1
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Imanbayev NM, Iztleuov YM, Kamyshanskiy YK, Zhumasheva AV. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of keloid-like collagen remodeling patterns in the extracellular matrix of colorectal cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2024; 30:1611789. [PMID: 38903488 PMCID: PMC11186984 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2024.1611789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Background The desmoplastic reaction is considered a promising prognostic parameter for colorectal cancer. However, intermediate desmoplastic reaction is characterized by sizeable stromal heterogeneity, including both small amounts of keloid-like collagen (KC) in the fibrotic stroma and thick tufts of KC circumferentially surrounding cancer nests and occupying most of the fields of view. The present study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of KC histophenotyping with a quantitative visual assessment of its presence in the stroma of the invasive margin of TNM (The "tumor-node-metastasis" classification) stage II/III colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods and results 175 resected tumors from patients with TNM stage II/III CRC were examined. Keloid-like collagen was assessed according to Ueno H. criteria. KC was assessed at the primary tumor invasive margin using Hematoxylin & Eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. The cut-off point for KC was examined using "the best cutoff approach by log-rank test." Using a cutoff point of 30%, we histologically divided fibrous stroma in the invasive area into two groups: "type A"-KC ≤ 0.3 and "type B"-KC>0.3. Type A stroma was observed in 48% of patients, type B-in 52%. The association between collagen amount and 5-year recurrence-free survival (5-RFS) was assessed using Cox regression analysis. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank tests were used to assess the significance of survival analysis. Analysis of categorical variables showed that increased KC in CRC stroma predicted adverse outcomes for 5-RFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.143, 95%, confidence interval [CI] = 1.643-6.012, p = 0.001). Moreover, in Kaplan-Meier analysis, the log-rank test showed that type B exhibited worse 5-RFS than type A (p = 0.000). Conclusion KC is an independent predictor of 5-year overall and RFS in patients with TNM stage II/III CRC treated with surgery, with worse survival rates when the amount of KC increases by >30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nauryzbay M. Imanbayev
- Department of Oncology, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerbolat M. Iztleuov
- Department of Radiology, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Aigul V. Zhumasheva
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical Centre of West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
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2
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Pinheiro LCL, Pupim ACE, Pereira ÉR, Ahrens TM, Mendonça AC, Francelino AL, Araújo EJDA, Guembarovski AFML, Fuganti PE, Vanzela ALL, Colus IMDS, Favaron PO, Miqueloto CA, Guembarovski RL. Deposition of collagen III and alterations in basement membrane integrity as candidate prognostic markers in prostate cancer. Exp Cell Res 2024; 439:114077. [PMID: 38735620 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix surrounding the tumor undergoes changes in its organization during the metastasis process. The present study aims to quantify total collagen, collagen I (Col I) and collagen III (Col III), analyze the alignment of collagen fibers and assess the basement membrane integrity in samples from patients with metastatic and non-metastatic prostate cancer. Tissue samples from 60 patients were classified into groups based on prognostic parameters: better prognosis (n = 20), worse prognosis without metastasis (n = 23) and metastatic (n = 17). Picrosirius red with further analysis under polarizing microscope was used to quantify (with validation using immunohistochemistry) and analyze collagen alignment, and Periodic Acid Schiff staining was used to analyze the basement membrane integrity. The Col I/Col III ratio was found to be higher in the metastatic group than in the groups with better prognosis (p = 0.012) and worse prognosis without metastasis (p = 0.018). Basement membrane integrity constitution in malignant tumor tissue differed from that of adjacent non-tumor tissue (p < 0.001). Moreover, the worsening in the tumor tissue integrity was positively correlated with worse prognostic parameters. All in all, absence of Col III and basement membrane integrity might be indicators of poor prognosis in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Capelasso Lucas Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Andreia Carla Eugênio Pupim
- Laboratory of Enteric Neuroscience, Department of Histology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Érica Romão Pereira
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Tainah Mendes Ahrens
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla Mendonça
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Amanda Letícia Francelino
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ilce Mara de Syllos Colus
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Phelipe Oliveira Favaron
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Miqueloto
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberta Losi Guembarovski
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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3
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Chang S, Giannico GA, Haugen E, Jardaneh A, Baba J, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Chang SS, Bowden AK. Multiparameter interferometric polarization-enhanced imaging differentiates carcinoma in situ from inflammation of the bladder: an ex vivo study. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:102907. [PMID: 37576611 PMCID: PMC10415042 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.10.102907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Significance Successful differentiation of carcinoma in situ (CIS) from inflammation in the bladder is key to preventing unnecessary biopsies and enabling accurate therapeutic decisions. Current standard-of-care diagnostic imaging techniques lack the specificity needed to differentiate these states, leading to false positives. Aim We introduce multiparameter interferometric polarization-enhanced (MultiPIPE) imaging as a promising technology to improve the specificity of detection for better biopsy guidance and clinical outcomes. Approach In this ex vivo study, we extract tissue attenuation-coefficient-based and birefringence-based parameters from MultiPIPE imaging data, collected with a bench-top system, to develop a classifier for the differentiation of benign and CIS tissues. We also analyze morphological features from second harmonic generation imaging and histology slides and perform imaging-to-morphology correlation analysis. Results MultiPIPE enhances specificity to differentiate CIS from benign tissues by nearly 20% and reduces the false-positive rate by more than four-fold over clinical standards. We also show that the MultiPIPE measurements correlate well with changes in morphological features in histological assessments. Conclusions The results of our study show the promise of MultiPIPE imaging to be used for better differentiation of bladder inflammation from flat tumors, leading to a fewer number of unnecessary procedures and shorter operating room (OR) time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chang
- Vannderbilt University, Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Giovanna A. Giannico
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Ezekiel Haugen
- Vannderbilt University, Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Ali Jardaneh
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Urology, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Justin Baba
- Vannderbilt University, Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Vannderbilt University, Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Sam S. Chang
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Urology, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Audrey K. Bowden
- Vannderbilt University, Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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4
