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Felício D, Santos M. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 11 (SCA11): TTBK2 variants, functions and associated disease mechanisms. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:678-687. [PMID: 36892783 PMCID: PMC10951003 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 11 (SCA11) is a rare type of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, mainly characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, abnormal eye signs and dysarthria. SCA11 is caused by variants in TTBK2, which encodes tau tubulin kinase 2 (TTBK2) protein. Only a few families with SCA11 were described to date, all harbouring small deletions or insertions that result in frameshifts and truncated TTBK2 proteins. In addition, TTBK2 missense variants were also reported but they were either benign or still needed functional validation to ascertain their pathogenic potential in SCA11. The mechanisms behind cerebellar neurodegeneration mediated by TTBK2 pathogenic alleles are not clearly established. There is only one neuropathological report and a few functional studies in cell or animal models published to date. Moreover, it is still unclear whether the disease is caused by TTBK2 haploinsufficiency of by a dominant negative effect of TTBK2 truncated forms on the normal allele. Some studies point to a lack of kinase activity and mislocalization of mutated TTBK2, while others reported a disruption of normal TTBK2 function caused by SCA11 alleles, particularly during ciliogenesis. Although TTBK2 has a proven function in cilia formation, the phenotype caused by heterozygous TTBK2 truncating variants are not clearly typical of ciliopathies. Thus, other cellular mechanisms may explain the phenotype seen in SCA11. Neurotoxicity caused by impaired TTBK2 kinase activity against known neuronal targets, such as tau, TDP-43, neurotransmitter receptors or transporters, may contribute to neurodegeneration in SCA11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Felício
- UnIGENe, IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Santos
- UnIGENe, IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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Orabi MAA, Abouelela ME, Darwish FMM, Abdelkader MSA, Elsadek BEM, Al Awadh AA, Alshahrani MM, Alhasaniah AH, Aldabaan N, Abdelhamid RA. Ceiba pentandra ethyl acetate extract improves doxorubicin antitumor outcomes against chemically induced liver cancer in rat model: a study supported by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS identification of the bioactive phytomolecules. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1337910. [PMID: 38370475 PMCID: PMC10871037 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1337910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent cancer worldwide. Late-stage detection, ineffective treatments, and tumor recurrence contribute to the low survival rate of the HCC. Conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, like doxorubicin (DOX), are associated with severe side effects, limited effectiveness, and tumor resistance. To improve therapeutic outcomes and minimize these drawbacks, combination therapy with natural drugs is being researched. Herein, we assessed the antitumor efficacy of Ceiba pentandra ethyl acetate extract alone and in combination with DOX against diethylnitrosamine (DENA)-induced HCC in rats. Our in vivo study significantly revealed improvement in the liver-function biochemical markers (ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP), the tumor marker (AFP-L3), and the histopathological features of the treated groups. A UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis of the Ceiba pentandra ethyl acetate extract enabled the identification of fifty phytomolecules. Among these are the dietary flavonoids known to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant qualities: protocatechuic acid, procyanidin B2, epicatechin, rutin, quercitrin, quercetin, kaempferol, naringenin, and apigenin. Our findings highlight C. pentandra as an affordable source of phytochemicals with possible chemosensitizing effects, which could be an intriguing candidate for the development of liver cancer therapy, particularly in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. A. Orabi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E. Abouelela
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Faten M. M. Darwish
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Bakheet E. M. Elsadek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Merae Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Hassan Alhasaniah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nayef Aldabaan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda A. Abdelhamid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
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Elzeiny N, Sayed Shafei AE, Wagih S, Saad M, Sayed D, Salem EY, Wael M, Ellackany R, Matboli M. Phytochemicals in cervical cancer: an epigenetic overview. Epigenomics 2023; 15:941-959. [PMID: 37916277 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common female malignancy worldwide and a complex disease that typically starts with HPV infection. Various genetic and epigenetic alterations are implicated in its development. The current cervical cancer therapies have unsatisfactory outcomes due to their serious adverse effects, necessitating the need for safe, effective preventive and therapeutic modalities. Phytochemicals have been addressed in cervical cancer prevention and treatment, and further understanding the epigenetics of cervical cancer pathogenesis is critical to investigate new preventive and therapeutic modalities. Addressing the epigenetic mechanisms of potential phytochemicals will provide an overview of their use individually or in combination. The primary aim of this review is to highlight the epigenetic effects of the phytochemicals addressed in cervical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Elzeiny
- Departement of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Ayman El Sayed Shafei
- Biomedical Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherin Wagih
- Biomedical Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Saad
- Biomedical Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina Sayed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esraa Y Salem
- Undergraduate Students, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Wael
- Undergraduate Students, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rawan Ellackany
- Undergraduate Students, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Matboli
- Departement of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
- Biomedical Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo, Egypt
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Pourbaghi M, Haghani L, Zhao K, Karimi A, Marinelli B, Erinjeri JP, Geschwind JFH, Yarmohammadi H. Anti-Glycolytic Drugs in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Systemic and Locoregional Options. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:6609-6622. [PMID: 37504345 PMCID: PMC10377758 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30070485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death. Locoregional therapies, including transarterial embolization (TAE: bland embolization), chemoembolization (TACE), and radioembolization, have demonstrated survival benefits when treating patients with unresectable HCC. TAE and TACE occlude the tumor's arterial supply, causing hypoxia and nutritional deprivation and ultimately resulting in tumor necrosis. Embolization blocks the aerobic metabolic pathway. However, tumors, including HCC, use the "Warburg effect" and survive hypoxia from embolization. An adaptation to hypoxia through the Warburg effect, which was first described in 1956, is when the cancer cells switch to glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen. Hence, this is also known as aerobic glycolysis. In this article, the adaptation mechanisms of HCC, including glycolysis, are discussed, and anti-glycolytic treatments, including systemic and locoregional options that have been previously reported or have the potential to be utilized in the treatment of HCC, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Pourbaghi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.P.); (K.Z.); (A.K.); (B.M.); (J.P.E.)
| | - Leila Haghani
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.P.); (K.Z.); (A.K.); (B.M.); (J.P.E.)
| | - Ken Zhao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.P.); (K.Z.); (A.K.); (B.M.); (J.P.E.)
| | - Anita Karimi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.P.); (K.Z.); (A.K.); (B.M.); (J.P.E.)
| | - Brett Marinelli
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.P.); (K.Z.); (A.K.); (B.M.); (J.P.E.)
| | - Joseph P. Erinjeri
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.P.); (K.Z.); (A.K.); (B.M.); (J.P.E.)
| | | | - Hooman Yarmohammadi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.P.); (K.Z.); (A.K.); (B.M.); (J.P.E.)
