Fibroblast growth factors stimulate hair growth through β-catenin and Shh expression in C57BL/6 mice

KGF-2 ameliorates UVB-triggered skin photodamage in mice by attenuating DNA damage and inflammatory response and mitochondrial dysfunction

BACKGROUND

Long-term exposure to UVB induces DNA damage, inflammatory response, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in skin cells, thus causing skin photodamage. Research has demonstrated the noteworthy antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, DNA repair, and mitochondrial protective properties of keratinocyte growth factor-2 (KGF-2).

METHODS

To examine the impact of KGF-2 on UVB-triggered skin photodamage in mice, hair-removed mice were initially exposed under UVB radiation and subsequently treated with KGF-2 hydrogel and repeated for 6 days. On day 7, the assessment of histopathological alterations, inflammation, DNA damage, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis in mouse skin was assessed.

RESULTS

It was found that KGF-2 could effectively relieve cutaneous photodamage symptoms and inhibit epidermal proliferation in mice. Meanwhile, KGF-2 was found to significantly reduce DNA damage, attenuate the inflammatory response, and inhibit the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway in the UVB-exposed mouse skin photodamage model.

CONCLUSION

To summarize, our results indicated that KGF-2 reduces the severity of mouse skin photodamage caused by UVB rays by attenuating DNA damage and the inflammatory response, besides inhibiting the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway.

Novel Synergistic Approach for Bioactive Macromolecules: Evaluating the Efficacy of Goat Placenta Extract in PEGylated Liposomes and Microspicules for Chemotherapy-Induced Hair Loss

Chemotherapy-induced hair loss is a distressing side effect of cancer treatment, and medical interventions are often needed to address this problem. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the bioactivity of goat placenta (GP) extract on both normal and chemotherapy-induced hair cells and to develop PEGylated liposomes (PL) and microspicule (MS) formulations for promoting hair growth in patients with chemotherapy-induced hair loss. The bioactivities of GP extract on human follicle dermal papilla (HFDP) cells and cells damaged by chemotherapy were assessed. GP extract was incorporated into PLs and MS gel (PL-MS) and then investigated in vitro skin permeation and in vivo studies on the scalps of patients with chemotherapy-induced hair loss. GP extract stimulated HFDP cell proliferation in both normal and cisplatin-damaged cells. PL nanovesicles and MS gel worked synergistically to deliver macromolecular proteins into the skin and hair follicles. The application of GP extract-loaded PL-MS to the scalps of chemotherapy-treated patients for 12 weeks significantly enhanced the hair growth rate, without causing skin irritation. In conclusion, GP extract promoted the proliferation of hair cells damaged by chemotherapy, when this extract, combined with PL-MS, effectively delivered bioactive macromolecules across the skin and hair follicles, resulting in successful regrowth of hair post-chemotherapy.

Irisin promotes hair growth and hair cycle transition by activating the GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway

Hair loss affects men and women of all ages. Myokines, which are mainly secreted by skeletal muscles during exercise, have numerous health benefits. VEGF, IGF-1, FGF and irisin are reprehensive myokines. Although VEGF, IGF-1 and FGF are positively associated with hair growth, few studies have researched the effects of irisin on hair growth. Here, we investigated whether irisin promotes hair growth using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo patch assays, as well as mouse models. We show that irisin increases proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mitochondrial membrane potential in human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs). Irisin activated the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, thereby upregulating Wnt5a, Wnt10b and LEF-1, which play an important role in hair growth. Moreover, irisin enhanced human hair shaft elongation. In vivo, patch assays revealed that irisin promotes the generation of new hair follicles, accelerates entry into the anagen phase, and significantly increases hair growth in C57BL/6 mice. However, XAV939, a Wnt/β-catenin signalling inhibitor, suppressed the irisin-mediated increase in hair shaft and hair growth. These results indicate that irisin increases hair growth via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and highlight its therapeutic potential in hair loss treatment.

FGF7 and FGF10 Promote Fate Transition of Human Epidermal Cell-derived Organoids to an Eccrine Gland Phenotype

Rationale: Reconstruction of hair follicles (HFs) and eccrine sweat glands (ESGs) is essential for functional skin regeneration. In skin reconstruction research, we found that foreskin-derived epidermal cells reconstructed HF organoids unidirectionally, but not ESG organoids. Methods: To investigate key genes and pathways influencing the fate of ESG and HF, a transcriptome profiling of ESG placode-containing skin and HF placode-containing skin was employed, and key DEGs were identified and validated by RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence staining in mice and rats. Subsequently, adult human epidermal cell-derived organoids were reconstructed to probe functional roles and mechanisms of FGF7 and FGF10 by series of approaches integrating RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence-staining, WB, apoptosis assay, and pathway interference assay. Results: All members of FGF7 subfamily were among the key DEGs screened, the differential expression of FGF7 and FGF10 and their receptors FGFR1/FGFR2 was verified between ESG placode-containing skin and HF placode-containing skin. In vivo and in vitro Matrigel plug models showed that both FGF7 and FGF10 promoted fate transition of human epidermal cell-derived organoids to ESG phenotype organoids, FGF7 and FGF10 had a synergistic effect, and mainly function through the FGFR1/2-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway. Conclusions: Adult epidermal cells can be manipulated to reconstruct personalized HF and ESG to meet different needs.

Effects of Nannochloropsis salina Fermented Oil on Proliferation of Human Dermal Papilla Cells and Hair Growth

The hair follicle is the basis of hair regeneration, and the dermal papilla is one of the most important structures in hair regeneration. New intervention and reversal strategies for hair loss may arise due to the prevention of oxidative stress. GC/MS analysis was used to determine the compounds contained in NSO. Then, NSO was applied to DPC for cell proliferation and oxidative stress experiments. RNA-seq was performed in cells treated with NSO and minoxidil. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to verify the gene expression. The effects of NSO on hair length, weight, the number and depth of hair follicles, and the dermal thickness were also studied. GC/MS analysis showed that the main components of NSO were eicosapentaenoic acid, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid. NSO promotes DPC proliferation and reduces H2O2-mediated oxidative damage. NSO can also activate hair growth-related pathways and upregulate antioxidant-related genes analyzed by gene profiling. The topical application of NSO significantly promotes hair growth and increases hair length and weight in mice. NSO extract promotes hair growth and effectively inhibits oxidative stress, which is beneficial for the prevention and treatment of hair loss.

Enhancing hair regeneration: Recent progress in tailoring nanostructured lipid carriers through surface modification strategies

Background and purpose

Hair loss is a prevalent problem affecting millions of people worldwide, necessitating innovative and efficient regrowth approaches. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have become a hopeful option for transporting bioactive substances to hair follicles because of their compatibility with the body and capability to improve drug absorption.

Review approach

Recently, surface modification techniques have been used to enhance hair regeneration by improving the customization of NLCs. These techniques involve applying polymers, incorporating targeting molecules, and modifying the surface charge.

Key results

The conversation focuses on how these techniques enhance stability, compatibility with the body, and precise delivery to hair follicles within NLCs. Moreover, it explains how surface-modified NLCs can improve the bioavailability of hair growth-promoting agents like minoxidil and finasteride. Furthermore, information on how surface-modified NLCs interact with hair follicles is given, uncovering their possible uses in treating hair loss conditions.

Conclusion

This review discusses the potential of altering the surface of NLCs to customize them for enhanced hair growth. It offers important information for upcoming studies on hair growth.