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Nelson MS, Liu Y, Wilson HM, Li B, Rosado-Mendez IM, Rogers JD, Block WF, Eliceiri KW. Multiscale Label-Free Imaging of Fibrillar Collagen in the Tumor Microenvironment. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2614:187-235. [PMID: 36587127 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2914-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With recent advances in cancer therapeutics, there is a great need for improved imaging methods for characterizing cancer onset and progression in a quantitative and actionable way. Collagen, the most abundant extracellular matrix protein in the tumor microenvironment (and the body in general), plays a multifaceted role, both hindering and promoting cancer invasion and progression. Collagen deposition can defend the tumor with immunosuppressive effects, while aligned collagen fiber structures can enable tumor cell migration, aiding invasion and metastasis. Given the complex role of collagen fiber organization and topology, imaging has been a tool of choice to characterize these changes on multiple spatial scales, from the organ and tumor scale to cellular and subcellular level. Macroscale density already aids in the detection and diagnosis of solid cancers, but progress is being made to integrate finer microscale features into the process. Here we review imaging modalities ranging from optical methods of second harmonic generation (SHG), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) to the medical imaging approaches of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These methods have enabled scientists and clinicians to better understand the impact collagen structure has on the tumor environment, at both the bulk scale (density) and microscale (fibrillar structure) levels. We focus on imaging methods with the potential to both examine the collagen structure in as natural a state as possible and still be clinically amenable, with an emphasis on label-free strategies, exploiting intrinsic optical properties of collagen fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Nelson
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yuming Liu
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Helen M Wilson
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ivan M Rosado-Mendez
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeremy D Rogers
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Walter F Block
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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5
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Li J, Hung YC, Kulce O, Mengu D, Ozcan A. Polarization multiplexed diffractive computing: all-optical implementation of a group of linear transformations through a polarization-encoded diffractive network. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:153. [PMID: 35614046 PMCID: PMC9133014 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Research on optical computing has recently attracted significant attention due to the transformative advances in machine learning. Among different approaches, diffractive optical networks composed of spatially-engineered transmissive surfaces have been demonstrated for all-optical statistical inference and performing arbitrary linear transformations using passive, free-space optical layers. Here, we introduce a polarization-multiplexed diffractive processor to all-optically perform multiple, arbitrarily-selected linear transformations through a single diffractive network trained using deep learning. In this framework, an array of pre-selected linear polarizers is positioned between trainable transmissive diffractive materials that are isotropic, and different target linear transformations (complex-valued) are uniquely assigned to different combinations of input/output polarization states. The transmission layers of this polarization-multiplexed diffractive network are trained and optimized via deep learning and error-backpropagation by using thousands of examples of the input/output fields corresponding to each one of the complex-valued linear transformations assigned to different input/output polarization combinations. Our results and analysis reveal that a single diffractive network can successfully approximate and all-optically implement a group of arbitrarily-selected target transformations with a negligible error when the number of trainable diffractive features/neurons (N) approaches [Formula: see text], where Ni and No represent the number of pixels at the input and output fields-of-view, respectively, and Np refers to the number of unique linear transformations assigned to different input/output polarization combinations. This polarization-multiplexed all-optical diffractive processor can find various applications in optical computing and polarization-based machine vision tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxi Li
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yi-Chun Hung
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Onur Kulce
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Deniz Mengu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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6
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Popovics P, Jain A, Skalitzky KO, Schroeder E, Ruetten H, Cadena M, Uchtmann KS, Vezina CM, Ricke WA. Osteopontin Deficiency Ameliorates Prostatic Fibrosis and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212461. [PMID: 34830342 PMCID: PMC8617904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrogenic and inflammatory processes in the prostate are linked to the development of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men. Our previous studies identified that osteopontin (OPN), a pro-fibrotic cytokine, is abundant in the prostate of men with LUTS, and its secretion is stimulated by inflammatory cytokines potentially to drive fibrosis. This study investigates whether the lack of OPN ameliorates inflammation and fibrosis in the mouse prostate. We instilled uropathogenic E. coli (UTI89) or saline (control) transurethrally to C57BL/6J (WT) or Spp1tm1Blh/J (OPN-KO) mice and collected the prostates one or 8 weeks later. We found that OPN mRNA and protein expression were significantly induced by E. coli-instillation in the dorsal prostate (DP) after one week in WT mice. Deficiency in OPN expression led to decreased inflammation and fibrosis and the prevention of urinary dysfunction after 8 weeks. RNAseq analysis identified that E. coli-instilled WT mice expressed increased levels of inflammatory and fibrotic marker RNAs compared to OPN-KO mice including Col3a1, Dpt, Lum and Mmp3 which were confirmed by RNAscope. Our results indicate that OPN is induced by inflammation and prolongs the inflammatory state; genetic blockade of OPN accelerates recovery after inflammation, including a resolution of prostate fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Popovics
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (P.P.); (A.J.); (K.O.S.); (E.S.); (H.R.); (M.C.); (K.S.U.); (C.M.V.)
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Asha Jain
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (P.P.); (A.J.); (K.O.S.); (E.S.); (H.R.); (M.C.); (K.S.U.); (C.M.V.)
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kegan O. Skalitzky
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (P.P.); (A.J.); (K.O.S.); (E.S.); (H.R.); (M.C.); (K.S.U.); (C.M.V.)
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Elise Schroeder
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (P.P.); (A.J.); (K.O.S.); (E.S.); (H.R.); (M.C.); (K.S.U.); (C.M.V.)
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hannah Ruetten
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (P.P.); (A.J.); (K.O.S.); (E.S.); (H.R.); (M.C.); (K.S.U.); (C.M.V.)
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mark Cadena
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (P.P.); (A.J.); (K.O.S.); (E.S.); (H.R.); (M.C.); (K.S.U.); (C.M.V.)
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kristen S. Uchtmann
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (P.P.); (A.J.); (K.O.S.); (E.S.); (H.R.); (M.C.); (K.S.U.); (C.M.V.)
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Chad M. Vezina
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (P.P.); (A.J.); (K.O.S.); (E.S.); (H.R.); (M.C.); (K.S.U.); (C.M.V.)
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - William A. Ricke
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (P.P.); (A.J.); (K.O.S.); (E.S.); (H.R.); (M.C.); (K.S.U.); (C.M.V.)
