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Kaimuangpak K, Rosalina R, Thumanu K, Weerapreeyakul N. Macromolecules with predominant β-pleated sheet proteins in extracellular vesicles released from Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef microgreens induce DNA damage-mediated apoptosis in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132001. [PMID: 38702007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Plant-derived bioactive macromolecules (i.e., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) were prepared as extracellular vesicles (EVs). Plant-derived EVs are gaining pharmaceutical research interest because of their bioactive components and delivery properties. The spherical nanosized EVs derived from Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef microgreens previously showed antiproliferative activity in HCT116 colon cancer cells from macromolecular compositions (predominantly proteins). To understand the mechanism of action, the biological activity studies, i.e., antiproliferation, cellular biochemical changes, DNA conformational changes, DNA damage, apoptotic nuclear morphological changes, apoptosis induction, and apoptotic pathways, were determined by neutral red uptake assay, synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, comet assay, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, flow cytometry, and caspase activity assay, respectively. EVs inhibited HCT116 cell growth in concentration- and time-dependent manners, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 675.4 ± 33.8 μg/ml at 48 h and a selectivity index of 1.5 ± 0.076. HCT116 treated with EVs mainly changed the cellular biochemical compositions in the nucleic acids and carbohydrates region. The DNA damage caused no changes in DNA conformation. The apoptotic nuclear morphological changes were associated with the increased apoptotic cell population. The apoptotic cell death was induced by both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. EVs have potential as antiproliferative bioparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karnchanok Kaimuangpak
- Graduate School (Research and Development in Pharmaceuticals Program), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Reny Rosalina
- Graduate School (Biomedical Sciences Program), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Kanjana Thumanu
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
| | - Natthida Weerapreeyakul
- Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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2
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Ludwig-Müller J. Production of Plant Proteins and Peptides with Pharmacological Potential. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 188:51-81. [PMID: 38286902 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The use of plant proteins or peptides in biotechnology is based on their identification as possessing bioactive potential in plants. This is usually the case for antimicrobial, fungicidal, or insecticidal components of the plant's defense system. They function in addition to a large number of specialized metabolites. Such proteins can be classified according to their sequence, length, and structure, and this has been tried to describe for a few examples here. Even though such proteins or peptides can be induced during plant-pathogen interaction, they are still present in rather small amounts that make the system not suitable for the production in large-scale systems. Therefore, a suitable type of host needs to be identified, such as cell cultures or adult plants. Bioinformatic predictions can also be used to add to the number of bioactive sequences. Some problems that can occur in production by the plant system itself will be discussed, such as choice of promoter for gene expression, posttranslational protein modifications, protein stability, secretion of proteins, or induction by elicitors. Finally, the plant needs to be set up by biotechnological or molecular methods for production, and the product needs to be enriched or purified. In some cases of small peptides, a direct chemical synthesis might be feasible. Altogether, the process needs to be considered marketable.
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Wani SS, Qadri H, Shah AH, Dar TA. Dual Antifungal and Antiproliferative Activities of a Novel Protein Fraction from a Medicinally Important Herb Trillium govanianum Wall. ex. D. Don. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04786-2. [PMID: 38038807 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms and the unwanted side effects of chemoradiation therapy in cancer are major issues in healthcare. In recent times, protein-based drugs have emerged as promising candidates due to their high specificity, less side effects, etc. In this context, the rhizome of Trillium govanianum was first explored for biologically active proteins/peptides. For this, three protein fractions namely Aqueous protein fraction (APF), Hexane-Methanol-treated aqueous protein fraction (HMAPF), and Methanol-treated aqueous protein fraction (MAPF) were prepared and evaluated for antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. In antifungal activity, HMAPF showed the lowest MIC90 values of 1.56 µg/ml against Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata and 3.12 µg/ml against Candida albicans and Candida auris. The antifungal activity was further confirmed by a chitinase assay, a growth kinetics and a proteinase inhibitory assay. Surprisingly, none of the three protein fractions exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, APF exhibited potent antiproliferative and antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 18 µg/ml and 227 µg /ml, respectively. For HMAPF, an IC50 value of 70 µg/ml against the MDA-MB-231 cell line was observed. The present results demonstrate that the protein fractions, particularly HMAPF and APF, might serve as potential sources of a dual antifungal and antiproliferative protein-based drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snober S Wani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India, 190006
| | - Hafsa Qadri
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India, 190006
| | - Abdul H Shah
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India, 190006.
| | - Tanveer A Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India, 190006.
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Ho TNT, Turner A, Pham SH, Nguyen HT, Nguyen LTT, Nguyen LT, Dang TT. Cysteine-rich peptides: From bioactivity to bioinsecticide applications. Toxicon 2023; 230:107173. [PMID: 37211058 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Greater levels of insect resistance and constraints on the use of current pesticides have recently led to increased crop losses in agricultural production. Further, the health and environmental impacts of pesticides now restrict their application. Biologics based on peptides are gaining popularity as efficient crop protection agents with low environmental toxicity. Cysteine-rich peptides (whether originated from venoms or plant defense substances) are chemically stable and effective as insecticides in agricultural applications. Cysteine-rich peptides fulfill the stability and efficacy requirements for commercial uses and provide an environmentally benign alternative to small-molecule insecticides. In this article, cysteine-rich insecticidal peptide classes identified from plants and venoms will be highlighted, focusing on their structural stability, bioactivity and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao N T Ho
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1B TL29, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - A Turner
- Molecular Biology Department, University of Texas, 100 E 24th St. Austin, USA
| | - Son H Pham
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1B TL29, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ha T Nguyen
- National Key Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Materials, Department of Energy Materials, Faculty of Materials Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Linh T T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, 280 an Duong Vuong Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Luan T Nguyen
- National Key Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Materials, Department of Energy Materials, Faculty of Materials Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tien T Dang
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1B TL29, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Falcón-Ruiz EA, López-Meza JE, Ochoa-Zarzosa A. The plant defensins PaDef and γ-thionin inhibit the endothelial cell response to VEGF. Peptides 2023; 165:171008. [PMID: 37054894 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is involved in wound repair and tissue maintenance but is associated with diverse diseases. Pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulate this process. Therefore, searching for treatments to inhibit or promote angiogenesis is attractive. Reports from our group showed that plant antimicrobial peptides (PAPs) PaDef from avocado and γ-thionin from habanero pepper are cytotoxic on cancer cells. However, their functions as angiogenic regulators are unknown. In this work, we evaluate the effect of PaDef and γ-thionin on the angiogenic processes of two different endothelial cell lines: bovine endothelial cells (BUVEC) and the human endothelial cell line EA.hy926. The results showed that VEGF (10ng/mL) stimulated the BUVEC (40 ± 7%) and EA.hy926 cell proliferation (30 ± 9%); however, peptides (5-500ng/mL) reverted this effect. Besides, VEGF increased the migration of BUVEC (20 ± 8%) and EA.hy926 cells (50 ± 6%), but both PAPs (5ng/mL) inhibited the VEGF stimulus (100%). Furthermore, DMOG 50μM (an inhibitor of HIF-hydroxylase) was used in BUVEC and EA.hy926 cells to determine the effect of hypoxia on VEGF and peptide activities. The DMOG reverted the inhibitory action of both peptides (100%), indicating that peptides act through a HIF-independent pathway. Also, the PAPs do not affect the tube formation but decrease it in EA.hy926 cells stimulated with VEGF (100%). Additionally, docking assays showed a possible interaction between PAPs and the VEGF receptor. These results suggest that plant defensins PaDef and γ-thionin are potential angiogenic modulators of the VEGF activity on endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elba Andrea Falcón-Ruiz
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro. Posta Veterinaria. C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Joel Edmundo López-Meza
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro. Posta Veterinaria. C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ochoa-Zarzosa
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro. Posta Veterinaria. C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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Yang M, Liu S, Zhang C. Antimicrobial peptides with antiviral and anticancer properties and their modification and nanodelivery systems. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2023.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
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Zhang C, Li X, Xing Z, Zhong H, Yu D, Yu R, Deng X. Plasma metabolites-based design of long-acting peptides and their anticancer evaluation. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122483. [PMID: 36509220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are generally small cationic amphipathic peptides, which are thought to be ideal antineoplastic agents, owing to their favorable selectivity to cancer cells and the ability to overcome drug-resistance. In this study, an anticancer AMP (Mastoparan (INLKALAALAKKIL-NH2)) was selected as the lead compound and a series of Mastoparan derivatives were designed. Preliminary studies verified that an analogue of Mastoparan, KM8 (KLLKINLKALAALAKKIL-NH2), exhibited prominent selective antitumor effects. Instead, it presents a significant defect of metabolic instability, with a half-life in plasma of only about 0.5 h. Metabolite profiling of KM8 was performed and indicated the structure 9AL10 in peptide sequence could be the fragile site for KM8. Thus, the Aib (unnatural amnio acid) was employed to substitute the 9Ala residue in KM8, and generating a long-acting KM8 derivative, namely KM8-Aib. Further investigations revealed KM8-Aib possessed higher metabolic stability, more potent anticancer activity in vitro & in vivo, and lower toxicity. Therefore, KM8-Aib is suggested be a potential antimalignant agent that worthy of more in-depth study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, 62 Hengzhigang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, 62 Hengzhigang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Zhenjian Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, 62 Hengzhigang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Honglan Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, 62 Hengzhigang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Dianbao Yu
- Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Branch, 230 Gaotang Road, Guangzhou 510656, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
| | - Xin Deng
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
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8