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Adl Amini D, Wu CH, Perka C, Bäcker HC. Cure rate of infections is not an argument for spacer in two-stage revision arthroplasty of the hip. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2023; 143:2199-2207. [PMID: 35534712 PMCID: PMC10030410 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-022-04463-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A devastating complication after total hip arthroplasty (THA) is chronic periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Most frequently spacers (Sp) with or without antibiotics are implanted in a two-stage procedure even though not always indicated due to unknown pathogen, femoral and acetabular defects or muscular insufficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database was conducted, analyzing the treatment of 44 consecutive cases with chronic PJI undergoing two-stage revision using a Girdlestone situation (GS) in the interim period between 01/2015 and 12/2018. Diagnostics included intraoperative microbiological cultures, histological analysis, sonication of the initial implant, analysis of hip aspiration, as well as laboratory diagnostics and blood cultures. We analyzed the general and age-group-specific success rate of treatment using GS. Furthermore, we compared our data with the current literature on spacer implantation regarding common complications. RESULTS In total, 21 female and 23 male patients at a mean age of 59.3 ± 9.6 years were included. Age groups were divided into young, mid-age, and elderly. In most patients, microbiology revealed Staphylococcus epidermidis in 39.1% of cases, following Staphylococcus lugdunensis and Staphylococcus aureus in 10.9% after THA explantation. For histology, Krenn and Morawietz type 2 (infectious type) was diagnosed in 40.9%, type 3 (infectious and abrade-induced type) in 25.0%. With GS, the total cure rate was 84.1% compared to 90.1% (range 61-100%) using Sp as described in the literature. Among age-groups, cure rate varied between 77.8 and 100%. Other complications, which only occurred in the mid-age and elderly group, included the necessity of transfusion in 31.1%, and in total, one periprosthetic fracture was identified (2.3%). CONCLUSION GS shows an acceptable cure rate at a minimum of 2 years when compared to the cure rate reported in the literature for Sp without major complications. For patients with increased risks for treatment failure using spacer, GS seems to be an alternative for chronic PJI when looking at the success rate of treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III, Retrospective trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Adl Amini
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Charité, University Hospital Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Chia H Wu
- Department of Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carsten Perka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Charité, University Hospital Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik C Bäcker
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Charité, University Hospital Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Wang Y, Li J, Xia L. Plant-derived natural products and combination therapy in liver cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1116532. [PMID: 36865794 PMCID: PMC9971944 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1116532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the malignant cancers globally and seriously endangers human health because of its high morbidity and mortality. Plant-derived natural products have been evaluated as potential anticancer drugs due to low side effects and high anti-tumor efficacy. However, plant-derived natural products also have defects of poor solubility and cumbersome extraction process. In recent years, a growing numbers of plant derived natural products have been used in combination therapy of liver cancer with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, which has improved clinical efficacy through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of tumor growth, induction of apoptosis, suppression of angiogenesis, enhancement of immunity, reversal of multiple drug resistance and reduction of side effects. The therapeutic effects and mechanisms of plant-derived natural products and combination therapy on liver cancer are reviewed to provide references for developing anti-liver-cancer strategies with high efficacy and low side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- *Correspondence: Jinyao Li, ; Lijie Xia,
| | - Lijie Xia
- *Correspondence: Jinyao Li, ; Lijie Xia,
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Han Y, Xiao Y, Yu L, Chen J, Yang X, Cui H, Liang J. Advances in the Mechanism of Luteolin against Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Bioinformatics and Network Pharmacology. J Cancer 2023; 14:966-980. [PMID: 37151401 PMCID: PMC10158511 DOI: 10.7150/jca.80456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common malignant tumors, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a rising incidence rate and also seriously endangers human life and health. According to research reports, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, intake of aflatoxin in the diet, and the effects of alcohol and other chemicals can induce an increase in the incidence of liver cancer. However, in the current clinical treatment of HCC, most of the drugs are chemical drugs, which have relatively large side effects and are prone to drug resistance. Therefore, the development of natural compounds to treat HCC has become a new treatment strategy. Several studies have shown that flavonoids have shown outstanding effects and exhibit strong tumor growth inhibitory effects in vivo experimental studies. Luteolin, as a natural flavonoid, has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidation, immune regulation, and other pharmacological effects. The anti-cancer mechanism of luteolin mainly directly acts on tumor cells to inhibit their growth, induce cell apoptosis, reduce tumor tissue angiogenesis, regulate long non-coding RNA, affect immunogenic cell death, and regulate autophagy. As well as improving the curative effect of radiotherapy and chemotherapy and chemoprevention. In this study, we evaluated the function of luteolin in regulating cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion will summarize and analyze luteolin and its mechanism of regulating HCC to improve the role of luteolin in the clinical prevention and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Han
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University/Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Cancer Hospital, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Yunfeng Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Medicine, Ordos Institute of Technology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Ordos 017000, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Hongwei Cui
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University/Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Cancer Hospital, Hohhot 010050, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Cui Hongwei, E-mail: . Liang Junqing, E-mail:
| | - Junqing Liang
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University/Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Cancer Hospital, Hohhot 010050, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Cui Hongwei, E-mail: . Liang Junqing, E-mail:
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Kay A, Shmuts R, Beck M. Understanding and co-managing medication treatment options for opioid use disorder. Intern Emerg Med 2022; 17:2159-2165. [PMID: 35138549 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-022-02936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The number of patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) has increased dramatically. Substance use disorders in general are thought to occur in one in five patients in primary care. However, despite this prevalence, there is a dearth of training in undergraduate and continuing medical education to manage OUDs, and internal medicine doctors need to have an understanding of the basic physiology and treatment options for this illness. Expanding knowledge of OUD treatments will allow internists to use their skills and strong patient-doctor relationships to ensure the trust of their patients with OUD, leading to better outcomes and increased chances of recovery. It will also allow clinicians to appropriately refer their patients for lifesaving specialized care and help them prevent dangerous medical complications often seen as a result of addiction. There are three FDA-approved medications to treat OUD disorder, known collectively as medication-assisted treatment (MAT). In this paper, the three medications-methadone, naltrexone, and buprenorphine-are presented, compared, contrasted, and clinically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Kay
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior-Division of Substance Abuse, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Shmuts
- Department of Psychiatry, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Mount Laurel, NJ, USA.
| | - Melanie Beck
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University at AtlantiCare Regional Medical Center, Atlantic City, NJ, USA
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Huwait E, Awaji SM, Kumosani TA, Barbour EK, Abulnaja KO, Moselhy SS. Ruthana date extract inhibited proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells by modulation of BAX gene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:63369-63378. [PMID: 35459999 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20240-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer response to chemotherapeutic agents and its side effects remain a challenge for the development of new anticancer compounds. Dates are consumed worldwide due to their high nutritional value. We investigated the cytotoxicity and expression of the proapoptotic BAX gene in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells treated with Ruthana date ethanolic extract (RDE). The RDE ingredients analyzed by GC/MS and HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of RDE for 24, 48, and 72 h. Cytotoxicity, cell viability, DNA fragmentation, and BAX expression were determined. The GC/MS analysis of RDE showed its high content of quercetin, myricetin kaempferol, thymine, and catechol as the most active ingredients. HepG2 treated with RDE showed a significant change in morphological characteristics related to cell death. The antiproliferative activity determined by WST-1 demonstrated that RDE significantly reduced cell viability. Cells treated with RDE (10-60 mg) showed gradual DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner. Gene expression analysis showed upregulation of BAX at 30 mg/ml of RDE (p < 0.001). However, it showed downregulation at (40-60 mg/ml) as compared to control. Our findings indicated that RDE exert cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells due to its high content of flavonoids. This effect through DNA fragmentation and activation of the proapoptotic BAX gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etimad Huwait
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seham M Awaji
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha A Kumosani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Production of Natural Products For Industrial Purposes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elie K Barbour
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- R and D Department, Opticon Hygiene Consulting, 78807, Oechsli, Switzerland
| | - Khalid O Abulnaja
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Said S Moselhy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Flavonoids as Promising Neuroprotectants and Their Therapeutic Potential against Alzheimer’s Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6038996. [PMID: 36071869 PMCID: PMC9441372 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6038996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the serious and progressive neurodegenerative disorders in the elderly worldwide. Various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors are associated with its pathogenesis that affect neuronal cells to degenerate over the period of time. AD is characterized by cognitive dysfunctions, behavioural disability, and psychological impairments due to the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Several research reports have shown that flavonoids are the polyphenolic compounds that significantly improve cognitive functions and inhibit or delay the amyloid beta aggregation or NFT formation in AD. Current research has uncovered that dietary use of flavonoid-rich food sources essentially increases intellectual abilities and postpones or hinders the senescence cycle and related neurodegenerative problems including AD. During AD pathogenesis, multiple signalling pathways are involved and to target a single pathway may relieve the symptoms but not provides the permanent cure. Flavonoids communicate with different signalling pathways and adjust their activities, accordingly prompting valuable neuroprotective impacts. Flavonoids likewise hamper the movement of obsessive indications of neurodegenerative disorders by hindering neuronal apoptosis incited by neurotoxic substances. In this short review, we briefly discussed about the classification of flavonoids and their neuroprotective properties that could be used as a potential source for the treatment of AD. In this review, we also highlight the structural features of flavonoids, their beneficial roles in human health, and significance in plants as well as their microbial production.