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Keikhosravi A, Shribak M, Conklin MW, Liu Y, Li B, Loeffler A, Levenson RM, Eliceiri KW. Real-time polarization microscopy of fibrillar collagen in histopathology. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19063. [PMID: 34561546 PMCID: PMC8463693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98600-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, fibrillar collagen reorganization parameters such as the amount of collagen deposition, fiber angle and alignment have been widely explored in numerous studies. These parameters are now widely accepted as stromal biomarkers and linked to disease progression and survival time in several cancer types. Despite all these advances, there has not been a significant effort to make it possible for clinicians to explore these biomarkers without adding steps to the clinical workflow or by requiring high-cost imaging systems. In this paper, we evaluate previously described polychromatic polarization microscope (PPM) to visualize collagen fibers with an optically generated color representation of fiber orientation and alignment when inspecting the sample by a regular microscope with minor modifications. This system does not require stained slides, but is compatible with histological stains such as H&E. Consequently, it can be easily accommodated as part of regular pathology review of tissue slides, while providing clinically useful insight into stromal composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adib Keikhosravi
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael Shribak
- Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Chicago, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| | - Matthew W Conklin
- Deparment of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yuming Liu
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Agnes Loeffler
- Department of Pathology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA
| | - Richard M Levenson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. .,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, 53715, USA. .,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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8
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Steplewski A, Fertala J, Tomlinson RE, Wang ML, Donahue A, Arnold WV, Rivlin M, Beredjiklian PK, Abboud JA, Namdari S, Fertala A. Mechanisms of reducing joint stiffness by blocking collagen fibrillogenesis in a rabbit model of posttraumatic arthrofibrosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257147. [PMID: 34492074 PMCID: PMC8423260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic fibrotic scarring is a significant medical problem that alters the proper functioning of injured tissues. Current methods to reduce posttraumatic fibrosis rely on anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative agents with broad intracellular targets. As a result, their use is not fully effective and may cause unwanted side effects. Our group previously demonstrated that extracellular collagen fibrillogenesis is a valid and specific target to reduce collagen-rich scar buildup. Our previous studies showed that a rationally designed antibody that binds the C-terminal telopeptide of the α2(I) chain involved in the aggregation of collagen molecules limits fibril assembly in vitro and reduces scar formation in vivo. Here, we have utilized a clinically relevant arthrofibrosis model to study the broad mechanisms of the anti-scarring activity of this antibody. Moreover, we analyzed the effects of targeting collagen fibril formation on the quality of healed joint tissues, including the posterior capsule, patellar tendon, and subchondral bone. Our results show that blocking collagen fibrillogenesis not only reduces collagen content in the scar, but also accelerates the remodeling of healing tissues and changes the collagen fibrils’ cross-linking. In total, this study demonstrated that targeting collagen fibrillogenesis to limit arthrofibrosis affects neither the quality of healing of the joint tissues nor disturbs vital tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Steplewski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jolanta Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ryan E. Tomlinson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Allison Donahue
- College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William V. Arnold
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Rivlin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pedro K. Beredjiklian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Abboud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Surena Namdari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrzej Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Augustine D, Rao RS, Patil S. Hyalinization as a histomorphological risk predictor in oral pathological lesions. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2021; 11:415-422. [PMID: 34094841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyalinization is a process of conversion of stromal connective tissue into a homogeneous, acellular translucent material. Nevertheless, hyalinization could provide insights into the biologic behaviour and prognosis of pathological lesions. Few studies with limited sample size have intended to assess the correlation of hyalinization and biologic behaviour in oral lesions. Aim The current review aims to comprehensively appraise the mechanism of hyalinization in pathological oral hyalinizing lesions (OHL) and its clinical implications with emphasis on differential stains employed. Methods An electronic search was performed in the PubMed database (from year 2000-2020) using the keywords "special stains in oral hyalinizing lesions", "significance of hyalinization in oral lesions" and "hyalinization and biologic behaviour". Original research articles analyzing the effect of hyalinization on biologic characteristics of the lesion were evaluated in this review. Narrative review articles that provided insights into the mechanism of hyalinization and maturity of collagen fibers were also considered for analysis. Conclusion The presence of hyalinization does seem to have a significant effect on the biologic behaviour of pathological lesions. There is substantial scope to further investigate the process of hyalinization on larger samples and its correlation with the aggressive behaviour of OHLs. Special stains and advanced investigations such as immunohistochemistry for stromal markers would define the nature of hyalinized material and validate the correlation. Clinical significance The prediction of the biologic behaviour of a lesion established through assessment of hyalinization would prevent unwanted over or under treatment leading to a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Augustine
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, MSR Nagar, Bengaluru, 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Roopa S Rao
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, MSR Nagar, Bengaluru, 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Pabón J, Salazar K, Torres R. Characterization method of the effective phase retardation in linear birefringent thin sheets. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:4251-4258. [PMID: 33983182 DOI: 10.1364/ao.422820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the birefringence of materials offers the opportunity to develop applications and elements to manipulate the polarization of light. We propose a new method for characterizing the effective phase retardation based on the linear birefringent law. The proposed method is flexible and easy to implement; it also determines the retardation introduced by a linear birefringent as from an input polarization state and a specific output state generated by the rotated material. The method is evaluated experimentally by characterizing the birefringence of cellophane samples.
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11
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da Silva LQ, Cancela RBB, de Lima Montalvão SA, Huber SC, Vieira-Damiani G, Triglia RM, Annichino-Bizzacchi JM. The effect of lyophilized platelet rich-plasma on skin aging: a non-randomized, controlled, pilot trial. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 313:863-871. [PMID: 33550448 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) showed positive results in the improvement of skin aging. Lyophilized PRP can be interesting in clinical practice due to the facility to obtain many samples in a single blood collection and can be used in multiple injections. To evaluate the effect of lyophilized PRP in the treatment of skin aging, through a Phase II pilot study. Nineteen women (54 years ± 7 years) with Glogau photoaging II and III types were select for this non-randomized, split-face controlled study. They received monthly intradermal injections of lyophilized PRP and saline solution (as control) into the facial skin, during a period of 2 months. The evaluation was performed by imaging method, histological techniques, and multiphoton microscopy. Although lyophilized PRP presented 10 times the platelet baseline value (P < .0001) and growth factors in adequate levels, only saline solution showed an increase of dermis thickness (p = .0009). Collagen pre and post-application remained the same for both types of treatments. The use of lyophilized PRP by mesotherapy showed no improvement on skin aging. TRIAL REGISTRATION APPROVAL: RBR-3n9wxw, UTN U1111-1226-6093-retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Queiroz da Silva
- Hemostasis Laboratory - Hemocentro, University of Campinas, 480, Carlos Chagas Street, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Stephany Cares Huber
- Hemostasis Laboratory - Hemocentro, University of Campinas, 480, Carlos Chagas Street, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Vieira-Damiani
- Department of Medicine, Medical Sciences School, University of Campinas, 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo Street, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Marchi Triglia
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Campinas, 251, Vital Brazil Street, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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12
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Chan MC, Liao TH, Hsieh CS, Jeng SC, Zhuo GY. Imaging of nanoscale birefringence using polarization-resolved chromatic confocal microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:3965-3975. [PMID: 33770985 DOI: 10.1364/oe.414511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a homebuilt confocal microscope with ∼60 nm axial resolution to visualize the optical path length (OPL) of liquid crystals (LCs) inside a 2-domain alignment LC cell. Since the microscope is sensitive to light polarization, it is capable of determining LC orientation by accounting for the OPL variation, ΔOPL. The resolution of birefringence depends on the measured ΔOPL from two cross-polarized channel detections, of which the concept is different from other polarization-resolved optical imaging techniques, but is relatively simple in optical layout and analysis. The different orientations of LCs and the voltage-dependent LC rotation properties in the 2-domain LC cell are monitored and analyzed. Additionally, the complicated LC orientation distribution at the junction of the two domains with different alignments can be clearly observed. It shows great possibilities of examining tissue birefringence related to disease progression and tiny birefringence variation of electro-optical materials under an external field, which are hardly resolved by conventional optical imaging techniques.