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Shahbaz E, Ali M, Shafiq M, Atiq M, Hussain M, Balal RM, Sarkhosh A, Alferez F, Sadiq S, Shahid MA. Citrus Canker Pathogen, Its Mechanism of Infection, Eradication, and Impacts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:plants12010123. [PMID: 36616252 PMCID: PMC9824702 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Citrus canker is a ravaging bacterial disease threatening citrus crops. Its major types are Asiatic Canker, Cancrosis B, and Cancrosis C, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc), Xanthomonas citri pv. aurantifolii pathotype-B (XauB), and pathotype-C (XauC), respectively. The bacterium enters its host through stomata and wounds, from which it invades the intercellular spaces in the apoplast. It produces erumpent corky necrotic lesions often surrounded by a chlorotic halo on the leaves, young stems, and fruits, which causes dark spots, defoliation, reduced photosynthetic rate, rupture of leaf epidermis, dieback, and premature fruit drop in severe cases. Its main pathogenicity determinant gene is pthA, whose variants are present in all citrus canker-causing pathogens. Countries where citrus canker is not endemic adopt different methods to prevent the introduction of the pathogen into the region, eradicate the pathogen, and minimize its dissemination, whereas endemic regions require an integrated management program to control the disease. The main aim of the present manuscript is to shed light on the pathogen profile, its mechanism of infection, and fruitful strategies for disease management. Although an adequate method to completely eradicate citrus canker has not been introduced so far, many new methods are under research to abate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha Shahbaz
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mobeen Ali
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Atiq
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mujahid Hussain
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
| | - Rashad Mukhtar Balal
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Ali Sarkhosh
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Fernando Alferez
- Horticultural Science Department, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA
| | - Saleha Sadiq
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shahid
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
- Correspondence:
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The novel anti-cancer feature of Brazzein through activating of hTLR5 by integration of biological evaluation: molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21979. [PMID: 36539522 PMCID: PMC9768156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of plant proteins exhibit the properties similar to the antitumor proteins although the anticancer activity of Brazzein on modulating the autophagy signaling pathway has not been determined so far. The present study aimed to develop a simplified system to enable the rational design of the activating extracellular domain of human Toll-like receptor 5 (hTLR5). To identify the anticancer effect of Brazzein, HADDOCK program and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were applied to examine the binding of the wild type (WT) and p.A19K mutant of Brazzein to the TLR5. The expression of MAP1S and TNF-α genes was estimated based on real-time PCR. The results clearly confirmed that the WT of Brazzein activated hTLR5 in the MCF-7 cell line since the genes were more and significantly less expressed in the cells treated with the WT and p.A19K mutant than the control, respectively. The snapshots of MD simulation exhibit the consistent close interactions of hTLR5 with the two helices of Brazzein on its lateral side. The results of per residue-free energy decomposition analysis substantiate those of intermolecular contact analysis perfectly one. We propose that the WT of Brazzein can act as an antitumor drug candidate.
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Das A, Deka D, Banerjee A, Radhakrishnan AK, Zhang H, Sun XF, Pathak S. A Concise Review on the Role of Natural and Synthetically Derived Peptides in Colorectal Cancer. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:2571-2588. [PMID: 35578849 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220516105049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer being the second leading cause of cancer-associated deaths has become a significant health concern around the globe. Though there are various cancer treatment approaches, many of them show adverse effects and some compromise the health of cancer patients. Hence, significant efforts are being made for the evolution of a novel biological therapeutic approach with better efficacy and minimal side effects. Current research suggests that the application of peptides in colorectal cancer therapeutics holds the possibility of the emergence of an anticancer reagent. The primary beneficial factors of peptides are their comparatively rapid and easy process of synthesis and the enormous potential for chemical alterations that can be evaluated for designing novel peptides and enhancing the delivery capacity of peptides. Peptides might be utilized as agents with cytotoxic activities or as a carrier of a specific drug or as cytotoxic agents that can efficiently target the tumor cells. Further, peptides can also be used as a tool for diagnostic purposes. The recent analysis aims at developing peptides that have the potential to efficiently target the tumor moieties without harming the nearby normal cells. Additionally, decreasing the adverse effects, and unfolding the other therapeutic properties of potential peptides, are also the subject matter of in-depth analysis. This review provides a concise summary of the function of both natural and synthetically derived peptides in colorectal cancer therapeutics that are recently being evaluated and their potent applications in the clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alakesh Das
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Chennai, India
| | - Dikshita Deka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Chennai, India
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Chennai, India
| | - Arun Kumar Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Chennai, India
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- Department of Oncology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Chennai, India
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Chavda VP, Solanki HK, Davidson M, Apostolopoulos V, Bojarska J. Peptide-Drug Conjugates: A New Hope for Cancer Management. Molecules 2022; 27:7232. [PMID: 36364057 PMCID: PMC9658517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide despite advances in treatment options for patients. As such, safe and effective therapeutics are required. Short peptides provide advantages to be used in cancer management due to their unique properties, amazing versatility, and progress in biotechnology to overcome peptide limitations. Several appealing peptide-based therapeutic strategies have been developed. Here, we provide an overview of peptide conjugates, the better equivalents of antibody-drug conjugates, as the next generation of drugs for required precise targeting, enhanced cellular permeability, improved drug selectivity, and reduced toxicity for the efficient treatment of cancers. We discuss the basic components of drug conjugates and their release action, including the release of cytotoxins from the linker. We also present peptide-drug conjugates under different stages of clinical development as well as regulatory and other challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380008, Gujarat, India
| | - Hetvi K. Solanki
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380008, Gujarat, India
| | - Majid Davidson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Zeromskiego Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Dobrecky CB, Lucangioli SE, Wagner ML. The Argentine mistletoes Ligaria cuneifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Tiegh (Loranthaceae) and Phoradendron liga (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Eichler (Santalaceae). Thirty years of research. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200565. [PMID: 36048575 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ligaria cuneifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Tiegh (Loranthaceae) and Phoradendron liga (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Eichler (Santalaceae) are regarded as Argentine mistletoes based on their similarities with the European counterpart, Viscum album L. (Santalaceae). These two species are the most used medicinal plants to treat high blood pressure in the Argentinian population. To provide scientific grounds to their traditional use and therapeutic potential, they were selected as herbal drug candidates. The main findings would support the anti-hypertensive action, the anticholesterolemic and antioxidant features of L. cuneifolia, and immunomodulatory properties for both species. Quercetin-O-glycosides, galloyl glycosides, and proanthocyanidins are present in L. cuneifolia while P. liga shows C-glycosyl flavones and 3-deoxyproanthocyanidins. This review summarizes the phytochemical characterization, medicinal properties and reveals promising results warranting future efforts for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia B Dobrecky
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Farmacología, Cátedra de Farmacobotánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Cátedra de Tecnología Farmacéutica I, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia E Lucangioli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Farmacología, Cátedra de Farmacobotánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo L Wagner
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Cátedra de Tecnología Farmacéutica I, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Museo de Farmacobotánica (Juan Aníbal Domínguez), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Baindara P, Mandal SM. Plant-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides: Novel Preservatives for the Food Industry. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162415. [PMID: 36010415 PMCID: PMC9407122 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food spoilage is a widespread issue brought on by the undesired growth of microbes in food products. Thousands of tons of usable food or food products are wasted every day due to rotting in different parts of the world. Several food preservation techniques are employed to prevent food from rotting, including the use of natural or manufactured chemicals or substances; however, the issue persists. One strategy for halting food deterioration is the use of plant-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which have been investigated for possible bioactivities against a range of human, plant, and food pathogens. The food industry may be able to benefit from the development of synthetic AMPs, produced from plants that have higher bioactivity, better stability, and decreased cytotoxicity as a means of food preservation. In order to exploit plant-derived AMPs in various food preservation techniques, in this review, we also outline the difficulties in developing AMPs for use as commercial food preservatives. Nevertheless, as technology advances, it will soon be possible to fully explore the promise of plant-derived AMPs as food preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Baindara
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Santi M. Mandal
- Central Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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14
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Oh KK, Adnan M, Cho DH. Uncovering a Hub Signaling Pathway of Antimicrobial-Antifungal-Anticancer Peptides’ Axis on Short Cationic Peptides via Network Pharmacology Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042055. [PMID: 35216171 PMCID: PMC8875113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Short cationic peptides (SCPs) with therapeutic efficacy of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), antifungal peptides (AFPs), and anticancer peptides (ACPs) are known as an enhancement of the host defense system. Here, we investigated the uppermost peptide(s), hub signaling pathway(s), and their associated target(s) through network pharmacology. Firstly, we selected SCPs with positive amino acid residues on N- and C- terminals under 500 Dalton via RStudio. Secondly, the overlapping targets between the bacteria-responsive targets (TTD and OMIM) and AMPs’ targets were visualized by VENNY 2.1. Thirdly, the overlapping targets between AFPs’ targets and fungal-responsive targets were exhibited by VENNY 2.1. Fourthly, the overlapping targets between cancer-related targets (TTD and OMIM) and fungal-responsive targets were displayed by VENNY 2.1. Finally, a molecular docking study (MDS) was carried out to discover the most potent peptides on a hub signaling pathway. A total of 1833 SCPs were identified, and AMPs’, AFPs’, and ACPs’ filtration suggested that 197 peptides (30 targets), 81 peptides (6 targets), and 59 peptides (4 targets) were connected, respectively. The AMPs―AFPs―ACPs’ axis indicated that 27 peptides (2 targets) were associated. Each hub signaling pathway for the enhancement of the host defense system was “Inactivation of Rap1 signaling pathway on AMPs”, “Activation of Notch signaling pathway on AMPs―AFPs’ axis”, and “Inactivation of HIF-1 signaling pathway on AMPs―AFPs―ACPs’ axis”. The most potent peptides were assessed via MDS; finally, HPIK on STAT3 and HVTK on NOS2 and on HIF-1 signaling pathway were the most stable complexes. Furthermore, the two peptides had better affinity scores than standard inhibitors (Stattic, 1400 W). Overall, the most potent SCPs for the human defense system were HPIK on STAT3 and HVTK on NOS2, which might inactivate the HIF-1 signaling pathway.
