1
|
Winter H, Wagner R, Ehlbeck J, Urich T, Schnabel U. Deep Impact: Shifts of Native Cultivable Microbial Communities on Fresh Lettuce after Treatment with Plasma-Treated Water. Foods 2024; 13:282. [PMID: 38254583 PMCID: PMC10815073 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Foods consumed raw, such as lettuce, can host food-borne human-pathogenic bacteria. In the worst-case, these diseases cause to death. To limit illness and industrial losses, one innovative sanitation method is non-thermal plasma, which offers an extremely efficient reduction of living microbial biomass. Unfortunately, the total viable count (TVC), one of the most common methods for quantifying antimicrobial effects, provides no detailed insights into the composition of the surviving microbial community after treatment. To address this information gap, different special agars were used to investigate the reduction efficiency of plasma-treated water (PTW) on different native cultivable microorganisms. All tested cultivable microbial groups were reduced using PTW. Gram-negative bacteria showed a reduction of 3.81 log10, and Gram-positive bacteria showed a reduction of 3.49 log10. Fungi were reduced by 3.89 log10. These results were further validated using a live/dead assay. MALDI-ToF (matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization time-of-flight)-based determination was used for a diversified overview. The results demonstrated that Gram-negative bacteria were strongly reduced. Interestingly, Gram-positive bacteria and fungi were reduced by nearly equal amounts, but could still recover from PTW treatment. MALDI-ToF mainly identified Pseudomonas spp. and groups of Bacillus on the tested lettuce. These results indicate that the PTW treatment could efficiently achieve a ubiquitous, spectrum-wide reduction of microbial life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Winter
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (H.W.); (R.W.); (J.E.)
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Robert Wagner
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (H.W.); (R.W.); (J.E.)
| | - Jörg Ehlbeck
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (H.W.); (R.W.); (J.E.)
| | - Tim Urich
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Uta Schnabel
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (H.W.); (R.W.); (J.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Santos MI, Grácio M, Silva MC, Pedroso L, Lima A. One Health Perspectives on Food Safety in Minimally Processed Vegetables and Fruits: From Farm to Fork. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2990. [PMID: 38138132 PMCID: PMC10745503 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
While food markets and food production chains are experiencing exponential growth, global attention to food safety is steadily increasing. This is particularly crucial for ready-to-eat products such as fresh-cut salads and fruits, as these items are consumed raw without prior heat treatment, making the presence of pathogenic microorganisms quite frequent. Moreover, many studies on foodborne illnesses associated with these foods often overlook the transmission links from the initial contamination source. The prevention and control of the dissemination of foodborne pathogens should be approached holistically, involving agricultural production, processing, transport, food production, and extending to final consumption, all while adopting a One Health perspective. In this context, our objective is to compile available information on the challenges related to microbiological contamination in minimally handled fruits and vegetables. This includes major reported outbreaks, specific bacterial strains, and associated statistics throughout the production chain. We address the sources of contamination at each stage, along with issues related to food manipulation and disinfection. Additionally, we provide potential solutions to promote a healthier approach to fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. This information will be valuable for both researchers and food producers, particularly those focused on ensuring food safety and quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Santos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.C.S.); (L.P.)
- CECAV—Centre of Animal and Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Grácio
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Mariana Camoesas Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.C.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Laurentina Pedroso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.C.S.); (L.P.)
- CECAV—Centre of Animal and Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Lima
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.C.S.); (L.P.)