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13
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Ouellette JN, Drifka CR, Pointer KB, Liu Y, Lieberthal TJ, Kao WJ, Kuo JS, Loeffler AG, Eliceiri KW. Navigating the Collagen Jungle: The Biomedical Potential of Fiber Organization in Cancer. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:17. [PMID: 33494220 PMCID: PMC7909776 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted the importance of key tumor microenvironment features, notably the collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) in characterizing tumor invasion and progression. This led to great interest from both basic researchers and clinicians, including pathologists, to include collagen fiber evaluation as part of the investigation of cancer development and progression. Fibrillar collagen is the most abundant in the normal extracellular matrix, and was revealed to be upregulated in many cancers. Recent studies suggested an emerging theme across multiple cancer types in which specific collagen fiber organization patterns differ between benign and malignant tissue and also appear to be associated with disease stage, prognosis, treatment response, and other clinical features. There is great potential for developing image-based collagen fiber biomarkers for clinical applications, but its adoption in standard clinical practice is dependent on further translational and clinical evaluations. Here, we offer a comprehensive review of the current literature of fibrillar collagen structure and organization as a candidate cancer biomarker, and new perspectives on the challenges and next steps for researchers and clinicians seeking to exploit this information in biomedical research and clinical workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N. Ouellette
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.N.O.); (C.R.D.); (T.J.L.); (W.J.K.)
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (K.B.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Cole R. Drifka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.N.O.); (C.R.D.); (T.J.L.); (W.J.K.)
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (K.B.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kelli B. Pointer
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (K.B.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuming Liu
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (K.B.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tyler J Lieberthal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.N.O.); (C.R.D.); (T.J.L.); (W.J.K.)
| | - W John Kao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.N.O.); (C.R.D.); (T.J.L.); (W.J.K.)
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - John S. Kuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Agnes G. Loeffler
- Department of Pathology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA;
| | - Kevin W. Eliceiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.N.O.); (C.R.D.); (T.J.L.); (W.J.K.)
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (K.B.P.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
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14
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Sijilmassi O, López-Alonso JM, Del Río Sevilla A, Del Carmen Barrio Asensio M. Development of a polarization imaging method to detect paraffin-embedded pathology tissues before applying other techniques. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000288. [PMID: 32981228 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present article describes the development of a technique, applied to paraffin-embedded tissues, which uses three different wavelengths of monochromatic light (λ1 = 445 nm, λ2 = 540 nm and λ3 = 660 nm) for the measures of the degree of polarization, degree of linear polarization, degree of circular polarization and birefringence, all obtained from measurements of Stokes parameters by using polarized light. The goal of this study was to detect changes in developing embryonic mouse eye when pregnant mice fed diets without folic acid for variable periods compared with a healthy control group. We present a biomedical diagnostic technique based on polarized light detection applied to paraffin-embedded tissues to visualize the structural damage to aid us in the diagnosis before applying other techniques. Through this method, we can visualize and identify which parts of the tissue were altered with respect to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouafa Sijilmassi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel López-Alonso
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Del Río Sevilla
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Liu T, de Haan K, Bai B, Rivenson Y, Luo Y, Wang H, Karalli D, Fu H, Zhang Y, FitzGerald J, Ozcan A. Deep Learning-Based Holographic Polarization Microscopy. ACS PHOTONICS 2020; 7:3023-3034. [PMID: 34368395 PMCID: PMC8345334 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Polarized light microscopy provides high contrast to birefringent specimen and is widely used as a diagnostic tool in pathology. However, polarization microscopy systems typically operate by analyzing images collected from two or more light paths in different states of polarization, which lead to relatively complex optical designs, high system costs, or experienced technicians being required. Here, we present a deep learning-based holographic polarization microscope that is capable of obtaining quantitative birefringence retardance and orientation information of specimen from a phase-recovered hologram, while only requiring the addition of one polarizer/analyzer pair to an inline lensfree holographic imaging system. Using a deep neural network, the reconstructed holographic images from a single state of polarization can be transformed into images equivalent to those captured using a single-shot computational polarized light microscope (SCPLM). Our analysis shows that a trained deep neural network can extract the birefringence information using both the sample specific morphological features as well as the holographic amplitude and phase distribution. To demonstrate the efficacy of this method, we tested it by imaging various birefringent samples including, for example, monosodium urate and triamcinolone acetonide crystals. Our method achieves similar results to SCPLM both qualitatively and quantitatively, and due to its simpler optical design and significantly larger field-of-view this method has the potential to expand the access to polarization microscopy and its use for medical diagnosis in resource limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tairan Liu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Department of Bioengineering, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kevin de Haan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Department of Bioengineering, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Bijie Bai
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Department of Bioengineering, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yair Rivenson
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Department of Bioengineering, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yi Luo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Department of Bioengineering, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hongda Wang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Department of Bioengineering, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - David Karalli
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hongxiang Fu
- Computational and Systems Biology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Department of Bioengineering, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - John FitzGerald
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute, and Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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16
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The influence of different artificial extracellular matrix implant coatings on the regeneration of a critical size femur defect in rats. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Duclos SE, Denning SK, Towler C, Michalek AJ. Level-wise differences in in vivo lateral bending moment are associated with microstructural alterations in bovine caudal intervertebral discs. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb229971. [PMID: 32958522 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.229971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite its common use as a laboratory model, little is known about the in vivo forces and moments applied to the bovine caudal intervertebral disc. Such aspects are crucial, as intervertebral disc tissue is known to remodel in response to repeated loading. We hypothesized that the magnitude of loading from muscle contraction during a typical lateral bending motion varies between caudal levels and is accompanied by variations in tissue microstructure. This hypothesis was tested by estimating level-wise forces and bending moments using two independent approaches: a dynamic analytical model of the motion and analysis of muscle cross-sections obtained via computed tomography. Microstructure was assessed by measuring the collagen fiber crimp period in the annulus fibrosus, and composition was assessed via quantitative histology. Both the analytical model and muscle cross-sections indicated peak bending moments of over 3 N m and peak compressive force of over 125 N at the c1c2 level, decreasing distally. There was a significant downward trend from proximal to distal in the outer annulus fibrosus collagen crimp period in the anterior and posterior regions only, suggesting remodeling in response to the highest lateral bending moments. There were no observed trends in composition. Our results suggest that although the proximal discs in the bovine tail are subjected to forces and moments from muscle contraction that are comparable (relative to disc size) to those acting on human lumbar discs, the distal discs are not. The resulting pattern of microstructural alterations suggests that level-wise differences should be considered when using bovine discs as a research model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Duclos
