture content (94.14%).Regarding all samples, Red amaranth showed the highest ash (1.59%) and protein (4.32%) content. However, both Mango and Papaya showed the lowest protein content (0.70%). Fat content was low in Papaya and Bottle gourdwith 0.10% and 0.15% respectively. For the carbohydrates, Banana was the greatest source with 22.62%. Furthermore, among the fruits Guava had the highest total antioxidants activity of 70.90% and among vegetables, Bitter gourd had 45.47% which was the highest compared to other studiedvegetables. Whereas, Indian spinachhad the lowest antioxidants activity and the value was 28.60%. The above results indicate that the selected fruits contents higher levels of antioxidant activity compared to selected vegetables samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Jannatul Ferdaus
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Zannatul Ferdous
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Rubyat Jahan Sara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Golam Mahin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Omar Faruque
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
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Ramos-Bell S, Calderón-Santoyo M, Barros-Castillo JC, Ragazzo-Sánchez JA. Characterization of submicron emulsion processed by ultrasound homogenization to protect a bioactive extract from sea grape ( Coccoloba uvifera L.). Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:1365-1372. [PMID: 32999743 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the stability of a submicron emulsion to protect an extract obtained from sea grape fruit (Coccoloba uvifera L.) was evaluated. Extract characterization by MS-HPLC revealed the presence of 3 anthocyanins (cyanidin 3-glucoside, malvidin 3-glucoside, and delphinidin 3-glucoside), the content of total phenols was 263.86 ± 1.86 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, with an antioxidant capacity determined by ABTS and DPPH of 128.95 ± 1.00 and 26.18 ± 0.60 μg Trolox equivalents/mL, respectively. A submicron emulsion (0.424 μm) by Ultrasound with monomodal distribution, stable over time and low viscosity (1.94 mPa s) classified as a shear-thinning fluid was obtained. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated the stability of the C. uvifera extract in the emulsion, which is thermostable (212 °C). These emulsions can be added into a beverage as a nutraceutical, dried for later use as pills or incorporated in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surelys Ramos-Bell
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Avenida Tecnológico #2595, Col. Lagos del Country, 63175 Tepic, Nayarit Mexico
| | - Montserrat Calderón-Santoyo
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Avenida Tecnológico #2595, Col. Lagos del Country, 63175 Tepic, Nayarit Mexico
| | - Julio César Barros-Castillo
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Avenida Tecnológico #2595, Col. Lagos del Country, 63175 Tepic, Nayarit Mexico
| | - Juan Arturo Ragazzo-Sánchez
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Avenida Tecnológico #2595, Col. Lagos del Country, 63175 Tepic, Nayarit Mexico
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Chiavaroli A, Sinan KI, Zengin G, Mahomoodally MF, Bibi Sadeer N, Etienne OK, Cziáky Z, Jekő J, Glamočlija J, Soković M, Recinella L, Brunetti L, Leone S, Abdallah HH, Angelini P, Angeles Flores G, Venanzoni R, Menghini L, Orlando G, Ferrante C. Identification of Chemical Profiles and Biological Properties of Rhizophora racemosa G. Mey. Extracts Obtained by Different Methods and Solvents. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060533. [PMID: 32570898 PMCID: PMC7346144 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangrove forests exemplify a multifaceted ecosystem since they do not only play a crucial ecological role but also possess medicinal properties. Methanolic, ethyl acetate and aqueous leaf and bark extracts were prepared using homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE), infusion and maceration (with and without stirring). The different extracts were screened for phytochemical profiling and antioxidant capacities in terms of radical scavenging (DPPH, ABTS), reducing potential (CUPRAC, FRAP), total antioxidant capacity and chelating power. Additionally, R. racemosa was evaluated for its anti-diabetic (α-amylase, α-glucosidase), anti-tyrosinase and anti-cholinesterase (AChE, BChE) activities. Additionally, antimycotic and antibacterial effects were investigated against Eescherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium ochrochloron and Penicillium verrucosum. Finally, based on phytochemical fingerprint, in silico studies, including bioinformatics, network pharmacology and docking approaches were conducted to predict the putative targets, namely tyrosinase, lanosterol-14-α-demethylase and E. coli DNA gyrase, underlying the observed bio-pharmacological and microbiological effects. The methanolic leave and bark extracts (prepared by both HAE and maceration) abounded with phenolics, flavonoids, phenolic acids and flavonols. Results displayed that both methanolic leaf and bark extracts (prepared by HAE) exhibited the highest radical scavenging, reducing potential and total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, our findings showed that the highest enzymatic inhibitory activity recorded was with the tyrosinase enzyme. In this context, bioinformatics analysis predicted putative interactions between tyrosinase and multiple secondary metabolites including apigenin, luteolin, vitexin, isovitexin, procyanidin B, quercetin and methoxy-trihydroxyflavone. The same compounds were also docked against lanosterol-14α-demethylase and E. Coli DNA gyrase, yielding affinities in the submicromolar–micromolar range that further support the observed anti-microbial effects exerted by the extracts. In conclusion, extracts of R. racemosa may be considered as novel sources of phytoanti-oxidants and enzyme inhibitors that can be exploited as future first-line pharmacophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Chiavaroli