Triethylene Glycol Squalene Improves Hair Regeneration by Maintaining the Inductive Capacity of Human Dermal Papilla Cells and Preventing Premature Aging

De novo hair follicle (HF) regeneration, achieved through the replenishment of the dermal papilla (DP), acknowledged as the principal orchestrator of the hair growth cycle, is emerging as a prospective therapeutic intervention for alopecia. Nonetheless, multiple attempts have shown that these cells lose key inductive properties when cultured in a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer, leading to precocious senescence engendered by oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. Consequently, the three-dimensional (3D) spheroid technique is presently widely employed for DP cell culture. Nevertheless, substantiating the regenerative potential of these cells within the hair follicle (HF) milieu remains a challenge. In this current study, we aim to find a new approach to activate the inductive properties of DP cells. This involves the application of hair-growth-stimulating agents that not only exhibit concurrent protective efficacy against the aging process but also induce HF regeneration. To achieve this objective, we initially synthesized a novel highly amphiphilic derivative derived from squalene (SQ), named triethylene glycol squalene (Tri-SQ). Squalene itself is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound traditionally employed as a drug carrier for alopecia treatment. However, its application is limited due to its low solubility. Subsequently, we applied this newly synthesized derivative to DP cells. The data obtained demonstrated that the derivative exhibits robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities while concurrently promoting the expression of genes associated with hair growth. Moreover, to further assess the hair regrowth inductive properties of DP cells, we cultured the cells and treated them with Tri-SQ within a 3D spheroid system. Subsequently, these treated cells were injected into the previously depilated dorsal area of six-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. Results revealed that 20 days postinjection, a complete regrowth of hair in the previously hairless area, particularly evident in the case of 3D spheroids treated with the derivative, was observed. Additionally, histological and molecular analyses demonstrated an upregulation of markers associated with hair growth and a concurrent decrease in aging hallmarks, specifically in the 3D spheroids treated with the compound. In summary, our approach, which involves the treatment of Tri-SQ combined with a 3D spheroid system, exhibited a notably robust stimulating effect. This effect was observed in the induction of inductive properties in DP cells, leading to HF regeneration, and concurrently, it demonstrated an inhibitory effect on cellular and follicular aging.

Genomic Characterization of Quality Wool Traits in Spanish Merino Sheep

The native Spanish Merino breed was the founder of all the other Merino and Merino-derived breeds worldwide. Despite the fact that this breed was created and improved to produce the highest quality fine wool, the global wool market crisis led to the wholescale crossing of most of the herds with breeds for meat purposes. Nevertheless, there are still some purebred animals with a high potential for producing quality wool. The objective of this study was to characterize the current wool quality of the breed and identify genes associated with these parameters. To achieve this, over 12,800 records from the most representative animals of the breed (registered in the herd book) were analyzed using the Australian OFDA 2000 system, for parameters such as fiber diameter (FD), standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), fibers over 15 microns (>15%), staple length (SL), and comfort factor (CRV). Additionally, animals with the most extreme FD values were whole-genome sequenced using NGS. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) determined the association of 74 variants with the different traits studied, which were located in 70 different genes. Of these genes, EDN2, COL18A1, and LRP1B, associated with fibers over 15%, and FGF12 and ADAM17, associated with SL, play a key role in hair follicle growth and development. Our study reveals the great potential for recovering this breed for fine wool production, and identifies five candidate genes whose understanding may aid in that selection process.

Ganoderma lucidum extract attenuates corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced cellular senescence in human hair follicle cells

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a key mediator in stress-induced hair growth inhibition. Here, we investigated the impact of stress-induced senescence and evaluated the potential of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) extract in mitigating CRH-induced senescence in human hair follicle cells (hHFCs). We show that CRH treatment increased the senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-GAL) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in hHFCs and suppressed alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and anagen-inducing genes. However, GL extract restored ALP activity and decreased the expression levels of anagen-related genes in CRH-treated hHFCs. It decreased SA-β-GAL activity, reduced ROS production, and prevented the phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways in CRH-related stress response. Moreover, GL reversed the CRH-induced inhibition of two-cell assemblage (TCA) elongation and Ki67 expression. GL extract attenuates stress-induced hair follicular senescence by delaying catagen entry and scavenging ROS. Our findings suggest that GL extract could be used for treating stress-induced hair loss.

Phloroglucinol Enhances Anagen Signaling and Alleviates H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

Phloroglucinol (PG) is one of the abundant isomeric benzenetriols in brown algae. Due to its polyphenolic structure, PG exhibits various biological activities. However, the impact of PG on anagen signaling and oxidative stress in human dermal papilla cells (HDPCs) is unknown. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of PG for improving hair loss. A non-cytotoxic concentration of PG increased anagen-inductive genes and transcriptional activities of β-Catenin. Since several anagen-inductive genes are regulated by β-Catenin, further experiments were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which PG upregulates anagen signaling. Various biochemical analyses revealed that PG upregulated β-Catenin signaling without affecting the expression of Wnt. In particular, PG elevated the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), leading to an increase in the inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) at serine 9. Treatment with the selective phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT inhibitor, LY294002, restored the increased AKT/GSK3β/β-Catenin signaling and anagen-inductive proteins induced by PG. Moreover, conditioned medium from PG-treated HDPCs promoted the proliferation and migration of human epidermal keratinocytes via the AKT signaling pathway. Subsequently, we assessed the antioxidant activities of PG. PG ameliorated the elevated oxidative stress markers and improved the decreased anagen signaling in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced HDPCs. The senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining assay also demonstrated that the antioxidant abilities of PG effectively mitigated H2O2-induced senescence. Overall, these results indicate that PG potentially enhances anagen signaling and improves oxidative stress-induced cellular damage in HDPCs. Therefore, PG can be employed as a novel therapeutic component to ameliorate hair loss symptoms.

Bee Venom Stimulates Growth Factor Release from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells to Promote Hair Growth

Limited evidence suggests that stimulating adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) indirectly promotes hair growth. We examined whether bee venom (BV) activated ASCs and whether BV-induced hair growth was facilitated by enhanced growth factor release by ASCs. The induction of the telogen-to-anagen phase was studied in mice. The underlying mechanism was investigated using organ cultures of mouse vibrissa hair follicles. When BV-treated ASCs were injected subcutaneously into mice, the telogen-to-anagen transition was accelerated and, by day 14, the hair weight increased. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) revealed that BV influenced the expression of several molecules, including growth factors, chemokines, channels, transcription factors, and enzymes. Western blot analysis was employed to verify the protein expression levels of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phospho-ERK. Both the Boyden chamber experiment and scratch assay confirmed the upregulation of cell migration by BV. Additionally, ASCs secreted higher levels of growth factors after exposure to BV. Following BV therapy, the gene expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 and 6, endothelial cell growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C were upregulated. The findings of this study suggest that bee venom can potentially be utilized as an ASC-preconditioning agent for hair regeneration.

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in Dermatology: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Action

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy has gained attention in the scientific field due to its potential regenerative effects and great benefit-risk ratio. This review extensively explores the most studied mechanisms of this therapy according to the etiopathogenesis of skin diseases: cellular proliferation, matrix formation, regulation of inflammation, angiogenesis, collagen synthesis, and the remodeling of new tissue. Moreover, it draws on newly reported and lesser-known effects of PRP: its anti-apoptotic effects, immunological suppression, decrease in melanin synthesis, anti-microbial effects, overexpression of miR-155, antioxidant effects, and their involved pathways. This work aims to provide a complete update for understanding PRP's benefits and clinical relevance in wound healing, alopecia, pigmentary disorders, scars, rejuvenation, lichen sclerosus, and other inflammatory dermatoses, based on the current evidence. Furthermore, recent reports with novel indications for PRP therapy are highlighted, and new potential pathways correlated with the pathogenesis of skin diseases are explored.

