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Blaustein MP, Hamlyn JM. Sensational site: the sodium pump ouabain-binding site and its ligands. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1120-C1177. [PMID: 38223926 PMCID: PMC11193536 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00273.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Cardiotonic steroids (CTS), used by certain insects, toads, and rats for protection from predators, became, thanks to Withering's trailblazing 1785 monograph, the mainstay of heart failure (HF) therapy. In the 1950s and 1960s, we learned that the CTS receptor was part of the sodium pump (NKA) and that the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger was critical for the acute cardiotonic effect of digoxin- and ouabain-related CTS. This "settled" view was upended by seven revolutionary observations. First, subnanomolar ouabain sometimes stimulates NKA while higher concentrations are invariably inhibitory. Second, endogenous ouabain (EO) was discovered in the human circulation. Third, in the DIG clinical trial, digoxin only marginally improved outcomes in patients with HF. Fourth, cloning of NKA in 1985 revealed multiple NKA α and β subunit isoforms that, in the rodent, differ in their sensitivities to CTS. Fifth, the NKA is a cation pump and a hormone receptor/signal transducer. EO binding to NKA activates, in a ligand- and cell-specific manner, several protein kinase and Ca2+-dependent signaling cascades that have widespread physiological effects and can contribute to hypertension and HF pathogenesis. Sixth, all CTS are not equivalent, e.g., ouabain induces hypertension in rodents while digoxin is antihypertensinogenic ("biased signaling"). Seventh, most common rodent hypertension models require a highly ouabain-sensitive α2 NKA and the elevated blood pressure is alleviated by EO immunoneutralization. These numerous phenomena are enabled by NKA's intricate structure. We have just begun to understand the endocrine role of the endogenous ligands and the broad impact of the ouabain-binding site on physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mordecai P Blaustein
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - John M Hamlyn
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Obradovic M, Sudar-Milovanovic E, Gluvic Z, Banjac K, Rizzo M, Isenovic ER. The Na +/K +-ATPase: A potential therapeutic target in cardiometabolic diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1150171. [PMID: 36926029 PMCID: PMC10011626 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1150171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) are a direct consequence of modern living and contribute to the development of multisystem diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus (DM). CMD has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. A sodium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) is found in most eukaryotic cells' membrane and controls many essential cellular functions directly or indirectly. This ion transporter and its isoforms are important in the pathogenesis of some pathological processes, including CMD. The structure and function of Na+/K+-ATPase, its expression and distribution in tissues, and its interactions with known ligands such as cardiotonic steroids and other suspected endogenous regulators are discussed in this review. In addition, we reviewed recent literature data related to the involvement of Na+/K+-ATPase activity dysfunction in CMD, focusing on the Na+/K+-ATPase as a potential therapeutic target in CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Obradovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emina Sudar-Milovanovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Gluvic
- University Clinical-Hospital Centre Zemun-Belgrade, Clinic of Internal medicine, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Banjac
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- School of Medicine, Promise Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Manfredi Rizzo,
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Blaustein MP, Gottlieb SS, Hamlyn JM, Leenen FHH. Whither digitalis? What we can still learn from cardiotonic steroids about heart failure and hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H1281-H1295. [PMID: 36367691 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00362.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cloning of the "Na+ pump" (Na+,K+-ATPase or NKA) and identification of a circulating ligand, endogenous ouabain (EO), a cardiotonic steroid (CTS), triggered seminal discoveries regarding EO and its NKA receptor in cardiovascular function and the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF) and hypertension. Cardiotonic digitalis preparations were a preferred treatment for HF for two centuries, but digoxin was only marginally effective in a large clinical trial (1997). This led to diminished digoxin use. Missing from the trial, however, was any consideration that endogenous CTS might influence digitalis' efficacy. Digoxin, at therapeutic concentrations, acutely inhibits NKA but, remarkably, antagonizes ouabain's action. Prolonged treatment with ouabain, but not digoxin, causes hypertension in rodents; in this model, digoxin lowers blood pressure (BP). Furthermore, NKA-bound ouabain and digoxin modulate different protein kinase signaling pathways and have disparate long-term cardiovascular effects. Reports of "brain ouabain" led to the elucidation of a new, slow neuromodulatory pathway in the brain; locally generated EO and the α2 NKA isoform help regulate sympathetic drive to the heart and vasculature. The roles of EO and α2 NKA have been studied by EO assay, ouabain-resistant mutation of α2 NKA, and immunoneutralization of EO with ouabain-binding Fab fragments. The NKA α2 CTS binding site and its endogenous ligand are required for BP elevation in many common hypertension models and full expression of cardiac remodeling and dysfunction following pressure overload or myocardial infarction. Understanding how endogenous CTS impact hypertension and HF pathophysiology and therapy should foster reconsideration of digoxin's therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mordecai P Blaustein
