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Caliani Carrera AL, Minto BW, Malard P, Brunel HDSS. The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome (Extracellular Microvesicles and Exosomes) in Animals' Musculoskeletal and Neurologic-Related Disorders. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:8819506. [PMID: 38023428 PMCID: PMC10645499 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8819506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The advances in regenerative medicine are very important for the development of medicine and the discovery of stem cells has shown a greater capacity to raise the level of therapeutic quality while their use becomes more accessible, especially in their mesenchymal form. In veterinary medicine, it is not different. The use of those cells, as well as recent advances related to the use of their extracellular vesicles, demonstrates a great opportunity to enhance therapeutic methods and ensure more life quality for patients, which can be in clinical or surgical treatments. Knowing the advances in these modalities and the growing clinical and surgery research and demands for innovations in orthopedic and neurology medicines, this paper aimed to review the literature about the methodologies of use and applications such as the pathways of action and the advances that were postulated for microvesicles and exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in veterinary medicine, especially for musculoskeletal disorders and related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alefe Luiz Caliani Carrera
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av Paulo Donato Castelane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Watanabe Minto
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av Paulo Donato Castelane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Malard
- Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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Petrova V, Vachkova E. Outlook of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Challenges to Their Clinical Application in Horses. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050348. [PMID: 37235430 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is recognized as the major endocrine organ, potentially acting as a source of mesenchymal stem cells for various applications in regenerative medicine. Athletic horses are often exposed to traumatic injuries, resulting in severe financial losses. The development of adipose-derived stem cells' regenerative potential depends on many factors. The extraction of stem cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue is non-invasive, non-traumatic, cheaper, and safer than other sources. Since there is a lack of unique standards for identification, the isolated cells and applied differentiation protocols are often not species-specific; therefore, the cells cannot reveal their multipotent properties, so their stemness features remain questionable. The current review discusses some aspects of the specificity of equine adipose stem cells concerning their features, immunophenotyping, secretome profile, differentiation abilities, culturing conditions, and consequent possibilities for clinical application in concrete disorders. The presented new approaches elucidate the possibility of the transition from cell-based to cell-free therapy with regenerative purposes in horses as an alternative treatment to cellular therapy. In conclusion, their clinical benefits should not be underestimated due to the higher yield and the physiological properties of adipose-derived stem cells that facilitate the healing and tissue regeneration process and the ability to amplify the effects of traditional treatments. More profound studies are necessary to apply these innovative approaches when treating traumatic disorders in racing horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Petrova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Ekaterina Vachkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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Hassan TA, Maher MA, El Karmoty AF, Ahmed ZSO, Ibrahim MA, Rizk H, Reyad AT. Auricular cartilage regeneration using different types of mesenchymal stem cells in rabbits. Biol Res 2022; 55:40. [PMID: 36572914 PMCID: PMC9791760 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilaginous disorders comprise a wide range of diseases that affect normal joint movement, ear and nose shape; and they have great social and economic impact. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) provide a promising regeneration alternative for treatment of degenerative cartilaginous disorders. This study aimed to compare therapeutic potential of different types of laser activated MSCs to promote auricular cartilage regeneration. Twelve adult rabbit allocated equally in four groups, all animals received a surgical mid auricular cartilage defect in one ear; Group I (Positive control) injected sub-perichondrially with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Group II (ADMSC-transplanted group) injected adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs), Group III (BMMSCs-transplanted group) received bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMMSCs), and Group IV (EMSC-transplanted group) received ear MSCs (EMSCs) in the defected ear. The auricular defect was analyzed morphologically, histopathologically and immunohistochemically after 4 weeks. In addition, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to examine expression of the collagen type II (Col II) and aggrecan as cartilage growth factors. RESULTS The auricles of all treatments appeared completely healed with smooth surfaces and similar tissue color. Histopathologically, defective areas of control positive group, ADMSCs and EMSCs treated groups experienced a small area of immature cartilage. While BMMSCs treated group exhibited typical features of new cartilage formation with mature chondrocytes inside their lacunae and dense extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition, BMMSC treated group showed a positive reaction to Masson's trichrome and orcein stains. In contrary, control positive, ADMSC and EMSC groups revealed faint staining with Masson's trichrome and Orcein. Immunohistochemically, there was an intense positive S100 expression in BMMSCs (with a significant increase of area percentage + 21.89 (P < 0.05), a moderate reaction in EMSCs (with an area percentage + 17.97, and a mild reaction in the control group and ADMSCs (area percentages + 8.02 and + 11.37, respectively). The expression of relative col II and aggrecan was substantially highest in BMMSCs (± 0.91 and ± 0.89, respectively). While, Control positive, ADMSCs and EMSCs groups recorded (± 0.41: ± 0.21, ± 0.6: ± 0.44, ± 0.61: ± 0.63) respectively. CONCLUSION BMMSCs showed the highest chondrogenic potential compared to ADMSCs and EMSCs and should be considered the first choice in treatment of cartilaginous degenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghreed Ahmed Hassan
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211 Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Maher
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211 Egypt
| | - Amr Fekry El Karmoty
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211 Egypt
| | - Zainab Sabry Othman Ahmed