Efficacy of Adipocyte-Derived Stem Cells-Conditioned Media in Telogen Effluvium

Objectives

To assess the effectiveness of adipocyte-derived mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned media (ADSC-CM) formulation in telogen effluvium patients.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a dermatology clinic in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The study included 50 consecutive patients aged 20-70 years, who were diagnosed with telogen effluvium. All patients received five monthly sessions of the same commercial ADSC-CM formulation, using a standardized application protocol. Pre- and post-intervention changes in trichometry parameters were analyzed.

Results

There was a significant increase in mean hair density (up to 29.01 hair/cm2; effect size 0.7-1.0), cumulative hair thickness (up to 2.67 units; effect size 0.7-1.4), and the number of follicular hair units (up to 19.96%; effect size 1.0-1.3) in all scalp regions (p < 0.001), associated with a decrease in mean trichometry-derived Sinclair scale by 0.8-1.3 (p < 0.001). Positive outcomes were observed in 70%-92% of the patients depending on the parameter and scalp region. There was no impact of the patient's age on ADSC-CM efficacy.

Conclusion

ADSC-CM was successfully applied as a new treatment option for patients with telogen effluvium. These findings provide another therapeutic and research area for dermatologists to optimize the management of telogen effluvium and reduce its impact on patients.

Nanodrug Delivery Strategies to Signaling Pathways in Alopecia

Over 50% of the global population suffers from hair loss. The mixed results in the treatment of hair loss reveal the limitations of conventional commercial topical drugs. One the one hand, the definite pathogenesis of hair loss is still an enigma. On the other hand, targeted drug carriers ensure the drug therapeutic effect and low side effects. This review highlights the organization and overview of nine crucial signaling pathways associated with hair loss, as well as the development of nanobased topical delivery systems loading the clinical drugs, which will fuel emerging hair loss treatment strategies.

Intraoperative Bioprinting of Human Adipose-derived Stem cells and Extra-cellular Matrix Induces Hair Follicle-Like Downgrowths and Adipose Tissue Formation during Full-thickness Craniomaxillofacial Skin Reconstruction

Craniomaxillofacial (CMF) reconstruction is a challenging clinical dilemma. It often necessitates skin replacement in the form of autologous graft or flap surgery, which differ from one another based on hypodermal/dermal content. Unfortunately, both approaches are plagued by scarring, poor cosmesis, inadequate restoration of native anatomy and hair, alopecia, donor site morbidity, and potential for failure. Therefore, new reconstructive approaches are warranted, and tissue engineered skin represents an exciting alternative. In this study, we demonstrated the reconstruction of CMF full-thickness skin defects using intraoperative bioprinting (IOB), which enabled the repair of defects via direct bioprinting of multiple layers of skin on immunodeficient rats in a surgical setting. Using a newly formulated patient-sourced allogenic bioink consisting of both human adipose-derived extracellular matrix (adECM) and stem cells (ADSCs), skin loss was reconstructed by precise deposition of the hypodermal and dermal components under three different sets of animal studies. adECM, even at a very low concentration such as 2% or less, has shown to be bioprintable via droplet-based bioprinting and exhibited de novo adipogenic capabilities both in vitro and in vivo . Our findings demonstrate that the combinatorial delivery of adECM and ADSCs facilitated the reconstruction of three full-thickness skin defects, accomplishing near-complete wound closure within two weeks. More importantly, both hypodermal adipogenesis and downgrowth of hair follicle-like structures were achieved in this two-week time frame. Our approach illustrates the translational potential of using human-derived materials and IOB technologies for full-thickness skin loss.

CRISPR/Cas9-Induced Fam83h Knock-out Leads to Impaired Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway and Altered Expression of Tooth Mineralization Genes in Mice

Background

Dental enamel formation is a complex process that is regulated by various genes. One such gene, Family With Sequence Similarity 83 Member H (Fam83h), has been identified as an essential factor for dental enamel formation. Additionally, Fam83h has been found to be potentially linked to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the Fam83h knockout gene on mineralization and formation of teeth, along with mediators of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as a development aspect in mice.

Materials and Methods

To confirm the Fam83h-KnockOut mice, both Sanger sequencing and Western blot methods were used. then used qPCR to measure the expression levels of genes related to tooth mineralization and formation of dental root, including Fam20a, Dspp, Dmp1, Enam, Ambn, Sppl2a, Mmp20, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway mediators, in both the Fam83h-Knockout and wild-type mice at 5, 11 and 18 days of age. also the expression level of Fgf10 and mediators of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was measured in the skin of both Knockout and wild-type mice using qPCR. A histological assessment was then performed to further investigate the results.

Results

A significant reduction in the expression levels of Ambn, Mmp20, Dspp, and Fgf10 in the dental root of Fam83h-Knockout mice compared to their wild-type counterparts was demonstrated by our results, indicating potential disruptions in tooth development. Significant down-regulation of CK1a, CK1e, and β-catenin in the dental root of Fam83h-Knockout mice was associated with a reduction in mineralization and formation-related gene. Additionally, the skin analysis of Fam83h-Knockout mice revealed reduced levels of Fgf10, CK1a, CK1e, and β-catenin. Further histological assessment confirmed that the concurrent reduction of Fgf10 expression level and Wnt/β-catenin genes were associated with alterations in hair follicle maturation.

Conclusions

The concurrent reduction in the expression level of both Wnt/β-catenin mediators and mineralization-related genes, resulting in the disruption of dental mineralization and formation, was caused by the deficiency of Fam83h. Our findings suggest a cumulative effect and multi-factorial interplay between Fam83h, Wnt/Β-Catenin signaling, and dental mineralization-related genes subsequently, during the dental formation process.

Biotherapeutic Applications of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Regenerative Medicine

BACKGROUND

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), a blood-based product containing platelets and growth factors, is being utilized to treat numerous non-hemostatic disorders. Studies have explored the use of PRP to provide rapid repair, healing, and recovery from various injuries; some studies mentioned the effectiveness of PRP as compared with other forms of treatment like the use of hyaluronic acid. Commercially available PRP systems are available now, and each varies from one another depending on how it is prepared, thus causing variations in platelet concentration and growth factor content. These variations also implicated different therapeutic applications.

METHODS

The paper reviews the various applications of PRP, including factors to consider before using PRP therapy, and provides an extensive list of PRP applications.

RESULTS

The administration of PRP as a standalone treatment or as a co-therapy results in observed positive outcomes. However, there is a lack of standardization for PRP preparation, increasing the risks for heterogeneity and bias amongst results.

CONCLUSION

The use of PRP is indeed an option for regenerative therapy, but more research is needed before it can fully be recommended as a primary treatment modality.

Millet seed oil activates β-catenin signaling and promotes hair growth

Alopecia, regardless of gender, exacerbates psychological stress in those affected. The rising prevalence of alopecia has fueled a research interest in preventing hair loss. This study investigates the potential of millet seed oil (MSO) in promoting the proliferation of hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPC) and stimulating hair growth in animals with testosterone-dependent hair growth inhibition as part of a study on dietary treatments to improve hair growth. MSO-treated HFDPC significantly increased cell proliferation and phosphorylation of AKT, S6K1, and GSK3β proteins. This induces β-catenin, a downstream transcription factor, to translocate to the nucleus and increase the expression of factors related to cell growth. In a C57BL/6 mice model in which hair growth was inhibited by subcutaneous testosterone injection after shaving the dorsal skin, oral administration of MSO stimulated hair growth in the subject mice by increasing the size and number of hair follicles. These results suggest that MSO is a potent agent that may help prevent or treat androgenetic alopecia by promoting hair growth.