- Department of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Samantha K Denning
- Department of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Christopher Towler
- Department of Physical Therapy, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Arthur J Michalek
- Department of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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18
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Bordoloi B, Siddiqui S, Jaiswal R, Tandon A, Jain A, Chaturvedi R. A quantitative and qualitative comparative analysis of collagen fibers to determine the role of connective tissue stroma in oral squamous cell carcinoma using special stains and polarized microscopy. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2020; 24:398. [PMID: 33456256 PMCID: PMC7802858 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_84_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Solid tumors such as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are composed of malignant epithelial cells and the stroma in which these cells are dispersed. As the tumor progresses, the extracellular matrix undergoes dramatic morphological and architectural changes. Special stains make analysis easy and less erroneous by highlighting the area of interest and can be used to study these changes. Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze morphological changes in collagen fibers in various histological grades of OSCC using Masson's trichrome (MT) and Picrosirius red (PSR). Study Design: The study comprised 74 tissue samples, divided into two groups: Group I consisted of 63 cases of histologically proven OSCC (39 cases of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma [WDSCC], 17 moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma [MDSCC] and 7 poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma [PDSCC]) and Group II consisted of 11 cases of normal mucosa as controls. Materials and Methods: Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, MT and PSR and observed under light and polarizing microscope, respectively. Statistical Analysis: ANOVA, Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc multiple comparison test, Chi-square test and paired t-test were used for the statistical analysis. Results: As the grade of OSCC progressed, collagen fibers became thin, loosely packed and haphazard. The mean area fraction also decreased. They exhibited orange–red hue and strong birefringence in WDSCC, yellowish-orange hue and strong birefringence in MDSCC and greenish-yellow hue and weak birefringence in PDSCC. Conclusion: Initially, there is a reorganization of the collagen fibers in an attempt to prevent the invasion of tumor cells, but as cancer progresses, the stromal change enhances movement of the tumor cells within it, leading to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Safia Siddiqui
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Jaiswal
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aanchal Tandon
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amol Jain
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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19
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Detection of Oral Dysplastic and Early Cancerous Lesions by Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092376. [PMID: 32842568 PMCID: PMC7564531 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of oral dysplastic and early-stage cancerous lesions is difficult with the current tools. Half of oral cancers are diagnosed in a late stage. Detection of early stromal change to predict malignant transformation is a new direction in the diagnosis of early-stage oral cancer. The application of new optical tools to image stroma in vivo is under investigation, and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is potentially one of those tools. This is a preliminary study to sequentially image oral stromal changes from normal, hyperplasia, and dysplasia to early-stage cancer by PS-OCT in vivo. We used 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide drinking water to induce dysplasia and early-stage oral cancer in 19 K14-EGFP-miR-211-GFP transgenic mice. A total of 8 normal, 12 hyperplastic, 11 dysplastic, and 4 early-stage cancerous lesions were enrolled. A new analytic process of PS-OCT imaging was proposed, called an en-face birefringence map. From the birefringence map, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values to detect dysplasia and early-stage cancer were 100.00%, 95.00%, 93.75%, and 100.00%, respectively, and the kappa value of these images between two investigators was 0.942. The mean size of malignant lesions detected in this study is 1.66 ± 0.93 mm. This pilot animal study validates the use of PS-OCT to detect small and early-stage oral malignancy with high accuracy and consistency.
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20
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Keikhosravi A, Li B, Liu Y, Conklin MW, Loeffler AG, Eliceiri KW. Non-disruptive collagen characterization in clinical histopathology using cross-modality image synthesis. Commun Biol 2020; 3:414. [PMID: 32737412 PMCID: PMC7395097 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of fibrillar collagen topology and organization in disease progression and prognostication in different types of cancer has been characterized extensively in many research studies. These explorations have either used specialized imaging approaches, such as specific stains (e.g., picrosirius red), or advanced and costly imaging modalities (e.g., second harmonic generation imaging (SHG)) that are not currently in the clinical workflow. To facilitate the analysis of stromal biomarkers in clinical workflows, it would be ideal to have technical approaches that can characterize fibrillar collagen on standard H&E stained slides produced during routine diagnostic work. Here, we present a machine learning-based stromal collagen image synthesis algorithm that can be incorporated into existing H&E-based histopathology workflow. Specifically, this solution applies a convolutional neural network (CNN) directly onto clinically standard H&E bright field images to extract information about collagen fiber arrangement and alignment, without requiring additional specialized imaging stains, systems or equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adib Keikhosravi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yuming Liu
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew W Conklin
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Agnes G Loeffler
- Department of Pathology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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21
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22
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Bai B, Wang H, Liu T, Rivenson Y, FitzGerald J, Ozcan A. Pathological crystal imaging with single-shot computational polarized light microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960036. [PMID: 31483948 PMCID: PMC8100993 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pathological crystal identification is routinely practiced in rheumatology for diagnosing arthritis disease such as gout, and relies on polarized light microscopy as the gold standard method used by medical professionals. Here, we present a single-shot computational polarized light microscopy method that reconstructs the transmittance, retardance and slow-axis orientation of a birefringent sample using a single image captured with a pixelated-polarizer camera. This method is fast, simple-to-operate and compatible with all the existing standard microscopes without extensive or costly modifications. We demonstrated the success of our method by imaging three different types of crystals found in synovial fluid and reconstructed the birefringence information of these samples using a single image, without being affected by the orientation of individual crystals within the sample field-of-view. We believe this technique will provide improved sensitivity, specificity and speed, all at low cost, for clinical diagnosis of crystals found in synovial fluid and other bodily fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijie Bai
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hongda Wang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tairan Liu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yair Rivenson
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - John FitzGerald
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Correspondence: Aydogan Ozcan, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
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23
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A microstructurally inspired constitutive model for skin mechanics. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:275-289. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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24
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Chatterjee SJ, Halaoui R, Deagle RC, Rejon C, McCaffrey L. Numb regulates cell tension required for mammary duct elongation. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.042341. [PMID: 31036751 PMCID: PMC6550071 DOI: 10.1242/bio.042341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes extensive expansion of a ductal network through the stroma during puberty and is an excellent model for understanding epithelial tube morphogenesis. To investigate a role for Numb, a multifaceted adapter protein, in epithelial tube morphogenesis, we conditionally deleted it from the mammary epithelium. We report that Numb-depletion results in altered extracellular-matrix organization, reduced cell tension, altered cell shape, and increased cell packing density, which results in a 50% reduction in mammary duct elongation. Using laser ablation in vitro and geometric-based cell force inference in vivo, we determined that Numb-deficient cells have altered cortical tension. Duct elongation defects were associated with altered E-cadherin distribution, but were independent of proliferation, apoptosis in ducts or end buds. This highlights a critical role for Numb in a mechanical mechanism that is required to maintain cell packing density during epithelial tube elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipa June Chatterjee
