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Khira R, Uggini GK. Effects of non-ionizing radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on the development and behavior of early embryos of Danio rerio. Electromagn Biol Med 2024; 43:156-163. [PMID: 38734994 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2024.2352429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Biological effects of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) in the range of 900-1800 MHz emerging from the mobile phone were investigated and were found to influence the locomotor pattern when exposure was initiated from 1 hour post fertilization (hpf) in zebrafish embryos (ZE), Danio rerio. Mobile phones and other wireless devices offer tremendous advantages. However, on the flipside they are leading to an increased electromagnetic energy in the environment, an excess of which could be termed as electromagnetic pollution. Herein, we tried to understand the effects of RF-EMR emerging from the mobile phone, on the development and behavior of ZE, exposed to RF-EMR (specific absorption rate of 1.13 W/kg and 1800 MHz frequency) 1 hr daily, for 5 days. To understand if there could be any developmental stage-specific vulnerability to RF-EMR, the exposure was initiated at three different time points: 1hpf, 6hpf and 24hpf of ZE development. Observations revealed no significant changes in the survival rate, morphology, oxidative stress or cortisol levels. However, statistically significant variations were observed in the batch where exposure started at 1hpf, with respect to locomotion patterns (distance travelled: 659.1 ± 173.1 mm Vs 963.5 ± 200.4 mm), which could be correlated to anxiety-like behavior; along with a corresponding increase in yolk consumption (yolk sac area: 0.251 ± 0.019 mm2 Vs 0.225 ± 0.018 mm2). Therefore, we conclude that RF-EMR exposure influences the organism maximally during the earliest stage of development, and we also believe that an increase in the time of exposure (corresponding to the patterns of current usage of mobile phones) might reveal added afflictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Khira
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Gowri K Uggini
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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2
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Vilić M, Žura Žaja I, Tkalec M, Tucak P, Malarić K, Popara N, Žura N, Pašić S, Gajger IT. Oxidative Stress Response of Honey Bee Colonies ( Apis mellifera L.) during Long-Term Exposure at a Frequency of 900 MHz under Field Conditions. INSECTS 2024; 15:372. [PMID: 38786928 PMCID: PMC11122567 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In this study, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in honey bee larvae, pupae and the midguts of adult bees were investigated during a one-year exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) at a frequency of 900 MHz under field conditions. The experiment was carried out on honey bee colonies at three locations with electric field levels of 30 mV m-1, 70 mV m-1 and 1000 mV m-1. Antioxidant enzymes, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as indicators of lipid peroxidation were measured spectrophotometrically. The GST activity within the same developmental stage showed no significant differences regardless of electric field level or sampling time. The highest GST activity was found in the pupae, followed by activity in the larvae and midguts. Both CAT activity and TBARS concentration were the highest in the midguts, regardless of field level and sampling time. The larvae showed a significantly higher TBARS concentration at the location with an electric field level of 1000 mV m-1 compared to the locations with lower levels. Our results show that RF-EMFs at a frequency of 900 MHz can cause oxidative stress in honey bees, with the larval stage being more sensitive than the pupal stage, but there was no linear relationship between electric field level and effect in any of the developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinko Vilić
- Department of Physiology and Radiobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivona Žura Žaja
- Department of Physiology and Radiobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Mirta Tkalec
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Perica Tucak
- State Inspectorate of Republic of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Krešimir Malarić
- Department of Communication and Space Technologies, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Nato Popara
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Nikolino Žura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Selim Pašić
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Ivana Tlak Gajger
- Department for Biology and Pathology of Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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3
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Davis D, Birnbaum L, Ben-Ishai P, Taylor H, Sears M, Butler T, Scarato T. Wireless technologies, non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and children: Identifying and reducing health risks. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2023; 53:101374. [PMID: 36935315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2023.101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Children today are conceived and live in a sea of wireless radiation that did not exist when their parents were born. The launch of the digital age continues to transform the capacity to respond to emergencies and extend global communications. At the same time that this increasingly ubiquitous technology continues to alter the nature of commerce, medicine, transport and modern life overall, its varied and changing forms have not been evaluated for their biological or environmental impacts. Standards for evaluating radiation from numerous wireless devices were first set in 1996 to avoid heating tissue and remain unchanged since then in the U.S. and many other nations. A wide range of evidence indicates that there are numerous non-thermal effects from wireless radiation on reproduction, development, and chronic illness. Many widely used devices such as phones and tablets function as two-way microwave radios, sending and receiving various frequencies of information-carrying microwave radiation on multiple simultaneously operating antennas. Expert groups advising governments on this matter do not agree on the best approaches to be taken. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limited screen time for children under the age of two, but more than half of all toddlers regularly have contact with screens, often without parental engagement. Young children of parents who frequently use devices as a form of childcare can experience delays in speech acquisition and bonding, while older children report feelings of disappointment due to 'technoference'-parental distraction due to technology. Children who begin using devices early in life can become socially, psychologically and physically addicted to the technology and experience withdrawal upon cessation. We review relevant experimental, epidemiological and clinical evidence on biological and other impacts of currently used wireless technology, including advice to include key questions at pediatric wellness checkups from infancy to young adulthood. We conclude that consistent with advice in pediatric radiology, an approach that recommends that microwave radiation exposures be As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) seems sensible and prudent, and that an independently-funded training, research and monitoring program should be carried out on the long term physical and psychological impacts of rapidly changing technological milieu, including ways to mitigate impacts through modifications in hardware and software. Current knowledge of electrohypersensitivity indicates the importance of reducing wireless exposures especially in schools and health care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devra Davis
- Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Environmental Health Trust, Teton Village, WY, USA.
| | - Linda Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Toxicology Program, Scholar in Residence, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, USA
| | | | - Hugh Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Meg Sears
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Prevent Cancer Now, Ottawa, Canada
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4
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McCredden JE, Weller S, Leach V. The assumption of safety is being used to justify the rollout of 5G technologies. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1058454. [PMID: 36815158 PMCID: PMC9940636 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1058454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie E. McCredden
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association Inc. (ORSAA), Scarborough, QLD, Australia
| | - Steven Weller
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association Inc. (ORSAA), Scarborough, QLD, Australia,Centre for Environmental and Population Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Victor Leach
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association Inc. (ORSAA), Scarborough, QLD, Australia,*Correspondence: Victor Leach ✉
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5
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McCredden JE, Cook N, Weller S, Leach V. Wireless technology is an environmental stressor requiring new understanding and approaches in health care. Front Public Health 2022; 10:986315. [PMID: 36605238 PMCID: PMC9809975 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.986315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic signals from everyday wireless technologies are an ever-present environmental stressor, affecting biological systems. In this article, we substantiate this statement based on the weight of evidence from papers collated within the ORSAA database (ODEB), focusing on the biological and health effects of electromagnetic fields and radiation. More specifically, the experiments investigating exposures from real-world devices and the epidemiology studies examining the effects of living near mobile phone base stations were extracted from ODEB and the number of papers showing effects was compared with the number showing no effects. The results showed that two-thirds of the experimental and epidemiological papers found significant biological effects. The breadth of biological and health categories where effects have been found was subsequently explored, revealing hundreds of papers showing fundamental biological processes that are impacted, such as protein damage, biochemical changes and oxidative stress. This understanding is targeted toward health professionals and policy makers who have not been exposed to this issue during training. To inform this readership, some of the major biological effect categories and plausible mechanisms of action from the reviewed literature are described. Also presented are a set of best practice guidelines for treating patients affected by electromagnetic exposures and for using technology safely in health care settings. In conclusion, there is an extensive evidence base revealing that significant stress to human biological systems is being imposed by exposure to everyday wireless communication devices and supporting infrastructure. This evidence is compelling enough to warrant an update in medical education and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E. McCredden
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association (ORSAA), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Naomi Cook
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association (ORSAA), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Steven Weller
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association (ORSAA), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Environmental and Population Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Victor Leach
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association (ORSAA), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Bertagna F, Lewis R, Silva SRP, McFadden J, Jeevaratnam K. Thapsigargin blocks electromagnetic field-elicited intracellular Ca 2+ increase in HEK 293 cells. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15189. [PMID: 35510320 PMCID: PMC9069166 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have previously been identified for cellular proliferation and changes in expression and conduction of diverse types of ion channels. The major effect elicited by EMFs seems to be directed toward Ca2+ homeostasis. This is particularly remarkable since Ca2+ acts as a central modulator in various signaling pathways, including, but not limited to, cell differentiation and survival. Despite this, the mechanisms underlying this modulation have yet to be unraveled. Here, we assessed the effect of EMFs on intracellular [Ca2+], by exposing HEK 293 cells to both radio‐frequency electromagnetic fields (RF‐EMFs) and static magnetic fields (SMFs). We detected a constant and significant increase in [Ca2+] subsequent to exposure to both types of fields. Strikingly, the increase was nulled by administration of 10 μM Thapsigargin, a blocker of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPases (SERCAs), indicating the involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in EMF‐related modulation of Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bertagna
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Rebecca Lewis
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - S Ravi P Silva
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Johnjoe McFadden
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Kamalan Jeevaratnam
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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7
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Methodology of Studying Effects of Mobile Phone Radiation on Organisms: Technical Aspects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312642. [PMID: 34886365 PMCID: PMC8656635 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The negative influence of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation on organisms, including humans, has been discussed widely in recent years. This paper deals with the methodology of examining possible harmful effects of mobile phone radiation, focusing on in vivo and in vitro laboratory methods of investigation and evaluation and their main problems and difficulties. Basic experimental parameters are summarized and discussed, and recent large studies are also mentioned. For the laboratory experiments, accurate setting and description of dosimetry are essential; therefore, we give recommendations for the technical parameters of the experiments, especially for a well-defined source of radiation by Software Defined Radio.
