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Aktaş A, Yiğit F, Delibaş B, Kaplan AA, Hamour HM, Marangoz AH, Kaya A, Altun G, Kaplan S. The effects of Garcinia kola and curcumin on the dorsal root ganglion of the diabetic rat after peripheral nerve transection injury. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 136:102395. [PMID: 38320670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the protective effects of Garcinia kola and curcumin on the ganglion tissues of diabetic rats following the use of autologous vein graft in peripheral nerve transection injury. METHODS The sciatic nerve on the right side was transected, and anastomosis was performed between the proximal and distal ends using an autologous vein graft. Curcumin and Garcinia kola seed extract were administered daily by oral gavage. The ganglion tissues were harvested after a 90-day waiting period. Sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion at the L4 and L5 levels were used for stereological evaluations. Mean sensory neuron numbers were analyzed using a stereological technique. The size of the light and dark neurons was also estimated, and ultrastructural and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed. RESULTS A statistically significant difference in sensory neuron numbers was observed between the groups with and without Garcinia kola and curcumin applications. The immunohistochemical results showed that the s-100 protein is expressed selectively between cell types. CONCLUSION The results of this study show that curcumin and Garicinia kola prevented sensory neuron loss in diabetic rats following transection injury to the sciatic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abit Aktaş
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University - Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Funda Yiğit
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University - Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Delibaş
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Arife Ahsen Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hala Mahgoub Hamour
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | | | - Ayşenur Kaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Gamze Altun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey; Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.
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2
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Delibaş B, Kaplan S. The histomorphological and stereological assessment of rat dorsal root ganglion tissues after various types of sciatic nerve injury. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 161:145-163. [PMID: 37855874 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries lead to significant changes in the dorsal root ganglia, where the cell bodies of the damaged axons are located. The sensory neurons and the surrounding satellite cells rearrange the composition of the intracellular organelles to enhance their plasticity for adaptation to changing conditions and response to injury. Meanwhile, satellite cells acquire phagocytic properties and work with macrophages to eliminate degenerated neurons. These structural and functional changes are not identical in all injury types. Understanding the cellular response, which varies according to the type of injury involved, is essential in determining the optimal method of treatment. In this research, we investigated the numerical and morphological changes in primary sensory neurons and satellite cells in the dorsal root ganglion 30 days following chronic compression, crush, and transection injuries using stereology, high-resolution light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and behavioral analysis techniques. Electron microscopic methods were employed to evaluate fine structural alterations in cells. Stereological evaluations revealed no statistically significant difference in terms of mean sensory neuron numbers (p > 0.05), although a significant decrease was observed in sensory neuron volumes in the transection and crush injury groups (p < 0.05). Active caspase-3 immunopositivity increased in the injury groups compared to the sham group (p < 0.05). While crush injury led to desensitization, chronic compression injury caused thermal hyperalgesia. Macrophage infiltrations were observed in all injury types. Electron microscopic results revealed that the chromatolysis response was triggered in the sensory neuron bodies from the transection injury group. An increase in organelle density was observed in the perikaryon of sensory neurons after crush-type injury. This indicates the presence of a more active regeneration process in crush-type injury than in other types. The effect of chronic compression injury is more devastating than that of crush-type injury, and the edema caused by compression significantly inhibits the regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Delibaş
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Türkiye
| | - Suleyman Kaplan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye.
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3
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Bennet BM, Pardo ID, Assaf BT, Buza E, Cramer SD, Crawford LK, Engelhardt JA, Galbreath EJ, Grubor B, Morrison JP, Osborne TS, Sharma AK, Bolon B. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Technical Review: Biology and Pathology of Ganglia in Animal Species Used for Nonclinical Safety Testing. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:278-305. [PMID: 38047294 DOI: 10.1177/01926233231213851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG), trigeminal ganglia (TG), other sensory ganglia, and autonomic ganglia may be injured by some test article classes, including anti-neoplastic chemotherapeutics, adeno-associated virus-based gene therapies, antisense oligonucleotides, nerve growth factor inhibitors, and aminoglycoside antibiotics. This article reviews ganglion anatomy, cytology, and pathology (emphasizing sensory ganglia) among common nonclinical species used in assessing product safety for such test articles (TAs). Principal histopathologic findings associated with sensory ganglion injury include neuron degeneration, necrosis, and/or loss; increased satellite glial cell and/or Schwann cell numbers; and leukocyte infiltration and/or inflammation. Secondary nerve fiber degeneration and/or glial reactions may occur in nerves, dorsal spinal nerve roots, spinal cord (dorsal and occasionally lateral funiculi), and sometimes the brainstem. Ganglion findings related to TA administration may result from TA exposure and/or trauma related to direct TA delivery into the central nervous system or ganglia. In some cases, TA-related effects may need to be differentiated from a spectrum of artifactual and/or spontaneous background changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Buza
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James P Morrison
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Survival of compromised adult sensory neurons involves macrovesicular formation. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:462. [PMID: 36424403 PMCID: PMC9691713 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurons are recognized as post-mitotically arrested cells with limited regenerative potential. Given these restraints, it is perplexing how neurons sustain routine physiological and occasional reparative stress without compromising their density and integrity. We observed that specific insults or physiological alterations drive adult sensory neurons to attempt cell cycle entry. In this context, we demonstrate that at least a small population of sensory neurons modify their cytoskeleton as a survival mechanism in settings of growth arrest and associated stress. Most notably, among their apparent survival modifications is included a unique, and uncharacterized form of macrovesicle shedding and a subsequent neuron size adjustment. Using time-lapse imaging, we demonstrate macrovesicle shedding in some neurons subjected to growth restraint, but not associated with apoptosis. In axotomized neurons in vivo, cell cycle entry was rare to absent and macrovesicles were not observed, but we nonetheless identified changes in mRNA associated with autophagy. In vivo, neighbouring macrophages may have a role in modifying the neuron cytoskeleton after axotomy. Overall, the findings identify previously unrecognized structural adaptations in adult sensory neurons that may provide resilience to diverse insults.