- CECAV—Centre of Animal and Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Osaili TM, Hasan F, Al-Nabulsi AA, Olaimat AN, Ayyash M, Obaid RS, Holley R. A worldwide review of illness outbreaks involving mixed salads/dressings and factors influencing product safety and shelf life. Food Microbiol 2023; 112:104238. [PMID: 36906321 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The trends toward healthy living, vegetarianism, and busy schedules have increased salad popularity. Salads are usually consumed raw without any thermal treatment, and therefore, without proper care they can become major vehicles for foodborne illness outbreaks. This review examines the microbial quality of 'dressed' salads which contain two or more vegetables/fruits and salad dressings. The possible sources of ingredient contamination, recorded illnesses/outbreaks, and overall microbial quality observed worldwide, besides the antimicrobial treatments available are discussed in detail. Noroviruses were most frequently implicated in outbreaks. Salad dressings usually play a positive role in influencing microbial quality. However, this depends on several factors like the type of contaminating microorganism, storage temperature, dressing pH and ingredients, plus the type of salad vegetable. Very limited literature exists on antimicrobial treatments that can be used successfully with salad dressings and 'dressed' salads. The challenge with antimicrobial treatments is to find ones sufficiently broad in spectrum, compatible with produce flavour which can be applied at competitive cost. It is evident that renewed emphasis on prevention of produce contamination at the producer, processor, wholesale and retail levels plus enhanced hygiene vigilance at foodservice will have a major impact on reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses from salads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, The University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Fayeza Hasan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Amin N Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), United Arab Emirates
| | - Reyad S Obaid
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, The University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Richard Holley
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rios-Muñiz D, Cerna-Cortes JF, Lopez-Saucedo C, Angeles-Morales E, Bobadilla-Del Valle M, Ponce-DE Leon A, Estrada-Garcia T. Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus, Uropathogenic Escherichia coli, and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Strains from Pasteurized Cheeses and Unpasteurized Cream Sold at Traditional Open Markets in Mexico City. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1848-1854. [PMID: 36454541 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fresh cheeses and cream are important garnishes of traditional Mexican food, often purchased at street or itinerant open markets or tianguis. However, there is scarce information regarding the microbiological quality of cheeses and cream sold in tianguis. For 2 years, three dairy stalls from three tianguis in Mexico City were visited once each season, trading practices were registered, and 96 dairy products were purchased. In total 72 fresh pasteurized cheeses that were hand-cut to order (24 Panela, 24 Canasto, and 24 Doble Crema) and 24 unpasteurized Crema de Rancho samples were collected. All dairy products remained without refrigeration for 8 h. Based on the National Guidelines limits, 87.5% of cheeses and 8% of Crema de Rancho samples were of low microbiological quality, and 1 sample of each type of cheese and 3 samples of Crema de Rancho exceeded the guidelines limits for Staphylococcus aureus. All dairy products were negative for Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and all diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes, including Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Among the 96 dairy samples, the prevalence of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and of mycobacteria strains were determined because food items contaminated with these strains have been associated with urinary tract infections and mycobacteriosis, respectively. UPEC strains were isolated from 43% of cut-to-order cheeses and 29% of Crema de Rancho samples. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) strains were identified in 12.5% of Doble Crema cheese samples and 21% of Crema de Rancho samples. From the eight NTM-positive samples, 10 strains were identified (3 strains of Mycolicibacterium fortuitum, 2 of Mycobacteroides abscessus, 2 of Mycobacteroides chelonae, 2 of Mycolicibacterium porcinum, and 1 of Mycolicibacterium rhodesiae). All produced biofilms, and 70% had sliding motility (both virulence traits). Trading practices of cut-to-order pasteurized cheeses and unpasteurized Crema de Rancho in tianguis increase the risk of microbiological contamination of these products, including with human pathogens, and their consumption may cause human illness. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rios-Muñiz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City CP 11340, Mexico.,Department of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, Mexico City CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Jorge F Cerna-Cortes
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City CP 11340, Mexico