Effects of a Combination of Arginine Silicate Inositol Complex and a Novel Form of Biotin on Hair and Nail Growth in a Rodent Model

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a combination of inositol-stabilized arginine silicate complex (ASI) and magnesium biotinate (MgB) on hair and nail growth in an animal model. Twenty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks old) were randomized into one of the following groups: (i) group (control), shaved; (ii) group (ASI), shaved + ASI (4.14 mg/rat/day); (iii) group (ASI + MgB I), shaved + ASI (4.14 mg/rat/day) + MgB (48.7 μg/rat/day); and (iv) group (ASI + MgB II), shaved + ASI (4.14 mg/rat/day) + MgB (325 μg/rat/day). On day 42, compared with the control group, while hair density (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.0001, respectively) and anagen ratio (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001) increased in the ASI, ASI + MgB I, and ASI + MgB II groups, telogen ratio decreased (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively). In the molecular analysis, VEGF, HGF, and KGF-2 increased in the ASI (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.05, respectively), ASI + MgB I (p < 0.0001 for all), and ASI + MgB II (p < 0.0001 for all) groups when compared to the control group. FGF-2 (p < 0.01) and IGF-1 (p < 0.001) were found to be increased in the ASI + MgB I and ASI + MgB II groups. SIRT-1 and β-catenin increased in the ASI (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), ASI + MgB I (p < 0.001 for both), and ASI + MgB II (p < 0.0001 for both) groups. Wnt-1 increased in the ASI + MgB I (p < 0.001) and ASI + MgB II (p < 0.0001) groups. In conclusion, the combination of ASI and MgB could promote hair growth by regulating IGF-1, FGF, KGF, HGF, VEGF, SIRT-1, Wnt, and β-catenin signal pathways. It was also established that ASI did not affect nail growth, whereas the MgB combination was effective using a higher dose of biotin.

Melanocortin therapies to resolve fibroblast-mediated diseases

Stromal cells have emerged as central drivers in multiple and diverse diseases, and consequently, as potential new cellular targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this review we revise the main roles of fibroblasts, not only as structural cells but also as players and regulators of immune responses. Important aspects like fibroblast heterogeneity, functional specialization and cellular plasticity are also discussed as well as the implications that these aspects may have in disease and in the design of novel therapeutics. An extensive revision of the actions of fibroblasts on different conditions uncovers the existence of numerous diseases in which this cell type plays a pathogenic role, either due to an exacerbation of their 'structural' side, or a dysregulation of their 'immune side'. In both cases, opportunities for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches exist. In this regard, here we revise the existing evidence pointing at the melanocortin pathway as a potential new strategy for the treatment and management of diseases mediated by aberrantly activated fibroblasts, including scleroderma or rheumatoid arthritis. This evidence derives from studies involving models of in vitro primary fibroblasts, in vivo models of disease as well as ongoing human clinical trials. Melanocortin drugs, which are pro-resolving mediators, have shown ability to reduce collagen deposition, activation of myofibroblasts, reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators and reduced scar formation. Here we also discuss existing challenges, both in approaching fibroblasts as therapeutic targets, and in the development of novel melanocortin drug candidates, that may help advance the field and deliver new medicines for the management of diseases with high medical needs.

Role and Mechanisms of Phytochemicals in Hair Growth and Health

Hair health is associated with personal distress and psychological well-being. Even though hair loss (alopecia) does not affect humans' biological health, it affects an individual's social well-being. So, treatment for hair problems and improving hair health are obligatory. Several pharmacological and cosmeceutical treatment procedures are available to manage hair loss and promote growth. Several factors associated with hair health include genetics, disease or disorder, drugs, lifestyle, chemical exposure, and unhealthy habits such as smoking, diet, and stress. Synthetic and chemical formulations have side effects, so people are moving towards natural compounds-based remedies for their hair problems. The history of using phytochemicals for hair health has been documented anciently. However, scientific studies on hair loss have accelerated in recent decades. The current review summarizes the type of alopecia, the factor affecting hair health, alopecia treatments, phytochemicals' role in managing hair loss, and the mechanisms of hair growth-stimulating properties of phytochemicals. The literature survey suggested that phytochemicals are potent candidates for developing treatment procedures for different hair problems. Further detailed studies are needed to bring the scientific evidence to market.

Engineered Nanovesicles from Fibroblasts Modulate Dermal Papillae Cells In Vitro and Promote Human Hair Follicle Growth Ex Vivo

Alopecia is a common medical condition affecting both sexes. Dermal papilla (DP) cells are the primary source of hair regeneration in alopecia patients. Therapeutic applications of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are restricted by low yields, high costs, and their time-consuming collection process. Thus, engineered nanovesicles (eNVs) have emerged as suitable therapeutic biomaterials in translational medicine. We isolated eNVs by the serial extrusion of fibroblasts (FBs) using polycarbonate membrane filters and serial and ultracentrifugation. We studied the internalization, proliferation, and migration of human DP cells in the presence and absence of FB-eNVs. The therapeutic potential of FB-eNVs was studied on ex vivo organ cultures of human hair follicles (HFs) from three human participants. FB-eNVs (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 µg/mL) significantly enhanced DP cell proliferation, with the maximum effect observed at 7.5 µg/mL. FB-eNVs (5 and 10 µg/mL) significantly enhanced the migration of DP cells at 36 h. Western blotting results suggested that FB-eNVs contain vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-a. FB-eNV treatment increased the levels of PCNA, pAKT, pERK, and VEGF-receptor-2 (VEGFR2) in DP cells. Moreover, FB-eNVs increased the human HF shaft size in a short duration ex vivo. Altogether, FB-eNVs are promising therapeutic candidates for alopecia.

Cost-effectively dissecting the genetic architecture of complex wool traits in rabbits by low-coverage sequencing

Background

Rabbit wool traits are important in fiber production and for model organism research on hair growth, but their genetic architecture remains obscure. In this study, we focused on wool characteristics in Angora rabbits, a breed well-known for the quality of its wool. Considering the cost to generate population-scale sequence data and the biased detection of variants using chip data, developing an effective genotyping strategy using low-coverage whole-genome sequencing (LCS) data is necessary to conduct genetic analyses.

Results

Different genotype imputation strategies (BaseVar + STITCH, Bcftools + Beagle4, and GATK + Beagle5), sequencing coverages (0.1X, 0.5X, 1.0X, 1.5X, and 2.0X), and sample sizes (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600) were compared. Our results showed that using BaseVar + STITCH at a sequencing depth of 1.0X with a sample size larger than 300 resulted in the highest genotyping accuracy, with a genotype concordance higher than 98.8% and genotype accuracy higher than 0.97. We performed multivariate genome-wide association studies (GWAS), followed by conditional GWAS and estimation of the confidence intervals of quantitative trait loci (QTL) to investigate the genetic architecture of wool traits. Six QTL were detected, which explained 0.4 to 7.5% of the phenotypic variation. Gene-level mapping identified the fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) gene as associated with fiber growth and diameter, which agrees with previous results from functional data analyses on the FGF gene family in other species, and is relevant for wool rabbit breeding.

Conclusions

We suggest that LCS followed by imputation can be a cost-effective alternative to array and high-depth sequencing for assessing common variants. GWAS combined with LCS can identify new QTL and candidate genes that are associated with quantitative traits. This study provides a cost-effective and powerful method for investigating the genetic architecture of complex traits, which will be useful for genomic breeding applications.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12711-022-00766-y.

The Molecular Mechanism of Natural Products Activating Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway for Improving Hair Loss

Hair loss, or alopecia, is a dermatological disorder that causes psychological stress and poor quality of life. Drug-based therapeutics such as finasteride and minoxidil have been clinically used to treat hair loss, but they have limitations due to their several side effects in patients. To solve this problem, there has been meaningful progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of hair growth and finding novel targets to develop therapeutics to treat it. Among various signaling pathways, Wnt/β-catenin plays an essential role in hair follicle development, the hair cycle, and regeneration. Thus, much research has demonstrated that various natural products worldwide promote hair growth by stimulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. This review discusses the functional role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and its related signaling molecules. We also review the molecular mechanism of the natural products or compounds that activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling and provide insights into developing therapeutics or cosmeceuticals that treat hair loss.