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5
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Zdora I, Jubran L, Allnoch L, Hansmann F, Baumgärtner W, Leitzen E. Morphological and phenotypical characteristics of porcine satellite glial cells of the dorsal root ganglia. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:1015281. [PMID: 36337140 PMCID: PMC9626980 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.1015281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs) of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) ensure homeostasis and proportional excitability of sensory neurons and gained interest in the field of development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Pigs represent a suitable species for translational medicine with a more similar anatomy and physiology to humans compared to rodents, and are used in research regarding treatment of neuropathic pain. Knowledge of anatomical and physiological features of porcine SGCs is prerequisite for interpreting potential alterations. However, state of knowledge is still limited. In the present study, light microscopy, ultrastructural analysis and immunofluorescence staining was performed. SGCs tightly surround DRG neurons with little vascularized connective tissue between SGC-neuron units, containing, among others, axons and Schwann cells. DRG were mainly composed of large sized neurons (∼59%), accompanied by fewer medium sized (∼36%) and small sized sensory neurons (∼6%). An increase of neuronal body size was concomitant with an increased number of surrounding SGCs. The majority of porcine SGCs expressed glutamine synthetase and inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir 4.1, known as SGC-specific markers in other species. Similar to canine SGCs, marked numbers of porcine SGCs were immunopositive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase and the transcription factor Sox2. Low to moderate numbers of SGCs showed aquaporin 4-immunoreactivity (AQP4) as described for murine SGCs. AQP4-immunoreactivity was primarily found in SGCs ensheathing small and medium sized neuronal somata. Low numbers of SGCs were immunopositive for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, indicating a potential immune cell character. No immunoreactivity for common leukocyte antigen CD45 nor neural/glial antigen 2 was detected. The present study provides essential insights into the characteristic features of non-activated porcine SGCs, contributing to a better understanding of this cell population and its functional aspects. This will help to interpret possible changes that might occur under activating conditions such as pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Zdora
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hanover Graduate School for Neurosciences, Infection Medicine, and Veterinary Sciences (HGNI), Hanover, Germany
| | - Lorna Jubran
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hanover Graduate School for Neurosciences, Infection Medicine, and Veterinary Sciences (HGNI), Hanover, Germany
| | - Lisa Allnoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hanover Graduate School for Neurosciences, Infection Medicine, and Veterinary Sciences (HGNI), Hanover, Germany
| | - Eva Leitzen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
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6
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Fornaro M, Dipollina C, Giambalvo D, Garcia R, Sigerson C, Sharthiya H, Liu C, Nealey PF, Kristjansdottir K, Gasiorowski JZ. Submicron Topographically Patterned 3D Substrates Enhance Directional Axon Outgrowth of Dorsal Root Ganglia Cultured Ex Vivo. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081059. [PMID: 36008953 PMCID: PMC9405616 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A peripheral nerve injury results in disruption of the fiber that usually protects axons from the surrounding environment. Severed axons from the proximal nerve stump are capable of regenerating, but axons are exposed to a completely new environment. Regeneration recruits cells that produce and deposit key molecules, including growth factor proteins and fibrils in the extracellular matrix (ECM), thus changing the chemical and geometrical environment. The regenerating axons thus surf on a newly remodeled micro-landscape. Strategies to enhance and control axonal regeneration and growth after injury often involve mimicking the extrinsic cues that are found in the natural nerve environment. Indeed, nano- and micropatterned substrates have been generated as tools to guide axons along a defined path. The mechanical cues of the substrate are used as guides to orient growth or change the direction of growth in response to impediments or cell surface topography. However, exactly how axons respond to biophysical information and the dynamics of axonal movement are still poorly understood. Here we use anisotropic, groove-patterned substrate topography to direct and enhance sensory axonal growth of whole mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) transplanted ex vivo. Our results show significantly enhanced and directed growth of the DRG sensory fibers on the hemi-3D topographic substrates compared to a 0 nm pitch, flat control surface. By assessing the dynamics of axonal movement in time-lapse microscopy, we found that the enhancement was not due to increases in the speed of axonal growth, but to the efficiency of growth direction, ensuring axons minimize movement in undesired directions. Finally, the directionality of growth was reproduced on topographic patterns fabricated as fully 3D substrates, potentially opening new translational avenues of development incorporating these specific topographic feature sizes in implantable conduits in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fornaro
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (C.D.); (D.G.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (J.Z.G.)