| | - Catalina Lopez-Saucedo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, Mexico City CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Erika Angeles-Morales
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City CP 11340, Mexico
| | - Miriam Bobadilla-Del Valle
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City CP 14080, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ponce-DE Leon
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City CP 14080, Mexico
| | - Teresa Estrada-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, Mexico City CP 07360, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baran A, Adigüzel MC, Aydin H. Microbiological quality of ready–to–eat vegetables salads served at meat restaurants under the COVID-19 in Turkey. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS VETERINARIAS 2022. [DOI: 10.52973/rcfcv-e32171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In Turkish cuisine, ready–to–eat vegetable salads (REVS) served with pide/lahmacun, kebab types, and tantuni from animal source in meat restaurants were evaluated since they have the potential to carry risks in terms of Public Health. The microbiological properties of REVS were investigated using agar plate method. Antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was tested using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Moreover, the presence of important enteric viruses was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The number of total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, yeast and molds and, Staphylococcus and Micrococcus spp. ranged from less than 1 to 6.40, 1 to 6.26, less than 1–5.82 and less than 1–5.66 log10 colony forming units·grams-1 (CFU·g–1) in REVS samples, respectively. None of the REVS tested in this study contained Salmonella spp., whereas E. coli and S. aureus were isolated in 38.1% (16/42) and 2.4% (1/42), respectively. S. aureus was resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin, aztreonam, and ciprofloxacin in the disc diffusion assay, however, it was not harboring the mecA gene. E. coli strains (n=16) were resistant (100%) to aminoglycoside antibiotics and 35.7% (6/16) of the isolates were extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing. blaTEM and blaCTXM8/25 were detected in two isolates, whereas one isolate carried blaCTXM–1 and blaTEM together by PCR. Of the REVS, two were evaluated as positive for rotavirus (4.8%), six for hepatitis A (14%), and hepatitis E virus (14%). These results indicate the high microorganism load, presence of ESBL E. coli, and viral enteric pathogens in REVS, hence it is important to perform routine hygiene practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alper Baran
- Atatürk University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Department of Food Quality Control and Analysis. Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cemal Adigüzel
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology. Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hakan Aydin
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology. Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Srisamran J, Atwill ER, Chuanchuen R, Jeamsripong S. Detection and analysis of indicator and pathogenic bacteria in conventional and organic fruits and vegetables sold in retail markets. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Produce-associated foodborne outbreaks have been increasingly implicated as the significant proportion of the annual incidence of foodborne illness worldwide. The objectives of this study were to determine the concentrations of indicator bacteria and the presence of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes, and to characterize predictors associated with Salmonella contamination of retail produce from fresh markets and supermarkets in Bangkok, Thailand. A total of 503 samples were collected during May 2018 and February 2019, comprised of sweet basil, spring onion, coriander, cabbage, lettuce, cucumber, and tomato, with n = 167 conventional items from fresh open-air markets, n = 168 conventional items from supermarkets, and n = 168 organic items from supermarkets. The overall prevalence in these 503 items for fecal coliforms and E. coli were 84.3% and 71.4%, with mean concentrations (± S.D.) of fecal coliforms and E. coli being 3.0×105 (± 1.3×106) and 1.8×105 (± 1.1×105) MPN/g, respectively. The concentration of fecal coliforms and E. coli was higher in produce sampled from fresh open-air markets than produce from supermarkets; similarly, these bacterial indicators were higher from produce grown under conventional methods than certified organic produce. The prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella was 4.8% and 0.4%, respectively, but no positives were found for E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes. The predominant Salmonella serovar were Stanley (30.8%). Based on logistic regression, the odds of Salmonella contamination were significantly (p < 0.05) higher during the rainy versus dry season, produce grown using conventional versus organic agriculture, sweet basil versus other commodities, and using ice tank versus dry refrigeration for overnight retail storage. This study indicated that fruits and vegetables are important sources of microbial contamination. Hence, monitoring and surveillance of pathogen contamination to produce is needed to strengthen food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jutanat Srisamran