Platelet-rich plasma: a comparative and economical therapy for wound healing and tissue regeneration

Rise in the incidences of chronic degenerative diseases with aging makes wound care a socio-economic burden and unceasingly necessitates a novel, economical, and efficient wound healing treatment. Platelets have a crucial role in hemostasis and thrombosis by modulating distinct mechanistic phases of wound healing, such as promoting and stabilizing the clot. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains a high concentration of platelets than naïve plasma and has an autologous origin with no immunogenic adverse reactions. As a consequence, PRP has gained significant attention as a therapeutic to augment the healing process. Since the past few decades, a robust volume of research and clinical trials have been performed to exploit extensive role of PRP in wound healing/tissue regeneration. Despite these rigorous studies and their application in diversified medical fields, efficacy of PRP-based therapies is continuously questioned owing to the paucity of large samplesizes, controlled clinical trials, and standard protocols. This review systematically delineates the process of wound healing and involvement of platelets in tissue repair mechanisms. Additionally, emphasis is laid on PRP, its preparation methods, handling, classification,application in wound healing, and PRP as regenerative therapeutics combined with biomaterials and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

Gender-Difference in Hair Length as Revealed by Crispr-Based Production of Long-Haired Mice with Dysfunctional FGF5 Mutations

Fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) is an important molecule required for the transition from anagen to catagen phase of the mammalian hair cycle. We previously reported that Syrian hamsters harboring a 1-bp deletion in the Fgf5 gene exhibit excessive hair growth in males. Herein, we generated Fgf5 mutant mice using genome editing via oviductal nucleic acid delivery (GONAD)/improved GONAD (i-GONAD), an in vivo genome editing system used to target early embryos present in the oviductal lumen, to study gender differences in hair length in mutant mice. The two lines (Fgf5go-malc), one with a 2-bp deletion (c.552_553del) and the other with a 1-bp insertion (c.552_553insA) in exon 3 of Fgf5, were successfully established. Each mutation was predicted to disrupt a part of the FGF domain through frameshift mutation (p.Glu184ValfsX128 or p.Glu184ArgfsX128). Fgf5go-malc1 mice had heterogeneously distributed longer hairs than wild-type mice (C57BL/6J). Notably, this change was more evident in males than in females (p < 0.0001). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of FGF5 protein in the dermal papilla and outer root sheath of the hair follicles from C57BL/6J and Fgf5go-malc1 mice. Histological analysis revealed that the prolonged anagen phase might be the cause of accelerated hair growth in Fgf5go-malc1 mice.

Cucurbitacin promotes hair growth in mice by inhibiting the expression of fibroblast growth factor 18

BACKGROUND

The inhibition of fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) promotes the transition of hair follicles (HFs) from the telogen phase to the anagen phase. Cucurbitacin has been shown to have a good effect in promoting hair cell growth. This study explored the potential effect of cucurbitacin on hair growth and its effect on FGF18 expression in mice.

METHODS

Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the following two groups: (I) the vehicle group; and (II) the cucurbitacin group. Matrix cream and cucurbitacin cream were applied to the depilated skin on the back of the vehicle group mice and the cucurbitacin group mice, respectively. On days 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18, the hair growth in the depilated dorsal skin of the mice was recorded with a digital camera and a HF detector, and the HF cycle status of the mice was observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. In addition, the level of FGF18 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the dorsal skin was measured on days 15 and 18 by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), while the level of FGF18 protein was measured by western blot and immunofluorescence staining.

RESULTS

The dorsal skin to which the cucurbitacin cream was applied began to darken on day 6 and grew hairs on day 9, which was 3 days earlier than the dorsal skin to which the matrix cream was applied. The H&E staining revealed a transition from the telogen phase to the anagen phase 3 days earlier for the cucurbitacin cream-treated skin than the matrix cream-treated skin. In addition, the skin treated with cucurbitacin cream also showed a significant decrease in FGF18 mRNA as seen by qRT-PCR, and reduced FGF18 protein levels as detected by western blot and immunofluorescence staining compared to the skin treated with matrix cream only.

CONCLUSIONS

Cucurbitacin significantly reduced the levels of FGF18 mRNA and protein in the dorsal skin of mice to accelerate the HFs to enter the anagen phase earlier, thereby promoting the regeneration of hair. Thus, cucurbitacin can be considered a new and valuable agent for the development of anti-hair loss products.

Genome-wide detection of copy number variation in American mink using whole-genome sequencing

BACKGROUND

Copy number variations (CNVs) represent a major source of genetic diversity and contribute to the phenotypic variation of economically important traits in livestock species. In this study, we report the first genome-wide CNV analysis of American mink using whole-genome sequence data from 100 individuals. The analyses were performed by three complementary software programs including CNVpytor, DELLY and Manta.

RESULTS

A total of 164,733 CNVs (144,517 deletions and 20,216 duplications) were identified representing 5378 CNV regions (CNVR) after merging overlapping CNVs, covering 47.3 Mb (1.9%) of the mink autosomal genome. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of 1391 genes that overlapped CNVR revealed potential role of CNVs in a wide range of biological, molecular and cellular functions, e.g., pathways related to growth (regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and cAMP signaling pathways), behavior (axon guidance, circadian entrainment, and glutamatergic synapse), lipid metabolism (phospholipid binding, sphingolipid metabolism and regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes), and immune response (Wnt signaling, Fc receptor signaling, and GTPase regulator activity pathways). Furthermore, several CNVR-harbored genes associated with fur characteristics and development (MYO5A, RAB27B, FGF12, SLC7A11, EXOC2), and immune system processes (SWAP70, FYN, ORAI1, TRPM2, and FOXO3).

CONCLUSIONS

This study presents the first genome-wide CNV map of American mink. We identified 5378 CNVR in the mink genome and investigated genes that overlapped with CNVR. The results suggest potential links with mink behaviour as well as their possible impact on fur quality and immune response. Overall, the results provide new resources for mink genome analysis, serving as a guideline for future investigations in which genomic structural variations are present.

Identification of Hair Growth Promoting Components in the Kernels of Prunus mira Koehne and Their Mechanism of Action

The application of the seed oil of Prunus mira Koehne (Tibetan name ཁམབུ།), a plant belonging to the Rosaceae family, for the treatment of alopecia has been recorded in Jingzhu Materia Medica (ཤེལ་གོང་ཤེལ་ཕྲེང་།) (the classic of Tibetan medicine) and Dictionary of Chinese Ethnic Medicine. This study aims to reveal the effective components and mechanism of hair growth promotion in the kernel of Prunus mira Koehne. Network pharmacology was used to predict the mechanism of action and effective components in the treatment of the kernel of Prunus mira Koehne. The contents of amygdalin in 12 batches of the kernel of Prunus mira Koehne were determined by HPLC. An animal model of the depilation of KM mice induced by sodium sulfide was created, and five effective components that promoted hair growth were initially screened. In the study of the effectiveness and mechanism of action, KM and C57BL/6 mice are selected as experimental objects, three screening tests for active components of the kernel of P. mira are performed, and three effective components are screened out from the eight components. HE staining was used to detect the number of hair follicles and the thickness of the dermis. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the influence of the expression of indicators in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in skin, including β-catenin, GSK-3β, and mRNA and protein expression levels of Cyclin D 1 and LEF 1. The network pharmacology study showed 12 signaling pathways involving 25 targets in the treatment of alopecia by the kernel of Prunus mira Koehne. vitamin E (3.125 mg/cm2/d), β-sitosterol (0.061 mg/cm2/d), and linoleic acid (0.156 mg/cm2/d) in the kernel of Prunus mira Koehne can promote hair growth in mice, and the mechanism of action may be related to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

3D Spheroid Human Dermal Papilla Cell as an Effective Model for the Screening of Hair Growth Promoting Compounds: Examples of Minoxidil and 3,4,5-Tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid (TCQA)

Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) are an important element of the hair follicle (HF) niche, widely used as an in vitro model to study hair growth-related research. These cells are usually grown in 2D culture, but this system did not show efficient therapeutic effects on HF regeneration and growth, and key differences were observed between cell activity in vitro and in vivo. Recent studies have showed that DPCs grown in 3D hanging spheroids are more morphologically akin to an intact DP microenvironment. In this current study, global gene molecular analysis showed that the 3D model highly affected cell adhesion molecules and hair growth-related pathways. Furthermore, we compared the expression of signalling molecules and metabolism-associated proteins of DPCs treated with minoxidil (an FDA-approved drug for hair loss treatment) and 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid (TCQA) (recently found to induce hair growth in vitro and in vivo) in 3D spheroid hanging drops and a 2D monolayer using DNA microarray analysis. Further validations by determining the gene and protein expressions of key signature molecules showed the suitability of this 3D system for enhancing the DPC activity of the hair growth-promoting agents minoxidil and TCQA.