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8
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Panagopoulos DJ, Karabarbounis A, Yakymenko I, Chrousos GP. Human‑made electromagnetic fields: Ion forced‑oscillation and voltage‑gated ion channel dysfunction, oxidative stress and DNA damage (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:92. [PMID: 34617575 PMCID: PMC8562392 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of animals/biological samples to human‑made electromagnetic fields (EMFs), especially in the extremely low frequency (ELF) band, and the microwave/radio frequency (RF) band which is always combined with ELF, may lead to DNA damage. DNA damage is connected with cell death, infertility and other pathologies, including cancer. ELF exposure from high‑voltage power lines and complex RF exposure from wireless communication antennas/devices are linked to increased cancer risk. Almost all human‑made RF EMFs include ELF components in the form of modulation, pulsing and random variability. Thus, in addition to polarization and coherence, the existence of ELFs is a common feature of almost all human‑made EMFs. The present study reviews the DNA damage and related effects induced by human‑made EMFs. The ion forced‑oscillation mechanism for irregular gating of voltage‑gated ion channels on cell membranes by polarized/coherent EMFs is extensively described. Dysfunction of ion channels disrupts intracellular ionic concentrations, which determine the cell's electrochemical balance and homeostasis. The present study shows how this can result in DNA damage through reactive oxygen species/free radical overproduction. Thus, a complete picture is provided of how human‑made EMF exposure may indeed lead to DNA damage and related pathologies, including cancer. Moreover, it is suggested that the non‑thermal biological effects attributed to RF EMFs are actually due to their ELF components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris J. Panagopoulos
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology and Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', 15310 Athens, Greece
- Choremeion Research Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Electromagnetic Field-Biophysics Research Laboratory, 10681 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Karabarbounis
- Department of Physics, Section of Nuclear and Particle Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Igor Yakymenko
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Public Health, Kyiv Medical University, 02000 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - George P. Chrousos
- Choremeion Research Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Bertagna F, Lewis R, Silva SRP, McFadden J, Jeevaratnam K. Effects of electromagnetic fields on neuronal ion channels: a systematic review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1499:82-103. [PMID: 33945157 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of chemistry and biology are mediated by electromagnetic field (EMF) interactions. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly sensitive to EMF stimuli. Studies have explored the direct effect of different EMFs on the electrical properties of neurons in the last two decades, particularly focusing on the role of voltage-gated ion channels (VGCs). This work aims to systematically review published evidence in the last two decades detailing the effects of EMFs on neuronal ion channels as per the PRISM guidelines. Following a predetermined exclusion and inclusion criteria, 22 papers were included after searches on three online databases. Changes in calcium homeostasis, attributable to the voltage-gated calcium channels, were found to be the most commonly reported result of EMF exposure. EMF effects on the neuronal landscape appear to be diverse and greatly dependent on parameters, such as the field's frequency, exposure time, and intrinsic properties of the irradiated tissue, such as the expression of VGCs. Here, we systematically clarify how neuronal ion channels are particularly affected and differentially modulated by EMFs at multiple levels, such as gating dynamics, ion conductance, concentration in the membrane, and gene and protein expression. Ion channels represent a major transducer for EMF-related effects on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bertagna
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Rebecca Lewis
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - S Ravi P Silva
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Johnjoe McFadden
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Kamalan Jeevaratnam