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15
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Pavlicevic M, Marmiroli N, Maestri E. Immunomodulatory peptides-A promising source for novel functional food production and drug discovery. Peptides 2022; 148:170696. [PMID: 34856531 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory peptides are a complex class of bioactive peptides that encompasses substances with different mechanisms of action. Immunomodulatory peptides could also be used in vaccines as adjuvants which would be extremely desirable, especially in response to pandemics. Thus, immunomodulatory peptides in food of plant origin could be regarded both as valuable suplements of novel functional food preparation and/or as precursors or possible active ingredients for drugs design for treatment variety of conditions arising from impaired function of immune system. Given variety of mechanisms, different tests are required to assess effects of immunomodulatory peptides. Some of those effects show good correlation with in vivo results but others, less so. Certain plant peptides, such as defensins, show both immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effect, which makes them interesting candidates for preparation of functional food and feed, as well as templates for design of synthetic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Pavlicevic
- Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, and Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Maestri
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, and Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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16
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Jiménez-Alcántar P, López-Gómez R, López-Meza JE, Ochoa-Zarzosa A. PaDef (Persea americana var. drymifolia), a Plant Antimicrobial Peptide, Triggers Apoptosis, and Induces Global Epigenetic Modifications on Histone 3 in an Acute Lymphoid Leukemia Cell Line. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:801816. [PMID: 35141282 PMCID: PMC8820506 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.801816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has been recognized that epigenetic alterations play an important role in the development and maintenance of cancer, including leukemias. Furthermore, it is known that these alterations are involved in the emergence of resistance to conventional chemotherapeutics. Consequently, molecules with an anticancer activity whose activity is ruled by epigenetic modifications are attractive to search for new therapies against cancer. The plant antimicrobial peptides have been widely evaluated as molecules with anticancer activity; however, the analysis of the epigenetic regulation induced by these molecules associated with this activity is scarce and still is an unexplored field. In this work, we show that the PaDef defensin, a plant antimicrobial peptide from Mexican avocado fruit (Persea americana var. drymifolia) is cytotoxic for Jurkat cell line from acute lymphoid leukemia cells, through an apoptotic process. PaDef inhibited cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 = 47.3 μM. Treatment of Jurkat cells with PaDef (IC50) induced cell death by apoptosis dependent on caspases 8 and 9; besides, it was related to an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Interestingly, the inhibition of caspase activation by inhibitors of caspases 8 and 9 does not revert the reduction in viability, suggesting that other mechanisms, in addition to caspase activity, could be participating in the PaDef cytotoxic effect. Also, the modifications in the histone 3 tails induced by PaDef in Jurkat cells were evaluated, specifically acetylation and methylation. PaDef increased global histone 3 acetylation and lysine 9 specific marks (2-fold and up to 4-fold, respectively). These effects correlated with the reduction of the Histone Deacetylase activity (HDAC, ∼50%). Based on methylation marks, PaDef treatment increased lysine 9 di- and tri-methylation tags (2-fold in both cases). The epigenetic modulation induced by PaDef on Jurkat cells could be related to the chromatin compaction-decompaction promoting gene expression or repression; however, further studies are necessary to correlate these marks with the transcription of specific genes. Therefore, the study of new molecules that may have anticancer activity through epigenetic modulation is interesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Jiménez-Alcántar
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo López-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Joel E. López-Meza
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ochoa-Zarzosa
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Alejandra Ochoa-Zarzosa, ,
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17
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Khaliq B, Falke S, Saeed Q, Bilal M, Munawar A, Ali A, Baermann G, Athar HUR, Mahmood S, Betzel C, Ali Q, Akrem A. Eruca sativa seed napin structural insights and thorough functional characterization. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24066. [PMID: 34911985 PMCID: PMC8674280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A potent napin protein has been thoroughly characterized from seeds of rocket salad (Eruca sativa). Eruca sativa napin (EsNap) was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation (70%) and size-exclusion chromatography. Single intact 16 kDa EsNap band was reduced to 11 and 5 kDa bands respectively on SDS-PAGE. Nano LC-MS/MS yielded two fragments comprising of 26 residues which showed 100% sequence identity with napin-3 of Brassica napus. CD spectroscopy indicated a dominant α-helical structure of EsNap. Monodispersity of EsNap was verified by dynamic light scattering, which also confirmed the monomeric status with a corresponding hydrodynamic radius of 2.4 ± 0.2 nm. An elongated ab initio shape of EsNap was calculated based on SAXS data, with an Rg of 1.96 ± 0.1 nm. The ab initio model calculated by DAMMIF with P1 symmetry and a volume of approx. 31,100 nm3, which corresponded to a molecular weight of approximately 15.5 kDa. The comparison of the SAXS and ab initio modeling showed a minimized χ2-value of 1.87, confirming a similar molecular structure. A homology model was predicted using the coordinate information of Brassica napus rproBnIb (PDB ID: 1SM7). EsNap exhibited strong antifungal activity by significantly inhibiting the growth of Fusarium graminearum. EsNap also showed cytotoxicity against the hepatic cell line Huh7 and the obtained IC50 value was 20.49 µM. Further, strong entomotoxic activity was experienced against different life stages of stored grain insect pest T. castaneum. The result of this study shows insights that can be used in developing potential antifungal, anti-cancerous and insect resistance agents in the future using EsNap from E. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binish Khaliq
- Botany Division, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.,Botany Division Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sven Falke
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, c/o DESY. Build. 22a, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Qamar Saeed
- Department of Entomology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, G.T. Road, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan
| | - Arslan Ali
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Gunnar Baermann
- Molekulare Phytopathologie, Universität Hamburg, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek Ohnhorststr, 1822609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Habib-Ur-Rehman Athar
- Botany Division, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Seema Mahmood
- Botany Division, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Christian Betzel
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, c/o DESY. Build. 22a, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Qurban Ali
- Botany Division Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmed Akrem
- Botany Division, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
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18
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Natural Peptides Inducing Cancer Cell Death: Mechanisms and Properties of Specific Candidates for Cancer Therapeutics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247453. [PMID: 34946535 PMCID: PMC8708364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, cancer has become the second highest leading cause of death, and it is expected to continue to affect the population in forthcoming years. Additionally, treatment options will become less accessible to the public as cases continue to grow and disease mechanisms expand. Hence, specific candidates with confirmed anticancer effects are required to develop new drugs. Among the novel therapeutic options, proteins are considered a relevant source, given that they have bioactive peptides encrypted within their sequences. These bioactive peptides, which are molecules consisting of 2–50 amino acids, have specific activities when administered, producing anticancer effects. Current databases report the effects of peptides. However, uncertainty is found when their molecular mechanisms are investigated. Furthermore, analyses addressing their interaction networks or their directly implicated mechanisms are needed to elucidate their effects on cancer cells entirely. Therefore, relevant peptides considered as candidates for cancer therapeutics with specific sequences and known anticancer mechanisms were accurately reviewed. Likewise, those features which turn certain peptides into candidates and the mechanisms by which peptides mediate tumor cell death were highlighted. This information will make robust the knowledge of these candidate peptides with recognized mechanisms and enhance their non-toxic capacity in relation to healthy cells and further avoid cell resistance.