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephen S Gottlieb
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John M Hamlyn
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Frans H H Leenen
- Brain and Heart Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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da Silva Ferreira R, Fernandes PBU, da Cruz JPO, Silva FLA, Lempek MR, Canta GN, Veado JCC, Mantovani MM, Botelho AFM, Melo MM. Comparative Therapeutic Potential of Cardioactive Glycosides in Doxorubicin Model of Heart Failure. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:78-87. [PMID: 34655414 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09702-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the cardioactive glycosides oleandrin and ouabain, and compared them to digoxin in a model of cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin. Adult rats were distributed into four experimental groups. Each group was challenged with a single intraperitoneal application of doxorubicin at a dose of 12 mg/kg. Then, they were treated with saline solution and the glycosides oleandrin, ouabain, and digoxin at a dose of 50 µg/kg, for 7 days. They underwent echocardiography, electrocardiography, hematologic, biochemical tests, and microscopic evaluation of the heart. All animals presented congestive heart failure, which was verified by a reduction in the ejection fraction. Oleandrin and digoxin were able to significantly reduce (p < 0.05) the eccentric remodeling caused by doxorubicin. Oleandrin and digoxin were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the control group in maintaining systolic volume and left ventricular volume in diastole. Other parameters evaluated did not show significant statistical differences. All animals showed an increase in erythrocyte count, and an increase in the duration of the QRS complex on the ECG and myocardial necrosis at the histopathological analysis. It is concluded that the glycosides oleandrin, ouabain, and digoxin in the used dosage do not present therapeutic potential for the treatment of congestive heart failure caused by doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marthin Raboch Lempek
- Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gioavanni Naves Canta
- Instituto de Ciência Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marília Martins Melo
- Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Marck PV, Pessoa MT, Xu Y, Kutz LC, Collins DM, Yan Y, King C, Wang X, Duan Q, Cai L, Xie JX, Lingrel JB, Xie Z, Tian J, Pierre SV. Cardiac Oxidative Signaling and Physiological Hypertrophy in the Na/K-ATPase α1 s/sα2 s/s Mouse Model of High Affinity for Cardiotonic Steroids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073462. [PMID: 33801629 PMCID: PMC8036649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na/K-ATPase is the specific receptor for cardiotonic steroids (CTS) such as ouabain and digoxin. At pharmacological concentrations used in the treatment of cardiac conditions, CTS inhibit the ion-pumping function of Na/K-ATPase. At much lower concentrations, in the range of those reported for endogenous CTS in the blood, they stimulate hypertrophic growth of cultured cardiac myocytes through initiation of a Na/K-ATPase-mediated and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent signaling. To examine a possible effect of endogenous concentrations of CTS on cardiac structure and function in vivo, we compared mice expressing the naturally resistant Na/K-ATPase α1 and age-matched mice genetically engineered to express a mutated Na/K-ATPase α1 with high affinity for CTS. In this model, total cardiac Na/K-ATPase activity, α1, α2, and β1 protein content remained unchanged, and the cardiac Na/K-ATPase dose–response curve to ouabain shifted to the left as expected. In males aged 3–6 months, increased α1 sensitivity to CTS resulted in a significant increase in cardiac carbonylated protein content, suggesting that ROS production was elevated. A moderate but significant increase of about 15% of the heart-weight-to-tibia-length ratio accompanied by an increase in the myocyte cross-sectional area was detected. Echocardiographic analyses did not reveal any change in cardiac function, and there was no fibrosis or re-expression of the fetal gene program. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that pathways related to energy metabolism were upregulated, while those related to extracellular matrix organization were downregulated. Consistent with a functional role of the latter, an angiotensin-II challenge that triggered fibrosis in the α1r/rα2s/s mouse failed to do so in the α1s/sα2s/s. Taken together, these results are indicative of a link between circulating CTS, Na/K-ATPase α1, ROS, and physiological cardiac hypertrophy in mice under baseline laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline V. Marck
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (P.V.M.); (M.T.P.); (Y.X.); (L.C.K.); (D.M.C.); (C.K.); (X.W.); (L.C.); (Z.X.); (J.T.)