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Migdał P, Murawska A, Strachecka A, Bieńkowski P, Roman A. Changes in the Honeybee Antioxidant System after 12 h of Exposure to Electromagnetic Field Frequency of 50 Hz and Variable Intensity. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11100713. [PMID: 33081029 PMCID: PMC7603132 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The honeybee is one of the most important links in the food production chain. In the environment of bee life, there are many threats that they have to face. Among them, we can distinguish pesticides, climate change, and predators. The intensive development of technology resulted in filling the natural environment with E-field of various frequencies and intensities. The study investigated the effect of the E-field with a frequency of 50 Hz at various intensities on the antioxidant system of the honeybee. The exposure of the bees lasted 12 h. The activity of the antioxidant system was investigated in hemolymph collected from young bees. Research has been undertaken in this direction because research by other authors has taken years to stimulate this system through the E-field. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant potential (FRAP) activity as major antioxidant enzymes were characterized. Research showed changes in the activity of SOD, CAT, and FRAP in all tested groups compared to the control group. The study of E-field appearing in the life of a honeybee enables an understanding of the impact of this factor on its functioning because food production depends on the integrity of this pollinator. Abstract In recent years, on a global scale, more and more reports of a phenomenon called CCD (Colony Collapse Disorder) have been reported. In addition to pesticides, diseases, and other environmental stressors, electromagnetic fields are also mentioned as one of the possible causes of CCD. One of the body’s first lines of defense against harmful factors is the antioxidant system. We hypothesized that electromagnetic field upregulate the activity of SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalases), and changed FRAP (total antioxidant potential) in honeybee hemolymph. In our research, 12 h bee’s exposure to E-field was analyzed to determine changes in the antioxidant system. The frequency of 50 Hz and various intensities were used: 5.0 kV/m, 11.5 kV/m, 23.0 kV/m, and 34.5 kV/m. Superoxide dismutase was characterized by four times higher activity in the study groups as compared to the control group. Catalase activity in all groups was characterized by statistically significantly different activity between the groups. The highest activity was recorded in the 34.5 kV/m group. The lowest activity was recorded in the 11.5 kV/m group. A relationship was found between different E-field intensities and changes in the antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Migdał
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 25 C.K. Norwida st., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.M.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnieszka Murawska
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 25 C.K. Norwida st., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Aneta Strachecka
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Paweł Bieńkowski
- Telecommunications and Teleinformatics Department, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego st., 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Adam Roman
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 25 C.K. Norwida st., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.M.); (A.R.)
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11
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Correlation of Blood Oxidative Stress Parameters to Indoor Radiofrequency Radiation: A Cross Sectional Study in Jordan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134673. [PMID: 32610554 PMCID: PMC7369753 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Electromagnetic pollution is a general health concern worldwide, as cell phone towers are ubiquitous and are located adjacent to or on the roof of schools, and hospitals. However, the health risks are still inconclusive. This cross-sectional study evaluated the potential effect of electromagnetic radiation generated from various resources including cell phone towers on blood glutathione S transferase activity (e-GST) and total antioxidant activity of the Jordanian population. Methods: The power density of three districts in the city of Irbid, Jordan was mapped to generate “outside the houses” and “inside the houses” maps. The effect of categorical variables (gender, using a cell phone, presence of Wi-Fi modem, previous exposure to medical imaging) and continuous variables (distance from the base station, the elevation of the house, the duration of stay in the house, power density outside houses, power density inside houses) on e-GST and total antioxidant activity were investigated. Results: The EMR generated outside the houses—including cell phone towers—did not reach inside the houses at the same power and had no significant influence on e-GST activity. The EMR inside the house, which primarily came from internal resources, has a significant effect on e-GST activity. The duration of stay inside the house, the use of cell phones, and the presence of a Wi-Fi modem had a proportional effect on e-GST activity. The total antioxidant activity was statistically equal between the tested and control groups. Conclusions: Several factors such as building materials restricted the penetration of EMR reaching inside the houses. EMR generated inside rather than outside the houses had a proportional effect on e-GST. The differences in e-GST were compensated successfully by other antioxidant mechanisms. Further research is needed to identify other possible sources of antioxidants, and to evaluate long-term effects and genetic polymorphism.