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Lin M, Lin N, Sheng Y, Sha Y, Zhang Z, Zhou K. Detection of cholesteatoma: 2D BLADE turbo gradient- and spin-echo imaging versus readout-segmented echo-planar diffusion-weighted imaging. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:5223-5229. [PMID: 35482118 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study is to compare the accuracy of 2D BLADE turbo gradient- and spin-echo imaging (TGSE BLADE) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with that of readout-segmented echo-planar (RESOLVE) DWI in the detection of primary and residual/recurrent temporal bone cholesteatoma. METHODS The prospective study population consisted of 58 patients who were underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for the evaluation of suspected temporal bone cholesteatoma. Two radiologists independently evaluated the two sequences. Kappa (k) statistics, the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and a paired t test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Of the 58 patients included, all had histo-pathologically confirmed cholesteatomas. In ≤ 3 mm group (n = 13), TGSE BLADE sequence correctly identified all cases except one that was recorded as equivocal on both sequences because of high signal intensity on T1WI; while on RESOLVE sequences, 6 were positive, 4 were equivocal, and 3 were false negative. For > 3 mm group (n = 45), detection performance was similar between the two sequences. The mean ADC of cholesteatoma on TGSE BLADE DWI was 0.923 × 10-3 mm2/s, and the mean ADC of cholesteatoma on RESOLVE DWI was 0.949 × 10-3 mm2/s, with no significant difference in the mean ADC values of cholesteatoma measured on the two sequences (p = 0.9216). CONCLUSION TGSE BLADE outperforms RESOLVE in the detection of small temporal bone cholesteatoma ≤ 3 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Radiology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Naier Lin
- Department of Radiology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yaru Sheng
- Department of Radiology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan Sha
- Department of Radiology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Zhongshuai Zhang
- Scientific Marketing, Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Scientific Marketing, Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai, 200336, China
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Li X, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu F, Liu Y, Liang J, Zhan R, Wu Y, Ren H, Zhang X, Liu J. Sinensetin suppresses angiogenesis in liver cancer by targeting the VEGF/VEGFR2/AKT signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:360. [PMID: 35493423 PMCID: PMC9019764 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinensetin (SIN) is a polymethoxy flavone primarily present in citrus fruits. This compound has demonstrated anticancer activity. However, the underlying mechanism of its action has not been fully understood. The present study investigated the impact of SIN on angiogenesis in a liver cancer model. In a murine xenograft tumor model, SIN inhibited the growth of HepG2/C3A human liver hepatoma cell-derived tumors and reduced the expression levels of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 and VEGF. In HepG2/C3A cells, SIN repressed VEGF expression by downregulating hypoxia-inducible factor expression. In cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, SIN increased apoptosis and repressed migration and tube formation. In addition, SIN decreased the phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and inhibited the AKT signaling pathway. Molecular docking demonstrated that the VEGFR2 core domain effectively combined with SIN at various important residues. Collectively, these data suggested that SIN inhibited liver cancer angiogenesis by regulating VEGF/VEGFR2/AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaο Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Fuhong Liu
- Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Jiangjiu Liang
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Rucai Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong 250355, P.R. China
| | - He Ren
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Ju Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong 250355, P.R. China
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Soleimanizadeh M, Jalali Javaran M, Bagheri A, Behdani M. Apoplastic Production of Recombinant AntiVEGF Protein Using Plant-Virus Transient Expression Vector. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1013-1021. [PMID: 35332419 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using AntiVEGF can be a promising approach for angiogenesis inhibition and cancer therapy. In this study, we direct AntiVEGF recombinant protein accumulation to cucurbit plant apoplast using a suitable signal (Pr1b) sequence. After assembling the target gene construct and cloning into the expression vector, we infected the plants with the resulting pZYMV-AntiVEGF viral vector. Transcription of the target gene was confirmed with RT-PCR assays. The apoplast-targeted AntiVEGF recombinant protein was detected in infected plants by Dot-blot, western blot, and ELISA analysis. AntiVEGF protein accumulation in the apoplast resulted in levels of 1.2% of TSP (Total Soluble Protein) that demonstrated a two-order increase compared to the cytoplasm-targeted protein. After purification of AntiVEGF protein using aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), purified protein was analyzed with MTT assay. Our results reveal that production of biologically active and correctly processed apoplast-targeted AntiVEGF recombinant protein is possible in plant apoplast. The low level of cytoplasm-targeted AntiVEGF recombinant protein might result from the degradation of improperly folded protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Soleimanizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | | | - Abdolreza Bagheri
- Department of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Endoscopic treatment of spondylodiscitis: systematic review. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2022; 31:1765-1774. [PMID: 35211807 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-022-07142-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spondylodiscitis is a severe condition where standalone antibiotic therapy resolves most cases. In refractory infections, open surgery may aid with infection debulking. However, significant morbidity can occur. Nowadays, endoscopic approaches are emerging as an alternative. However, until now, only small-scale studies exist. Being so, we carried the first systematic review on spondylodiscitis endoscopic debridement indications, technique details, and outcomes. METHODS Search for all English written original studies approaching the spondylodiscitis endoscopic treatment was performed using PubMed and EBSCO host. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and a pre-specified protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020183657). RESULTS Fourteen studies involving 342 participants were included for analysis. Data overall quality was fair. Indications for the endoscopic approach were poorly defined. The most consensual indication was refractory infection to conservative treatment. Spinal instability or neurological deficits were common exclusion criteria. All authors described similar techniques, and despite the frequent severe co-morbidities, procedure morbidity was low. Re-interventions were common. Microorganism identification varied from 54.2 to 90.4%. Treatment failure among studies ranged from 0 to 33%. Pain, functional status, and neurological deficits had satisfactory improvement after procedures. CONCLUSIONS The endoscopic debridement of spondylodiscitis seems to be an effective and safe approach for refractory spondylodiscitis. A novel approach with initial endoscopic infection debulking and antibiotic therapy could improve the success of spondylodiscitis treatment.
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Dadgostar E, Rahimi S, Nikmanzar S, Nazemi S, Naderi Taheri M, Alibolandi Z, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, Tamtaji OR. Aquaporin 4 in Traumatic Brain Injury: From Molecular Pathways to Therapeutic Target. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:860-871. [PMID: 35088218 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03512-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known as an acute degenerative pathology of the central nervous system, and has been shown to increase brain aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression. Various molecular mechanisms affect AQP4 expression, including neuronal high mobility group box 1, forkhead box O3a, vascular endothelial growth factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1 α) sirtuin 2, NF-κB, Malat1, nerve growth factor and Angiotensin II receptor type 1. In addition, inhibition of AQP4 with FK-506, MK-801 (indirectly by targeting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor), inactivation of adenosine A2A receptor, levetiracetam, adjudin, progesterone, estrogen, V1aR inhibitor, hypertonic saline, erythropoietin, poloxamer 188, brilliant blue G, HIF-1alpha inhibitor, normobaric oxygen therapy, astaxanthin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, sesamin, thaliporphine, magnesium, prebiotic fiber, resveratrol and omega-3, as well as AQP4 gene silencing lead to reduced edema upon TBI. This review summarizes current knowledge and evidence on the relationship between AQP4 and TBI, and the potential mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Dadgostar
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Rahimi
- School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Shahin Nikmanzar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Nazemi
- Tracheal Disease Research Center (TDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Naderi Taheri
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Alibolandi
- Anatomical Science Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Baksi R, Rana R, Nivsarkar M. Chemopreventive potential of plant-derived epigenetic inhibitors silibinin and quercetin: an involvement of apoptotic signaling cascade modulation. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Epigenetic deregulation of the cellular apoptotic mechanism is the common hallmark of cancer. Silibinin (SBN) and quercetin (QCT) are two bioflavonoids well known for their epigenetic inhibition property. The objective of the present study was to explore the preventive anti-cancer efficacy of the SBN and QCT in both in vitro as well as in vivo tumor xenograft model through regulating cellular apoptotic signaling pathway.
Results
SBN and QCT inhibited the growth of A549 and MDA-MB-468 cancer cells in the concentration dependent manner. The treatment caused significant (p < 0.05) reduction of the size and the number of colonies formed by the cancer cells. In vitro apoptosis assay using the fluorescence microscopy revealed that the treatment noticeably increased the percentage of apoptotic cells as compared to the untreated control. Dosing with SBN (200mg/kg), QCT (100mg/kg) alone and in combination was initiated in 3-week-old C57BL6 mice. Interestingly, the treatment prevented tumor progression significantly (p < 0.05) in adult mice without causing any toxicity. Furthermore, SBN and QCT triggered apoptosis via modulating p53 and Bcl2 gene expression and the SOD enzyme activity.
Conclusion
Daily oral intake of SBN and QCT alone and in combination from the very early stage of life might prevent tumor growth in adult mice through activating cellular apoptotic signaling cascade.
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Li R, Xu CQ, Shen JX, Ren QY, Chen DL, Lin MJ, Huang RN, Li CH, Zhong RT, Luo ZH, Ji XY, Wu J. 4-Methoxydalbergione is a potent inhibitor of human astroglioma U87 cells in vitro and in vivo. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1507-1515. [PMID: 33311599 PMCID: PMC8379167 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00560-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroglioma is the most common primary tumor in the central nervous system without effective treatment strategies. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a chemotherapeutic drug to treat astroglioma but exhibits low potency and has side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new compounds to treat astroglioma. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb was the source of Dalbergia odorifera in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been clinically used as an anti-tumor medicine. 4-Methoxydalbergione (4MOD) is purified from Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., and shows an inhibitory effect on osteosarcoma, but its effects on astroglioma have not been reported. Here, we evaluate its anti-astroglioma effects on both in vitro and in vivo models. In cultured astroglioma U87 cells, 4MOD inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Compared with TMZ, 4MOD exhibited a tenfold greater potency of anti-astroglioma effects. 4MOD effectively stalled the cell cycle in G2 phase. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) showed that 4MOD upregulated 158 genes and downregulated 204 genes that are mainly enriched in cell membrane, cell division, cell cycle, p53, TNF, and MAPK signaling pathways, which may underlie its anti-tumor mechanisms. In a nude mouse xenograft model transplanted with U87 cells, 10 mg/kg 4MOD slowed down tumor growth rate, while at 30 mg/kg dose, it reduced tumor size. Collectively, this study demonstrates that 4MOD is a potent native compound that remarkably inhibits U87 astroglioma growth in both in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Chang-Qiong Xu
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jian-Xin Shen
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Qiu-Yun Ren
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Di-Ling Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Mian-Jie Lin
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Rong-Ni Huang
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Chun-Hui Li
- Yueyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yueyang, 414000, China
| | - Ru-Ting Zhong
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Luo
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Ji
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - Jie Wu
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
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18
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Nutritional Profile and Potential Health Benefits of Super Foods: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13169240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The advancement within the food and nutrition sector has resulted in the development of a special category of food, particularly referred to as “superfoods”. Superfoods are special kind of foods capable of exhibiting different positive effects involving prevention of different ailments, provide impetus to the immune system, and essential macro- and micro-nutrients in ample quantities. Nowadays, these are gaining considerable attention due to the increased health consciousness of consumers. In contrast to their exceptional health or even medicinal benefits, which are based on their long history of use, the concept of superfoods is still little understood. The category of superfoods mainly comprises different types of fruits, vegetables, grains, etc. This review sheds light on the nutritional composition as well as the possible intervention in the prevention of various chronic ailments of some significant superfoods. This manuscript could help consumers to use superfoods as part of their diet more often and very effectively.