| | - Marco T. Pessoa
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (P.V.M.); (M.T.P.); (Y.X.); (L.C.K.); (D.M.C.); (C.K.); (X.W.); (L.C.); (Z.X.); (J.T.)
| | - Yunhui Xu
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (P.V.M.); (M.T.P.); (Y.X.); (L.C.K.); (D.M.C.); (C.K.); (X.W.); (L.C.); (Z.X.); (J.T.)
| | - Laura C. Kutz
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (P.V.M.); (M.T.P.); (Y.X.); (L.C.K.); (D.M.C.); (C.K.); (X.W.); (L.C.); (Z.X.); (J.T.)
| | - Dominic M. Collins
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (P.V.M.); (M.T.P.); (Y.X.); (L.C.K.); (D.M.C.); (C.K.); (X.W.); (L.C.); (Z.X.); (J.T.)
| | - Yanling Yan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25755, USA;
| | - Cierra King
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (P.V.M.); (M.T.P.); (Y.X.); (L.C.K.); (D.M.C.); (C.K.); (X.W.); (L.C.); (Z.X.); (J.T.)
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (P.V.M.); (M.T.P.); (Y.X.); (L.C.K.); (D.M.C.); (C.K.); (X.W.); (L.C.); (Z.X.); (J.T.)
| | - Qiming Duan
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Liquan Cai
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (P.V.M.); (M.T.P.); (Y.X.); (L.C.K.); (D.M.C.); (C.K.); (X.W.); (L.C.); (Z.X.); (J.T.)
| | - Jeffrey X. Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Jerry B. Lingrel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Zijian Xie
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (P.V.M.); (M.T.P.); (Y.X.); (L.C.K.); (D.M.C.); (C.K.); (X.W.); (L.C.); (Z.X.); (J.T.)
| | - Jiang Tian
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (P.V.M.); (M.T.P.); (Y.X.); (L.C.K.); (D.M.C.); (C.K.); (X.W.); (L.C.); (Z.X.); (J.T.)