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12
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Kostoff RN, Heroux P, Aschner M, Tsatsakis A. Adverse health effects of 5G mobile networking technology under real-life conditions. Toxicol Lett 2020; 323:35-40. [PMID: 31991167 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article identifies adverse effects of non-ionizing non-visible radiation (hereafter called wireless radiation) reported in the premier biomedical literature. It emphasizes that most of the laboratory experiments conducted to date are not designed to identify the more severe adverse effects reflective of the real-life operating environment in which wireless radiation systems operate. Many experiments do not include pulsing and modulation of the carrier signal. The vast majority do not account for synergistic adverse effects of other toxic stimuli (such as chemical and biological) acting in concert with the wireless radiation. This article also presents evidence that the nascent 5G mobile networking technology will affect not only the skin and eyes, as commonly believed, but will have adverse systemic effects as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Kostoff
- Research Affiliate, School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, United States.
| | - Paul Heroux
- Toxicology and Health Effects of Electromagnetism, McGill University, Canada
| | - Michael Aschner
- Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Center of Toxicology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Analytical, Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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13
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Weller S, Leach V, May M. Comment on Letter: "Post-Normal Science and the Management of Uncertainty in Bioelectromagnetic Controversies" by A.W. Wood. Bioelectromagnetics 2019; 41:80-84. [PMID: 31608459 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Weller
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victor Leach
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Murray May
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Vornoli A, Falcioni L, Mandrioli D, Bua L, Belpoggi F. The Contribution of In Vivo Mammalian Studies to the Knowledge of Adverse Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation on Human Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3379. [PMID: 31547363 PMCID: PMC6765993 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of cellular antennas and other radiofrequency radiation (RFR) generating devices of the last decades has led to more and more concerns about the potential health effects from RFR exposure. Since the 2011 classification as a possible carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), more experimental studies have been published that support a causal association between RFR exposure and health hazards. As regard cancer risk, two long-term experimental studies have been recently published by the US National Toxicology Program (NTP) and the Italian Ramazzini Institute (RI). Despite important experimental differences, both studies found statistically significant increases in the development of the same type of very rare glial malignant tumors. In addition to carcinogenicity, reproductive organs might be particularly exposed, as well as sensitive to RFR. In this work, we reviewed the currently available evidence from in vivo studies on carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity studies in order to summarize the contribution of experimental research to the prevention of the adverse effects of RFR on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vornoli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Castello di Bentivoglio, via Saliceto 3, Bentivoglio, 40010 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Laura Falcioni
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Castello di Bentivoglio, via Saliceto 3, Bentivoglio, 40010 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Daniele Mandrioli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Castello di Bentivoglio, via Saliceto 3, Bentivoglio, 40010 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Luciano Bua
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Castello di Bentivoglio, via Saliceto 3, Bentivoglio, 40010 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Castello di Bentivoglio, via Saliceto 3, Bentivoglio, 40010 Bologna, Italy.
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Odemer R, Odemer F. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMF) on honey bee queen development and mating success. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 661:553-562. [PMID: 30682608 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mobile phones can be found almost everywhere across the globe, upholding a direct point-to-point connection between the device and the broadcast tower. The emission of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) puts the surrounding environment inevitably into contact with this radiation. We have therefore exposed honey bee queen larvae to the radiation of a common mobile phone device (GSM band at 900 MHz) during all stages of their pre-adult development including pupation. After 14 days of exposure, hatching of adult queens was assessed and mating success after further 11 days, respectively. Moreover, full colonies were established of five of the untreated and four of the treated queens to contrast population dynamics. We found that mobile phone radiation had significantly reduced the hatching ratio but not the mating success. If treated queens had successfully mated, colony development was not adversely affected. We provide evidence that mobile phone radiation may alter pupal development, once succeeded this point, no further impairment has manifested in adulthood. Our results are discussed against the background of long-lasting consequences for colony performance and the possible implication on periodic colony losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Odemer
- University of Hohenheim, Apicultural State Institute, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Franziska Odemer
- University of Hohenheim, Apicultural State Institute, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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16
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Comparing DNA damage induced by mobile telephony and other types of man-made electromagnetic fields. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 781:53-62. [PMID: 31416578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The number of studies showing adverse effects on living organisms induced by different types of man-made Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) has increased tremendously. Hundreds of peer reviewed published studies show a variety of effects, the most important being DNA damage which is linked to cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, reproductive declines etc. Those studies that are far more effective in showing effects employ real-life Mobile Telephony (MT) exposures emitted by commercially available mobile phones. The present review - of results published by my group from 2006 until 2016 - compares DNA fragmentation induced by six different EMFs on the same biological system - the oogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster - under identical conditions and procedures. Such a direct comparison between different EMFs - especially those employed in daily life - on the same biological endpoint, is very useful for drawing conclusions on their bioactivity, and novel. It shows that real MT EMFs are far more damaging than 50 Hz alternating magnetic field (MF) - similar or much stronger to those of power lines - or a pulsed electric field (PEF) found before to increase fertility. The MT EMFs were significantly more bioactive even for much shorter exposure durations than the other EMFs. Moreover, they were more damaging than previously tested cytotoxic agents like certain chemicals, starvation, dehydration. Individual parameters of the real MT EMFs like intensity, frequency, exposure duration, polarization, pulsing, modulation, are discussed in terms of their role in bioactivity. The crucial parameter for the intense bioactivity seems to be the extreme variability of the polarized MT signals, mainly due to the large unpredictable intensity changes.