- Research unit in microbial food safety and antimicrobial resistance, department of veterinary public health, faculty of veterinary science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Edward R Atwill
- Western center for food safety, university of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Research unit in microbial food safety and antimicrobial resistance, department of veterinary public health, faculty of veterinary science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Research unit in microbial food safety and antimicrobial resistance, department of veterinary public health, faculty of veterinary science, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yi L, Zeng P, Wong KY, Chan KF, Chen S. Controlling Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat leafy greens by amphipathic α-helix peptide zp80 and its antimicrobial mechanisms. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
8
|
Richter L, du Plessis EM, Duvenage S, Korsten L. Microbiological safety of spinach throughout commercial supply chains in Gauteng Province, South Africa and characterization of isolated multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2389-2409. [PMID: 34767685 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the microbiological quality, potential foodborne pathogen presence, and to phenotypically (antimicrobial resistance [AMR] profiles) and genotypically (DNA fingerprints and diarrhoeagenic genes) characterize Escherichia coli isolated throughout spinach production systems from farm-to-sale. METHODS AND RESULTS Samples (n = 288) were collected from two commercial supply chains using either river or borehole irrigation water. E. coli was enumerated throughout the chain where river water was directly used for overhead irrigation at levels between 0.00 and 3.22 log colony forming unit (CFU) g-1 . Following enrichment, isolation and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry identification, E. coli was isolated from 22.57% (n = 65/288) of all samples. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 3% (n = 9/288) of river and irrigation water samples on one farm, and no Listeria monocytogenes was detected throughout the study. Of the 80 characterized E. coli isolates, one harboured the stx2 virulence gene, while 43.75% (n = 35) were multidrug resistant. Overall, 26.30% of the multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates were from production scenario one that used river irrigation water, and 17.50% from the second production scenario that used borehole irrigation water. A greater percentage of resistance phenotypes were from water E. coli isolates (52.50%), than isolates from spinach (37.50%). E. coli isolates from spinach and irrigation water clustered together at high similarity values (>90%) using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chan reaction analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study reported the presence of multidrug-resistant environmental E. coli throughout spinach production from farm, during processing and up to retail. Furthermore, the similarity of multi-drug resistant E. coli isolates suggests transfer from irrigation water to spinach in both scenarios, reiterating that irrigation water for vegetables consumed raw, should comply with standardized microbiological safety guidelines. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Multidrug-resistant E. coli presence throughout spinach production emphasizes the necessity of increased surveillance of AMR in fresh produce and the production environment within a One Health paradigm to develop AMR mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loandi Richter
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Erika M du Plessis
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Stacey Duvenage
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lise Korsten
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rosales Chavez JB, Bruening M, Ohri-Vachaspati P, Lee RE, Jehn M. Street Food Stand Availability, Density, and Distribution Across Income Levels in Mexico City. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3953. [PMID: 33918669 PMCID: PMC8069716 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Street food stands (SFS) are an understudied element of the food environment. Previous SFS studies have not used a rigorous approach to document the availability, density, and distribution of SFS across neighborhood income levels and points of access in Mexico City. A random sample (n = 761) of street segments representing 20 low-, middle-, and high-income neighborhoods were assessed using geographic information system (GIS) and ground-truthing methods. All three income levels contained SFS. However, SFS availability and density were higher in middle-income neighborhoods. The distribution of SFS showed that SFS were most often found near homes, transportation centers, and worksites. SFS availability near schools may have been limited by local school policies. Additional studies are needed to further document relationships between SFS availability, density, and distribution, and current structures and processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose B. Rosales Chavez
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, 975 S. Myrtle Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Meg Bruening
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (M.B.); (P.O.-V.)
| | - Punam Ohri-Vachaspati
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (M.B.); (P.O.-V.)