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Mannan A, Garg N, Singh TG, Kang HK. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma (PPAR-ɣ): Molecular Effects and Its Importance as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2800-2831. [PMID: 34282491 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic injury is a leading cause of death and long-term disability throughout the world. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-ɣ) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor that is a member of the PPAR family. PPAR-ɣ has been shown in several in vitro and in vivo models to prevent post-ischemic inflammation and neuronal damage by negatively controlling the expression of genes modulated by cerebral ischemic injury, indicating a neuroprotective effect during cerebral ischemic injury. A extensive literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the nature of the extensive work done on the mechanistic role of Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and its modulation in Cerebral ischemic injury. PPAR-ɣ can interact with specific DNA response elements to control gene transcription and expression when triggered by its ligand. It regulates lipid metabolism, improves insulin sensitivity, modulates antitumor mechanisms, reduces oxidative stress, and inhibits inflammation. This review article provides insights on the current state of research into the neuroprotective effects of PPAR-ɣ in cerebral ischemic injury, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these effects are modulated, such as inhibition of inflammation, reduction of oxidative stress, suppression of pro-apoptotic production, modulation of transcription factors, and restoration of injured tissue through neurogenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Nikhil Garg
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Harmeet Kaur Kang
- Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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20
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Sajid MR, Muhammad N, Zakaria R, Shahbaz A, Bukhari SAC, Kadry S, Suresh A. Nonclinical Features in Predictive Modeling of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Machine Learning Approach. Interdiscip Sci 2021; 13:201-211. [PMID: 33675528 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-021-00423-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the broader healthcare domain, the prediction bears more value than an explanation considering the cost of delays in its services. There are various risk prediction models for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the literature for early risk assessment. However, the substantial increase in CVDs-related mortality is challenging global health systems, especially in developing countries. This situation allows researchers to improve CVDs prediction models using new features and risk computing methods. This study aims to assess nonclinical features that can be easily available in any healthcare systems, in predicting CVDs using advanced and flexible machine learning (ML) algorithms. METHODS A gender-matched case-control study was conducted in the largest public sector cardiac hospital of Pakistan, and the data of 460 subjects were collected. The dataset comprised of eight nonclinical features. Four supervised ML algorithms were used to train and test the models to predict the CVDs status by considering traditional logistic regression (LR) as the baseline model. The models were validated through the train-test split (70:30) and tenfold cross-validation approaches. RESULTS Random forest (RF), a nonlinear ML algorithm, performed better than other ML algorithms and LR. The area under the curve (AUC) of RF was 0.851 and 0.853 in the train-test split and tenfold cross-validation approach, respectively. The nonclinical features yielded an admissible accuracy (minimum 71%) through the LR and ML models, exhibiting its predictive capability in risk estimation. CONCLUSION The satisfactory performance of nonclinical features reveals that these features and flexible computational methodologies can reinforce the existing risk prediction models for better healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Rizwan Sajid
- Centre for Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
| | - Noryanti Muhammad
- Centre for Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia.
| | - Roslinazairimah Zakaria
- Centre for Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Shahbaz
- Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ahmad Chan Bukhari
- Division of Computer Science, Mathematics and Science, Collins College of Professional Studies, St. Johns University, New York, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Seifedine Kadry
- Faculty of Applied Computing and Technology, Noroff University College, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - A Suresh
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu (D.t), 603 203, Tamilnadu, India
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21
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Ahmed OM, AbouZid SF, Ahmed NA, Zaky MY, Liu H. An Up-to-Date Review on Citrus Flavonoids: Chemistry and Benefits in Health and Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:513-530. [PMID: 33245267 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201127122313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids, the main class of polyphenols, are characterized by the presence of 2-phenyl-benzo-pyrane nucleus. They are found in rich quantities in citrus fruits. Citrus flavonoids are classified into flavanones, flavones, flavonols, polymethoxyflavones and anthocyanins (found only in blood oranges). Flavanones are the most abundant flavonoids in citrus fruits. In many situations, there are structure-function relationships. Due to their especial structures and presence of many hydroxyls, polymethoxies and glycoside moiety, the flavonoids have an array of multiple biological and pharmacological activities. This article provides an updated overview of the differences in chemical structures of the classes and members of citrus flavonoids and their benefits in health and diseases. The review article also sheds light on the mechanisms of actions of citrus flavonoids in the treatment of different diseases, including arthritis, diabetes mellitus, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders as well as liver, kidney and heart diseases. The accumulated and updated knowledge in this review may provide useful information and ideas in the discovery of new strategies for the use of citrus flavonoids in the protection, prevention and therapy of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama M Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Sameh F AbouZid
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Noha A Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Y Zaky
- Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Han Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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22
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Zhou L, Gu M, Ma X, Wen L, Zhang B, Lin Y, Pan J. Long non-coding RNA PCAT-1 regulates apoptosis of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis by sponging miR-27b-3p. J Bone Miner Metab 2021; 39:139-147. [PMID: 32770398 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-020-01128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a non-inflammatory degenerative disease, with progressive damages on the articular cartilages. In recent years, researchers have paid many efforts in the diagnostics and treatments of OA. However, no effective therapeutic method has been revealed to help inhibit the development of OA. Herein, we studied the roles and associations of PCAT-1 and miR-27-3p in the pathogenesis OA. METHODS OA articular cartilages and healthy articular cartilages were isolated for investigation. The chondrocytes were isolated from articular cartilage samples. QRT-PCR and western blotting were used for the detection of expression of genes and proteins. cell Titer 96® AQueous one proliferation kit was applied for detect cell viability of Chondrocytes transfected with negative control vector, pcDNA3.1 PCAT-1 plasmid or siRNA against PCAT-1. RNA pull-down assays and Luciferase reporter assay were used to confirm the connection. SPSS 17.0 was employed for statistical analysis. RESULTS We found that the expressions of PCAT-1 were up-regulated in OA chondrocytes compared with normal chondrocytes. si-PCAT-1 suppressed apoptotic OA chondrocytes. Over-expression of PCAT-1 enhanced the apoptosis of normal chondrocytes. In addition, the online database and luciferase assay confirmed that PCAT-1 could directly target miR-27b-3p. PCAT-1 could promote the apoptosis of OA and normal chondrocytes through binding with miR-27b-3p. CONCLUSIONS Based on the comparisons and analysis, we could conclude that lncRNA PCAT-1 regulated the apoptosis of chondrocytes through sponging miR-27b-3p in OA. PCAT-1 has potential values to act as a new therapeutic target for OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8th Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100020, China
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Medicine Research, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Mingliang Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Liang Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8th Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8th Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8th Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jiang Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8th Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Tzeng WS, Teng WL, Huang PH, Lin TC, Yen FL, Shiue YL. Pterostilbene Nanoparticles Downregulate Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Hepatoma Cells Under Hypoxic Conditions. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:867-879. [PMID: 33574667 PMCID: PMC7873716 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s282172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a common clinical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, hypoxia induction after treatment might trigger tumor invasiveness and metastasis. Although pterostilbene (PTS) has antitumor effects, its chemoprevention in HepG2 cells under hypoxia has not been investigated yet. In addition, the poor water solubility of raw PTS limits its clinical application. Here, we prepared nanoparticles of PTS (PSN) and compared their antihepatoma activities with those of raw PTS in HepG2 under hypoxic conditions. Materials and Methods The PTS nanoparticle formulation was prepared by nanoprecipitation, using Eudragit® e100 (EE) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as carriers. We analyzed the physicochemical properties of raw PTS and PSN, including yield, encapsulation efficiency, water-solubility, particle size, morphology, crystalline-to-amorphous transformation, and molecular interaction between PTS and carriers. We also evaluated their antihepatoma activities under hypoxia treatment in HepG2 cells, including cell viability, hypoxia, and apoptosis. Results The yield and encapsulation efficiency of PSN were 86.33% and >99%, respectively. The water solubility and drug release of PTS were effectively improved after nanoprecipitation corresponding to the reduction in particle size, amorphous transformation, and formation of hydrogen bonding with carriers. PSN had a better cytotoxic effect than raw PTS in HepG2 under pre- and post-hypoxia conditions. In addition, hypoxia- and apoptosis-related proteins in HepG2 cells under two different hypoxic conditions were significantly inhibited by PSN compared with the control group with hypoxia only, except for HIF-1α in the post-hypoxia group. PSN was also significantly better in inhibiting these proteins, except for Bcl2, under pre-hypoxic conditions. Conclusion Our results suggested that PSN could improve the water solubility and drug release of PTS and enhance the efficacy of HCC treatment under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Tzeng
- Department of Radiology, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lin Teng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Hsien Huang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Lin Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Autophagy: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of Flavonoids in Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020135. [PMID: 33494431 PMCID: PMC7911475 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, which is a conserved biological process and essential mechanism in maintaining homeostasis and metabolic balance, enables cells to degrade cytoplasmic constituents through lysosomes, recycle nutrients, and survive during starvation. Autophagy exerts an anticarcinogenic role in normal cells and inhibits the malignant transformation of cells. On the other hand, aberrations in autophagy are involved in gene derangements, cell metabolism, the process of tumor immune surveillance, invasion and metastasis, and tumor drug-resistance. Therefore, autophagy-targeted drugs may function as anti-tumor agents. Accumulating evidence suggests that flavonoids have anticarcinogenic properties, including those relating to cellular proliferation inhibition, the induction of apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, cell cycle arrest, senescence, the impairment of cell migration, invasion, tumor angiogenesis, and the reduction of multidrug resistance in tumor cells. Flavonoids, which are a group of natural polyphenolic compounds characterized by multiple targets that participate in multiple pathways, have been widely studied in different models for autophagy modulation. However, flavonoid-induced autophagy commonly interacts with other mechanisms, comprehensively influencing the anticancer effect. Accordingly, targeted autophagy may become the core mechanism of flavonoids in the treatment of tumors. This paper reviews the flavonoid-induced autophagy of tumor cells and their interaction with other mechanisms, so as to provide a comprehensive and in-depth account on how flavonoids exert tumor-suppressive effects through autophagy.