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Belpomme D, Hardell L, Belyaev I, Burgio E, Carpenter DO. Thermal and non-thermal health effects of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: An international perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:643-658. [PMID: 30025338 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to low frequency and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at low intensities poses a significant health hazard that has not been adequately addressed by national and international organizations such as the World Health Organization. There is strong evidence that excessive exposure to mobile phone-frequencies over long periods of time increases the risk of brain cancer both in humans and animals. The mechanism(s) responsible include induction of reactive oxygen species, gene expression alteration and DNA damage through both epigenetic and genetic processes. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate adverse effects on male and female reproduction, almost certainly due to generation of reactive oxygen species. There is increasing evidence the exposures can result in neurobehavioral decrements and that some individuals develop a syndrome of "electro-hypersensitivity" or "microwave illness", which is one of several syndromes commonly categorized as "idiopathic environmental intolerance". While the symptoms are non-specific, new biochemical indicators and imaging techniques allow diagnosis that excludes the symptoms as being only psychosomatic. Unfortunately standards set by most national and international bodies are not protective of human health. This is a particular concern in children, given the rapid expansion of use of wireless technologies, the greater susceptibility of the developing nervous system, the hyperconductivity of their brain tissue, the greater penetration of radiofrequency radiation relative to head size and their potential for a longer lifetime exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Belpomme
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Paris V University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lennart Hardell
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Oncology, Orebro University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Igor Belyaev
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Laboratory of Radiobiology, Institute of General Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ernesto Burgio
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Instituto Scientifico Biomedico Euro Mediterraneo, Mesagne, Italy
| | - David O Carpenter
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA; Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia.
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Leach V, Weller S, Redmayne M. A novel database of bio-effects from non-ionizing radiation. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2018; 33:273-280. [PMID: 29874195 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2018-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A significant amount of electromagnetic field/electromagnetic radiation (EMF/EMR) research is available that examines biological and disease associated endpoints. The quantity, variety and changing parameters in the available research can be challenging when undertaking a literature review, meta-analysis, preparing a study design, building reference lists or comparing findings between relevant scientific papers. The Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association (ORSAA) has created a comprehensive, non-biased, multi-categorized, searchable database of papers on non-ionizing EMF/EMR to help address these challenges. It is regularly added to, freely accessible online and designed to allow data to be easily retrieved, sorted and analyzed. This paper demonstrates the content and search flexibility of the ORSAA database. Demonstration searches are presented by Effect/No Effect; frequency-band/s; in vitro; in vivo; biological effects; study type; and funding source. As of the 15th September 2017, the clear majority of 2653 papers captured in the database examine outcomes in the 300 MHz–3 GHz range. There are 3 times more biological “Effect” than “No Effect” papers; nearly a third of papers provide no funding statement; industry-funded studies more often than not find “No Effect”, while institutional funding commonly reveal “Effects”. Country of origin where the study is conducted/funded also appears to have a dramatic influence on the likely result outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Leach
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association (ORSAA), PO Box 152, Scarborough, Queensland 4020, Australia