| | - Christopher Dipollina
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (C.D.); (D.G.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (R.G.); (K.K.)
| | - Darryl Giambalvo
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (C.D.); (D.G.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (R.G.); (K.K.)
| | - Robert Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (R.G.); (K.K.)
| | - Casey Sigerson
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (C.D.); (D.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Harsh Sharthiya
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
| | - Claire Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (C.L.); (P.F.N.)
| | - Paul F. Nealey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (C.L.); (P.F.N.)
| | - Kolbrun Kristjansdottir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (R.G.); (K.K.)
| | - Joshua Z. Gasiorowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (R.G.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (J.Z.G.)
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7
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Tukov FF, Mansfield K, Milton M, Meseck E, Penraat K, Chand D, Hartmann A. Single-Dose Intrathecal Dorsal Root Ganglia Toxicity of Onasemnogene Abeparvovec in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:740-756. [PMID: 35331006 PMCID: PMC9347375 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous onasemnogene abeparvovec is approved for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy in children < 2 years. For later-onset patients, intrathecal onasemnogene abeparvovec may be advantageous over intravenous administration. Recently, microscopic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) changes were observed in nonhuman primates (NHPs) following intrathecal onasemnogene abeparvovec administration. To characterize these DRG findings, two NHP studies evaluating intrathecal onasemnogene abeparvovec administration were conducted: a 12-month study with a 6-week interim cohort and a 13-week study with a 2-week interim cohort. The latter investigated the potential impact of prednisolone or rituximab plus everolimus on DRG toxicity. An additional 6-month, single-dose, intravenous NHP study conducted in parallel evaluated onasemnogene abeparvovec safety (including DRG toxicity) with or without prednisolone coadministration. Intrathecal onasemnogene abeparvovec administration was well tolerated and not associated with clinical observations. Microscopic onasemnogene abeparvovec-related changes were observed in the DRG and trigeminal ganglion (TG) and included mononuclear cell inflammation and/or neuronal degeneration, which was colocalized with high vector transcript expression at 6 weeks postdose. Incidence and severity of DRG changes were generally decreased after 52 weeks compared with 6 weeks postdose. Other onasemnogene abeparvovec-related microscopic findings of axonal degeneration, mononuclear cell infiltrates and/or gliosis in the spinal cord, dorsal spinal nerve root/spinal nerves, and/or peripheral nerves were absent or found at decreased incidences and/or severities after 52 weeks. DRG and/or TG microscopic findings following intravenous onasemnogene abeparvovec dosing included minimal to slight neuronal degeneration and mononuclear cell inflammation at 6 weeks and 6 months postdose. Nervous system microscopic findings following intrathecal onasemnogene abeparvovec (≥1.2 × 1013 vg/animal) trended toward resolution after 52 weeks, supporting nonprogression of changes, including in the DRG. Onasemnogene abeparvovec-related DRG findings were not associated with electrophysiology changes and were not ameliorated by prednisolone or rituximab plus everolimus coadministration. The pathogenesis is possibly a consequence of increased vector genome transduction and/or transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith Mansfield
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, 33413, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Mark Milton
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, 33413, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Emily Meseck
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp, 33412, East Hanover, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Kelley Penraat
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, 33413, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Deepa Chand
- Novartis Gene Therapies, Inc., Bannockburn, United States.,Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, 12275, St Louis, Missouri, United States;
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Huang B, Zdora I, de Buhr N, Eikelberg D, Baumgärtner W, Leitzen E. Phenotypical changes of satellite glial cells in a murine model of G M1 -gangliosidosis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 26:527-539. [PMID: 34877779 PMCID: PMC8743646 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs) of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) react in response to various injuries in the nervous system. This study investigates reactive changes within SGCs in a murine model for GM1‐gangliosidosis (GM1). DRG of homozygous β‐galactosidase‐knockout mice and homozygous C57BL/6 wild‐type mice were investigated performing immunostaining on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue. A marked upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the progenitor marker nestin and Ki67 within SGCs of diseased mice, starting after 4 months at the earliest GFAP, along with intracytoplasmic accumulation of ganglioside within neurons and deterioration of clinical signs was identified. Interestingly, nestin‐positive SGCs were detected after 8 months only. No changes regarding inwardly rectifying potassium channel 4.1, 2, 3‐cyclic nucleotide 3‐phosphodiesterase, Sox2, doublecortin, periaxin and caspase3 were observed in SGCs. Iba1 was only detected in close vicinity of SGCs indicating infiltrating or tissue‐resident macrophages. These results indicate that SGCs of DRG show phenotypical changes during the course of GM1, characterized by GFAP upregulation, proliferation and expression of a neural progenitor marker at a late time point. This points towards an important role of SGCs during neurodegenerative disorders and supports that SGCs represent a multipotent glial precursor cell line with high plasticity and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Zdora