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Koaudio Ibrahime Sinan
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk Universtiy, Campus Konya, 42130 Konya, Turkey;
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk Universtiy, Campus Konya, 42130 Konya, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (P.A.); (G.O.)
| | - Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam; or
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 230, Mauritius;
| | - Nabeelah Bibi Sadeer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 230, Mauritius;
| | - Ouattara Katinan Etienne
- Laboratoire de Botanique, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 01 Abidjan, Ivory Coast;
| | - Zoltán Cziáky
- Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, University of Nyíregyháza, 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary; (Z.C.); (J.J.)
| | - József Jekő
- Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, University of Nyíregyháza, 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary; (Z.C.); (J.J.)
| | - Jasmina Glamočlija
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.G.) (M.S.)
| | - Marina Soković
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.G.) (M.S.)
| | - Lucia Recinella
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Sheila Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Hassan H. Abdallah
- Chemistry Department, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Iraq;
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Paola Angelini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy; (G.A.F.); (R.V.)
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (P.A.); (G.O.)
| | - Giancarlo Angeles Flores
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy; (G.A.F.); (R.V.)
| | - Roberto Venanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy; (G.A.F.); (R.V.)
| | - Luigi Menghini
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Giustino Orlando
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (P.A.); (G.O.)
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (L.M.); (C.F.)
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Sadeer NB, Rocchetti G, Senizza B, Montesano D, Zengin G, Uysal A, Jeewon R, Lucini L, Mahomoodally MF. Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling, Multivariate Analysis and Biological Evaluation of the True Mangrove ( Rhizophora mucronata Lam.). Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E489. [PMID: 31623170 PMCID: PMC6827162 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a renewed interest towards the development of plant-based pharmacophores. In this work, 16 extracts prepared from the leaves, twigs, roots and fruits of a hydro-halophyte, Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Family: Rhizophoraceae), were studied for possible antioxidant activity and the phenolic profiles established. Thereafter, enzymatic inhibitory activities (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, acetyl- (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), lipase, and elastase) were assessed. The total phenolic, flavonoid, phenolic acid, tannin, flavanol and triterpenoid content were estimated using standard assays. An untargeted metabolomics-based approach, based on ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) followed by multivariate statistics, was then used to comprehensively profile and describe the phenolics present. UHPLC-QTOF-MS allowed for putatively annotating 104 phenolic acids, 103 flavonols, 94 flavones, 71 anthocyanins, 66 tyrosols, 29 lignans, 15 alkylphenols and 10 stilbenes in the extracts. Nine strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Salmonella enteritidis, Sarcina lutea, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans) were then used to investigate the antimicrobial properties. The methanolic twig extract exhibited significant reducing potential towards Cu (II)/Cu (I) and Fe (III)/Fe (II) (1336.88 ± 15.70 and 710.18 ± 21.04 mg TE/g, respectively) and was the most potent DPPH radical scavenger (807.07 ± 6.83 mg TE/g). Additionally, the methanolic twig extract showed significant inhibition against most targeted enzymes. Anti-microbial results showed that all extracts were active against MRSA. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the phenolic profile of ethyl acetate extracts and leaves were the two most discriminative parameters in terms of solvents and organs, respectively. The present findings indicated that R. mucronata may be further explored for the management/prevention of oxidative stress, neurodegenerative complications and hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeelah Bibi Sadeer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius.