| | - Sandrine V. Pierre
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (P.V.M.); (M.T.P.); (Y.X.); (L.C.K.); (D.M.C.); (C.K.); (X.W.); (L.C.); (Z.X.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(304)-696-3505
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Ghantous CM, Kamareddine L, Farhat R, Zouein FA, Mondello S, Kobeissy F, Zeidan A. Advances in Cardiovascular Biomarker Discovery. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120552. [PMID: 33265898 PMCID: PMC7759775 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Among them, hypertension and its pathological complications pose a major risk for the development of other cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure and stroke. Identifying novel and early stage biomarkers of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases is of paramount importance in predicting and preventing the major morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases. Biomarkers of such diseases or predisposition to their development are identified by changes in a specific indicator’s expression between healthy individuals and patients. These include changes in protein and microRNA (miRNA) levels. Protein profiling using mass spectrometry and miRNA screening utilizing microarray and sequencing have facilitated the discovery of proteins and miRNA as biomarker candidates. In this review, we summarized some of the different, promising early stage protein and miRNA biomarker candidates as well as the currently used biomarkers for hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Although a number of promising markers have been identified, it is unlikely that a single biomarker will unambiguously aid in the classification of these diseases. A multi-marker panel-strategy appears useful and promising for classifying and refining risk stratification among patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M. Ghantous
- Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Keserwan 72, Lebanon;
| | - Layla Kamareddine
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Rima Farhat
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon;
| | - Fouad A. Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon;
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon;
| | - Asad Zeidan
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +97-431-309-19
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Blaustein MP, Hamlyn JM. Ouabain, endogenous ouabain and ouabain-like factors: The Na + pump/ouabain receptor, its linkage to NCX, and its myriad functions. Cell Calcium 2020; 86:102159. [PMID: 31986323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this brief review we discuss some aspects of the Na+ pump and its roles in mediating the effects of ouabain and endogenous ouabain (EO): i) in regulating the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]CYT) via Na/Ca exchange (NCX), and ii) in activating a number of protein kinase (PK) signaling cascades that control a myriad of cell functions. Importantly, [Ca2+]CYT and the other signaling pathways intersect at numerous points because of the influence of Ca2+ and calmodulin in modulating some steps in those other pathways. While both mechanisms operate in virtually all cells and tissues, this article focuses primarily on their functions in the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system (CNS) and the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mordecai P Blaustein
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - John M Hamlyn
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Pavlovic D. Endogenous cardiotonic steroids and cardiovascular disease, where to next? Cell Calcium 2019; 86:102156. [PMID: 31896530 PMCID: PMC7031694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ever since British Physician William Withering first described the use of foxglove extract for treatment of patients with congestive heart failure in 1785, cardiotonic steroids have been used clinically to treat heart failure and more recently atrial fibrillation. Due to their ability to bind and inhibit the ubiquitous transport enzyme sodium potassium pump, thus regulating intracellular Na+ concentration in every living cell, they are also an essential tool for research into the sodium potassium pump structure and function. Exogenous CTS have been clearly demonstrated to affect cardiovascular system through modulation of vagal tone, cardiac contraction (via ionic changes) and altered natriuresis. Reports of a number of endogenous CTS, since the 1980s, have intensified research into their physiologic and pathophysiologic roles and opened up novel therapeutic targets. Substantive evidence pointing to the role of endogenous ouabain and marinobufagenin, the two most prominent CTS, in development of cardiovascular disease has accumulated. Nevertheless, their presence, structure, biosynthesis pathways and even mechanism of action remain unclear or controversial. In this review the current state-of-the-art, the controversies and the remaining questions surrounding the role of endogenous cardiotonic steroids in health and disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Pavlovic
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Gross NB, Abad N, Lichtstein D, Taron S, Aparicio L, Fonteh AN, Arakaki X, Cowan RP, Grant SC, Harrington MG. Endogenous Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitors and CSF [Na+] contribute to migraine formation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218041. [PMID: 31173612 PMCID: PMC6555523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence that neuronal hyper-excitability underlies migraine, and may or may not be preceded by cortical spreading depression. However, the mechanisms for cortical spreading depression and/or migraine are not established. Previous studies reported that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [Na+] is higher during migraine, and that higher extracellular [Na+] leads to hyper-excitability. We raise the hypothesis that altered choroid plexus Na+, K+-ATPase activity can cause both migraine phenomena: inhibition raises CSF [K+] and initiates cortical spreading depression, while