β-Catenin Signaling Evokes Hair Follicle Senescence by Accelerating the Differentiation of Hair Follicle Mesenchymal Progenitors

Rationale: β-catenin signaling controls multiple fibroblast subsets, with its overactivity promoting the differentiation of hair follicle dermal stem cells (hfDSCs) and the hyperactivation of interfollicular fibroblasts. Understanding the concept of hfDSC activation and modulation offers hope towards the therapeutic armamentarium in dermatology and related comorbidities, as well as their potential applications in gerontology (the study of physiological aging). Having a comprehensive understanding in this stochastic process could also further yield important, novel insights into the molecular basis of skin aging to improve lifespan and preventing aging-related diseases.

Methods: A new CD34CrePGR mouse line was generated. Through fate-tracing models and a series of β-catenin genetic experiments, our study depicts how the wound environment increases phosphorylated β-catenin in hfDSCs and facilitates their differentiation into dermal papilla (DP) and dermal sheath (DS). In mice carrying hfDSC-specific activated allele of β-catenin, hfDSCs accelerated their differentiation into DP cells.

Results: Notably, with β-catenin stabilization in CD34-expressing cells and potential activation of canonical Wnt signaling, the mutant mice showed a brief increase of hair density in the short term, but over time leads to a senescence phenotype developing premature canities and thinning [hair follicle (HF) miniaturization].

Conclusion: β-catenin signaling drove HF senescence by accelerating differentiation of CD34⁺ hfDSCs, resulting in phenotypes attributable to the differentiation of the hfDSCs into DP cells and the loss of their stem cell potential. Therefore, our study reveals that the regulation of β-catenin signaling in hfDSCs may potentially become an important subject for future exploration in development of clinically effective therapies for hair loss treatment and an excellent model for revealing new therapeutic approaches to reverse aging or retarding the development of alopecia.

Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia Using PRP to Target Dysregulated Mechanisms and Pathways

Androgenetic alopecia (“AGA”) is the most prevalent type of progressive hair loss, causing tremendous psychological and social stress in patients. However, AGA treatment remains limited in scope. The pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia is not completely understood but is known to involve a hair follicle miniaturization process in which terminal hair is transformed into thinner, softer vellus-like hair. This process is related to the dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which causes premature termination of the anagen growth phase in hair follicles. Historically used for wound healing, platelet rich plasma (“PRP”) has recently been at the forefront of potential AGA treatment. PRP is an autologous preparation of plasma that contains a high number of platelets and their associated growth factors such as EGF, IGF-1, and VEGF. These factors are known to individually play important roles in regulating hair follicle growth. However, the clinical effectiveness of PRP is often difficult to characterize and summarize as there are wide variabilities in the PRP preparation and administration protocols with no consensus on which protocol provides the best results. This study follows the previous review from our group in 2018 by Cervantes et al. to analyze and discuss recent clinical trials using PRP for the treatment of AGA. In contrast to our previous publication, we include recent clinical trials that assessed PRP in combination or in direct comparison with standard of care procedures for AGA such as topical minoxidil and/or oral finasteride. Overall, this study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of PRP in the treatment of AGA based on the evaluation of 17 recent clinical trials published between 2018 and October 2021. By closely examining the methodologies of each clinical trial included in our study, we additionally aim to provide an overall consensus on how PRP can be best utilized for the treatment of AGA.

A network pharmacology-based approach to explore mechanism of action of medicinal herbs for alopecia treatment

Hair loss is one of the most common skin problems experienced by more than half of the world's population. In East Asia, medicinal herbs have been used widely in clinical practice to treat hair loss. Recent studies, including systematic literature reviews, indicate that medicinal herbs may demonstrate potential effects for hair loss treatment. In a previous study, we identified medical herbs used frequently for alopecia treatment. Herein, we explored the potential novel therapeutic mechanisms of 20 vital medicinal herbs for alopecia treatment that could distinguish them from known mechanisms of conventional drugs using network pharmacology analysis methods. We determined the herb-ingredient–target protein networks and ingredient-associated protein (gene)-associated pathway networks and calculated the weighted degree centrality to define the strength of the connections. Data showed that 20 vital medicinal herbs could exert therapeutic effects on alopecia mainly mediated via regulation of various target genes and proteins, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), phospholipase A2 (PLA2) subtypes, ecto-5-nucleotidase (NTE5), folate receptor (FR), nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), and quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT). Findings regarding target genes/proteins and pathways of medicinal herbs associated with alopecia treatment offer insights for further research to better understand the pathogenesis and therapeutic mechanism of medicinal herbs for alopecia treatment with traditional herbal medicine.

Pinus thunbergii bark extract rich in flavonoids promotes hair growth in dorsal skin by regulating inflammatory cytokines and increasing growth factors in mice

Korean maritime pine bark (Pinus thunbergii) has been used as an alternative medicine due to its beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory effects. To date, the anti-inflammatory and hair growth-promoting effects of Pinus densiflora bark extract have remained elusive. Therefore, in the present study, Pinus thunbergii bark was extracted with pure water (100°C) and the extract was examined to determine its polyphenol and flavonoid content. C57BL/6 mice were used to assess the effects of the extract to promote hair growth. The extract (1, 2 and 4%) was topically applied onto shaved dorsal skin and hair growth was observed for 17 days. A significant increase in hair growth was observed with 2 and 4% extract. Based on this finding, the optimal dose of the extract for effective hair growth promotion was determined to be 2%. The mechanisms of hair growth promotion were investigated via immunohistochemical analysis of changes in inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in the hair follicles following treatment with 2% extract. The treatment reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, which are pro-inflammatory cytokines, while it enhanced the levels of IL-4 and IL-13, which are anti-inflammatory cytokines, in the hair follicles. In addition, elevated insulin-like growth factor I and vascular epidermal growth factor were detected in hair follicles following treatment. Based on these findings, it was suggested that the extract of Pinus thunbergii bark may be utilized for hair loss prevention and/or hair growth promotion.

How plants solubilise seed fats: revisiting oleosin structure and function to inform commercial applications

Plants store triacylglycerides in organelles called oil bodies, which are important fuel sources for germination. Oil bodies consist of a lipid core surrounded by an interfacial single layer membrane of phospholipids and proteins. Oleosins are highly conserved plant proteins that are important for oil body formation, solubilising the triacylglycerides, stabilising oil bodies, and playing a role in mobilising the fuel during the germination process. The domain structure of oleosins is well established, with N- and C-terminal domains that are hydrophilic flanking a long hydrophobic domain that is proposed to protrude into the triacylglyceride core of the oil body. However, beyond this general understanding, little molecular level detail on the structure is available and what is known is disputed. This lack of knowledge limits our understanding of oleosin function and concomitantly our ability to engineer them. Here, we review the state of play in the literature regarding oleosin structure and function, and provide some examples of how oleosins can be used in commercial settings.