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Biancamaria Senizza
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Domenico Montesano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food Science and Nutrition Section, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, 42130 Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Uysal
- Department of Medicinal Laboratory, Vocational School of Health Services, Selcuk University, 42130 Konya, Turkey.
| | - Rajesh Jeewon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius.
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
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Use of emerging technologies in the extraction of lupeol, α-amyrin and β-amyrin from sea grape ( Coccoloba uvifera L.). Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 55:2377-2383. [PMID: 30042552 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Emerging technologies are being explored to improve extraction yields of phytochemicals or high-value biological compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extraction of lupeol, α-, and β-amyrin from fruit, leaf and stem of the sea grape tree (Coccoloba uvifera L.) using technologies such as Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) and High Hydrostatic Pressure Extraction (HHPE). Results were compared to conventional extraction (maceration). Analysis with thin-layer chromatography revealed the presence of lupeol in all studied parts of the tree. Optimal extraction conditions for UAE and HHPE were found; the highest concentration of triterpenes was obtained by UAE after evaluating conventional and non-conventional techniques. Finally, analysis of different tree parts and other vegetable sources showed that the best source of triterpenes was the leaf.
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Abstract
Extensive research has related the consumption of persimmon with the reduced risk of various diseases and particularly highlighted the presence of bioactive phenolic compounds for their therapeutic properties. Major phenolic compounds present in persimmon are ferulic acid,p-coumaric acid, and gallic acid.β-Cryptoxanthin, lycopene,β-carotene, zeaxanthin, and lutein are important carotenoids having antioxidant potential. They are important to prevent oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, safeguard beta cells of the pancreas, and reduce cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and damage caused by chronic alcohol consumption. In this paper, the chemistry and health benefits of bioactive compounds present in persimmon are reviewed to encourage impending applications and to facilitate further research activities.
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Margraf T, Karnopp AR, Rosso ND, Granato D. Comparison between Folin-Ciocalteu and Prussian Blue Assays to Estimate The Total Phenolic Content of Juices and Teas Using 96-Well Microplates. J Food Sci 2015; 80:C2397-403. [PMID: 26448565 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric assay (FC) is the most widely used assay to estimate the total phenolic content in foods, beverages, herbs and other plant extracts, but many chemical compounds may act as interfering agents, producing inaccurate estimations of the real concentration of phenolic compounds in the matrix. Based on this limitation, the objective of this study was to compare, quantitatively, the Folin-Ciocalteu and Prussian Blue (PB) assays in estimating the total phenolic content in purple grape juices (n = 20; Vitis labrusca L.) and teas (n = 25) from different botanical origins using 96-well microplates. PB assay presented a low limit of detection (PB = 0.27 mg/L; FC = 0.25 mg/L) and quantification (PB = 0.92 mg/L; FC = 0.82 mg/L), showing its suitability in screening the total phenolic content in grape juices and teas. FC and PB assays presented a high association (P < 0.0001) for teas (r = 0.887) and grape juices (r = 0.923). The advantages of PB over FC assay are its simplicity, low time consumption (15 min reaction as compared to 60 min reaction for the FC assay), lower usage of reagents (solutions are prepared in a mM base), and higher selectivity. Additionally, PB assay was proven to be reproducible and repeatable and, therefore, may be used as an alternative to FC assay. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Prussian Blue assay (PB) has been used as an alternative to Folin-Ciocalteu assay (FC) to estimate the total content of phenolic compounds in herbs and some natural products. In our study we showed that the advantages of PB assay over FC are its simplicity, low time consumption (15 min reaction as compared to 60 min reaction for the FC assay), lower usage of reagents (solutions are prepared in a mM base) and higher selectivity as compared to FC assay. Additionally, PB assay was proven to be reproducible and repeatable and, therefore, may be used as an alternative to FC assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Margraf
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, CEP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Ariadne Roberto Karnopp
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, CEP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Neiva Deliberali Rosso
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, CEP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniel Granato
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, CEP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
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