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Davoodi S, Bolhassani A, Namazi F. In vivo delivery of a multiepitope peptide and Nef protein using novel cell-penetrating peptides for development of HIV-1 vaccine candidate. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:547-559. [PMID: 33386500 PMCID: PMC7775797 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-03060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A potent HIV vaccine should overcome some limitations such as polymorphism of human HLA, the diversity of HIV-1 virus, and the lack of an effective delivery system. In this study, a DNA construct encoding Nef60-84, Nef126-144, Vpr34-47, Vpr60-75, Gp16030-53, Gp160308-323, and P248-151 epitopes was designed using bioinformatics tools. The pcDNA3.1-nef-vpr-gp160-p24 and pcDNA3.1-nef constructs were prepared in large scale as endotoxin-free form. Moreover, the recombinant Nef-Vpr-Gp160-p24 polypeptide and Nef protein were generated inE. coli. These constructs were delivered using cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) in vivo, and immune responses were assessed for different modalities in BALB/c mice. RESULTS The recombinant DNA constructs were confirmed as the ~ 867 bp and ~ 648 bp bands related tonef-vpr-gp160-p24 andnef genes on agarose gel. Moreover, the purified Nef-Vpr-Gp160-p24 polypeptide and Nef protein showed the ~ 32 kDa and ~ 30 kDa bands on SDS-PAGE, respectively. The results of immune responses indicated that the heterologous prime/boost regimens using both Nef-Vpr-Gp160-P24 and Nef antigens induced significantly the secretion of IgG2a, IgG2b, IFN-γ and Granzyme B compared to other groups. The levels of Granzyme B in mice immunized with Nef antigen were higher than those immunized with Nef-Vpr-Gp160-P24 antigen. The CPPs showed the same potency with Montanide adjuvant for eliciting immune responses. CONCLUSIONS The heterologous prime/boost regimens for both antigens could significantly direct immune responses toward Th1 and CTL activity compared to other regimens. Comparing the efficiency of Nef-Vpr-Gp160-P24 and Nef constructs, the Nef-Vpr-Gp160-P24 constructs delivered by CPPs showed promising results as an HIV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Davoodi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Namazi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Wu L, Li H, Chen S, Wu X, Chen X, Wang F. Catalpol inhibits the proliferation, migration and metastasis of HCC cells by regulating miR‑140‑5p expression. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:29. [PMID: 33179108 PMCID: PMC7673346 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequent malignant tumor. Catalpol is a Chinese medicine extract with a number of pharmacologically active properties. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of catalpol in HCC. HCC cells were treated with catalpol in the presence or absence of microRNA (miR)-140-5p inhibitor, and assays to determine cell viability, proliferation, invasion and migration were performed. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting were performed to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of miR-140-5p, vimentin, N-Cadherin and E-Cadherin. Moreover, cells were treated with catalpol in the absence or presence of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and the cell morphology was observed under a microscope. The results demonstrated that catalpol inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and decreased the expression levels of vimentin and N-cadherin, but increased the expression levels of E-cadherin and miR-140-5p. Catalpol inhibited morphological changes in epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of cells induced by TGF-β1. Following inhibition of miR-140-5p expression, the proliferation, invasion and migration of HCC cells were promoted, E-cadherin expression was decreased, and the levels of vimentin and N-cadherin were increased. The miR-140-5p inhibitor effectively reversed the inhibitory effect of catalpol on cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Thus, the results suggested that the antitumor potential of catalpol in HCC may be exerted by regulating the expression of miR-140-5p to inhibit proliferation, invasion, migration and EMT of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsheng Wu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Haoxia Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Shengyou Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Fangping Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The People's Hospital of Xinchang, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312500, P.R. China
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Biharee A, Sharma A, Kumar A, Jaitak V. Antimicrobial flavonoids as a potential substitute for overcoming antimicrobial resistance. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104720. [PMID: 32910994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death in 21st century due to antimicrobial resistance and scarcity of new molecules to undertake rising infections. There could be a multiple reasons behind antimicrobial resistance whether it is increased drug metabolism or bacterial endotoxins. The demand of effective medication is increasing day by day to treat microbial infections and combat antimicrobial resistance. In recent years most of the synthetic antimicrobials developed resistance so natural products could provide better options to fulfill this demand. There has been increasing interest in the research on flavonoids because various flavonoids were found to be effective against pathogenic microorganisms. OBJECTIVE The objective of this article will be to explore antimicrobial activity of flavonoids with special focus on their possible mechanism of action. METHODS The article reviewed recent literature related to flavonoids with antimicrobial activity, which were isolated from various sources and the compounds showing fairly good activity against tested microbial species were discussed. RESULTS By throughout literature review it has been found that flavonoids show antimicrobial effect by inhibiting virulence factors, efflux pump, biofilm formation, membrane disruption, cell envelop synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and bacterial motility inhibition. CONCLUSION Most of the antimicrobial drugs available now a days are ineffective due to development of resistance to them. Flavonoids have the potential to overcome this emerging crisis as this class of natural products showed the antimicrobial activity by different mechanisms than those of conventional drugs, so flavonoid could be an effective treatment of pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avadh Biharee
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
| | - Vikas Jaitak
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India..
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Goto K, Nishitsuji H, Sugiyama M, Nishida N, Mizokami M, Shimotohno K. Orchestration of Intracellular Circuits by G Protein-Coupled Receptor 39 for Hepatitis B Virus Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165661. [PMID: 32784555 PMCID: PMC7460832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a highly persistent pathogen causing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), takes full advantage of host machinery, presenting therapeutic targets. Here we aimed to identify novel druggable host cellular factors using the reporter HBV we have recently generated. In an RNAi screen of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), GPCR39 (GPR39) appeared as the top hit to facilitate HBV proliferation. Lentiviral overexpression of active GPR39 proteins and an agonist enhanced HBV replication and transcriptional activities of viral promoters, inducing the expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (CEBP)-β (CEBPB). Meanwhile, GPR39 was uncovered to activate the heat shock response, upregulating the expression of proviral heat shock proteins (HSPs). In addition, glioma-associated oncogene homologue signaling, a recently reported target of GPR39, was suggested to inhibit HBV replication and eventually suppress expression of CEBPB and HSPs. Thus, GPR39 provirally governed intracellular circuits simultaneously affecting the carcinopathogenetic gene functions. GPR39 and the regulated signaling networks would serve as antiviral targets, and strategies with selective inhibitors of GPR39 functions can develop host-targeted antiviral therapies preventing HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaku Goto
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-47-372-3501; Fax: +81-47-375-4766
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Cui J, Qu Z, Harata-Lee Y, Shen H, Aung TN, Wang W, Kortschak RD, Adelson DL. The effect of compound kushen injection on cancer cells: Integrated identification of candidate molecular mechanisms. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236395. [PMID: 32730293 PMCID: PMC7392229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) preparations are often extracts of single or multiple herbs containing hundreds of compounds, and hence it has been difficult to study their mechanisms of action. Compound Kushen Injection (CKI) is a complex mixture of compounds extracted from two medicinal plants and has been used in Chinese hospitals to treat cancer for over twenty years. To demonstrate that a systematic analysis of molecular changes resulting from complex mixtures of bioactives from TCM can identify a core set of differentially expressed (DE) genes and a reproducible set of candidate pathways. We used in vitro cancer models to measure the effect of CKI on cell cycle phases and apoptosis, and correlated those phenotypes with CKI induced changes in gene expression. We treated two cancer cell lines with or without CKI and assessed the resulting phenotypes by employing cell viability and proliferation assays. Based on these results, we carried out high-throughput transcriptome data analysis to identify genes and candidate pathways perturbed by CKI. We integrated these differential gene expression results with previously reported results and carried out validation of selected differentially expressed genes. CKI induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in the cancer cell lines tested. In these cells CKI also altered the expression of 363 core candidate genes associated with cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA replication/repair, and various cancer pathways. Of these, 7 are clinically relevant to cancer diagnosis or therapy, 14 are cell cycle regulators, and most of these 21 candidates are downregulated by CKI. Comparison of our core candidate genes to a database of plant medicinal compounds and their effects on gene expression identified one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many regulatory relationships between compounds in CKI and DE genes. By identifying genes and promising candidate pathways associated with CKI treatment based on our transcriptome-based analysis, we have shown that this approach is useful for the systematic analysis of molecular changes resulting from complex mixtures of bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cui
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zhipeng Qu
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yuka Harata-Lee
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hanyuan Shen
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thazin Nwe Aung
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wei Wang
- Zhendong Research Institute, Shanxi-Zhendong Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - R. Daniel Kortschak
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David L. Adelson
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Koolaji N, Shammugasamy B, Schindeler A, Dong Q, Dehghani F, Valtchev P. Citrus Peel Flavonoids as Potential Cancer Prevention Agents. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa025. [PMID: 32391511 PMCID: PMC7199889 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruit and in particular flavonoid compounds from citrus peel have been identified as agents with utility in the treatment of cancer. This review provides a background and overview regarding the compounds found within citrus peel with putative anticancer potential as well as the associated in vitro and in vivo studies. Historical studies have identified a number of cellular processes that can be modulated by citrus peel flavonoids including cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, metastasis, and angiogenesis. More recently, molecular studies have started to elucidate the underlying cell signaling pathways that are responsible for the flavonoids' mechanism of action. These growing data support further research into the chemopreventative potential of citrus peel extracts, and purified flavonoids in particular. This critical review highlights new research in the field and synthesizes the pathways modulated by flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds into a generalized schema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Koolaji
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Advanced Food Enginomics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Balakrishnan Shammugasamy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Advanced Food Enginomics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Advanced Food Enginomics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Bioengineering & Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Qihan Dong
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- Greg Brown Laboratory, Central Clinical School and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Advanced Food Enginomics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Valtchev
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Advanced Food Enginomics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng chemoprevents both initiation and promotion of cutaneous carcinoma by enhancing cell-mediated immunity and maintaining redox homeostasis. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:580-592. [PMID: 32617038 PMCID: PMC7322735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (thereafter called ginseng) has been used as a medicinal herb for thousands of years to maintain people's physical vitality and is also a non–organ-specific cancer preventive and therapeutic traditional medicine in several epidemiologic and preclinical studies. Owing to few toxic side effects and strong enhancement on body immunity, ginseng has admirable application potential and value in cancer chemoprevention. The study aims at investigating the chemopreventive effects of ginseng on cutaneous carcinoma and the underlying mechanisms. Methods The mouse skin cancer model was induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used for identifying various ginsenosides, the main active ingredients of ginseng. Comprehensive approaches (including network pharmacology, bioinformatics, and experimental verification) were used to explore the potential targets of ginseng. Results Ginseng treatment inhibited cutaneous carcinoma in terms of initiation and promotion. The content of Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd ginsenosides was the highest in both mouse blood and skin tissues. Ginseng and its active components well maintained the redox homeostasis and modulated the immune response in the model. Specifically, ginseng treatment inhibited the initiation of skin cancer by enhancing T-cell–mediated immune response through upregulating HSP27 expression and inhibited the promotion of skin cancer by maintaining cellular redox homeostasis through promoting nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Conclusion According to the study results, ginseng can be potentially used for cutaneous carcinoma as a chemopreventive agent by enhancing cell-mediated immunity and maintaining redox homeostasis with multiple components, targets, and links.