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19
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Trinidad-Calderón PA, Varela-Chinchilla CD, García-Lara S. Natural Peptides Inducing Cancer Cell Death: Mechanisms and Properties of Specific Candidates for Cancer Therapeutics. Molecules 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, cancer has become the second highest leading cause of death, and it is expected to continue to affect the population in forthcoming years. Additionally, treatment options will become less accessible to the public as cases continue to grow and disease mechanisms expand. Hence, specific candidates with confirmed anticancer effects are required to develop new drugs. Among the novel therapeutic options, proteins are considered a relevant source, given that they have bioactive peptides encrypted within their sequences. These bioactive peptides, which are molecules consisting of 2–50 amino acids, have specific activities when administered, producing anticancer effects. Current databases report the effects of peptides. However, uncertainty is found when their molecular mechanisms are investigated. Furthermore, analyses addressing their interaction networks or their directly implicated mechanisms are needed to elucidate their effects on cancer cells entirely. Therefore, relevant peptides considered as candidates for cancer therapeutics with specific sequences and known anticancer mechanisms were accurately reviewed. Likewise, those features which turn certain peptides into candidates and the mechanisms by which peptides mediate tumor cell death were highlighted. This information will make robust the knowledge of these candidate peptides with recognized mechanisms and enhance their non-toxic capacity in relation to healthy cells and further avoid cell resistance.
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20
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Assessment of antimicrobial phytopeptides: lipid transfer protein and hevein-like peptide in the prospect of structure, function and allergenic effect. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-021-00158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are unique natural antibiotics that are crucial effectors of innate immune systems in almost all living organisms. Several different plant antimicrobial peptides have been identified and isolated, demonstrating a high level of protection against various types of bacteria, insects, nematodes and other microbes. Along with antimicrobial function, these peptides play a wide range of crucial function in plants, such as regulation of stomata, ion channel, heavy metals and membrane fluidity.
Main body
Antimicrobial peptides show a continuum of toxicity for a variety of plants and animals pathogenic microbes and even show cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Numerous studies have shown that transgenic plants have increased the expression of AMP-encoding genes in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, and plants that express transgenic AMP genes are more responsive to biotic, abiotic and other functions. In addition to being a molecule with protective properties, various allergic reactions are associated with some phytopeptides and proteins, in particular non-specific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) and peptide-like hevein. Pru p3 from peach is the most clinically important allergen within the nsLTP family that cause real food allergies and also triggers extreme clinical reactions. Similarly, latex-fruit syndrome was primarily associated with well-studied latex allergen Hevein (Hev b8, Hev b6) and class I chitinases.
Short conclusions
Several findings have shown that, in the near future, transgenic plants based on AMPs against the verity of pathogenic fungi, bacteria and other abiotic stresses will be released without any adverse effects. Recent study reason that association of lipid with nsLTP enhances allergic sensitization and hevein-like domain of chitinase I essentially plays a role in cross-sensitivity of latex with different fruits and nuts. This review discusses the structures and various functions of lipid transfer protein and hevein-like peptide.
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21
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Nkwe DO, Lotshwao B, Rantong G, Matshwele J, Kwape TE, Masisi K, Gaobotse G, Hefferon K, Makhzoum A. Anticancer Mechanisms of Bioactive Compounds from Solanaceae: An Update. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4989. [PMID: 34638473 PMCID: PMC8507657 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants continue to provide unlimited pharmacologically active compounds that can treat various illnesses, including cancer. The Solanaceae family, besides providing economically important food plants, such as potatoes and tomatoes, has been exploited extensively in folk medicine, as it provides an array of bioactive compounds. Many studies have demonstrated the anticancer potency of some of the compounds, but the corresponding molecular targets are not well defined. However, advances in molecular cell biology and in silico modelling have made it possible to dissect some of the underlying mechanisms. By reviewing the literature over the last five years, we provide an update on anticancer mechanisms associated with phytochemicals isolated from species in the Solanaceae plant family. These mechanisms are conveniently grouped into cell cycle arrest, transcription regulation, modulation of autophagy, inhibition of signalling pathways, suppression of metabolic enzymes, and membrane disruption. The majority of the bioactive compounds exert their antiproliferative effects by inhibiting diverse signalling pathways, as well as arresting the cell cycle. Furthermore, some of the phytochemicals are effective against more than one cancer type. Therefore, understanding these mechanisms provides paths for future formulation of novel anticancer drugs, as well as highlighting potential areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Nkwe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana; (B.L.); (G.R.); (T.E.K.); (K.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Bonolo Lotshwao
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana; (B.L.); (G.R.); (T.E.K.); (K.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Gaolathe Rantong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana; (B.L.); (G.R.); (T.E.K.); (K.M.); (G.G.)
| | - James Matshwele
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana;
- Department of Applied Sciences, Botho University, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tebogo E. Kwape
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana; (B.L.); (G.R.); (T.E.K.); (K.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Kabo Masisi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana; (B.L.); (G.R.); (T.E.K.); (K.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Goabaone Gaobotse
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana; (B.L.); (G.R.); (T.E.K.); (K.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Kathleen Hefferon
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada;
| | - Abdullah Makhzoum
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana; (B.L.); (G.R.); (T.E.K.); (K.M.); (G.G.)
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22
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Recombinant Expression of a Plant-Derived Dimeric Antifungal Peptide (DiSkh-AMP1) Joined by a Flexible Linker in Escherichia coli and Evaluation of Its Biological Activity In Vitro. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Velázquez-Hernández ME, Ochoa-Zarzosa A, López-Meza JE. Defensin γ-thionin from Capsicum chinense improves butyrate cytotoxicity on human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Chai TT, Ee KY, Kumar DT, Manan FA, Wong FC. Plant Bioactive Peptides: Current Status and Prospects Towards Use on Human Health. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:623-642. [PMID: 33319654 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527999201211195936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Large numbers of bioactive peptides with potential applications in protecting against human diseases have been identified from plant sources. In this review, we summarized recent progress in the research of plant-derived bioactive peptides, encompassing their production, biological effects, and mechanisms. This review focuses on antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticancer peptides, giving special attention to evidence derived from cellular and animal models. Studies investigating peptides with known sequences and well-characterized peptidic fractions or protein hydrolysates will be discussed. The use of molecular docking tools to elucidate inter-molecular interactions between bioactive peptides and target proteins is highlighted. In conclusion, the accumulating evidence from in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies to date supports the envisioned applications of plant peptides as natural antioxidants as well as health-promoting agents. Notwithstanding, much work is still required before the envisioned applications of plant peptides can be realized. To this end, future researches for addressing current gaps were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
| | - Kah-Yaw Ee
- Center for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
| | - D Thirumal Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602 105, India
| | - Fazilah Abd Manan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
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25
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Ochoa-Zarzosa A, Báez-Magaña M, Guzmán-Rodríguez JJ, Flores-Alvarez LJ, Lara-Márquez M, Zavala-Guerrero B, Salgado-Garciglia R, López-Gómez R, López-Meza JE. Bioactive Molecules From Native Mexican Avocado Fruit (Persea americana var. drymifolia): A Review. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 76:133-142. [PMID: 33704631 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-021-00887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a tree native from central and eastern México that belongs to the Lauraceae family. Avocado has three botanical varieties known as Mexican (P. americana var. drymifolia), West Indian (P. americana var. americana), and Guatemalan (P. americana var. guatemalensis). It is an oil-rich fruit appreciated worldwide because of its nutritional value and the content of bioactive molecules. Several avocado molecules show attractive activities of interest in medicine. Avocado fatty acids have beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Besides, this fruit possesses a high content of carotenoids and phenolic compounds with possible antifungal, anti-cancer and antioxidant activities. Moreover, several metabolites have been reported with anti-inflammatory effects. Also, an unsaponifiable fraction of avocado in combination with soybean oil is used for the treatment of osteoarthritis. The Mexican variety is native from México and is characterized by the anise aroma in leaves and by small thin-skinned fruits of rich flavor and excellent quality. However, the study of the bioactive molecules of the fruit has not been addressed in detail. In this work, we achieved a literature review on the inflammatory, immunomodulatory and cytotoxic properties of long-chain fatty acids and derivatives from Mexican avocado seed. Also, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the oil extracted from the avocado seed are referred. Finally, the antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic activities of some antimicrobial peptides expressed in the fruit are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ochoa-Zarzosa
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr, Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Michoacán, C.P. 58893, Morelia, México
| | - Marisol Báez-Magaña
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr, Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Michoacán, C.P. 58893, Morelia, México
| | - Jaquelina Julia Guzmán-Rodríguez
- Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Posgrado en Biociencias, Universidad de Guanajuato, 36500, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Luis José Flores-Alvarez
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr, Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Michoacán, C.P. 58893, Morelia, México
| | - Mónica Lara-Márquez
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr, Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Michoacán, C.P. 58893, Morelia, México
| | - Baruc Zavala-Guerrero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58004, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Rafael Salgado-Garciglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58004, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Rodolfo López-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58004, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Joel Edmundo López-Meza
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr, Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Michoacán, C.P. 58893, Morelia, México.