| | - Rebecca E. Lee
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing & Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 502 N. 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Megan Jehn
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hernández-Jarguín AM, Martínez-Burnes J, Molina-Salinas GM, de la Cruz-Hernández NI, Palomares-Rangel JL, López Mayagoitia A, Barrios-García HB. Isolation and Histopathological Changes Associated with Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria in Lymph Nodes Condemned at a Bovine Slaughterhouse. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040172. [PMID: 33182568 PMCID: PMC7712099 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infect humans and animals and have a critical confounding effect on the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. The Official Mexican Standard (Norma Oficial Mexicana, NOM-ZOO-031-1995) for food safety regulates Mycobacterium bovis in cattle, but not the NTM species. The study's objective was to isolate and identify the NTM present in condemned bovine lymph nodes in a slaughterhouse, characterize the histological lesions, and correlate bacteriological and microscopic findings with the antemortem tuberculin skin test. Methods: from 528 cattle, one or two pooled samples of lymph nodes from each animal were cultured for Mycobacteria spp. and processed for histopathology. Results: mycobacteria were isolated from 54/528 (10.2%) of the condemned lymph nodes; 25/54 (46.2%) of these isolates were NTM; 4 bacteriological cultures with fungal contamination were discarded. Granulomatous and pyogranulomatous inflammation were present in 6/21 (28.6%) and 7/21 (33.3%) of the NTM-positive lymph nodes, respectively. The species of NTM associated with granulomatous lymphadenitis were M. scrofulaceum, M. triviale, M. terrae, and M. szulgai, while those causing pyogranulomatous lesions were M. szulgai, M. kansasii, M. phlei, and M. scrofulaceum. Conclusions: the NTM infections can cause false-positive results in the tuberculin test because of cross immune reactivity and interference with the postmortem identification of M. bovis in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M. Hernández-Jarguín
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas C.P. 87000, Mexico; (J.M.-B.); (N.I.d.l.C.-H.); (J.L.P.-R.); (H.B.B.-G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas C.P. 87000, Mexico; (J.M.-B.); (N.I.d.l.C.-H.); (J.L.P.-R.); (H.B.B.-G.)
| | - Gloria M. Molina-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Especialidades 1 Mérida, Yucatán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, CP 97150, Mexico;
| | - Ned I. de la Cruz-Hernández
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas C.P. 87000, Mexico; (J.M.-B.); (N.I.d.l.C.-H.); (J.L.P.-R.); (H.B.B.-G.)
| | - José L. Palomares-Rangel
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas C.P. 87000, Mexico; (J.M.-B.); (N.I.d.l.C.-H.); (J.L.P.-R.); (H.B.B.-G.)
| | - Alfonso López Mayagoitia
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A4P3, Canada;
| | - Hugo B. Barrios-García
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas C.P. 87000, Mexico; (J.M.-B.); (N.I.d.l.C.-H.); (J.L.P.-R.); (H.B.B.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Makinde OM, Ayeni KI, Sulyok M, Krska R, Adeleke RA, Ezekiel CN. Microbiological safety of ready‐to‐eat foods in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A comprehensive 10‐year (2009 to 2018) review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:703-732. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln)Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln)Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological SciencesQueen's University Belfast Belfast United Kingdom
| | - Rasheed A. Adeleke
- Department of MicrobiologyNorth‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of MicrobiologyBabcock University Ilishan Remo Nigeria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln)Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Szczech M, Kowalska B, Smolińska U, Maciorowski R, Oskiera M, Michalska A. Microbial quality of organic and conventional vegetables from Polish farms. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 286:155-161. [PMID: 30145444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbiological analyses of lettuce, radish, carrot and beetroot were conducted to determine the effect of production system (organic and conventional) on the microbial quality of vegetables in Poland. During 2010-2014 growing seasons, 600 organic and 372 conventional samples were collected from certified farms. The vegetables were analyzed for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and molds, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms and Escherichia coli according to Polish standards. The farmer's survey was conducted to collect information on farm management practices. The index (from 0 - no risk to 4 - high risk) of potential contamination of the produce by human pathogens, related to fertilization system was developed. The mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and molds, coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae numbers for the radish and carrot were similar for organic and conventional cultivation systems (mesophilic bacteria 7.0 log10 cfu g-1 and 6.6 log10 cfu g-1; yeasts and molds 5.1 and 4.8; coliforms 1.3 and 1.5; Enterobacteriaceae 2.1 and 2.3 for radish and carrot respectively). Organic lettuce harbored significantly more bacteria than conventional (mesophilic 6.7 log10 cfu g-1 and 6.4 log10 cfu g-1, coliforms 1.8 and 1.4; Enterobacteriaceae 2.5 and 1.9 for organic and conventional respectively). Organic beetroot contained higher number of yeasts and molds (5.1 log10 cfu g-1) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.9 log10 cfu g-1) than conventional (4.9 and 2.5 log10 cfu g-1). The vegetables from organic farms showed significantly higher load of E. coli (on average 0.42 log10 cfu g-1) than conventionally cultivated vegetables (in average 0.05 log10 cfu g-1). The index 0-4 of potential risk of produce contamination by human pathogens was created according to fertilization practices in both farm types. Its value increased with enhanced contribution of manures and other animal wastes. In organic production the main fertilization practice was application of animal manures, composted and not composted. A popular practice was also top dressing of growing plants with fermented plant extracts, sometimes enriched with dungwater. In conventional farming system mineral fertilization was the main source of the vegetable nutrition. Therefore, organic produce indicated higher index of contamination risk (2-4) than conventional vegetables (1-2). High indexes were positively associated with higher number of E. coli. It was found that fertilization system practiced in organic farms may deteriorate sanitary quality of the produce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szczech
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Microbiology, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland.
| | - Beata Kowalska
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Microbiology, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Urszula Smolińska
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Microbiology, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Robert Maciorowski
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Economics and Statistics Section, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Michał Oskiera
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Microbiology, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Anna Michalska
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Microbiology, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abrahale K, Sousa S, Albuquerque G, Padrão P, Lunet N. Street food research worldwide: a scoping review. J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 32:152-174. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Abrahale
- EPIUnit - Unidade de Investigação em Epidemiologia; Instituto de Saúde Pública; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - S. Sousa
- EPIUnit - Unidade de Investigação em Epidemiologia; Instituto de Saúde Pública; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição; Alimentação da Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - G. Albuquerque
- EPIUnit - Unidade de Investigação em Epidemiologia; Instituto de Saúde Pública; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - P. Padrão
- EPIUnit - Unidade de Investigação em Epidemiologia; Instituto de Saúde Pública; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição; Alimentação da Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - N. Lunet
- EPIUnit - Unidade de Investigação em Epidemiologia; Instituto de Saúde Pública; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Mycobacterium porcinum is a rapidly growing environmental mycobacterium responsible for opportunistic infections. The 7,025,616-bp draft genome of M. porcinum strain CSURP1564 exhibits a 66.71% G+C content, 6,687 protein-coding genes, and 65 predicted RNA genes. In silico DNA-DNA hybridization confirms its assignment to the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex.