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Chemical composition and health effects of maca (Lepidium meyenii). Food Chem 2019; 288:422-443. [PMID: 30902313 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers) has emerged as a popular functional plant food due to various claimed health effects. This review details the major (i.e., starch, dietary fiber, and protein) and minor constituents (i.e., minerals, non-starch polysaccharides, polyphenols (flavonolignans), macaenes, macamides, glucosinolates, and alkaloids) of maca (root and aerial parts). Diverse health effects of maca are also summarized. Various bioactivities of maca include enhanced reproductive health, antifatigue, antioxidation, neuroprotection, antimicrobial activity, anticancer, hepatoprotection, immunomodulation, and improving skin health and digestive system's function. Plant genetics, botanical parts, processing, extraction, and experimental protocols represent the major factors affecting the chemical composition, physicochemical attributes, and health effects of maca-based products. However, clinical studies to support the claimed health effects of maca and related mechanisms appear to be lacking. Product innovation and diversification in food and non-food utilization of different parts of maca to maximize the value perceptions are suggested.
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Cirsiliol Suppressed Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in B16F10 Malignant Melanoma Cells through Alteration of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030608. [PMID: 30708951 PMCID: PMC6386903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive form of skin cancer which has a propensity for metastasis. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a primordial role in the progression of metastatic disease. Metastatic melanoma is resistant to conventional therapies. Hence, researchers have been exploring alternative approaches, including the utility of bioactive phytochemicals to manage metastatic disease. In the present study, we investigated the potential of cirsiliol, a flavonoid isolated from Centaurea jacea L., in modulating the aggressive behavior of B16F10 metastatic melanoma cells, including EMT, and associated molecular mechanisms of action. Cirsiliol was found to be effective in restraining the colony formation and migration of fibronectin-induced B16F10 metastatic melanoma cells. Cirsiliol inhibited the activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Cirsiliol also suppressed the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (also known as Akt)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway which, in turn, caused upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin, Snail and Twist. Based on these results, cirsiliol may be considered a promising compound against EMT in the therapeutic management of malignant melanoma.
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Kuan LY, Chen WL, Chen JH, Hsu FT, Liu TT, Chen WT, Wang KL, Chen WC, Liu YC, Wang WS. Magnolol Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits ERK-modulated Metastatic Potential in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. In Vivo 2019; 32:1361-1368. [PMID: 30348689 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of magnolol in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS HCC SK-Hep1 cells were treated with different concentrations of magnolol or PD98059 [extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor] for 48 h, and then cell viability, apoptosis, signal transduction, expression of anti-apoptotic and metastasis-related proteins, and cell invasion were investigated by [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB) reporter gene, western blotting, and cell invasion assays. RESULTS Magnolol significantly induced accumulation of sub-G1 phase and caspase-3 activation and inhibited NF-ĸB activation, cell invasion, expression of phosphorylated ERK (pERK), anti-apoptotic and metastatic-related proteins. ERK inactivation was required for magnolol-induced inhibition of metastatic potential of SK-Hep1 cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicated that magnolol not only induced apoptosis, but also inhibited ERK-modulated metastatic potential of HCC SK-Hep1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yen Kuan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Lung Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jiann-Hwa Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fei-Ting Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsu-Te Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kai-Lee Wang
- Department of Nursing, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Chang Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Bing Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Shu Wang
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Sang Eun H, Seong Min K, Ho Jeong L, Vetrivel P, Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma V, Jeong Doo H, Eun Hee K, Sang Joon L, Gon Sup K. Scutellarein Induces Fas-Mediated Extrinsic Apoptosis and G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest in Hep3B Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020263. [PMID: 30682875 PMCID: PMC6412708 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellarein (SCU), a flavone found in the perennial herb Scutellaria baicalensis, is known for a wide range of biological activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treatment with SCU flavonoids on inducing apoptosis via the extrinsic pathway in Hep3B cells. SCU treatment significantly inhibited Hep3B cell proliferation and induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the expression level of the proteins Cdc25C, cdk1 and Cyclin B1. Allophycocyanin (APC)/Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) double-staining showed upregulation of apoptotic cell death fraction. We further confirmed apoptosis by 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescent staining and observed DNA fragmentation with agarose gel electrophoresis. Further, immunoblotting results showed that treatment with SCU showed no changes in Bax and Bcl-xL protein levels. In addition, SCU treatment did not affect the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in Hep3B cells. On the contrary, treatment with SCU increased the expression of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL), which activated cleaved caspase-8, caspase-3, and polymeric adenosine diphosphate ribose (PARP), whereas the expression level of death receptor 4 (DR4) decreased. We confirmed that the proteins expressed upon treatment with SCU were involved in the Fas-mediated pathway of apoptosis in Hep3B cells. Thus, our findings in the current study strongly imply that SCU can be a basic natural source for developing potent anti-cancer agents for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Sang Eun
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Kim Seong Min
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Lee Ho Jeong
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea.
| | - Preethi Vetrivel
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | | | - Heo Jeong Doo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea.
| | - Kim Eun Hee
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju 52833, Korea.
| | - Lee Sang Joon
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea.
| | - Kim Gon Sup
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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Galangin Inhibits Thrombin-Induced MMP-9 Expression in SK-N-SH Cells via Protein Kinase-Dependent NF-κB Phosphorylation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124084. [PMID: 30562971 PMCID: PMC6321481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galangin, a member of the flavonol compounds of the flavonoids, could exert anti-inflammatory effects in various cell types. It has been used for the treatment of arthritis, airway inflammation, stroke, and cognitive impairment. Thrombin, one of the regulators of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), has been known as a vital factor of physiological and pathological processes, including cell migration, the blood–brain barrier breakdown, brain edema formation, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death. MMP-9 especially may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. However, the effect of galangin in combating thrombin-induced MMP-9 expression is not well understood in neurons. Therefore, we attempted to explore the molecular mechanisms by which galangin inhibited MMP-9 expression and cell migration induced by thrombin in SK-N-SH cells (a human neuroblastoma cell line). Gelatin zymography, western blot, real-time PCR, and cell migration assay were used to elucidate the inhibitory effects of galangin on the thrmbin-mediated responses. The results showed that galangin markedly attenuated the thrombin-stimulated phosphorylation of proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase (c-Src), proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), protein kinase C (PKC)α/β/δ, protein kinase B (Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK)1/2, p38 MAPK, forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), p65, and c-Jun and suppressed MMP-9 expression and cell migration in SK-N-SH cells. Our results concluded that galangin blocked the thrombin-induced MMP-9 expression in SK-N-SH cells via inhibiting c-Src, Pyk2, PKCα/βII/δ, Akt, mTOR, p42/p44 MAPK, JNK1/2, p38 MAPK, FoxO1, c-Jun, and p65 phosphorylation and ultimately attenuated cell migration. Therefore, galangin may be a potential candidate for the management of brain inflammatory diseases.