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Chatupheeraphat C, Roytrakul S, Phaonakrop N, Deesrisak K, Krobthong S, Anurathapan U, Tanyong D. A Novel Peptide Derived from Ginger Induces Apoptosis through the Modulation of p53, BAX, and BCL2 Expression in Leukemic Cell Lines. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:560-569. [PMID: 33757145 DOI: 10.1055/a-1408-5629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the efficacy of chemotherapy, the adverse effects of chemotherapeutic drugs are considered a limitation of leukemia treatment. Therefore, a chemotherapy drug with minimal side effects is currently needed. One interesting molecule for this purpose is a bioactive peptide isolated from plants since it has less toxicity to normal cells. In this study, we extracted protein from the Zingiber officinale rhizome and performed purification to acquire the peptide fraction with the highest cytotoxicity using ultrafiltration, reverse-phase chromatography, and off-gel fractionation to get the peptide fraction that contained the highest cytotoxicity. Finally, a novel antileukemic peptide, P2 (sequence: RALGWSCL), was identified from the highest cytotoxicity fraction. The P2 peptide reduced the cell viability of NB4, MOLT4, and Raji cell lines without an effect on the normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The combination of P2 and daunorubicin significantly decreased leukemic cell viability when compared to treatment with either P2 or daunorubicin alone. In addition, leukemic cells treated with P2 demonstrated increased apoptosis and upregulation of caspase 3, 8, and 9 gene expression. Moreover, we also examined the effects of P2 on p53, which is the key regulator of apoptosis. Our results showed that treatment of leukemic cells with P2 led to the upregulation of p53 and Bcl-2-associated X protein, and the downregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2, indicating that p53 is involved in apoptosis induction by P2. The results of this study are anticipated to be useful for the development of P2 as an alternative drug for the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chawalit Chatupheeraphat
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology for Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Narumon Phaonakrop
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology for Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kamolchanok Deesrisak
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sucheewin Krobthong
- Proteomics Research Team, National Omics Center, National Science and Technology for Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Usanarat Anurathapan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dalina Tanyong
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Manniello MD, Moretta A, Salvia R, Scieuzo C, Lucchetti D, Vogel H, Sgambato A, Falabella P. Insect antimicrobial peptides: potential weapons to counteract the antibiotic resistance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4259-4282. [PMID: 33595669 PMCID: PMC8164593 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Misuse and overuse of antibiotics have contributed in the last decades to a phenomenon known as antibiotic resistance which is currently considered one of the principal threats to global public health by the World Health Organization. The aim to find alternative drugs has been demonstrated as a real challenge. Thanks to their biodiversity, insects represent the largest class of organisms in the animal kingdom. The humoral immune response includes the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are released into the insect hemolymph after microbial infection. In this review, we have focused on insect immune responses, particularly on AMP characteristics, their mechanism of action and applications, especially in the biomedical field. Furthermore, we discuss the Toll, Imd, and JAK-STAT pathways that activate genes encoding for the expression of AMPs. Moreover, we focused on strategies to improve insect peptides stability against proteolytic susceptibility such as D-amino acid substitutions, N-terminus modification, cyclization and dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Manniello
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - A Moretta
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - R Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - C Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - D Lucchetti
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - H Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - A Sgambato
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | - P Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
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Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and the search for specialised therapy options has been a challenge for decades. The emergence of active targeted therapies provides the opportunity to treat cancerous tissues without harming healthy ones due to peculiar physiological changes. Herein, peptides and peptide analogs have been gaining a lot of attention over the last decade, especially for the on-site delivery of therapeutics to target tissues in order to achieve efficient and reliable cancer treatment. Combining peptides with highly efficient drug delivery platforms could potentially eliminate off-target adverse effects encountered during active targeting of conventional chemotherapeutics. Small size, ease of production and characterisation, low immunogenicity and satisfactory binding affinity of peptides offer some advantages over other complex targeting moiety, no wonder the market of peptide-based drugs continues to expand expeditiously. It is estimated that the global peptide drug market will be worth around USD 48.04 billion by 2025, with a compound annual growth rate of 9.4%. In this review, the current state of art of peptide-based therapeutics with special interest on tumour targeting peptides has been discussed. Moreover, various active targeting strategies such as the use functionalised peptides or peptide analogs are also elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Seda Timur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - R Neslihan Gürsoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Chauhan S, Dhawan DK, Saini A, Preet S. Antimicrobial peptides against colorectal cancer-a focused review. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105529. [PMID: 33675962 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), low patient survival rate due to emergence of drug resistant cancer cells, metastasis and multiple deleterious side effects of chemotherapy, is a cause of public concern globally. To negate these clinical conundrums, search for effective and harmless novel molecular entities for the treatment of CRC is an urgent necessity. Since antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are part of innate immunity of living beings, it is quite imperative to look for essential attributes of these peptides which may contribute to their effectiveness against carcinogenesis. Once identified, those characteristics can be suitably modified using several synthetic and computational techniques to further enhance their selectivity and pharmacokinetic profiles. Hence, this review analyses scientific reports describing the antiproliferative action of AMPs derived from several sources, particularly focusing on various colon cancer in vitro/in vivo investigations. On perusal of the literature, it appears that AMPs based therapeutics would definitely find special place in CRC therapy in future either alone or as an adjunct to chemotherapy provided some necessary alterations are made in their natural structures to make them more compatible with modern clinical practice. In this context, further in-depth research is warranted in adequate in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Chauhan
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences, Panjab University, Block-II, South Campus, Sector-25, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Devinder K Dhawan
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences, Panjab University, Block-II, South Campus, Sector-25, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Avneet Saini
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences, Panjab University, Block-II, South Campus, Sector-25, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Simran Preet
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences, Panjab University, Block-II, South Campus, Sector-25, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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30
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Zuo R, Zhang J, Song X, Hu S, Gao X, Wang J, Ji H, Ji C, Peng L, Si H, Li G, Fang K, Zhang J, Jiang S, Guo D. Encapsulating Halofuginone Hydrobromide in TPGS Polymeric Micelles Enhances Efficacy Against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1587-1600. [PMID: 33664573 PMCID: PMC7924253 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s289096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Halofuginone hydrobromide (HF) is a synthetic analogue of the naturally occurring quinazolinone alkaloid febrifugine, which has potential therapeutic effects against breast cancer, however, its poor water solubility greatly limits its pharmaceutical application. D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) is a water-soluble derivative of vitamin E, which can self-assemble to form polymeric micelles (PMs) for encapsulating insoluble anti-tumor drugs, thereby effectively enhancing their anti-cancer effects. METHODS HF-loaded TPGS PMs (HTPMs) were manufactured using a thin-film hydration technique, followed by a series of characterizations, including the hydrodynamic diameter (HD), zeta potential (ZP), stability, drug loading (DL), encapsulation efficiency (EE), and in vitro drug release. The anti-cancer effects and potential mechanism of HTPMs were investigated in the breast cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, and normal breast epithelial cell line Eph-ev. The breast cancer-bearing BALB/c nude mouse model was successfully established by subcutaneous injection of MDA-MB-231 cells and used to evaluate the in vivo therapeutic effect and safety of the HTPMs. RESULTS The optimized HTPMs had an HD of 17.8±0.5 nm and ZP of 14.40±0.1 mV. These PMs exhibited DL of 12.94 ± 0.46% and EE of 90.6 ± 0.85%, along with excellent storage stability, dilution tolerance and sustained drug release in pH-dependent manner within 24 h compared to free HF. Additionally, the HTPMs had stronger inhibitory effects than free HF and paclitaxel against MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells, and little toxicity in normal breast epithelial Eph-ev cells. The HTPMs induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 by disrupting the mitochondrial membrane potential and enhancing reactive oxygen species formation. Evaluation of in vivo anti-tumor efficacy demonstrated that HTPMs exerted a stronger tumor inhibition rate (68.17%) than free HF, and exhibited excellent biocompatibility. CONCLUSION The findings from this study indicate that HTPMs holds great clinical potential for treating triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runan Zuo
- Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinhao Song
- Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiheng Hu
- Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuge Gao
- Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqi Wang
- Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Ji
- Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Ji
- Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Peng
- Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gonghe Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Fang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junren Zhang
- Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanxiang Jiang
- Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dawei Guo
- Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People’s Republic of China