Collapse
|
15
|
Jiang H, Miraglia D, Ranucci D, Donnini D, Roila R, Branciari R, Li C. High microbial loads found in minimally-processed sliced mushrooms from Italian market. Ital J Food Saf 2018; 7:7000. [PMID: 29732334 PMCID: PMC5913708 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2018.7000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increased consumer interest in minimally processed vegetables that has led to the development of products, such as pre-cut sliced mushrooms. Few data are available on the hygienic condition and the presence of foodborne pathogens in such products. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the safety and hygienic characteristics of both ready-to-eat and ready-to-cook, pre-cut sliced mushrooms obtained from a local Italian market. For the evaluation of the hygienic condition, the aerobic mesophilic bacteria, aerobic psychrotrophic bacteria and Escherichia coli enumerations were performed. Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp. were considered in the assessment of the foodborne pathogens. High microbial loads were detected, including counts higher than 5 log CFU/g for E. coli and 6 log CFU/g for the other bacteria counts considered, but no pathogens were found. Ready-to-eat and ready-to-cook products differed only for aerobic mesophilic counts (7.87 and 8.26 log CFU/g, respectively, P=0.003). Strategies to enhance the hygienic level of the mushrooms, particularly the ready-to-eat products, are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy.,College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Dino Miraglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - David Ranucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Domizia Donnini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Rossana Roila
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Cheng Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thomas MC, Janzen TW, Huscyzynsky G, Mathews A, Amoako KK. Development of a novel multiplexed qPCR and Pyrosequencing method for the detection of human pathogenic yersiniae. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 257:247-253. [PMID: 28704728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a novel and robust molecular assay for the detection of human pathogenic yersiniae (i.e. Yersinia enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis) in complex food samples. The assay combines multiplexed real-time PCR (qPCR) and Pyrosequencing for detecting and differentiating human pathogenic yersiniae with high confidence through sequence based confirmation. The assay demonstrated 100% specificity and inclusivity when tested against a panel of 14 Y. enterocolitica, 22 Y. pestis, 24 Y. pseudotuberculosis and a diverse selection of 17 other non-Yersinia bacteria. Pyrosequencing reads ranged from 28 to 40bp in length and had 94-100% sequence identity to the correct species in the GenBank nr database. Microbial enrichments of 48 ready-to-eat foods collected in the Greater Toronto Area from March 2014 to May 2014, including 46 fresh sprout and 2 salad products, were then tested using the assay. All samples were negative for Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis. Both salads (n=2) and 35% of sprout products (n=46) including 7.1% of alfalfa sprouts (n=14), 81% of bean sprouts (n=16), 12% of mixed sprouts (n=8) tested positive for Y. enterocolitica which was not detected in broccoli sprouts (n=5), onion sprouts (n=1), and pea sprouts (n=2). Cycle thresholds (Ct) of positive samples for Y. enterocolitica were between 23.0 and 37.9 suggesting post enrichment concentrations of approximately 1×102 to 1×106Y. enterocolitica per 1mL of enriched broth. An internal amplification control which was coamplified with targets revealed PCR inhibition in five samples which was resolved following a one in ten dilution. Pyrosequencing of qPCR amplicons suggests monoclonality and revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism that is present in Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A suggesting low pathogenicity of the detected strains. This study is the first to combine Pyrosequencing and qPCR for the detection of human pathogenic yersiniae and is applicable to a broad range of complex samples including ready-to-eat food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Thomas
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Township Rd 9-1, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 3Z4, Canada
| | - T W Janzen
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Township Rd 9-1, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 3Z4, Canada
| | - G Huscyzynsky
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Greater Toronto Area Laboratory, 2301 Midland Ave., Scarborough, Ontario M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - A Mathews
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Greater Toronto Area Laboratory, 2301 Midland Ave., Scarborough, Ontario M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - K K Amoako
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Township Rd 9-1, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 3Z4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium hominissuis is the most important causative agent of chronic nontuberculous lymphadenitis in children. Despite a ubiquitous occurrence of the bacteria in the environment, the disease is a rare entity, and so far no source of infection has been formally identified. The current state of knowledge regarding possible sources of M. avium hominissuis, especially where children are concerned, is summarized here. An analysis of the seasonal variation of M. avium lymphadenitis in children leads to a new hypothesis regarding the probable source of infection of M. avium hominissuis, where global trade of alimentary products might be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Thegerström