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Deborah Eikelberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Leitzen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Ma W, Yang JW, Wang XB, Luo T, Zhou L, Lagares A, Li H, Liang Z, Liu KP, Zang CH, Li CY, Wu Z, Guo JH, Zhou XF, Li LY. Negative regulation by proBDNF signaling of peripheral neurogenesis in the sensory ganglia of adult rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112273. [PMID: 34700232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the adult brain is well recognized and plays a critical role in the maintenance of brain function and homeostasis. However, whether neurogenesis also occurs in the adult peripheral nervous system remains unknown. Here, using sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglia, DRGs) as a model, we show that neurogenesis also occurs in the peripheral nervous system, but in a manner different from that in the central nervous system. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) express the neuronal precursor markers Nestin, POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 1, and p75 pan-neurotrophin receptor. Following sciatic nerve injury, the suppression of endogenous proBDNF by proBDNF antibodies resulted in the transformation of proliferating SGCs into doublecortin-positive cells in the DRGs. Using purified SGCs migrating out from the DRGs, the inhibition of endogenous proBDNF promoted the conversion of SGCs into neuronal phenotypes in vitro. Our findings suggest that SGCs are neuronal precursors, and that proBDNF maintains the SGC phenotype. Furthermore, the suppression of proBDNF signaling is necessary for neuronal phenotype acquisition by SGCs. Thus, we propose that peripheral neurogenesis may occur via the direct conversion of SGCs into neurons, and that this process is negatively regulated by proBDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin-Wei Yang
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Xian-Bin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Medical college of Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine of Yunnan Province, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Alfonso Lagares
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación imas12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hongyun Li
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Zhang Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Kuang-Pin Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng-Hao Zang
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun-Yan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian-Hui Guo
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Li-Yan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
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Carozzi VA, Salio C, Rodriguez-Menendez V, Ciglieri E, Ferrini F. 2D <em>vs</em> 3D morphological analysis of dorsal root ganglia in health and painful neuropathy. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 34664808 PMCID: PMC8547168 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) are clusters of sensory neurons that transmit the sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system, and satellite glial cells (SGCs), their supporting trophic cells. Sensory neurons are pseudounipolar neurons with a heterogeneous neurochemistry reflecting their functional features. DRGs, not protected by the blood brain barrier, are vulnerable to stress and damage of different origin (i.e., toxic, mechanical, metabolic, genetic) that can involve sensory neurons, SGCs or, considering their intimate intercommunication, both cell populations. DRG damage, primary or secondary to nerve damage, produces a sensory peripheral neuropathy, characterized by neurophysiological abnormalities, numbness, paraesthesia and dysesthesia, tingling and burning sensations and neuropathic pain. DRG stress can be morphologically detected by light and electron microscope analysis with alterations in cell size (swelling/atrophy) and in different subcellular compartments (i.e., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and nucleus) of neurons and/or SGCs. In addition, neurochemical changes can be used to portray abnormalities of neurons and SGC. Conventional immunostaining, i.e., immunohistochemical detection of specific molecules in tissue slices, can be employed to detect, localize and quantify particular markers of damage in neurons (i.e., nuclear expression of ATF3) or SGCs (i.e., increased expression of GFAP), markers of apoptosis (i.e., caspases), markers of mitochondrial suffering and oxidative stress (i.e., 8-OHdG), markers of tissue inflammation (i.e., CD68 for macrophage infiltration) etc. However classical (2D) methods of immunostaining disrupt the overall organization of the DRG, thus resulting in the loss of some crucial information. Whole-mount (3D) methods have been recently developed to investigate DRG morphology and neurochemistry without tissue slicing, giving the opportunity to study the intimate relationship between SGCs and sensory neurons in health and disease. Here, we aim to compare classical (2D) vs whole-mount (3D) approaches to highlight “pros” and “cons” of the two methodologies when analysing neuropathy-induced alterations in DRGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Alda Carozzi
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza (MB).
| | - Chiara Salio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO).
| | | | | | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO).