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Kim S, Choi S. Automatic tooth segmentation of dental mesh using a transverse plane. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:4122-4125. [PMID: 30441262 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8513318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes an automatic method to separate the gingiva and individual teeth from a dental mesh. We define a transverse plane that produces a cross-section of tooth lingual and labial surfaces, preserving the shape of individual teeth. The upper vertices from the transverse plane, which belong to the tooth, are projected onto the transverse plane, and partitioned into individual teeth. We apply region growing to the remaining non-segmented parts to determine the cluster the vertices belong to, and the proposed approach is fully automatic, i.e., segmentation does not require user interaction for feature point search or tooth boundary markers. The proposed segmentation method is applied to several dental mesh models to demonstrate its robustness.
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Li F, Zhang X, Li Y, Lu K, Yin R, Ming J. Phenolics extracted from tartary (Fagopyrum tartaricum L. Gaerth) buckwheat bran exhibit antioxidant activity, and an antiproliferative effect on human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells through the p38/MAP kinase pathway. Food Funct 2018; 8:177-188. [PMID: 27942664 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01230b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phenolics extracted from tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum L. Gaerth) bran were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The bioactivity of the phenolic extracts was evaluated, such as the antioxidant activity, and the inhibition capacity on the growth of cancer cells. The molecular mechanism for the inhibitive effect on cancer cells was explored. Results indicated that tartary buckwheat bran phenolics mainly exist in a free form, and free phenolics were twice as abundant as bound phenolics. Free caffeic acid (119.75 μg per 100 mg DW) and bound rutin (51.66 μg per 100 mg DW) represented the main free and bound phenolic compounds, respectively. The free phenolic extract contributed to the major (>90%) antioxidant activities including the oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA). The free phenolic extract exhibited anticancer activity for human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner. This significant inhibition effect was achieved through the p38/MAP kinase pathway by inducing cell apoptosis (up-regulating p-p38 and p-ASK1 expressions and down-regulating TRAF2 and p-p53 expressions), and negatively regulating the progression of the cell cycle from the G1 to S phase (increased expression of p21 and suppressed expressions of PCNA, cyclin D1 and CDK4). All these results indicated that tartary buckwheat bran could be a rich resource of natural antioxidants and inhibitors for the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China. and School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
| | - Yao Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
| | - Keke Lu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Food Science, 245 Stocking Hall and Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7201, USA
| | - Jian Ming
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
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Zhang R, Lin P, Yang H, He Y, Dang YW, Feng ZB, Chen G. Clinical role and biological function of CDK5 in hepatocellular carcinoma: A study based on immunohistochemistry, RNA-seq and in vitro investigation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:108333-108354. [PMID: 29312535 PMCID: PMC5752448 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the clinical role and biological function of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 412 surgically resected tissue samples (HCC, n=171; non-HCC=241) were obtained and analyzed with immunohistochemistry. The diagnostic and prognostic values of CDK5 expression levels in HCC were clarified. Moreover, RNA-seq data or microarray datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) (HCC, n=374; normal, n=50) or other public databases (HCC, n=1864; non-tumor=1995) regarding CDK5 in HCC were extracted and examined. Several bioinformatic methods were performed to identify CDK5-regulated pathways. In vitro experiments were adopted to measure proliferation and apoptosis in HCC cells after CDK5 mRNA was inhibited in the HCC cell lines HepG2 and HepB3. Based on immunohistochemistry, CDK5 expression levels were notably increased in HCC tissues (n=171) compared with normal (n=33, P<0.001), cirrhosis (n=37, P<0.001), and adjacent non-cancerous liver (n=171, P<0.001) tissues. The up-regulation of CDK5 was associated with higher differentiation (P<0.001), metastasis (P<0.001), advanced clinical TNM stages (P<0.001), portal vein tumor embolus (P=0.003) and vascular invasion (P=0.004). Additionally, TCGA data analysis also revealed significantly increased CDK5 expression in HCC compared with non-cancerous hepatic tissues (P<0.001). The pooled standard mean deviation (SMD) based on 36 included datasets (HCC, n=2238; non-cancerous, n=2045) indicated that CDK5 was up-regulated in HCC (SMD=1.23, 95% CI: 1.00-1.45, P<0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) of the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was 0.88. Furthermore, CDK5 knock-down inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis. In conclusion, CDK5 plays an essential role in the initiation and progression of HCC, most likely via accelerating proliferation and suppressing apoptosis in HCC cells by regulating the cell cycle and DNA replication pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Wu Dang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Bo Feng
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
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Cytotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Mitochondrial Apoptosis after Combined Treatment of Hepatocarcinoma Cells with Maleic Anhydride Derivatives and Quercetin. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2734976. [PMID: 29163752 PMCID: PMC5661749 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2734976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory condition of malignant tumors continually exposes cancer cells to reactive oxygen species, an oxidizing condition that leads to the activation of the antioxidant defense system. A similar activation occurs with glutathione production. This oxidant condition enables tumor cells to maintain the energy required for growth, proliferation, and evasion of cell death. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect on hepatocellular carcinoma cells of a combination treatment with maleic anhydride derivatives (prooxidants) and quercetin (an antioxidant). The results show that the combination of a prooxidant/antioxidant had a cytotoxic effect on HuH7 and HepG2 liver cancer cells, but not on either of two normal human epithelial cell lines or on primary hepatocytes. The combination treatment triggered apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by activating the intrinsic pathway and causing S phase arrest during cell cycle progression. There is also clear evidence of a modification in cytoskeletal actin and nucleus morphology at 24 and 48 h posttreatment. Thus, the current data suggest that the combination of two anticarcinogenic drugs, a prooxidant followed by an antioxidant, can be further explored for antitumor potential as a new treatment strategy.
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Quercetin Reverses Rat Liver Preneoplastic Lesions Induced by Chemical Carcinogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4674918. [PMID: 28740570 PMCID: PMC5504959 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4674918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonoid widely studied as a chemopreventive agent in different types of cancer. Previously, we reported that quercetin has a chemopreventive effect on the liver-induced preneoplastic lesions in rats. Here, we evaluated if quercetin was able not only to prevent but also to reverse rat liver preneoplastic lesions. We used the modified resistant hepatocyte model (MRHM) to evaluate this possibility. Treatment with quercetin was used 15 days after the induction of preneoplastic lesions. We found that quercetin reverses the number of preneoplastic lesions and their areas. Our results showed that quercetin downregulates the expression of EGFR and modulates this signaling pathway in spite of the activated status of EGFR as detected by the upregulation of this receptor, with respect to that observed in control rats. Besides, quercetin affects the phosphorylation status of Src-1, STAT5, and Sp-1. The better status of the liver after the treatment with quercetin could also be confirmed by the recovery in the expression of IGF-1. In conclusion, we suggest that quercetin reversed preneoplastic lesions by EGFR modulation and the activation state of Src, STAT5, and Sp1, so as the basal IGF-1.