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Wani SS, Dar PA, Zargar SM, Dar TA. Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plant Proteins: Present Status and Future Perspectives. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:443-487. [PMID: 31746291 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666191119095624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biologically active molecules obtained from plant sources, mostly including secondary metabolites, have been considered to be of immense value with respect to the treatment of various human diseases. However, some inevitable limitations associated with these secondary metabolites like high cytotoxicity, low bioavailability, poor absorption, low abundance, improper metabolism, etc., have forced the scientific community to explore medicinal plants for alternate biologically active molecules. In this context, therapeutically active proteins/peptides from medicinal plants have been promoted as a promising therapeutic intervention for various human diseases. A large number of proteins isolated from the medicinal plants have been shown to exhibit anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-HIV, anticancerous, ribosome-inactivating and neuro-modulatory activities. Moreover, with advanced technological developments in the medicinal plant research, medicinal plant proteins such as Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor and Mistletoe Lectin-I are presently under clinical trials against prostate cancer, oral carcinomas and malignant melanoma. Despite these developments and proteins being potential drug candidates, to date, not a single systematic review article has documented the therapeutical potential of the available biologically active medicinal plant proteome. The present article was therefore designed to describe the current status of the therapeutically active medicinal plant proteins/peptides vis-à-vis their potential as future protein-based drugs for various human diseases. Future insights in this direction have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snober Shabeer Wani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Parvaiz A Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sajad M Zargar
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, S. K. University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Srinagar, Shalimar-190025, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tanveer A Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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32
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Ramya S, Paulpandi M, Kavithaa K, Saranya T, Winster H, Balachandar V, Narayanasamy A. Fabatin-loaded silica nanoparticle-induced apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction: targeting the PI3K/AKT molecular pathway as a therapeutic implication against triple negative breast cancer. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02922c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanism induced by F-SNP on inducing apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sennimalai Ramya
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046, TN, India
| | - Manickam Paulpandi
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046, TN, India
| | - Krishnamoorthy Kavithaa
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046, TN, India
| | - Thiruvenkataswamy Saranya
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046, TN, India
| | - Harysh Winster
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046, TN, India
| | - Vellingiri Balachandar
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046, TN, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046, TN, India
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Venom peptides in cancer therapy: An updated review on cellular and molecular aspects. Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105327. [PMID: 33276098 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on the high incidence and mortality rates of cancer, its therapy remains one of the most vital challenges in the field of medicine. Consequently, enhancing the efficacy of currently applied treatments and finding novel strategies are of great importance for cancer treatment. Venoms are important sources of a variety of bioactive compounds including salts, small molecules, macromolecules, proteins, and peptides that are defined as toxins. They can exhibit different pharmacological effects, and in recent years, their anti-tumor activities have gained significant attention. Several different compounds are responsible for the anti-tumor activity of venoms, and peptides are one of them. In the present review, we discuss the possible anti-tumor activities of venom peptides by highlighting molecular pathways and mechanisms through which these molecules can act effectively. Venom peptides can induce cell death in cancer cells and can substantially enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Also, the venom peptides can mitigate the migration of cancer cells via suppression of angiogenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Notably, nanoparticles have been applied in enhancing the bioavailability of venom peptides and providing targeted delivery, thereby leading to their elevated anti-tumor activity and potential application for cancer therapy.
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Pérez-Gregorio R, Soares S, Mateus N, de Freitas V. Bioactive Peptides and Dietary Polyphenols: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Molecules 2020; 25:E3443. [PMID: 32751126 PMCID: PMC7435807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The call for health-promoting nutraceuticals and functional foods containing bioactive compounds is growing. Among the great diversity of functional phytochemicals, polyphenols and, more recently, bioactive peptides have stood out as functional compounds. The amount of an ingested nutrient able to reach the bloodstream and exert the biological activity is a critical factor, and is affected by several factors, such as food components and food processing. This can lead to unclaimed interactions and/or reactions between bioactive compounds, which is particularly important for these bioactive compounds, since some polyphenols are widely known for their ability to interact and/or precipitate proteins/peptides. This review focuses on this important topic, addressing how these interactions could affect molecules digestion, absorption, metabolism and (biological)function. At the end, it is evidenced that further research is needed to understand the true effect of polyphenol-bioactive peptide interactions on overall health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Pérez-Gregorio
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 689, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (N.M.); (V.d.F.)
| | - Susana Soares
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 689, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (N.M.); (V.d.F.)
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Rezvani V, Pourianfar HR, Mohammadnejad S, Madjid Ansari A, Farahmand L. Anticancer potentiality and mode of action of low-carbohydrate proteins and peptides from mushrooms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6855-6871. [PMID: 32556413 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe side effects of chemotherapy as well as drug resistance highlight the ongoing need to discover novel natural bioactive compounds with anticancer potentiality. Mushroom-derived proteins are among the naturally occurring compounds that have been the subject of a body of research on their potentiality in cancer therapy. The greatest attention in relevant review articles has been paid to well-known mushroom-derived glycoproteins such as lectins and protein-bound polysaccharide complexes such as polysaccharide-K (PSK) or krestin and polysaccharopeptide (PSP), which contain substantial amounts of carbohydrates (50-90%). These complex compounds exert their anticancer activity mainly by binding to cell membranes leading to extrinsic (death receptor) apoptosis or intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathways. However, several other research studies have reported pure, well-characterized, proteins or peptides from mushrooms, which are carbohydrate-free or have very low amounts of carbohydrate. These proteins may fall into four categories including fungal immunomodulatory proteins, ubiquitin-like proteins, enzymes, and unclassified proteins. Well-defined chemical structure, elucidated full amino acid or N-terminal sequences, purity, and having some distinct and specific pathways compared to glycoproteins have made these low-carbohydrate proteins attractive for cancer research. The aim of this review was therefore to improve the current understanding of mushroom-derived low-carbohydrate proteins and to consolidate the existing knowledge of the most promising mushroom species from which low-carbohydrate proteins have been derived, characterized, and examined for their anticancer activity. In addition, molecular targets and mechanisms of action of these proteins have been discussed. Key points • Mushroom-derived low-carbohydrate proteins lack or have low carbohydrate. • Low-carbohydrate proteins show potent anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo. • There are specific pathways for low-carbohydrate proteins to inhibit cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vala Rezvani
- Industrial Fungi Biotechnology Research Department, Research Institute for Industrial Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, P.O. Box 91775-1376, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid R Pourianfar
- Industrial Fungi Biotechnology Research Department, Research Institute for Industrial Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, P.O. Box 91775-1376, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Safoora Mohammadnejad
- Industrial Fungi Biotechnology Research Department, Research Institute for Industrial Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, P.O. Box 91775-1376, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Madjid Ansari
- Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Moatamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Moatamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Conibear AC, Schmid A, Kamalov M, Becker CFW, Bello C. Recent Advances in Peptide-Based Approaches for Cancer Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1174-1205. [PMID: 29173146 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666171123204851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptide-based pharmaceuticals have recently experienced a renaissance due to their ability to fill the gap between the two main classes of available drugs, small molecules and biologics. Peptides combine the high potency and selectivity typical of large proteins with some of the characteristic advantages of small molecules such as synthetic accessibility, stability and the potential of oral bioavailability. METHODS In the present manuscript we review the recent literature on selected peptide-based approaches for cancer treatment, emphasizing recent advances, advantages and challenges of each strategy. RESULTS One of the applications in which peptide-based approaches have grown rapidly is cancer therapy, with a focus on new and established targets. We describe, with selected examples, some of the novel peptide-based methods for cancer treatment that have been developed in the last few years, ranging from naturally-occurring and modified peptides to peptidedrug conjugates, peptide nanomaterials and peptide-based vaccines. CONCLUSION This review brings out the emerging role of peptide-based strategies in oncology research, critically analyzing the advantages and limitations of these approaches and the potential for their development as effective anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Conibear
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alanca Schmid
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meder Kamalov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F W Becker
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Bello
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biolology-PeptLab, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto, Fiorentino, Italy
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37