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Rogachevskii IV, Plakhova VB, Penniyaynen VA, Terekhin SG, Podzorova SA, Krylov BV. New approaches to the design of analgesic medicinal substances. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 100:43-52. [PMID: 34425056 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A gamma-pyrone derivative, comenic acid, activates the opioid-like receptor-mediated signaling pathway that modulates the NaV1.8 channels in the primary sensory neuron membrane. These channels are responsible for the generation of the nociceptive signal; therefore, gamma-pyrones have great therapeutic potential as analgesics, and this effect deserves a deeper understanding. The novelty of our approach to the design of a medicinal substance is based on a combination of the data obtained from living neurons using very sensitive physiological methods and the results of quantum chemical calculations. This approach allows the correlation of the molecular structure of gamma-pyrones with their ability to evoke a physiological response of the neuron. Comenic acid can bind to two calcium cations. One of them is chelated by the carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups, while the other forms a salt bond with the carboxylate anion. Calcium-bound gamma-pyrones have fundamentally different electrostatic properties from free gamma-pyrone molecules. These two calcium ions are key elements involved in ligand-receptor binding. It is very likely that ion-ionic interactions between these cations and anionic functional groups of the opioid-like receptor activate the latter. The calculated intercationic distance of 9.5 Å is a structural criterion for effective ligand-receptor binding of calcium-bound gamma-pyrones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia V Rogachevskii
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarova Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.,Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarova Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Vera B Plakhova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarova Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.,Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarova Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Valentina A Penniyaynen
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarova Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.,Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarova Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Stanislav G Terekhin
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarova Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.,Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarova Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Podzorova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarova Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.,Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarova Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Boris V Krylov
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarova Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.,Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarova Emb., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
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12
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Discrepancy in the Usage of GFAP as a Marker of Satellite Glial Cell Reactivity. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081022. [PMID: 34440226 PMCID: PMC8391720 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs) surrounding the neuronal somas in peripheral sensory ganglia are sensitive to neuronal stressors, which induce their reactive state. It is believed that such induced gliosis affects the signaling properties of the primary sensory neurons and is an important component of the neuropathic phenotype leading to pain and other sensory disturbances. Efforts to understand and manipulate such gliosis relies on reliable markers to confirm induced SGC reactivity and ultimately the efficacy of targeted intervention. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is currently the only widely used marker for such analyses. However, we have previously described the lack of SGC upregulation of GFAP in a mouse model of sciatic nerve injury, suggesting that GFAP may not be a universally suitable marker of SGC gliosis across species and experimental models. To further explore this, we here investigate the regulation of GFAP in two different experimental models in both rats and mice. We found that whereas GFAP was upregulated in both rodent species in the applied inflammation model, only the rat demonstrated increased GFAP in SGCs following sciatic nerve injury; we did not observe any such GFAP upregulation in the mouse model at either protein or mRNA levels. Our results demonstrate an important discrepancy between species and experimental models that prevents the usage of GFAP as a universal marker for SGC reactivity.
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13
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Carta G, Gambarotta G, Fornasari BE, Muratori L, El Soury M, Geuna S, Raimondo S, Fregnan F. The neurodynamic treatment induces biological changes in sensory and motor neurons in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13277. [PMID: 34168249 PMCID: PMC8225768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerves are subjected to tensile forces in various paradigms such as injury and regeneration, joint movement, and rehabilitation treatments, as in the case of neurodynamic treatment (NDT). The NDT induces selective uniaxial repeated tension on the nerve and was described to be an effective treatment to reduce pain in patients. Nevertheless, the biological mechanisms activated by the NDT promoting the healing processes of the nerve are yet still unknown. Moreover, a dose-response analysis to define a standard protocol of treatment is unavailable. In this study, we aimed to define in vitro whether NDT protocols could induce selective biological effects on sensory and motor neurons, also investigating the possible involved molecular mechanisms taking a role behind this change. The obtained results demonstrate that NDT induced significant dose-dependent changes promoting cell differentiation, neurite outgrowth, and neuron survival, especially in nociceptive neurons. Notably, NDT significantly upregulated PIEZO1 gene expression. A gene that is coding for an ion channel that is expressed both in murine and human sensory neurons and is related to mechanical stimuli transduction and pain suppression. Other genes involved in mechanical allodynia related to neuroinflammation were not modified by NDT. The results of the present study contribute to increase the knowledge behind the biological mechanisms activated in response to NDT and to understand its efficacy in improving nerve regenerational physiological processes and pain reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Carta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- ASST Nord Milano, Sesto San Giovanni Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gambarotta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Benedetta Elena Fornasari
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Luisa Muratori
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Marwa El Soury
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Federica Fregnan
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
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14