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ruba Halaoui
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Rebecca Catherine Deagle
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.,Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Carlis Rejon
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada .,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3T2, Canada
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25
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Borovkova M, Trifonyuk L, Ushenko V, Dubolazov O, Vanchulyak O, Bodnar G, Ushenko Y, Olar O, Ushenko O, Sakhnovskiy M, Bykov A, Meglinski I. Mueller-matrix-based polarization imaging and quantitative assessment of optically anisotropic polycrystalline networks. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214494. [PMID: 31095594 PMCID: PMC6522018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a Mueller-matrix imaging polarization-based approach for the quantitative digital screening of the polycrystalline structure of fibrillary-based biological tissues in vitro. The morphometric evaluation of histological sections of myocardium was performed utilizing the high-order statistical moments calculated based on the spatial distribution of linear and circular birefringence and dichroism obtained experimentally. We demonstrate that spatial distributions of phase of light and optical anisotropy of scattering inherent to fibrillar networks of myocardium at different necrotic stages can be effectively used as a quantitative marker of stages of myosin fibril degradation. Processing the images of phase of light scattered in biological tissues with high order statistical analysis provides a functional tool for the quantitative characterization of necrotic conditions of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Borovkova
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Volodymyr Ushenko
- Department of Correlation Optics, Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Olexander Dubolazov
- Department of Optics and Publishing Business Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Oleg Vanchulyak
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - George Bodnar
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Yurii Ushenko
- Department of Computer Science, Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Olena Olar
- Department of Computer Science, Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Olexander Ushenko
- Department of Optics and Publishing Business Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Michael Sakhnovskiy
- Department of Optics and Publishing Business Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Alexander Bykov
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Igor Meglinski
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- National Research Tomsk State University, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk, Russia
- Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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26
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Raia NR, Bakaysa SL, Ghezzi CE, House MD, Kaplan DL. Ex vivo pregnant-like tissue model to assess injectable hydrogel for preterm birth prevention. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:468-474. [PMID: 31070848 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cervical insufficiency (CI) is an important cause of preterm birth, which leads to severe newborn complications. Standard treatment for CI is cerclage, which has variable success rates, resulting in a clinical need for alternative treatments. Our objective was to develop an ex vivo model of softened cervical tissue to study an injectable silk-based hydrogel as a novel alternative treatment for CI. Cervical tissue from nonpregnant women was enzymatically treated and characterized to determine tissue hydration, collagen organization, and mechanical properties via unconfined compression. Enzymatic treatment led to an 86 ± 7.9% decrease in modulus, which correlated to a decrease in collagen organization as observed by differences in collagen birefringence. The softened tissue was injected with a crosslinked silk-hyaluronic acid composite hydrogel. After injection, the mechanical properties and volume increase of the hydrogel-treated tissue were measured resulting in a 54 ± 16% volume increase with minimal effect on tissue mechanical properties. In addition, cervical fibroblasts on silk-hyaluronic acid hydrogels remained viable and exhibited increased proliferation and metabolic activity over 5 days. Overall, this study developed an ex vivo pregnant-like human tissue model to assess cervical augmentation and showed the potential of silk-based hydrogels as an alternative treatment for cervical insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Raia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie L Bakaysa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chiara E Ghezzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Michael D House
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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27
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Walther J, Li Q, Villiger M, Farah CS, Koch E, Karnowski K, Sampson DD. Depth-resolved birefringence imaging of collagen fiber organization in the human oral mucosa in vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:1942-1956. [PMID: 31086712 PMCID: PMC6484997 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.001942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stromal collagen organization has been identified as a potential prognostic indicator in a variety of cancers and other diseases accompanied by fibrosis. Changes in the connective tissue are increasingly considered for grading dysplasia and progress of oral squamous cell carcinoma, investigated mainly ex vivo by histopathology. In this study, polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) with local phase retardation imaging is used for the first time to visualize depth-resolved (i.e., local) birefringence of healthy human oral mucosa in vivo. Depth-resolved birefringence is shown to reveal the expected local collagen organization. To demonstrate proof-of-principle, 3D image stacks were acquired at labial and lingual locations of the oral mucosa, chosen as those most commonly affected by cancerous alterations. To enable an intuitive evaluation of the birefringence images suitable for clinical application, color depth-encoded en-face projections were generated. Compared to en-face views of intensity or conventional cumulative phase retardation, we show that this novel approach offers improved visualization of the mucosal connective tissue layer in general, and reveals the collagen fiber architecture in particular. This study provides the basis for future prospective pathological and comparative in vivo studies non-invasively assessing stromal changes in conspicuous and cancerous oral lesions at different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Walther
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Qingyun Li
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Martin Villiger
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camile S. Farah
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research and Education, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Edmund Koch
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karol Karnowski
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - David D. Sampson
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- University of Surrey, Guilford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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28
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Zainab H, Sultana A, Shaimaa. Stromal desmoplasia as a possible prognostic indicator in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019; 23:338-343. [PMID: 31942111 PMCID: PMC6948064 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_136_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction One of the major aspects of tumor cell invasion and metastasis is the interaction between cancer cells and the extracellular matrix component. The invasion of epithelial tumor cells into the underlying connective tissue stroma causes dynamic changes in its microenvironment, which can be seen as radical changes in the stroma. The characteristics of the stroma in relation to the invading malignant epithelial cells and the interdependence between the stroma and the tumor cells are always a matter of discussion and interest. Aim The aim of this study is to predict the biological behavior of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by evaluating stromal desmoplasia and its possible use as important prognostic indicators. Objective To assess the desmoplastic reaction in varying histopathological grades of OSCC. Materials and Methods The study included a total of 30 histopathologically prediagnosed cases of OSCC (well, moderate and poorly differentiated grades of OSCC). Picrosirius red stain in conjunction with polarizing microscope was used to evaluate the stromal desmoplastic reaction. Results The results of the study revealed that, in the initial grades, cancer invasion induces a desmoplastic reaction, whereas in the later stages, there is degradation of the stroma, thereby facilitating tumor invasion. Conclusion The study would emphasize the importance of stromal desmoplasia as a prognostic indicator and may help to reflect the biological diversity of oral cancer and predict the clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Zainab
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Al Badar Dental College and Hospital, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| | - Ameena Sultana
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Al Badar Dental College and Hospital, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| | - Shaimaa