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Laparra JM, Haros CM. Plant seed protease inhibitors differentially affect innate immunity in a tumor microenvironment to control hepatocarcinoma. Food Funct 2020; 10:4210-4219. [PMID: 31257391 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00795d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Identifying tolerance responses to ingested foodstuff over life is essential for understanding dysfunction in metabolic diseases. This study presents a comparative structural and functional analysis of serine-type protease inhibitors (STPIs) from Chenopodium quinoa, Salvia hispanica L., Avena sativa and Triticum durum. It also evaluates their influence on an in vivo hepatocarcinoma (HCC) model. STPIs are found in all samples with significant differences in protease inhibitory capacity: C. quinoa = S. hispanica < A. sativa = T. durum. STPIs in C. quinoa and S. hispanica appear as heterologous complexes, while those in A. sativa are present as homologous complexes. T. durum provides different subunits with STPI capacity. HPLC-RP-ESI analyses revealed homology between STPIs in the different samples and the partial resistance of those to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. In vivo, STPIs from S. hispanica showed the most positive effects, increasing F4/80+ cells normalizing the expression (mRNA) of CD36 and the innate immune 'Toll-like' receptor (TLR)-4. Only STPIs from C. quinoa and S. hispanica did not impair the production of inflammatory mediators (granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor, stem cell factor and TNFα), contributing to maintaining the polarization of the antitumoral M1 macrophage phenotype. These structural and functional features of STPIs from C. quinoa and S. hispanica can be used to control HCC aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Laparra
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Ctra. de Canto Blanco n° 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Khani S, Seyedjavadi SS, Hosseini HM, Goudarzi M, Valadbeigi S, Khatami S, Ajdary S, Eslamifar A, Amani J, Imani Fooladi AA, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Effects of the antifungal peptide Skh-AMP1 derived from Satureja khuzistanica on cell membrane permeability, ROS production, and cell morphology of conidia and hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus. Peptides 2020; 123:170195. [PMID: 31704210 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Skh-AMP1 (GRTSKQELCTWERGSVRQADKTIAG) is an antifungal peptide isolated from Satureja khuzistanica which has been shown to have strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus and Candida species, but no obvious hemolytic effects or cell cytotoxicity in vitro. In the present study, Skh-AMP1 was synthesized, and its mode of action on the plasma membrane, mitochondria, and morphological and ultrastructural changes against conidia and hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus were evaluated. The results indicated that Skh-AMP1 had sporicidal activities against the non-germinated conidia of A. fumigatus at concentrations of 40 and 80 μM. Skh-AMP1 induced the release of K+ and the uptake of propidium iodide and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the conidia and hyphae of the fungus. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed deformation and shrinkage of the hyphae and conidia, cell membrane disruption and detachment from the cell wall, microvesicle formation, vacuolation and depletion of cytoplasm and organelles of the hyphae of A. fumigatus exposed to 40-80 μM of the peptide. The results further demonstrated that the antifungal activity of Skh-AMP1 may be related to its ability to disrupt fungal cell membrane permeabilization and induce enhanced ROS production. Therefore, Skh-AMP1 can be introduced as a novel antifungal candidate for developing new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Khani
- Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamideh Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shohreh Khatami
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Ajdary
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Eslamifar
- Department of Clinical Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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39
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Boparai JK, Sharma PK. Mini Review on Antimicrobial Peptides, Sources, Mechanism and Recent Applications. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:4-16. [PMID: 31438824 PMCID: PMC6978648 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190822165812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides in recent years have gained increased interest among scientists, health professionals and the pharmaceutical companies owing to their therapeutic potential. These are low molecular weight proteins with broad range antimicrobial and immuno modulatory activities against infectious bacteria (Gram positive and Gram negative), viruses and fungi. Inability of micro-organisms to develop resistance against most of the antimicrobial peptide has made them as an efficient product which can greatly impact the new era of antimicrobials. In addition to this these peptides also demonstrates increased efficacy, high specificity, decreased drug interaction, low toxicity, biological diversity and direct attacking properties. Pharmaceutical industries are therefore conducting appropriate clinical trials to develop these peptides as potential therapeutic drugs. More than 60 peptide drugs have already reached the market and several hundreds of novel therapeutic peptides are in preclinical and clinical development. Rational designing can be used further to modify the chemical and physical properties of existing peptides. This mini review will discuss the sources, mechanism and recent therapeutic applications of antimicrobial peptides in treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur Boparai
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
| | - Pushpender Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
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40
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Abstract
This Review explores the class of plant-derived macrocyclic peptides called cyclotides. We include an account of their discovery, characterization, and distribution in the plant kingdom as well as a detailed analysis of their sequences and structures, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis, biological functions, and applications. These macrocyclic peptides are around 30 amino acids in size and are characterized by their head-to-tail cyclic backbone and cystine knot motif, which render them to be exceptionally stable, with resistance to thermal or enzymatic degradation. Routes to their chemical synthesis have been developed over the past two decades, and this capability has facilitated a wide range of mutagenesis and structure-activity relationship studies. In turn, these studies have both led to an increased understanding of their mechanisms of action as well as facilitated a range of applications in agriculture and medicine, as ecofriendly crop protection agents, and as drug leads or scaffolds for pharmaceutical design. Our overall objective in this Review is to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of cyclotides that we hope will stimulate further work on this fascinating family of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Meng-Wei Kan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
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Orrapin S, Intorasoot A, Roytrakul S, Dechsupa N, Kantapan J, Onphat Y, Srimek C, Sitthidet Tharinjaroen C, Anukool U, Butr-Indr B, Phunpae P, Intorasoot S. A novel recombinant javanicin with dual antifungal and anti-proliferative activities. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18417. [PMID: 31804594 PMCID: PMC6895105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to common drugs by microorganisms and cancers has become a major issue in modern healthcare, increasing the number of deaths worldwide. Novel therapeutic agents with a higher efficiency and less side effects for the treatment of certain diseases are urgently needed. Plant defensins have an integral role in a hosts' immune system and are attractive candidates for combatting drug-resistant microorganisms. Interestingly, some of these defensins also showed great potential due to their cytotoxic activity toward cancer cells. In this study, a defensin encoding gene was isolated from five legume seeds using 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (3' RACE) with degenerate primers and cDNA cloning strategies. Bioinformatic tools were used for in silico identification and the characterization of new sequences. To study the functional characteristics of these unique defensins, the gene encoded for Sesbania javanica defensin, designated as javanicin, was cloned into pTXB-1 plasmid and expressed in the Escherichia coli Origami 2 (DE3) strain. Under optimized conditions, a 34-kDa javanicin-intein fusion protein was expressed and approximately 2.5-3.5 mg/L of soluble recombinant javanicin was successfully extracted with over 90% purity. Recombinant javanicin displayed antifungal properties against human pathogenic fungi, including resistant strains, as well as cytotoxic activities toward the human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 & MDA-MB-231. Recombinant javanicin holds great promise as a novel therapeutic agent for further medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhasiri Orrapin
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Amornrat Intorasoot
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Nathupakorn Dechsupa
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Kantapan
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Yanika Onphat
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chutima Srimek
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chayada Sitthidet Tharinjaroen
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit (IDRU), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Usanee Anukool
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit (IDRU), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Bordin Butr-Indr
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit (IDRU), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Ponrut Phunpae
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit (IDRU), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sorasak Intorasoot
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit (IDRU), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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42
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Nikte S, Gahankari A, Mulla J, Sengupta D, Joshi M, Tamhane V. In vitro and in silico studies on membrane interactions of diverseCapsicum annuumflower γ‐thionin peptides. Proteins 2019; 88:227-236. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhanta Nikte
- Bioinformatics CentreSavitribai Phule Pune University Pune Maharashtra India
- Physical Chemistry DivisionNational Chemical Laboratory Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Apurva Gahankari
- Institute of Bioinformatics and BiotechnologySavitribai Phule Pune University Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Javed Mulla
- Institute of Bioinformatics and BiotechnologySavitribai Phule Pune University Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Durba Sengupta
- Physical Chemistry DivisionNational Chemical Laboratory Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Manali Joshi
- Bioinformatics CentreSavitribai Phule Pune University Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Vaijayanti Tamhane
- Institute of Bioinformatics and BiotechnologySavitribai Phule Pune University Pune Maharashtra India
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43
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Khani S, Seyedjavadi SS, Zare-Zardini H, Hosseini HM, Goudarzi M, Khatami S, Amani J, Imani Fooladi AA, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Isolation and functional characterization of an antifungal hydrophilic peptide, Skh-AMP1, derived from Satureja khuzistanica leaves. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 164:136-143. [PMID: 31128493 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of pathogenic fungi to conventional antifungal therapies is a major global health concern. Currently, antifungal peptides are receiving increasing attention as suitable candidates for antifungal drug discovery. In the present study, an antifungal peptide was isolated from Satureja khuzistanica by reverse phase-HPLC column and sequenced by de novo sequencing and Edman degradation. The peptide cytotoxicity on human red blood cells and HEK293 cells was assessed using hemolytic and MTT assays. The purified peptide had 25 amino acids with pI and net charge equal to 9.31 and + 2, respectively. According to the systematic nomenclature, this peptide was named Skh-AMP1. The peptide showed strong antifungal activity against pathogenic species of Aspergillus and Candida with MIC values of 19.8-23.4 μM and MFC values of 39.6-58.5 μM. Molecular modeling analysis predicted a α-helix conformation for Skh-AMP1 and the probable hydrophilic residues and hydrophobic regions in the peptide structure which may responsible for its antifungal activity. Skh-AMP1 preserved its stability at the pH of 7 and 8 and the temperatures of 30 and 40 °C. The peptide showed negligible hemolytic activity in the range of 0.19-2.1% at the concentrations of 3.6-72 μM. It has no obvious cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells at the MIC of 25.2 μM for the fungal growth. All together, these properties make Skh-AMP1 as a previously undescribed peptide a promising potential therapeutic agent to combat immerging fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Khani
- Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Zare-Zardini
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hamideh Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Khatami
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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44
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Sang M, Ying Y, Wu Q, Ma C, Xi X, Zhou M, Wang L, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Chen T. Cloning of a novel trypsin inhibitor from the Traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces, Radix Trichosanthis. Anal Biochem 2019; 578:23-28. [PMID: 30831099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Most herbs of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are used as air-dried decoction pieces that are manufactured and kept at ambient temperature for long periods. Given the ability of some desiccation-tolerant plants to conserve RNA, it could be worthwhile to isolate mRNA from TCM decoction pieces as part of a transcriptomic strategy to identify new substances with potential pharmaceutical application. Here, we report the molecular cloning of a novel trypsin inhibitor (as the probable alleleic variants TKTI-2 and TKTI-3) from the decoction piece of Radix Trichosanthis, representing the dried root of Trichosanthes kirilowii. From this material, the total RNA was extracted and a cDNA library was constructed from the isolated mRNA from which the cDNAs of two precursors were successfully cloned and sequenced. TKTI-3 showed an amino-acid substitution in the otherwise highly-conserved P1-P1' reaction site of the mature peptide, which we confirmed to not be an artefact. Subsequent analysis using LC-MS/MS detected the presence of specific tryptic peptides expected from TKTI-3, confirming the presence and expression of this locus in Radix Trichosanthis. More generally, this study indicates that mRNA can persist in decoction pieces and so could present a viable option for the molecular cloning from other TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Yuan Ying
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Qinan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chengbang Ma
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Xinping Xi
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Mei Zhou
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Lei Wang
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Olaf R P Bininda-Emonds
- AG Systematik und Evolutionsbiologie, IBU-Faculty V, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Tianbao Chen
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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45
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Finkina EI, Melnikova DN, Bogdanov IV, Ovchinnikova TV. Peptides of the Innate Immune System of Plants. Part II. Biosynthesis, Biological Functions, and Possible Practical Applications. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Maraming P, Klaynongsruang S, Boonsiri P, Peng S, Daduang S, Leelayuwat C, Pientong C, Chung J, Daduang J. The cationic cell‐penetrating KT2 peptide promotes cell membrane defects and apoptosis with autophagy inhibition in human HCT 116 colon cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:22116-22129. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pornsuda Maraming
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate School Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Sompong Klaynongsruang
- Department of Biochemistry, Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Patcharee Boonsiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Shu‐Fen Peng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan
| | - Sakda Daduang
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Chanvit Leelayuwat
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Jing‐Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Jureerut Daduang
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
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47
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Gómez Rave LJ, Muñoz Bravo AX, Sierra Castrillo J, Román Marín LM, Corredor Pereira C. Scorpion Venom: New Promise in the Treatment of Cancer. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v24n2.71512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a public health problem due to its high worldwide morbimortality. Current treatment protocols do not guarantee complete remission, which has prompted to search for new and more effective antitumoral compounds. Several substances exhibiting cytostatic and cytotoxic effects over cancer cells might contribute to the treatment of this pathology. Some studies indicate the presence of such substances in scorpion venom. In this review, we report characteristics of the principal scorpion venom components found in recent literature and their potential activity against tumor cells. There are different toxin groups present in the venom, and it seems that their mode of actions involves ionic channel blocking, disruption of the cell membrane integrity and damage to internal cell organelles. These properties make good prospects for studies on drugs and adjuvants in cancer treatment.
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48
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Scheidler CM, Kick LM, Schneider S. Ribosomal Peptides and Small Proteins on the Rise. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1479-1486. [PMID: 30648812 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded and ribosomally synthesised peptides and small proteins act as important regulators in fundamental cellular processes, including gene expression, development, signalling and metabolism. Moreover, they also play a crucial role in eukaryotic and prokaryotic defence against microorganisms. Extremely diverse in size and structure, they are often subject to extensive post-translational modification. Recent technological advances are now allowing the analysis of the whole cellular transcriptome and proteome, revealing the presence of hundreds of long-overlooked alternative and short open reading frames (short ORFs, or sORFs) in mRNA and supposedly noncoding RNAs. However, in many instances the biological roles of their translational products remain to be elucidated. Here we provide an overview on the intriguing structural and functional diversity of ribosomally synthesised peptides and newly discovered peptides and small proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Scheidler
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Leonhard M Kick
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Medicinal Potentialities of Plant Defensins: A Review with Applied Perspectives. MEDICINES 2019; 6:medicines6010029. [PMID: 30791451 PMCID: PMC6473878 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based secondary metabolites with medicinal potentialities such as defensins are small, cysteine-rich peptides that represent an imperative aspect of the inherent defense system. Plant defensins possess broad-spectrum biological activities, e.g., bactericidal and insecticidal actions, as well as antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer activities. The unique structural and functional attributes provide a nonspecific and versatile means of combating a variety of microbial pathogens, i.e., fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and enveloped viruses. Some defensins in plants involved in other functions include the development of metal tolerance and the role in sexual reproduction, while most of the defensins make up the innate immune system of the plants. Defensins are structurally and functionally linked and have been characterized in various eukaryotic microorganisms, mammals, plants, gulls, teleost species of fish, mollusks, insect pests, arachnidan, and crustaceans. This defense mechanism has been improved biotechnologically as it helps to protect plants from fungal attacks in genetically modified organisms (GMO). Herein, we review plant defensins as secondary metabolites with medicinal potentialities. The first half of the review elaborates the origin, structural variations, and mechanism of actions of plant defensins. In the second part, the role of defensins in plant defense, stress response, and reproduction are discussed with suitable examples. Lastly, the biological applications of plant defensins as potential antimicrobial and anticancer agents are also deliberated. In summary, plant defensins may open a new prospect in medicine, human health, and agriculture.
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50
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Sternberger AL, Bowman MJ, Kruse CPS, Childs KL, Ballard HE, Wyatt SE. Transcriptomics Identifies Modules of Differentially Expressed Genes and Novel Cyclotides in Viola pubescens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:156. [PMID: 30828342 PMCID: PMC6384259 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Viola is a large genus with worldwide distribution and many traits not currently exemplified in model plants including unique breeding systems and the production of cyclotides. Here we report de novo genome assembly and transcriptomic analyses of the non-model species Viola pubescens using short-read DNA sequencing data and RNA-Seq from eight diverse tissues. First, V. pubescens genome size was estimated through flow cytometry, resulting in an approximate haploid genome of 455 Mbp. Next, the draft V. pubescens genome was sequenced and assembled resulting in 264,035,065 read pairs and 161,038 contigs with an N50 length of 3,455 base pairs (bp). RNA-Seq data were then assembled into tissue-specific transcripts. Together, the DNA and transcript data generated 38,081 ab initio gene models which were functionally annotated based on homology to Arabidopsis thaliana genes and Pfam domains. Gene expression was visualized for each tissue via principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering, and gene co-expression analysis identified 20 modules of tissue-specific transcriptional networks. Some of these modules highlight genetic differences between chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers and may provide insight into V. pubescens' mixed breeding system. Orthologous clustering with the proteomes of A. thaliana and Populus trichocarpa revealed 8,531 sequences unique to V. pubescens, including 81 novel cyclotide precursor sequences. Cyclotides are plant peptides characterized by a stable, cyclic cystine knot motif, making them strong candidates for drug scaffolding and protein engineering. Analysis of the RNA-Seq data for these cyclotide transcripts revealed diverse expression patterns both between transcripts and tissues. The diversity of these cyclotides was also highlighted in a maximum likelihood protein cladogram containing V. pubescens cyclotides and published cyclotide sequences from other Violaceae and Rubiaceae species. Collectively, this work provides the most comprehensive sequence resource for Viola, offers valuable transcriptomic insight into V. pubescens, and will facilitate future functional genomics research in Viola and other diverse plant groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L. Sternberger
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Megan J. Bowman
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Colin P. S. Kruse
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Kevin L. Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Harvey E. Ballard
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Sarah E. Wyatt
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
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