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Wang D, Lu J, Xu X, Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Xu J, Chen H, Liu J, Shen Y, Zhang H. Satellite Glial Cells Give Rise to Nociceptive Sensory Neurons. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:999-1013. [PMID: 33389681 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10102-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons can transmit information about noxious stimulus to cerebral cortex via spinal cord, and play an important role in the pain pathway. Alterations of the pain pathway lead to CIPA (congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis) or chronic pain. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that nerve damage leads to the regeneration of neurons in DRG, which may contribute to pain modulation in feedback. Therefore, exploring the regeneration process of DRG neurons would provide a new understanding to the persistent pathological stimulation and contribute to reshape the somatosensory function. It has been reported that a subpopulation of satellite glial cells (SGCs) express Nestin and p75, and could differentiate into glial cells and neurons, suggesting that SGCs may have differentiation plasticity. Our results in the present study show that DRG-derived SGCs (DRG-SGCs) highly express neural crest cell markers Nestin, Sox2, Sox10, and p75, and differentiate into nociceptive sensory neurons in the presence of histone deacetylase inhibitor VPA, Wnt pathway activator CHIR99021, Notch pathway inhibitor RO4929097, and FGF pathway inhibitor SU5402. The nociceptive sensory neurons express multiple functionally-related genes (SCN9A, SCN10A, SP, Trpv1, and TrpA1) and are able to generate action potentials and voltage-gated Na+ currents. Moreover, we found that these cells exhibited rapid calcium transients in response to capsaicin through binding to the Trpv1 vanilloid receptor, confirming that the DRG-SGC-derived cells are nociceptive sensory neurons. Further, we show that Wnt signaling promotes the differentiation of DRG-SGCs into nociceptive sensory neurons by regulating the expression of specific transcription factor Runx1, while Notch and FGF signaling pathways are involved in the expression of SCN9A. These results demonstrate that DRG-SGCs have stem cell characteristics and can efficiently differentiate into functional nociceptive sensory neurons, shedding light on the clinical treatment of sensory neuron-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Junhou Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaojing Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jianwei Xu
- National Guizhou Joint Engineering Laboratory for Cell Engineering and Biomedicine Technique, Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research, Guizhou Province Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Huanhuan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yixin Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Huanxiang Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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15
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Jager SE, Pallesen LT, Richner M, Harley P, Hore Z, McMahon S, Denk F, Vaegter CB. Changes in the transcriptional fingerprint of satellite glial cells following peripheral nerve injury. Glia 2020; 68:1375-1395. [PMID: 32045043 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs) are homeostatic cells enveloping the somata of peripheral sensory and autonomic neurons. A wide variety of neuronal stressors trigger activation of SGCs, contributing to, for example, neuropathic pain through modulation of neuronal activity. However, compared to neurons and other glial cells of the nervous system, SGCs have received modest scientific attention and very little is known about SGC biology, possibly due to the experimental challenges associated with studying them in vivo and in vitro. Utilizing a recently developed method to obtain SGC RNA from dorsal root ganglia (DRG), we took a systematic approach to characterize the SGC transcriptional fingerprint by using next-generation sequencing and, for the first time, obtain an overview of the SGC injury response. Our RNA sequencing data are easily accessible in supporting information in Excel format. They reveal that SGCs are enriched in genes related to the immune system and cell-to-cell communication. Analysis of SGC transcriptional changes in a nerve injury-paradigm reveal a differential response at 3 days versus 14 days postinjury, suggesting dynamic modulation of SGC function over time. Significant downregulation of several genes linked to cholesterol synthesis was observed at both time points. In contrast, regulation of gene clusters linked to the immune system (MHC protein complex and leukocyte migration) was mainly observed after 14 days. Finally, we demonstrate that, after nerve injury, macrophages are in closer physical proximity to both small and large DRG neurons, and that previously reported injury-induced proliferation of SGCs may, in fact, be proliferating macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Jager
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Lone T Pallesen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Richner
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Harley
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Zoe Hore
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Stephen McMahon
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Franziska Denk
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Christian B Vaegter
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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16
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Walters KM, Boucher M, Boucher GG, Opsahl AC, Mouton PR, Liu CN, Ritenour CR, Kawabe TT, Pryski HN, Somps CJ. No Evidence of Neurogenesis in Adult Rat Sympathetic Ganglia Following Guanethidine-Induced Neuronal Loss. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 48:228-237. [PMID: 30987556 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319843052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The potential for neurogenesis in the cranial (superior) cervical ganglia (SCG) of the sympathetic nervous system was evaluated. Eleven consecutive daily doses of guanethidine (100 mg/kg/d) were administered intraperitoneally to rats in order to destroy postganglionic sympathetic neurons in SCG. Following the last dose, animals were allowed to recover 1, 3, or 6 months. Right and left SCG from guanethidine-treated and age-matched, vehicle-treated control rats were harvested for histopathologic, morphometric, and stereologic evaluations. Both morphometric and stereologic evaluations confirmed neuron loss following guanethidine treatment. Morphometric analysis revealed a 50% to 60% lower number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons per unit area of SCG at both 3 and 6 months of recovery, compared to ganglia of age-matched controls, with no evidence of restoration of neuron density between 3 and 6 months. Reductions in TH-positive neurons following guanethidine treatment were corroborated by unbiased stereology of total hematoxylin and eosin-stained neuron numbers in SCG. Stereologic analyses revealed that total neuron counts were lower by 37% at 3 months of recovery when compared to age-matched vehicle controls, again with no obvious restoration between 3 and 6 months. Thus, no evidence was found that postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system in the adult rat have a neurogenic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Walters
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Magalie Boucher
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | | | - Alan C Opsahl