- Department of Genomics, Ignomix Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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29
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Khalid A, Siddiqui S, Bordoloi B, Faizi N, Samadi F, Saeed N. An Immunohistochemical and Polarizing Microscopic Study of the Tumor Microenvironment in Varying Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Pathol Transl Med 2018; 52:314-322. [PMID: 30056635 PMCID: PMC6166015 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2018.07.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasion of epithelial cells into the connective tissue brings about massive morphological and architectural changes in the underlying stroma. Myofibroblasts reorganize the stroma to facilitate the movement of tumor cells leading to metastasis. The aim of this study was to determine the number and pattern of distribution of myofibroblasts and the qualitative and quantitative change that they cause in the collagen present in the stroma in various grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS The study was divided into two groups with group I (test group, 65 cases) consisting of 29 cases of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, 25 moderately differentiated SCC, and 11 poorly differentiated SCC, and group II (control group) consisting of 11 cases of normal mucosa. Sections from each sample were stained with anti-α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) antibodies, hematoxylin and eosin, and Picrosirius red. Several additional sections from each grade of OSCC were stained with Masson's trichrome to observe the changes in collagen. For the statistical analysis, Fisher's exact test, Tukey's post hoc honest significant difference test, ANOVA, and the chi-square test were used, and p < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS As the tumor stage progressed, an increase in the intensity α-SMA expression was seen, and the network pattern dominated in more dedifferentiated carcinomas. The collagen fibers became thin, loosely packed, and haphazardly aligned with progressing cancer. Additionally, the mean area fraction decreased, and the fibers attained a greenish yellow hue and a weak birefringence when observed using polarizing light microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Myofibroblasts bring about numerous changes in collagen. As cancer progresses, there isincrease in pathological collagen,which enhances the movement of cells within the stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeman Khalid
- Department of Pathology, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh, India
| | - Safia Siddiqui
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental & Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Bharadwaj Bordoloi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental & Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Nafis Faizi
- Department of Community Medicine, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, India
| | - Fahad Samadi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Noora Saeed
- Department of Pathology, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh, India
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30
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Abstract
Recent evidence has implicated collagen, particularly fibrillar collagen, in a number of diseases ranging from osteogenesis imperfecta and asthma to breast and ovarian cancer. A key property of collagen that has been correlated with disease has been the alignment of collagen fibers. Collagen can be visualized using a variety of imaging techniques including second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy, polarized light microscopy, and staining with dyes or antibodies. However, there exists a great need to easily and robustly quantify images from these modalities for individual fibers in specified regions of interest and with respect to relevant boundaries. Most currently available computational tools rely on calculation of pixel-wise orientation or global window-wise orientation that do not directly calculate or give visible fiber-wise information and do not provide relative orientation against boundaries. We describe and detail how to use a freely available, open-source MATLAB software framework that includes two separate but linked packages "CurveAlign" and "CT-FIRE" that can address this need by either directly extracting individual fibers using an improved fiber tracking algorithm or directly finding optimal representation of fiber edges using the curvelet transform. This curvelet-based framework allows the user to measure fiber alignment on a global, region of interest, and fiber basis. Additionally, users can measure fiber angle relative to manually or automatically segmented boundaries. This tool does not require prior experience of programming or image processing and can handle multiple files, enabling efficient quantification of collagen organization from biological datasets.
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31
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Keikhosravi A, Liu Y, Drifka C, Woo KM, Verma A, Oldenbourg R, Eliceiri KW. Quantification of collagen organization in histopathology samples using liquid crystal based polarization microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:4243-4256. [PMID: 28966862 PMCID: PMC5611938 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.004243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A number of histopathology studies have utilized the label free microscopy method of Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) to investigate collagen organization in disease onset and progression. Here we explored an alternative label free imaging approach, LC-PolScope that is based on liquid crystal based polarized light imaging. We demonstrated that this more accessible technology has the ability to visualize all fibers of interest and has a good to excellent correlation between SHG and LC-PolScope measurements in fibrillar collagen orientation and alignment. This study supports that LC-PolScope is a viable alternative to SHG for label free collagen organization measurements in thin histology sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adib Keikhosravi
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison WI, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison WI, USA
- These authors have contributed equally
| | - Yuming Liu
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison WI, USA
- These authors have contributed equally
| | - Cole Drifka
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison WI, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison WI, USA
| | - Kaitlin M. Woo
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical informatics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Rudolf Oldenbourg
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kevin W. Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison WI, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison WI, USA
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32
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Wegner KA, Keikhosravi A, Eliceiri KW, Vezina CM. Fluorescence of Picrosirius Red Multiplexed With Immunohistochemistry for the Quantitative Assessment of Collagen in Tissue Sections. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:479-490. [PMID: 28692327 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417718541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The low cost and simplicity of picrosirius red (PSR) staining have driven its popularity for collagen detection in tissue sections. We extended the versatility of this method by using fluorescent imaging to detect the PSR signal and applying automated quantification tools. We also developed the first PSR protocol that is fully compatible with multiplex immunostaining, making it possible to test whether collagen structure differs across immunohistochemically labeled regions of the tissue landscape. We compared our imaging method with two gold standards in collagen imaging, linear polarized light microscopy and second harmonic generation imaging, and found that it is at least as sensitive and robust to changes in sample orientation. As proof of principle, we used a genetic approach to overexpress beta catenin in a patchy subset of mouse prostate epithelial cells distinguished only by immunolabeling. We showed that collagen fiber length is significantly greater near beta catenin overexpressing cells than near control cells. Our fluorescent PSR imaging method is sensitive, reproducible, and offers a new way to guide region of interest selection for quantifying collagen in tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Wegner
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (KAW).,George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (KAW, CMV, KWE)
| | - Adib Keikhosravi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (AK, KWE), Madison, Wisconsin.,Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation (AK, KWE), Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (AK, KWE), Madison, Wisconsin.,Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation (AK, KWE), Madison, Wisconsin.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin (KWE).,Comprehensive Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (KWE).,George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (KAW, CMV, KWE)
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences (CMV), Madison, Wisconsin.,George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (KAW, CMV, KWE)
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33