activation raises CSF [Na+] and causes migraine. In this study, we examined levels of specific Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitors, endogenous ouabain-like compounds (EOLC), in CSF from migraineurs and controls. CSF EOLC levels were significantly lower during ictal migraine (0.4 nM +/- 0.09) than from either controls (1.8 nM +/- 0.4) or interictal migraineurs (3.1 nM +/- 1.9). Blood plasma EOLC levels were higher in migraineurs than controls, but did not differ between ictal and interictal states. In a Sprague-Dawley rat model of nitroglycerin-triggered central sensitization, we changed the concentrations of EOLC and CSF sodium, and measured aversive mechanical threshold (von Frey hairs), trigeminal nucleus caudalis activation (cFos), and CSF [Na+] (ultra-high field 23Na MRI). Animals were sensitized by three independent treatments: intraperitoneal nitroglycerin, immunodepleting EOLC from cerebral ventricles, or cerebroventricular infusion of higher CSF [Na+]. Conversely, nitroglycerin-triggered sensitization was prevented by either vascular or cerebroventricular delivery of the specific Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitor, ouabain. These results affirm our hypothesis that higher CSF [Na+] is linked to human migraine and to a rodent migraine model, and demonstrate that EOLC regulates them both. Our data suggest that altered choroid plexus Na+, K+-ATPase activity is a common source of these changes, and may be the initiating mechanism in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah B. Gross
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Nastaren Abad
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- Center for Interdisciplinary Magnetic Resonance, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - David Lichtstein
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shiri Taron
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lorena Aparicio
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Xianghong Arakaki
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Cowan
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel C. Grant
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- Center for Interdisciplinary Magnetic Resonance, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Harrington
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
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Kumari N, Singh S, Kumari V, Kumar S, Kumar V, Kumar A. Ouabain potentiates the antimicrobial activity of aminoglycosides against Staphylococcus aureus. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:119. [PMID: 31170971 PMCID: PMC6554875 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious pathogen which often causes nosocomial and community attained infections. These infections steadily increased after evolving the resistance due to indecorous practice of antibiotics and now become a serious health issue. Ouabain is a Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor that leads to increase the heart contraction in patients with congestive heart failure. Methods In the present study, in vitro antimicrobial effect of ouabain together with aminoglycosides was determined against clinical and non-clinical S. aureus strains. Using checkerboard, Gentamycin uptake and biofilm assays, we analysed he interactions of ouabain with aminoglycosides. Results Ouabain induced the staphylocidal potency of aminoglycosides by remarkably reducing the MIC of gentamycin (GEN) by 16 (0.25 μg/mL), 8 folds (0.5 μg/mL) amikacin (AMK); and 16 folds (1.0 μg/mL) with kanamycin (KAN), compared to their individual doses. OBN severely reduced cell viability within 60 min with GEN (1 μg/mL), KAN (2 μg/mL) and 90 min with AMK (1 μg/mL). This bactericidal effect was enhanced due to GEN uptake potentiated by 66% which led to increase the cell permeability as revealed by leakage of bacterial ATP and nitrocefin assay. The biofilm adherence disrupted by 80 and 50% at 5 mg/mL and 1.5 mg/mL OBN and 50 and 90% biofilm formation was inhibited at 5 mg/mL (MBIC50) and 10 mg/mL (MBIC90), respectively. Moreover, OBN with GEN further induced biofilm inhibition by 67 ± 5% at pH 7.0. Conclusions Taken together, we established that OBN synergizes the antimicrobial activity of aminoglycosides that induces cell killing due to intracellular accumulation of GEN by disturbing cell homeostasis. It may be proven an effective approach for the treatment of staphylococcal infections.
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Endogenous Ouabain and Related Genes in the Translation from Hypertension to Renal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071948. [PMID: 29970843 PMCID: PMC6073363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous ouabain (EO) is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal gland with cardio-tonic effects. In this article, we have reviewed and summarized the most recent reports about EO, particularly with regard to how it may interact with specific genetic backgrounds. We have focused our attention on the EO’s potential pathogenic role in several diseases, including renal failure, essential hypertension and heart failure. Notably, these reports have demonstrated that EO acts as a pro-hypertrophic and growth-promoting hormone, which might lead to a cardiac remodeling affecting cardiovascular functions and structures. In addition, a possible role of EO in the development of acute kidney injury has been hypothesized. During the last decays, many important improvements permitted a deeper understanding of EO’s metabolisms and functions, including the characteristics of its receptor and the effects of its activation. Such progresses indicated that EO has significant implications in the pathogenesis of many common diseases. The patho-physiological role of EO in the development of hypertension and other cardiac and renal complications have laid the basis for the development of a new selective compound that could selectively modulate the genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in EO’s action. It is evident that the knowledge of EO has incredibly increased; however, many important areas remain to be further investigated.