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Peter R Mouton
- SRC Biosciences, Stereology Resource Center, Inc, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chang-Ning Liu
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | | | - Thomas T Kawabe
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Hayley N Pryski
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
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17
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Zhang L, Xie R, Yang J, Zhao Y, Qi C, Bian G, Wang M, Shan J, Wang C, Wang D, Luo C, Wang Y, Wu S. Chronic pain induces nociceptive neurogenesis in dorsal root ganglia from Sox2‐positive satellite cells. Glia 2019; 67:1062-1075. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Science Xi'an Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Rougang Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Jiping Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Science Xi'an Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Youyi Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Chuchu Qi
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Ganlan Bian
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Junjia Shan
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Ceng Luo
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
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18
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Human renal angiomyolipoma cells of male and female origin can migrate and are influenced by microenvironmental factors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199371. [PMID: 29920561 PMCID: PMC6007918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improving the knowledge of angiomyolipoma physiopathology might help in refining its pharmacological treatment. We investigated if angiomyolipoma cells have migratory properties, how their growth and motility can be influenced by the hormonal milieu, and if this can be related to a specific gender. Methods Primary cells were isolated from angiomyolipomas surgically resected for therapeutical reasons in a female and in a male patient. The genetic control demonstrated no TSC2 deletion. Bi- (wound healing) and three-dimensional (transwell assay) migration were analyzed in vitro in basal conditions and under the influence of 17- β-estradiol and SDF-1α. Results Treatment up to 72 hours with 17-β-estradiol (0.1–100 nM), tamoxifen (0.2–20 μM) or with both, does not modify angiomyolipoma cells proliferation. On the other hand, SDF-1α and 17-β-estradiol treatment induce a significant motility increase (both bi- and three-dimensional) which becomes evident already after 2 hours of incubation. Angiomyolipoma cells express mRNA coding for SDF-1α and 17-β-estradiol receptors and secrete both the metalloproteases principally involved in malignant phenotype acquisition, i.e. MMP-2 and MMP-9. Conclusion Angiomyolipoma cells behave similarly, despite their different source. Primary angiomyolipoma cells migrate in response to hormonal milieu and soluble factors, and produce active metalloproteases, both aspects being consistent with the theory claiming they can migrate to the lungs (and/or other organs) and colonizing them. No main feature, among the aspects we analyzed, seems to be referable to the gender of origin.
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19
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Fornaro M, Sharthiya H, Tiwari V. Adult Mouse DRG Explant and Dissociated Cell Models to Investigate Neuroplasticity and Responses to Environmental Insults Including Viral Infection. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29578527 DOI: 10.3791/56757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes an ex vivo model of mouse-derived dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explant and in vitro DRG-derived co-culture of dissociated sensory neurons and glial satellite cells. These are useful and versatile models to investigate a variety of biological responses associated with physiological and pathological conditions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) ranging from neuron-glial interaction, neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and viral infection. The usage of DRG explant is scientifically advantageous compared to simplistic single cells models for multiple reasons. For instance, as an organotypic culture, the DRG explant allows ex vivo transfer of an entire neuronal network including the extracellular microenvironment that play a significant role in all the neuronal and glial functions. Further, DRG explants can also be maintained ex vivo for several days and the culture conditions can be perturbed as desired. In addition, the harvested DRG can be further dissociated into an in vitro co-culture of primary sensory neurons and satellite glial cells to investigate neuronal-glial interaction, neuritogenesis, axonal cone interaction with the extracellular microenvironment, and more general, any aspect associated with the neuronal metabolism. Therefore, the DRG-explant system offers a great deal of flexibility to study a wide array of events related to biological, physiological, and pathological conditions in a cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fornaro
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine (CCOM), Midwestern University;
| | - Harsh Sharthiya
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine (CCOM), Midwestern University
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine (CCOM), Midwestern University
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20
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Furlan A, Adameyko I. Schwann cell precursor: a neural crest cell in disguise? Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S25-S35. [PMID: 29454705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) are multipotent embryonic progenitors covering all developing peripheral nerves. These nerves grow and navigate with unprecedented precision, delivering SCP progenitors to almost all locations in the embryonic body. Within specific developing tissues, SCPs detach from nerves and generate neuroendocrine cells, autonomic neurons, mature Schwann cells, melanocytes and other cell types. These properties of SCPs evoke resemblances between them and their parental population, namely, neural crest cells. Neural crest cells are incredibly multipotent migratory cells that revolutionized the course of evolution in the lineage of early chordate animals. Given this similarity and recent data, it is possible to hypothesize that proto-neural crest cells are similar to SCPs spreading along the nerves. Here, we review the multipotency of SCPs, the signals that govern them, their potential therapeutic value, SCP's embryonic origin and their evolutionary connections. We dedicate this article to the memory of Wilhelm His, the father of the microtome and "Zwischenstrang", currently known as the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Furlan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 USA