Dermal Papilla Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Increase Hair Inductive Gene Expression in Adipose Stem Cells via β-Catenin Activation

Recently, extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated cell differentiation has gained attention in developmental biology due to genetic exchange between donor cells and recipient cells via transfer of mRNA and miRNA. EVs, also known as exosomes, play a role in maintaining paracrine cell communication and can induce cell proliferation and differentiation. However, it remains unclear whether adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can adopt dermal papilla (DP)-like properties with dermal papilla cell-derived extracellular vesicles (DPC-EVs). To understand the effect of DPC-EVs on cell differentiation, DPC-EVs were characterized and incubated with ASCs, of monolayer and spheroid cell cultures, in combination with the CAO1/2FP medium specialized for dermal papilla cells (DPCs). DPC-like properties in ASCs were initially evaluated by comparing several genes and proteins with those of DPCs via real-time PCR analysis and immunostaining, respectively. We also evaluated the presence of hair growth-related microRNAs (miRNAs), specifically mir-214-5P, mir-218-5p, and mir-195-5P. Here, we found that miRNA expression patterns varied in DPC-EVs from passage 4 (P4) or P5. In addition, DPC-EVs in combination with CAP1/2FP accelerated ASC proliferation at low concentrations and propagated hair inductive gene expression for versican (vcan), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-sma), osteopontin (opn), and N-Cam (ncam). Comparison between the expression of hair inductive genes (vcan, α-sma, ctnb, and others), the protein VCAN, α-SMA and β-Catenin (CTNB), and hair inductive miRNAs (mir-214-5P, mir-218-5p, and mir-195-5p) of DPC-EVs revealed similarities between P4 DPC-EVs-treated ASCs and DPCs. We concluded that early passage DPC-EVs, in combination with CAP1/2FP, enabled ASCs to transdifferentiate into DPC-like cells.

Regenerative Medicine Treatments for Androgenetic Alopecia

Regenerative medicine and the role of stem cells are being studied for applications in nearly every field of medicine. The pluripotent nature of stem cells underlies their vast potential for treatment of androgenic alopecia. Several advances in recent years have heightened interest in this field, chief among them are the evolution of simpler techniques to isolate regenerative elements and stems cells. These techniques are easy, outpatient procedures with immediate injection, often single session with harvest, and minimal manipulation (usually physical). This paper seeks to critically review the existing data and determine the current evidence and their role in practice.

The Role of Adipose Tissue in Hair Regeneration: A Potential Tool for Management?

Human adipose tissue (AT) is a rich and easily harvestable source of stem cells and various growth factors (GFs). It has been widely used hitherto for facial rejuvenation and volumization. Increasing evidence shows that dermal adipocytes are intricately associated with hair follicles (HFs) and may be necessary to drive follicular stem cell activation. Early published data have shown encouraging preliminary results for the use of adipocytes and their stem cells as a treatment option for hair growth. The aim of this review study is to analyze published literature on the effect of fat on hair growth and to summarize the current evidence.

Perspectives on miRNAs Targeting DKK1 for Developing Hair Regeneration Therapy

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) remains an unsolved problem for the well-being of humankind, although multiple important involvements in hair growth have been discovered. Up until now, there is no ideal therapy in clinical practice in terms of efficacy and safety. Ultimately, there is a strong need for developing a feasible remedy for preventing and treating AGA. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is critical in hair restoration. Thus, AGA treatment via modulating this pathway is rational, although challenging. Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) is distinctly identified as an inhibitor of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Thus, in order to stimulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, inhibition of DKK1 is greatly demanding. Studying DKK1-targeting microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may lay the groundwork for the promotion of hair growth. Bearing in mind that DKK1 inhibition in the balding scalp of AGA certainly makes sense, this review sheds light on the perspectives of miRNA-mediated hair growth for treating AGA via regulating DKK1 and, eventually, modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Consequently, certain miRNAs regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via DKK1 inhibition might represent attractive candidates for further studies focusing on promoting hair growth and AGA therapy.

Healing and Angiogenic Properties of Collagen/Chitosan Scaffolds Enriched with Hyperstable FGF2-STAB® Protein: In Vitro, Ex Ovo and In Vivo Comprehensive Evaluation

Wound healing is a process regulated by a complex interaction of multiple growth factors including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). Although FGF2 appears in several tissue engineered studies, its applications are limited due to its low stability both in vitro and in vivo. Here, this shortcoming is overcome by a unique nine-point mutant of the low molecular weight isoform FGF2 retaining full biological activity even after twenty days at 37 °C. Crosslinked freeze-dried 3D porous collagen/chitosan scaffolds enriched with this hyper stable recombinant human protein named FGF2-STAB® were tested for in vitro biocompatibility and cytotoxicity using murine 3T3-A31 fibroblasts, for angiogenic potential using an ex ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane assay and for wound healing in vivo with 3-month old white New Zealand rabbits. Metabolic activity assays indicated the positive effect of FGF2-STAB® already at very low concentrations (0.01 µg/mL). The angiogenic properties examined ex ovo showed enhanced vascularization of the tested scaffolds. Histological evaluation and gene expression analysis by RT-qPCR proved newly formed granulation tissue at the place of a previous skin defect without significant inflammation infiltration in vivo. This work highlights the safety and biocompatibility of newly developed crosslinked collagen/chitosan scaffolds involving FGF2-STAB® protein. Moreover, these sponges could be used as scaffolds for growing cells for dermis replacement, where neovascularization is a crucial parameter for successful skin regeneration.

Micro-Current Stimulation Has Potential Effects of Hair Growth-Promotion on Human Hair Follicle-Derived Papilla Cells and Animal Model

Recently, a variety of safe and effective non-pharmacological methods have been introduced as new treatments of alopecia. Micro-current electrical stimulation (MCS) is one of them. It is generally known to facilitate cell proliferation and differentiation and promote cell migration and ATP synthesis. This study aimed to investigate the hair growth-promoting effect of MCS on human hair follicle-derived papilla cells (HFDPC) and a telogenic mice model. We examined changes in cell proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression with MCS-applied HFDPC. The changes of expression of the cell cycle regulatory proteins, molecules related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/Fox01 pathway and Wnt/β-catenin pathway were also examined by immunoblotting. Subsequently, we evaluated the various growth factors in developing hair follicles by RT-PCR in MCS-applied (MCS) mice model. From the results, the MCS-applied groups with specific levels showed effects on HFDPC proliferation and migration and promoted cell cycle progression and the expression of cell cycle-related proteins. Moreover, these levels significantly activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and PI3K/AKT/mTOR/Fox01 pathway. Various growth factors in developing hair follicles, including Wnts, FGFs, IGF-1, and VEGF-B except for VEGF-A, significantly increased in MCS-applied mice. Our results may confirm that MCS has hair growth-promoting effect on HFDPC as well as telogenic mice model, suggesting a potential treatment strategy for alopecia.

Hair follicle germs containing vascular endothelial cells for hair regenerative medicine

Hair regenerative medicine has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of severe hair loss. Recent advances in three-dimensional tissue engineering, such as formation of hair follicle germs (HFGs), have considerably improved hair regeneration after transplantation in animal models. Here, we proposed an approach for fabricating HFGs containing vascular endothelial cells. Epithelial, dermal papilla, and vascular endothelial cells initially formed a single aggregate, which subsequently became a dumbbell-shaped HFG, wherein the vascular endothelial cells localized in the region of dermal papilla cells. The HFGs containing vascular endothelial cells exhibited higher expression of hair morphogenesis-related genes in vitro, along with higher levels of hair shaft regeneration upon transplantation to the dorsal side of nude mice, than those without vascular endothelial cells. The generated hair follicles represented functional characteristics, such as piloerection, as well as morphological characteristics comparable to those of natural hair shafts. This approach may provide a promising strategy for fabricating tissue grafts with higher hair inductivity for hair regenerative medicine.