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Meksiarun P, Ishigaki M, Huck-Pezzei VAC, Huck CW, Wongravee K, Sato H, Ozaki Y. Comparison of multivariate analysis methods for extracting the paraffin component from the paraffin-embedded cancer tissue spectra for Raman imaging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44890. [PMID: 28327648 PMCID: PMC5361160 DOI: 10.1038/srep44890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to extract the paraffin component from paraffin-embedded oral cancer tissue spectra using three multivariate analysis (MVA) methods; Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Independent Component - Partial Least Square (IC-PLS). The estimated paraffin components were used for removing the contribution of paraffin from the tissue spectra. These three methods were compared in terms of the efficiency of paraffin removal and the ability to retain the tissue information. It was found that ICA, PLS and IC-PLS could remove the paraffin component from the spectra at almost the same level while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was incapable. In terms of retaining cancer tissue spectral integrity, effects of PLS and IC-PLS on the non-paraffin region were significantly less than that of ICA where cancer tissue spectral areas were deteriorated. The paraffin-removed spectra were used for constructing Raman images of oral cancer tissue and compared with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained tissues for verification. This study has demonstrated the capability of Raman spectroscopy together with multivariate analysis methods as a diagnostic tool for the paraffin-embedded tissue section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phiranuphon Meksiarun
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Mika Ishigaki
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Verena A C Huck-Pezzei
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB - Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB - Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kanet Wongravee
- Sensor Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Hidetoshi Sato
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
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34
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Drifka CR, Loeffler AG, Mathewson K, Mehta G, Keikhosravi A, Liu Y, Lemancik S, Ricke WA, Weber SM, Kao WJ, Eliceiri KW. Comparison of Picrosirius Red Staining With Second Harmonic Generation Imaging for the Quantification of Clinically Relevant Collagen Fiber Features in Histopathology Samples. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 64:519-29. [PMID: 27449741 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416659249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal collagen alignment has been shown to have clinical significance in a variety of cancers and in other diseases accompanied by fibrosis. While much of the biological and clinical importance of collagen changes has been demonstrated using second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging in experimental settings, implementation into routine clinical pathology practice is currently prohibitive. To translate the assessment of collagen organization into routine pathology workflow, a surrogate visualization method needs to be examined. The objective of the present study was to quantitatively compare collagen metrics generated from SHG microscopy and commonly available picrosirius red stain with standard polarization microscopy (PSR-POL). Each technique was quantitatively compared with established image segmentation and fiber tracking algorithms using human pancreatic cancer as a model, which is characterized by a pronounced stroma with reorganized collagen fibers. Importantly, PSR-POL produced similar quantitative trends for most collagen metrics in benign and cancerous tissues as measured by SHG. We found it notable that PSR-POL detects higher fiber counts, alignment, length, straightness, and width compared with SHG imaging but still correlates well with SHG results. PSR-POL may provide sufficient and additional information in a conventional clinical pathology laboratory for certain types of collagen quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole R Drifka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (CRD, AK, WJK, KWE),Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (LOCI) (CRD, KM, GM, AK, YL, WJK, KWE),,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin (CRD, KWE)
| | - Agnes G Loeffler
- Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (AGL),University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin (AGL, WAR, SMW, WJK, KWE)
| | - Kara Mathewson
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (LOCI) (CRD, KM, GM, AK, YL, WJK, KWE)
| | - Guneet Mehta
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (LOCI) (CRD, KM, GM, AK, YL, WJK, KWE)
| | - Adib Keikhosravi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (CRD, AK, WJK, KWE),Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (LOCI) (CRD, KM, GM, AK, YL, WJK, KWE)
| | - Yuming Liu
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (LOCI) (CRD, KM, GM, AK, YL, WJK, KWE)
| | - Stephanie Lemancik
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (SL, WAR)
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (SL, WAR),George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, Madison, Wisconsin (WAR),University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin (AGL, WAR, SMW, WJK, KWE)
| | - Sharon M Weber
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (SMW, WJK),University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin (AGL, WAR, SMW, WJK, KWE)
| | - W John Kao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (CRD, AK, WJK, KWE),Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (LOCI) (CRD, KM, GM, AK, YL, WJK, KWE),,Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (SMW, WJK),University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin (AGL, WAR, SMW, WJK, KWE)
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (CRD, AK, WJK, KWE),Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (LOCI) (CRD, KM, GM, AK, YL, WJK, KWE),,University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin (AGL, WAR, SMW, WJK, KWE),Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin (CRD, KWE)
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35
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Cury DP, Dias FJ, Miglino MA, Watanabe IS. Structural and Ultrastructural Characteristics of Bone-Tendon Junction of the Calcaneal Tendon of Adult and Elderly Wistar Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153568. [PMID: 27078690 PMCID: PMC4831835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons are transition tissues that transfer the contractile forces generated by the muscles to the bones, allowing movement. The region where the tendon attaches to the bone is called bone-tendon junction or enthesis and may be classified as fibrous or fibrocartilaginous. This study aims to analyze the collagen fibers and the cells present in the bone-tendon junction using light microscopy and ultrastructural techniques as scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Forty male Wistar rats were used in the experiment, being 20 adult rats at 4 months-old and 20 elderly rats at 20 months-old. The hind limbs of the rats were removed, dissected and prepared to light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The aging process showed changes in the collagen fibrils, with a predominance of type III fibers in the elderly group, in addition to a decrease in the amount of the fibrocartilage cells, fewer and shorter cytoplasmic processes and a decreased synthetic capacity due to degradation of the organelles involved in synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pulzatto Cury
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando José Dias
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- CICO Research Centre, Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Maria Angélica Miglino
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ii-sei Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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36
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Kardam P, Mehendiratta M, Rehani S, Kumra M, Sahay K, Jain K. Stromal fibers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A possible new prognostic indicator? J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2016; 20:405-412. [PMID: 27721605 PMCID: PMC5051288 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.190913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Many studies have been carried out to study the role of extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors and matrix metalloproteinases on tumor invasion. However, literature related to the analysis of connective tissue fibers in varying grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is very limited. Aim: To analyze the changes in collagen and elastic fibers in varying grades of (OSCC). Settings and Design: This retrospective study was carried out using a light and polarizing microscope. Materials and Methods: Three sections each were cut from fifty samples of varying grades of OSCC and ten samples of control followed by staining with H and E, Picrosirius-Red and Verhoeff–Van Gieson. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of collagen and elastic fibers were accomplished using set criteria. Statistical Analysis: Data were entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13.5 for analysis. Results: A change in colors of collagen fibers was seen on progressing from well to poorly differentiated OSCC. Thin collagen fibers predominantly exhibited greenish yellow, but the thick fibers exhibited a variety of colors. As the grade of OSCC progressed, collagen fibers were loosely packed haphazardly arranged. Statistically insignificant results were obtained for quantitative analysis of collagen and qualitative analysis of elastic fibers. Conclusion: The collagen fibers undergo a change in color, orientation and packing in the stroma of varying grades of OSCC. The uniqueness of this study lies in the exploration of elastic fibers in OSCC which has not been done so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kardam
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Monica Mehendiratta
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shweta Rehani
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Madhumani Kumra
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Khushboo Sahay
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Kanu Jain
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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