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Pannese E. Biology and Pathology of Perineuronal Satellite Cells in Sensory Ganglia. BIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF PERINEURONAL SATELLITE CELLS IN SENSORY GANGLIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60140-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Ottoboni L, Merlini A, Martino G. Neural Stem Cell Plasticity: Advantages in Therapy for the Injured Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:52. [PMID: 28553634 PMCID: PMC5427132 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological and pathological properties of the neural germinal stem cell niche have been well-studied in the past 30 years, mainly in animals and within given limits in humans, and knowledge is available for the cyto-architectonic structure, the cellular components, the timing of development and the energetic maintenance of the niche, as well as for the therapeutic potential and the cross talk between neural and immune cells. In recent years we have gained detailed understanding of the potentiality of neural stem cells (NSCs), although we are only beginning to understand their molecular, metabolic, and epigenetic profile in physiopathology and, further, more can be invested to measure quantitatively the activity of those cells, to model in vitro their therapeutic responses or to predict interactions in silico. Information in this direction has been put forward for other organs but is still limited in the complex and very less accessible context of the brain. A comprehensive understanding of the behavior of endogenous NSCs will help to tune or model them toward a desired response in order to treat complex neurodegenerative diseases. NSCs have the ability to modulate multiple cellular functions and exploiting their plasticity might make them into potent and versatile cellular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ottoboni
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
| | - Arianna Merlini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
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23
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Fadda A, Bärtschi M, Hemphill A, Widmer HR, Zurbriggen A, Perona P, Vidondo B, Oevermann A. Primary Postnatal Dorsal Root Ganglion Culture from Conventionally Slaughtered Calves. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168228. [PMID: 27936156 PMCID: PMC5148591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders in ruminants have an important impact on veterinary health, but very few host-specific in vitro models have been established to study diseases affecting the nervous system. Here we describe a primary neuronal dorsal root ganglia (DRG) culture derived from calves after being conventionally slaughtered for food consumption. The study focuses on the in vitro characterization of bovine DRG cell populations by immunofluorescence analysis. The effects of various growth factors on neuron viability, neurite outgrowth and arborisation were evaluated by morphological analysis. Bovine DRG neurons are able to survive for more than 4 weeks in culture. GF supplementation is not required for neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth. However, exogenously added growth factors promote neurite outgrowth. DRG cultures from regularly slaughtered calves represent a promising and sustainable host specific model for the investigation of pain and neurological diseases in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Fadda
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - M. Bärtschi
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A. Hemphill
- Institute for Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - H. R. Widmer
- Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A. Zurbriggen
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - P. Perona
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - B. Vidondo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute (VPHI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A. Oevermann
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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The Efficacy of Gabapentin in the Treatment of Pain Due to Far Lateral Lumbar Disc Herniations. Clin Neuropharmacol 2016; 39:140-3. [DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Sigerson CD, Dipollina CJ, Fornaro M. Effects of chemical and physical cues in enhancing neuritogenesis and peripheral nerve regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:220-1. [PMID: 27073363 PMCID: PMC4810974 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.177717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Casey D Sigerson
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University - Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Christopher J Dipollina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, College of Health Sciences, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University - Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Downers Grove, IL, USA
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26
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Obradović ALJ, Scarpa J, Osuru HP, Weaver JL, Park JY, Pathirathna S, Peterkin A, Lim Y, Jagodic MM, Todorovic SM, Jevtovic-Todorovic V. Silencing the α2 subunit of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in rat dorsal root ganglia reveals its major role in antinociception posttraumatic nerve injury. Anesthesiology 2015; 123:654-67. [PMID: 26164299 PMCID: PMC4568754 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain (NPP) is likely the result of repetitive high-frequency bursts of peripheral afferent activity leading to long-lasting changes in synaptic plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn. Drugs that promote γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity in the dorsal horn provide partial relief of neuropathic symptoms. The authors examined how in vivo silencing of the GABA receptor type A (GABAA) α2 gene in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) controls NPP. METHODS After crush injury to the right sciatic nerve of female rats, the α2 GABAA antisense and mismatch oligodeoxynucleotides or NO-711 (a GABA uptake inhibitor) were applied to the L5 DRG. In vivo behavioral assessment of nociception was conducted before the injury and ensuing 10 days (n = 4 to 10). In vitro quantification of α2 GABAA protein and electrophysiological studies of GABAA currents were performed on acutely dissociated L5 DRG neurons at relevant time points (n = 6 to 14). RESULTS NPP postcrush injury of a sciatic nerve in adult female rats coincides with significant down-regulation of the α2 subunit expression in the ipsilateral DRG (approximately 30%). Selective down-regulation of α2 expression in DRGs significantly worsens mechanical (2.55 ± 0.75 to 5.16 ± 1.16) and thermal (7.97 ± 0.96 to 5.51 ± 0.75) hypersensitivity in crush-injured animals and causes development of significant mechanical (2.33 ± 0.40 to 5.00 ± 0.33) and thermal (10.80 ± 0.29 to 7.34 ± 0.81) hypersensitivity in sham animals (data shown as mean ± SD). Conversely, up-regulation of endogenous GABA via blockade of its uptake in DRG alleviates NPP. CONCLUSION The GABAA receptor in the DRG plays an important role in pathophysiology of NPP caused by sciatic nerve injury and represents promising target for novel pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar LJ Obradović
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Belgrade School of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Joseph Scarpa
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hari P Osuru
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Janelle L Weaver
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ji-Yong Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sriyani Pathirathna
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alexander Peterkin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yunhee Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Miljenko M Jagodic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Slobodan M Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Vesna Jevtovic-Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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