Effective production of human growth factors in Escherichia coli by fusing with small protein 6HFh8

Background

Growth factors (GFs) are signaling proteins that affect cellular processes such as growth, proliferation, and differentiation. GFs are used as cosmeceuticals, exerting anti-wrinkle, anti-aging, and whitening effects, and also as pharmaceuticals to treat wounds, growth failure, and oral mucositis. However, in mammalian and bacterial cells, low productivity and expression in inclusion bodies, respectively, of GFs does not satisfy the consumer demand. Here, we aimed to develop a bacterial expression system that produces high yields of soluble GFs that can be purified in their native forms.

Results

We present Fh8, an 8-kDa peptide from Fasciola hepatica with an N-terminal hexa-histidine (6HFh8), as a fusion partner for enhanced human GF production in recombinant Escherichia coli. The fusion partner harboring a tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease cleavage site was fused to the N-terminus of 10 human GFs: acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF, respectively), epidermal growth factor (EGF), human growth hormone (hGH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165), keratinocyte growth factor 1 (KGF-1), placental growth factor (PGF), stem cell factor (SCF), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1). The fusion proteins were expressed in E. coli under the control of T7 promoter at three temperatures (25 °C, 30 °C, and 37 °C). All individual fusion proteins, except for SCF and TIMP-1, were successfully overexpressed in cytoplasmic soluble form at more than one temperature. Further, the original aFGF, IGF-1, EGF, and VEGF165 proteins were cleaved from the fusion partner by TEV protease. Five-liter fed-batch fermentation approaches for the 6HFh8-aFGF (lacking disulfide bonds) and 6HFh8-VEGF165 (a cysteine-rich protein) were devised to obtain the target protein at concentrations of 9.7 g/l and 3.4 g/l, respectively. The two GFs were successfully highly purified (> 99% purity). Furthermore, they exerted similar cell proliferative effects as those of their commercial equivalents.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that 6HFh8-GF fusion proteins could be overexpressed on a g/l scale in the cytoplasm of E. coli, with the GFs subsequently highly purified and maintaining their biological activity. Hence, the small protein 6HFh8 can be used for efficient mass-production of various GFs.

Topical Application of Fibroblast Growth Factor 10-PLGA Microsphere Accelerates Wound Healing via Inhibition of ER Stress

There is a high incidence of acute and chronic skin defects caused by various reasons in clinically practice. The repair and functional reconstruction of skin defects have become a major clinical problem, which needs to be solved urgently. Previous studies have shown that fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) plays a functional role in promoting the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of epithelial cells. However, little is known about the effect of FGF10 on the recovery process after skin damage. In this study, we found that the expression of endogenous FGF10 was increased during wound healing. We prepared FGF10-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (FGF10-PLGA) microspheres, and it could sustain release of FGF10 both in vitro and in vivo, accelerating wound healing. Further analysis revealed that compared with FGF10 alone, FGF10-PLGA microspheres significantly improved granulation formation, collagen synthesis, cell proliferation, and blood vessel density. In the meantime, we found that FGF10-PLGA microspheres inhibited the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers. Notably, activating ER stress with tunicamycin (TM) reduced therapeutic effects of FGF10-PLGA microspheres in wound healing, whereas inhibition of ER stress with 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) improved the function of FGF10-PLGA microspheres. Taken together, this study indicates that FGF10-PLGA microspheres accelerate wound healing presumably through modulating ER stress.

QR678 & QR678 Neo Hair Growth Formulations: A Cellular Toxicity & Animal Efficacy Study

Current treatment modalities are limited in their approach and success for hair loss. QR 678 & QR 678 Neo are new formulations, consisting of a combination of growth factors and peptides. This study demonstrates safety analysis of QR 678 & QR 678 Neo formulation, using in vitro cytotoxicity assay and in vivo animal efficacy.

METHODS

Factors including vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, keratinocyte growth factor, and copper tripeptide 1 (QR 678) or their biomimetic peptides (QR678 Neo) were suspended in a sterile injectable vehicle. The 3-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was used to explore the cytotoxic effects of each factor used in the compositions in human keratinocyte cell and human fibroblast cell assays. An in vivo analysis, wherein study animals were given intradermal QR 678 & QR 678 Neo injections, was conducted to assess whether the formulations produce hair growth. Also, hair follicle viability was checked by intradermal injection of the pharmaceutical compositions in secondary alopecia.

RESULTS

In both formulations, a positive response was observed with respect to the number of mice exhibiting hair growth at the injection sites. The injections caused retention of hair in a 0.25-cm radius around the injection site. On cytotoxicity study, all the factors were found to be safe in human keratinocyte cell and human fibroblast cell assay. A positive response was demonstrated in animals on treatment with the chemotherapeutic agent.

CONCLUSIONS

Intradermal injections of QR 678 & QR 678 Neo hair growth factor formulations are a safe and efficacious option for alopecia. Results seem encouraging enough to warrant a trial in humans with secondary alopecia, post cancer chemotherapy.

β-catenin-mediated hair growth induction effect of 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid

The hair follicle is a complex structure that goes through a cyclic period of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), and rest (telogen) under the regulation of several signaling pathways, including Wnt/ β-catenin, FGF, Shh, and Notch. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling is specifically involved in hair follicle morphogenesis, regeneration, and growth. β-catenin is expressed in the dermal papilla and promotes anagen induction and duration, as well as keratinocyte regulation and differentiation. In this study, we demonstrated the activation of β-catenin by a polyphenolic compound 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid (TCQA) in mice model and in human dermal papilla cells to promote hair growth cycle. A complete regrowth of the shaved area of C3H mice was observed upon treatment with TCQA. Global gene expression analysis using microarray showed an upregulation in hair growth-associated genes. Moreover, the expression of β-catenin was remarkably upregulated in vivo and in vitro. These findings suggest that β-catenin activation by TCQA promoted the initiation of the anagen phase of the hair cycle.

Targeting Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway for Developing Therapies for Hair Loss

Persistent hair loss is a major cause of psychological distress and compromised quality of life in millions of people worldwide. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of hair loss and identifying valid intracellular targets for designing effective therapies for hair loss treatment. Whereas a variety of growth factors and signaling pathways have been implicated in hair cycling process, the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a central role in hair follicle regeneration. Several plant-derived chemicals have been reported to promote hair growth by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in various in vitro and in vivo studies. This mini-review sheds light on the role of Wnt/β-catenin in promoting hair growth and the current progress in designing hair loss therapies by targeting this signaling pathway.

Dermal exosomes containing miR-218-5p promote hair regeneration by regulating β-catenin signaling

The progression in the hair follicle cycle from the telogen to the anagen phase is the key to regulating hair regrowth. Dermal papilla (DP) cells support hair growth and regulate the hair cycle. However, they gradually lose key inductive properties upon culture. DP cells can partially restore their capacity to promote hair regrowth after being subjected to spheroid culture. In this study, results revealed that DP spheroids are effective at inducing the progression of the hair follicle cycle from telogen to anagen compared with just DP cell or minoxidil treatment. Because of the importance of paracrine signaling in this process, secretome and exosomes were isolated from DP cell culture, and their therapeutic efficacies were investigated. We demonstrated that miR-218-5p was notably up-regulated in DP spheroid-derived exosomes. Western blot and immunofluorescence imaging were used to demonstrate that DP spheroid-derived exosomes up-regulated β-catenin, promoting the development of hair follicles.