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Blaustein MP. The pump, the exchanger, and the holy spirit: origins and 40-year evolution of ideas about the ouabain-Na + pump endocrine system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 314:C3-C26. [PMID: 28971835 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00196.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two prescient 1953 publications set the stage for the elucidation of a novel endocrine system: Schatzmann's report that cardiotonic steroids (CTSs) are all Na+ pump inhibitors, and Szent-Gyorgi's suggestion that there is an endogenous "missing screw" in heart failure that CTSs like digoxin may replace. In 1977 I postulated that an endogenous Na+ pump inhibitor acts as a natriuretic hormone and simultaneously elevates blood pressure (BP) in salt-dependent hypertension. This hypothesis was based on the idea that excess renal salt retention promoted the secretion of a CTS-like hormone that inhibits renal Na+ pumps and salt reabsorption. The hormone also inhibits arterial Na+ pumps, elevates myocyte Na+ and promotes Na/Ca exchanger-mediated Ca2+ gain. This enhances vasoconstriction and arterial tone-the hallmark of hypertension. Here I describe how those ideas led to the discovery that the CTS-like hormone is endogenous ouabain (EO), a key factor in the pathogenesis of hypertension and heart failure. Seminal observations that underlie the still-emerging picture of the EO-Na+ pump endocrine system in the physiology and pathophysiology of multiple organ systems are summarized. Milestones include: 1) cloning the Na+ pump isoforms and physiological studies of mutated pumps in mice; 2) discovery that Na+ pumps are also EO-triggered signaling molecules; 3) demonstration that ouabain, but not digoxin, is hypertensinogenic; 4) elucidation of EO's roles in kidney development and cardiovascular and renal physiology and pathophysiology; 5) discovery of "brain ouabain", a component of a novel hypothalamic neuromodulatory pathway; and 6) finding that EO and its brain receptors modulate behavior and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mordecai P Blaustein
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Blaustein MP. How does pressure overload cause cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction? High-ouabain affinity cardiac Na + pumps are crucial. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H919-H930. [PMID: 28733446 PMCID: PMC5792198 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00131.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy is frequently observed in hypertensive patients and is believed to be due to the pressure overload and cardiomyocyte stretch. Three recent reports on mice with genetically engineered Na+ pumps, however, have demonstrated that cardiac ouabain-sensitive α2-Na+ pumps play a key role in the pathogenesis of transaortic constriction-induced hypertrophy. Hypertrophy was delayed/attenuated in mice with mutant, ouabain-resistant α2-Na+ pumps and in mice with cardiac-selective knockout or transgenic overexpression of α2-Na+ pumps. The latter, seemingly paradoxical, findings can be explained by comparing the numbers of available (ouabain-free) high-affinity (α2) ouabain-binding sites in wild-type, knockout, and transgenic hearts. Conversely, hypertrophy was accelerated in α2-ouabain-resistant (R) mice in which the normally ouabain-resistant α1-Na+ pumps were mutated to an ouabain-sensitive (S) form (α1S/Sα2R/R or "SWAP" vs. wild-type or α1R/R α2S/S mice). Furthermore, transaortic constriction-induced hypertrophy in SWAP mice was prevented/reversed by immunoneutralizing circulating endogenous ouabain (EO). These findings show that EO and its receptor, ouabain-sensitive α2, are critical factors in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. This complements reports linking elevated plasma EO to hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and failure in humans and elucidates the underappreciated role of the EO-Na+ pump pathway in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mordecai P. Blaustein
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by an acute decline in renal function and is associated to increased mortality rate, hospitalization time, and total health-related costs. The severity of this ‘fearsome’ clinical complication might depend on, or even be worsened by, the late detection of AKI, when the diagnosis is based on the elevation of serum creatinine (SCr). For these reasons, in recent years a great number of new tools, biomarkers and predictive models have been proposed to clinicians in order to improve diagnosis and prevent the development of AKI. The purpose of this narrative paper is to review the current state of the art in prediction and early detection of AKI and outline future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pozzoli