| | - Steven Weller
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association, Scarborough, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mary Redmayne
- Victoria University of Wellington, School of Government, Wellington, New Zealand
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Ahmadi S, Alavi SS, Jadidi M, Ardjmand A. Exposure to GSM 900-MHz mobile radiation impaired inhibitory avoidance memory consolidation in rat: Involvements of opioidergic and nitrergic systems. Brain Res 2018; 1701:36-45. [PMID: 30030983 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of mobile phones is increasing, and the main health concern is the possible deleterious effects of radiation on brain functioning. The present study aimed to examine the effects of exposure to a global system for mobile communication (GSM) with mobile phones on inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory performance as well as the involvement of endogenous opioids and nitric oxide (NO) in this task. Male Wistar rats, 10-12 weeks old, were used. The results showed that four weeks of mobile phone exposure impaired IA memory performance in rats. The results also revealed that post-training, but not pre-training, as well as pre-test intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of naloxone (0.4, 4 and 40 ng/rat), dose-dependently recovered the impairment of IA memory performance induced by GSM radiation. Additionally, the impairment of IA memory performance was completely recovered in the exposed animals with post-training treatment of naloxone (40 ng/rat) plus pre-test i.c.v. injections of L-arginine (100 and 200 nmol/rat). However, pre-test i.c.v. injections of L-NAME (10 and 20 nmol/rat), impaired IA memory performance in the animals receiving post-training naloxone (40 ng/rat). In the animals receiving post-training naloxone treatment, the impairment of IA memory performance due to pre-test i.c.v. injections of L-NAME was recovered by the pre-test co-administration of L-arginine. It was concluded that the recovery from impairment of IA memory in GSM-exposed animals with post-training naloxone treatment was the result of blockade of the opioidergic system in early memory consolidation as well as activation of the nitrergic system in the retrieval phase of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamseddin Ahmadi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Samaneh Sadat Alavi
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Majid Jadidi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Ardjmand
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Pall ML. Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 164:405-416. [PMID: 29573716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with each such effect being documented in from 10 to 16 reviews. Therefore, each of these seven EMF effects are established effects of Wi-Fi and of other microwave frequency EMFs. Each of these seven is also produced by downstream effects of the main action of such EMFs, voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation. While VGCC activation via EMF interaction with the VGCC voltage sensor seems to be the predominant mechanism of action of EMFs, other mechanisms appear to have minor roles. Minor roles include activation of other voltage-gated ion channels, calcium cyclotron resonance and the geomagnetic magnetoreception mechanism. Five properties of non-thermal EMF effects are discussed. These are that pulsed EMFs are, in most cases, more active than are non-pulsed EMFs; artificial EMFs are polarized and such polarized EMFs are much more active than non-polarized EMFs; dose-response curves are non-linear and non-monotone; EMF effects are often cumulative; and EMFs may impact young people more than adults. These general findings and data presented earlier on Wi-Fi effects were used to assess the Foster and Moulder (F&M) review of Wi-Fi. The F&M study claimed that there were seven important studies of Wi-Fi that each showed no effect. However, none of these were Wi-Fi studies, with each differing from genuine Wi-Fi in three distinct ways. F&M could, at most conclude that there was no statistically significant evidence of an effect. The tiny numbers studied in each of these seven F&M-linked studies show that each of them lack power to make any substantive conclusions. In conclusion, there are seven repeatedly found Wi-Fi effects which have also been shown to be caused by other similar EMF exposures. Each of the seven should be considered, therefore, as established effects of Wi-Fi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Pall
- Washington State University, 638 NE 41st Avenue, Portland, OR 97232-3312, USA.