- a Department of Clinical Physiology , Kalmar County Hospital , Kalmar , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nithya A, Babu S. Prevalence of plant beneficial and human pathogenic bacteria isolated from salad vegetables in India. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:64. [PMID: 28288566 PMCID: PMC5348887 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed at enumerating, identifying and categorizing the endophytic cultivable bacterial community in selected salad vegetables (carrot, cucumber, tomato and onion). Vegetable samples were collected from markets of two vegetable hot spot growing areas, during two different crop harvest seasons. Crude and diluted vegetable extracts were plated and the population of endophytic bacteria was assessed based on morphologically distinguishable colonies. The bacterial isolates were identified by growth in selective media, biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS The endophytic population was found to be comparably higher in cucumber and tomato in both of the sampling locations, whereas lower in carrot and onion. Bacterial isolates belonged to 5 classes covering 46 distinct species belonging to 19 genera. Human opportunistic pathogens were predominant in carrot and onion, whereas plant beneficial bacteria dominated in cucumber and tomato. Out of the 104 isolates, 16.25% are human pathogens and 26.5% are human opportunistic pathogens. CONCLUSIONS Existence of a high population of plant beneficial bacteria was found to have suppressed the population of plant and human pathogens. There is a greater potential to study the native endophytic plant beneficial bacteria for developing them as biocontrol agents against human pathogens that are harboured by plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angamuthu Nithya
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Subramanian Babu
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hamilton KA, Weir MH, Haas CN. Dose response models and a quantitative microbial risk assessment framework for the Mycobacterium avium complex that account for recent developments in molecular biology, taxonomy, and epidemiology. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 109:310-326. [PMID: 27915187 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of environmentally-transmitted pathogens of great public health importance. This group is known to be harbored, amplified, and selected for more human-virulent characteristics by amoeba species in aquatic biofilms. However, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has not been performed due to the lack of dose response models resulting from significant heterogeneity within even a single species or subspecies of MAC, as well as the range of human susceptibilities to mycobacterial disease. The primary human-relevant species and subspecies responsible for the majority of the human disease burden and present in drinking water, biofilms, and soil are M. avium subsp. hominissuis, M. intracellulare, and M. chimaera. A critical review of the published literature identified important health endpoints, exposure routes, and susceptible populations for MAC risk assessment. In addition, data sets for quantitative dose-response functions were extracted from published in vivo animal dosing experiments. As a result, seven new exponential dose response models for human-relevant species of MAC with endpoints of lung lesions, death, disseminated infection, liver infection, and lymph node lesions are proposed. Although current physical and biochemical tests used in clinical settings do not differentiate between M. avium and M. intracellulare, differentiating between environmental species and subspecies of the MAC can aid in the assessment of health risks and control of MAC sources. A framework is proposed for incorporating the proposed dose response models into susceptible population- and exposure route-specific QMRA models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A Hamilton
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Mark H Weir
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Civil Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Charles N Haas
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dziedzinska R, Makovcova J, Kaevska M, Slany M, Babak V, Moravkova M. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria on Ready-to-Eat, Raw and Frozen Fruits and Vegetables. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1452-6. [PMID: 27497136 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of fruits and vegetables is increasing worldwide because of the positive impact of these foods on human health. Ready-to-eat, raw whole, and frozen fruits and vegetables were purchased from markets and examined for the presence of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) using culture, real-time PCR (qPCR), and sequencing. Using qPCR, Mycobacterium sp. at 10(0) to 10(4) ge/g (genome equivalents per gram) was found in almost all of the 178 samples; members of the M. avium complex were found only sporadically. Culture and sequencing revealed the presence of 22 viable NTM isolates in 17 samples. In addition to NTM commonly found in the environment, several rarely described isolates of viable NTM were recovered. The presence of Mycobacterium shigaense, which has been previously isolated only from human patients, was found in lettuce, the first time that this species has been found in an environmental sample. Mycobacterium parmense, Mycobacterium palustre, and Mycobacterium llatzerense, which have been previously isolated from human patients and occasionally from soil and water, were recovered from leafy green vegetables. Strawberries and cut salad mixes contained Mycobacterium algericum, Mycobacterium fallax, and Mycobacterium minnesotense. NTM are primarily nonpathogenic. However, consumption of fruits or vegetables contaminated with NTM could represent a health risk for immunocompromised people, children, and the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radka Dziedzinska
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Makovcova
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marija Kaevska
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Slany
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Babak
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Moravkova
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|