- Chair of Nephrology - IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Simonini
- Chair of Nephrology - IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Manunta
- Chair of Nephrology - IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
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Fan X, Xie J, Tian J. Reducing Cardiac Fibrosis: Na/K-ATPase Signaling Complex as a Novel Target. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6. [PMID: 29034264 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6607.1000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathological process in cardiac disease and may lead to heart failure. It can also cause sudden death even in those without cardiac symptoms. Tissue fibrosis can be categorized into two categories: replacement fibrosis (also called reparative fibrosis) and reactive fibrosis. In replacement fibrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells and accumulation of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) proteins are the initial steps in forming scarlike fibrotic tissue after acute cardiac injury and cardiac cell necrosis. Reactive fibrosis can be formed in response to hormonal change and pressure or volume overload. Experimental studies in animals have identified important pathways such as the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and the endothelin pathway that contribute to fibrosis formation. Despite the fact that clinical trials using RAAS inhibitors as therapies for reducing cardiac fibrosis and improving cardiac function have been promising, heart failure is still the leading cause of deaths in the United States. Intensive efforts have been made to find novel targets and to develop new treatments for cardiac fibrosis and heart failure in the past few decades. The Na/K-ATPase, a canonical ion transporter, has been shown to also function as a signal transducer and prolonged activation of Na/K-ATPase signaling has been found to promote the formation of cardiac fibrosis. Novel tools that block the activation of Na/K-ATPase signaling have been developed and have shown promise in reducing cardiac fibrosis. This review will discuss the recent development of novel molecular targets, focusing on the Na/K-ATPase signaling complex as a therapeutic target in treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Fan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
| | - J Xie
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
| | - J Tian
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
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Liu L, Wu J, Kennedy DJ. Regulation of Cardiac Remodeling by Cardiac Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase Isoforms. Front Physiol 2016; 7:382. [PMID: 27667975 PMCID: PMC5016610 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling occurs after cardiac pressure/volume overload or myocardial injury during the development of heart failure and is a determinant of heart failure. Preventing or reversing remodeling is a goal of heart failure therapy. Human cardiomyocyte Na+/K+-ATPase has multiple α isoforms (1–3). The expression of the α subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase is often altered in hypertrophic and failing hearts. The mechanisms are unclear. There are limited data from human cardiomyocytes. Abundant evidences from rodents show that Na+/K+-ATPase regulates cardiac contractility, cell signaling, hypertrophy and fibrosis. The α1 isoform of the Na+/K+-ATPase is the ubiquitous isoform and possesses both pumping and signaling functions. The α2 isoform of the Na+/K+-ATPase regulates intracellular Ca2+ signaling, contractility and pathological hypertrophy. The α3 isoform of the Na+/K+-ATPase may also be a target for cardiac hypertrophy. Restoration of cardiac Na+/K+-ATPase expression may be an effective approach for prevention of cardiac remodeling. In this article, we will overview: (1) the distribution and function of isoform specific Na+/K+-ATPase in the cardiomyocytes. (2) the role of cardiac Na+/K+-ATPase in the regulation of cell signaling, contractility, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. Selective targeting of cardiac Na+/K+-ATPase isoform may offer a new target for the prevention of cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jian Wu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David J Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Toledo, OH, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hamlyn
- From the Departments of Physiology (J.M.H., M.P.B.) and Medicine (M.P.B.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.
| | - Mordecai P Blaustein
- From the Departments of Physiology (J.M.H., M.P.B.) and Medicine (M.P.B.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.
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