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21
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Panagopoulos DJ, Balmori A. On the biophysical mechanism of sensing atmospheric discharges by living organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:2026-2034. [PMID: 28558424 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric electrical discharges during thunderstorms, and the related electromagnetic fields (EMFs)/waves called sferics, can be sensed by humans at long distances through a variety of symptoms, mainly headache, fatigue, etc. Up to today there is no explanation for this association. Sferics consist of partially polarized electromagnetic pulses with an oscillating carrier signal in the very low frequency (VLF) band and a pulse repetition frequency in the extremely low frequency (ELF) band. Their ELF intensity may reach ~5mV/m at global ranges, and ~0.5V/m at ~1000km from the lightning. The health symptoms associated with sferics are also associated with antennas of mobile telephony base stations and handsets, which emit radio frequency (RF) radiation pulsed on ELF, and expose humans at similar or stronger electric field intensities with sferics. According to the Ion Forced-Oscillation mechanism, polarized ELF EMFs of intensities down to 0.1-1mV/m are able to disrupt any living cell's electrochemical balance and function by irregular gating of electro-sensitive ion channels on the cell membranes, and thus initiate a variety of health symptoms, while VLF EMFs need to be thousands of times stronger in order to be able to initiate health effects. We examine EMFs from sferics in terms of their bioactivity on the basis of this mechanism. We introduce the hypothesis that stronger atmospheric discharges may reasonably be considered to be ~70% along a straight line, and thus the associated EMFs (sferics) ~70% polarized. We find that sferics mainly in the ELF band have adequate intensity and polarization to cause biological/health effects. We provide explanation for the effects of sferics on human/animal health on the basis of this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris J Panagopoulos
- National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece; Radiation and Environmental Biophysics Research Centre, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Athens, Greece
| | - Alfonso Balmori
- Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Castilla y León, C/Rigoberto Cortejoso, 14, 47071 Valladolid, Spain.
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Verrender A, Loughran SP, Anderson V, Hillert L, Rubin GJ, Oftedal G, Croft RJ. IEI-EMF provocation case studies: A novel approach to testing sensitive individuals. Bioelectromagnetics 2017; 39:132-143. [PMID: 29125197 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF) is controversial. While the majority of studies have indicated that there is no relationship between EMF exposure and symptoms reported by IEI-EMF sufferers, concerns about methodological issues have been raised. Addressing these concerns, the present experiment was designed as a series of individual case studies to determine whether there is a relationship between radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure and an IEI-EMF individual's self-reported symptoms. Three participants aged 44-64 were tested during a series of sham and active exposure trials (2 open-label trials; 12 randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced trials), where symptom severity and exposure detection were scored using 100 mm visual analogue scales. The RF-EMF exposure was a 902-928 MHz spread spectrum digitally modulated signal with an average radiated power output of 1 W (0.3 W/m2 incident power density at the participant). In the double-blind trials, no significant difference in symptom severity or exposure detection was found for any of the participants between the two conditions. Belief of exposure strongly predicted symptom severity score for all participants. Despite accounting for several possible limitations, the present experiment failed to show a relationship between RF-EMF exposure and an IEI-EMF individual's symptoms. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:132-143, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Verrender
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research.,School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Sarah P Loughran
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research.,School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Vitas Anderson
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research.,Two Fields Consulting, St Kilda, Australia
| | - Lena Hillert
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G James Rubin
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research.,King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gunnhild Oftedal
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research.,Department of Electronic Systems, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rodney J Croft
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research.,School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Khaki AA, Khaki A, Ahmadi SS. The effect of Non- ionizing electromagnetic field with a frequency of 50 Hz in Rat ovary: A transmission electron microscopy study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.14.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Khaki AA, Khaki A, Ahmadi SS. The effect of Non- ionizing electromagnetic field with a frequency of 50 Hz in Rat ovary: A transmission electron microscopy study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2016; 14:125-32. [PMID: 27200427 PMCID: PMC4869155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, there are increasing concerns and interests about the potential effects of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) on both human and animal health. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to evaluate the harmful effects of 50 Hz non-ionizing EMF on rat oocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study 30 rats were randomly taken from laboratory animals and their ags and weights were determined. These 3 month's old rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. The control group consisted of 10 rats without receiving any treatment and kept under normal conditions. Experimental group 1 (10 rats) received EMF for 8 weeks (3 weeks intrauterine +5 weeks after births) and experimental group 2 (10 rats) received EMF for 13 weeks (3 weeks intrauterine +10 weeks after birth). After removing the ovaries and isolating follicles, granulosa cells were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. Electron microscopy was used to investigate the traumatic effects of EMF on follicles. RESULTS In control group nucleus membrane and mitochondria in follicle's cytoplasm seemed normal in appearance. Theca layer of primary follicles in experimental group was separated clearly, zona layer demonstrated trot with irregular thickness and ovarian stroma seemed isolated with dilated vessels showing infiltration. CONCLUSION According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that EMF has harmful effects on the ovarian follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Afshin Khaki
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Arash Khaki
- Department of Pathobiology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Shahin Ahmadi
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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