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Zou Z, Liao SH, Luo SD, Liu Q, Liu SJ. Semi-automatic segmentation of femur based on harmonic barrier. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 143:171-184. [PMID: 28391815 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Segmentation of the femur from the hip joint in computed tomography (CT) is an important preliminary step in hip surgery planning and simulation. However, this is a time-consuming and challenging task due to the weak boundary, the varying topology of the hip joint, and the extremely narrow or blurred space between the femoral head and the acetabulum. To address these problems, this study proposed a semi-automatic segmentation framework based on harmonic fields for accurate segmentation. METHODS The proposed method comprises three steps. First, with high-level information provided by the user, shape information provided by neighboring slices as well as the statistical information in the mask, a region selection method is proposed to effectively locate joint space for the harmonic field. Second, incorporated with an improved gradient, the harmonic field is used to adaptively extract a curve as the barrier that separates the femoral head from the acetabulum accurately. Third, a divide and conquer segmentation strategy based on the harmonic barrier is used to combine the femoral head part and body part as the final segmentation result. RESULTS We have tested 40 hips with considerately narrow or disappeared joint spaces. The experimental results are evaluated based on Jaccard, Dice, directional cut discrepancy (DCD) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and we achieve the higher Jaccard of 84.02%, Dice of 85.96%, area under curve (AUC) of 89.3%, and the lower error with DCD of 0.52mm. The effective ratio of our method is 79.1% even for cases with severe malformation. The results show that our method performs best in terms of effectiveness and accuracy on the whole data set. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method is efficient to segment femurs with narrow joint space. The accurate segmentation results can assist the physicians for osteoarthritis diagnosis in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zou
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Sheng-Hui Liao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - San-Ding Luo
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Shi-Jian Liu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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He R, Gao L, Ma J, Peng Z, Zhou S, Yang L, Feng Z, Dang Y, Chen G. The essential role of MTDH in the progression of HCC: a study with immunohistochemistry, TCGA, meta-analysis and in vitro investigation. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:1561-1579. [PMID: 28469766 PMCID: PMC5411909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies found that metadherin (MTDH) played an essential role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, the exact function of MTDH in the pathogenesis of HCC was unclarified. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the clinical significance of MTDH in HCC and its effect on HCC cells. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to detect MTDH expression in HCC tissues. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and ONCOMINE was obtained to examine MTDH expression in HCC and its clinical significance. Meta-analysis was conducted to assess the correlation between MTDH expression and both the prognosis (Overall Survival (OS) or Disease-free Survival (DFS)) and clinicopathological features of HCC via STATA 12.0. In vitro experiments were performed to investigate the role of MTDH in cell growth, caspase-3/7 activity and apoptosis in HCC cells. The MTDH staining was remarkably stronger in HCC tissues than in non-cancer tissues from IHC, TCGA and ONCOMINE data. Moreover, MTDH-positive expression was significantly correlated with pathological grade, distant metastasis and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection by IHC. For meta-analysis, MTDH expression was indicative of poor OS without heterogeneity in HCC patients. Additionally, MTDH expression was correlated with high-grade histological differentiation, non-vascular invasion and metastasis in HCC. In vitro experiments revealed that MTDH could the inhibit cell growth and activate caspase-3/7 activity and apoptosis in the four HCC cell lines. In conclusion, MTDH expression may serve as a novel targeting strategy for HCC due to its clinical significance and oncogenic function in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongquan He
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Shengsheng Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Zhenbo Feng
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Yiwu Dang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
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Zeng W, Zhang C, Cheng H, Wu YL, Liu J, Chen Z, Huang JG, Ericksen RE, Chen L, Zhang H, Wong AST, Zhang XK, Han W, Zeng JZ. Targeting to the non-genomic activity of retinoic acid receptor-gamma by acacetin in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:348. [PMID: 28336971 PMCID: PMC5428017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that retinoic acid receptor-γ (RARγ) is overexpressed and acts as a tumor promoter in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The oncogenic activity of RARγ is mainly attributed to its physiological interaction with p85α regulatory subunit of PI3K leading to constitutive activation of AKT. Here we report RARγ as a negative regulator of p53 signaling and thus extend the oncogenic potential of RARγ to a new role in controlling the balance between AKT and p53. A natural flavonoid acacetin is then identified to be capable of modulating RARγ-dependent AKT-p53 network. It specifically binds to RARγ and inhibits all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) stimulation of RARγ transactivation. However, the anticancer action of acacetin is independent on its modulation of RARγ-driven transcriptional activity. Acacetin induces cancer cell apoptosis through antagonizing the non-genomic effect of RARγ on AKT and p53. When bound to RARγ, acacetin prevents RARγ from its activation of AKT followed by recovery of the normal p53 signaling. Given the implication of AKT-p53 dysregulation in most HCC, targeting the non-genomic signaling of RARγ that switches AKT-p53 from a pro-survival to a pro-apoptotic program in cancer cells should be a promising strategy for developing novel anti-HCC drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yun-Long Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zekun Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian-Gang Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Russell Erick Ericksen
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liqun Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haiping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, China
| | - Alice Sze Tsai Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weiping Han
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin-Zhang Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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Su JR, Kuai JH, Li YQ. Smoc2 potentiates proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via promotion of cell cycle progression. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:10053-10063. [PMID: 28018113 PMCID: PMC5143752 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i45.10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the influence of Smoc2 on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell proliferation and to find a possible new therapeutic target for preventing HCC progression. METHODS We detected expression of Smoc2 in HCC tissues and corresponding non-tumor liver (CNL) tissues using PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry methods. Subsequently, we down-regulated and up-regulated Smoc2 expression using siRNA and lentivirus transfection assay, respectively. Then, we identified the effect of Smoc2 on cell proliferation and cell cycle using CCK-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. The common cell growth signaling influenced by Smoc2 was detected by western blot assay. RESULTS The expression of Smoc2 was significantly higher in HCC tissues compared with CNL tissues. Overexpression of Smoc2 promoted HCC cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Down-regulation of Smoc2 led to inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Smoc2 had positive effect on ERK and AKT signaling. CONCLUSION Smoc2 promotes the proliferation of HCC cells through accelerating cell cycle progression and might act as an anti-cancer therapeutic target in the future.
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Shang RZ, Qu SB, Wang DS. Reprogramming of glucose metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma: Progress and prospects. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:9933-9943. [PMID: 28018100 PMCID: PMC5143760 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i45.9933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal cancers, and its rate of incidence is rising annually. Despite the progress in diagnosis and treatment, the overall prognoses of HCC patients remain dismal due to the difficulties in early diagnosis and the high level of tumor invasion, metastasis and recurrence. It is urgent to explore the underlying mechanism of HCC carcinogenesis and progression to find out the specific biomarkers for HCC early diagnosis and the promising target for HCC chemotherapy. Recently, the reprogramming of cancer metabolism has been identified as a hallmark of cancer. The shift from the oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway to the glycolysis pathway in HCC meets the demands of rapid cell proliferation and offers a favorable microenvironment for tumor progression. Such metabolic reprogramming could be considered as a critical link between the different HCC genotypes and phenotypes. The regulation of metabolic reprogramming in cancer is complex and may occur via genetic mutations and epigenetic modulations including oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, signaling pathways, noncoding RNAs, and glycolytic enzymes etc. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of glycolysis in HCC may enrich our knowledge of hepatocellular carcinogenesis and provide important foundations in the search for novel diagnostic biomarkers and promising therapeutic targets for HCC.
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Sandhu P, Naeem MM, Lu C, Kumarathasan P, Gomes J, Basak A. Ser 422 phosphorylation blocks human Tau cleavage by caspase-3: Biochemical implications to Alzheimer's Disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:642-652. [PMID: 27989667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic truncation of microtubule associated human (h) Tau protein by caspase-3 at the carboxy (C) terminus has been linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). This cleavage likely occurs between Asp421↓Ser422 leading to the formation of 421-mer truncated Tau protein which has been found to be present as aggregate in high level after phosphorylation in mortal AD brain tissue compared to normal. At least 50 phosphorylation sites involving Ser, Thr and Tyr residues have been identified or proposed in hTau and a selected number of them have been implicated in hTau aggregation following latter's proteolytic truncation. Interestingly, it is further noted that Ser422 residue present in the P1' position of hTau caspase-3 cleavage region is a potential phosphorylation site. So we became interested to examine in vitro the effect of phospho-Ser422 residue on hTau cleavage by caspase-3 which is a crucial upstream event associated with hTau self-assembly leading to AD pathogenesis. The goal of this project is to study in vitro the caspase-3 cleavage site of hTau protein and to examine the kinetics of this cleavage following Ser422 phosphorylation and treatment with caspase-3 inhibitors. This is achieved by designing peptides from the sequence of hTau protein containing the proposed caspase-3 cleavage region. Peptides were designed from 441-mer major human Tau protein sequence that encompasses the proposed caspase-3 cleavage site [Asp421↓Ser422]. Corresponding phospho-, dextro-Ser422 and dextro-Asp421 analogs were also designed. Peptides were synthesized by solid phase chemistry, purified and fully characterized by mass spectrometry. These were then incubated with recombinant caspase-3 enzyme under identical condition for digestion and analyzed for cleavage by mass spectrometry and RP-HPLC chromatograms. Our results indicated that while the control peptide is efficiently cleaved by caspase-3 at Asp421↓Ser422 site producing the expected N- and C-terminal fragment peptides, the corresponding phospho-Ser422 peptide remained completely resistant to the cleavage. Substitution of Asp421 by its dextro isoform also blocks peptide cleavage by caspase-3. However substitution of Ser422 by its dextro isoform in the peptide did not affect the cleavage significantly. The above results were further confirmed by caspase-3 digestion experiment in the presence of varying amounts of caspase-3 inhibitor (Ac-DQVD-aldehyde) which was found to block this cleavage in a highly effective manner. Our results highlighted the crucial significance of Ser422 phosphorylation and suggest that the kinase associated with this Ser-phosphorylation may protect Tau from aggregation. Thus specific promoters/activators of this kinase may find useful therapeutic benefits in arresting Tau truncation by caspase-3 and the progression of AD. In addition our data demonstrated that Tau-peptides where Ser422 or Asp421 are substituted by their respective dextro isomers, exhibit different cleavage kinetics by caspase-3 and this may have important implications in therapeutic intervention of Tau aggregation and associated AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Sandhu
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, U Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mansur Mohammad Naeem
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, U Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Chunyu Lu
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, U Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Premkumari Kumarathasan
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - James Gomes
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, U Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ajoy Basak
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, U Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 725 Parkdale Ave., Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada.
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Zahratka JA, Shao Y, Shaw M, Todd K, Formica SV, Khrestian M, Montine T, Leverenz JB, Bekris LM. Regulatory region genetic variation is associated with FYN expression in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 51:43-53. [PMID: 28033507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, are a key pathologic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau phosphorylation is under the control of multiple kinases and phosphatases, including Fyn. Previously, our group found an association between 2 regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FYN gene with increased tau levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. In this study, we hypothesized that Fyn expression in the brain is influenced by AD status and genetic content. We found that Fyn protein, but not messenger RNA, levels were increased in AD patients compared to cognitively normal controls and are associated with regulatory region single nucleotide polymorphisms. In addition, the expression of the FYN 3'UTR can decrease expression in multiple cell lines, suggesting this regulatory region plays an important role in FYN expression. Taken together, these data suggest that FYN expression is regulated according to AD status and regulatory region haplotype, and genetic variants may be instrumental in the development of neurofibrillary tangles in AD and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Zahratka
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Yvonne Shao
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - McKenzie Shaw
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kaitlin Todd
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shane V Formica
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Maria Khrestian
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lynn M Bekris
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Yousuf FA, Mehmood MH, Malik A, Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Antiacanthamoebic properties of natural and marketed honey in Pakistan. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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