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Cytology and Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt ,King Salman International University, South Sinai, Ras Sudr, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Ibrahim
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211 Egypt
| | - Hamdy Rizk
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211 Egypt
| | - Ayman Tolba Reyad
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211 Egypt
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How to maintain and transport equine adipose tissue for isolating mesenchymal stem cells? BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:284. [PMID: 35864533 PMCID: PMC9306088 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue (AT) is one of the most important mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) sources because of its high quantities, availability and ease of collection. After being collected samples, they should be transported to a laboratory for stem cell (SC) isolation, culture and expansion for future clinical application. Usually, laboratories are distant from animal husbandry centers; therefore, it is necessary to provide suitable conditions for adipose tissue transportation, such that adipose-derived MSCs are minimally affected. In the current study, the impact of tissue maintenance under different conditions on MSCs derived from these tissues was evaluated. We aimed at finding suitable and practical transportation methods in which ASCs go through the slightest changes. RESULTS In the current study, after being collected, equine AT was randomized into eight groups: four samples were maintained in stem cell culture media at 25 οC and 4 οC for 6 and 12 hrs. as transportation via SC media groups. Three samples were frozen at three different temperatures (- 20, - 75 and - 196 οC) as cryopreserved groups; these samples were defrosted 1 week after cryopreservation. Fresh and unfrozen AT was evaluated as a control group. The tissue samples were then initiated into enzymatic digestion, isolation and the culturing of SCs. Cells at passage three were used to evaluate the ability to form colonies, proliferation rate, plotting of the cell growth curve, and viability rate. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Stem cell isolation was successful in all groups, although purification of SCs from the first series of cryopreservation at - 196 οC and two series of - 20 οC was unsuccessful. There was no significant difference between the surface area of colonies in all groups except for - 20 οC. The growth rate of transportation via stem cell media at 25 οC for 6 hrs. was similar to that of the control group. MTT analysis revealed a significant difference between 25 οC 12 hrs. Group and other experimental groups except for control, 4 οC 12 hrs. and - 196 οC group. CONCLUSION Data have shown freezing at - 75 οC, transportation via stem cell media at 4 οC for 12 hrs. and 25 οC for 6 hrs. are acceptable tissue preservation and transportation methods due to minor effects on MSCs features.
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Farid MF, S Abouelela Y, Rizk H. Stem cell treatment trials of spinal cord injuries in animals. Auton Neurosci 2022; 238:102932. [PMID: 35016045 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious neurological spinal cord damage that resulted in the loss of temporary or permanent function. However, there are even now no effective therapies for it. So, a new medical promising therapeutic hotspot over the previous decades appeared which was (Stem cell (SC) cure of SCI). Otherwise, animal models are considered in preclinical research as a model for humans to trial a potential new treatment. METHODOLOGY Following articles were saved from different databases (PubMed, Google scholar, Egyptian knowledge bank, Elsevier, Medline, Embase, ProQuest, BMC) on the last two decades, and data were obtained then analyzed. RESULTS This review discusses the type and grading of SCI. As well as different types of stem cells therapy for SCI, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The review focuses on the transplantation pathways, clinical evaluation, and clinical signs of different types of SC on different animal models which are summarized in tables to give an easy to reach. CONCLUSION Pharmacological and physiotherapy have limited regenerative power in comparison with stem cells medication in the treatment of SCI. Among several sources of cell therapies, mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) one is being progressively developed as a trusted important energetic way to repair and regenerate. Finally, a wide-ranged animal models have been condensed that helped in human clinical trial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam F Farid
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Yara S Abouelela
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
| | - Hamdy Rizk
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
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Elashry MI, Kinde M, Klymiuk MC, Eldaey A, Wenisch S, Arnhold S. The effect of hypoxia on myogenic differentiation and multipotency of the skeletal muscle-derived stem cells in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:56. [PMID: 35123554 PMCID: PMC8817503 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Skeletal muscle-derived stem cells (SC) have become a promising approach for investigating myogenic differentiation and optimizing tissue regeneration. Muscle regeneration is performed by SC, a self-renewal cell population underlying the basal lamina of muscle fibers. Here, we examined the impact of hypoxia condition on the regenerative capacity of SC either in their native microenvironment or via isolation in a monolayer culture using ectopic differentiation inductions. Furthermore, the effect of low oxygen tension on myogenic differentiation protocols of the myoblasts cell line C2C12 was examined.
Methods
Hind limb muscles of wild type mice were processed for both SC/fiber isolation and myoblast extraction using magnetic beads. SC were induced for myogenic, adipogenic and osteogenic commitments under normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (3% O2) conditions. SC proliferation and differentiation were evaluated using histological staining, immunohistochemistry, morphometric analysis and RT-qPCR. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA.
Results
The data revealed enhanced SC proliferation and motility following differentiation induction after 48 h under hypoxia. Following myogenic induction, the number of undifferentiated cells positive for Pax7 were increased at 72 h under hypoxia. Hypoxia upregulated MyoD and downregulated Myogenin expression at day-7 post-myogenic induction. Hypoxia promoted both SC adipogenesis and osteogenesis under respective induction as shown by using Oil Red O and Alizarin Red S staining. The expression of adipogenic markers; peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) were upregulated under hypoxia up to day 14 compared to normoxic condition. Enhanced osteogenic differentiation was detected under hypoxic condition via upregulation of osteocalcin and osteopontin expression up to day 14 as well as, increased calcium deposition at day 21. Hypoxia exposure increases the number of adipocytes and the size of fat vacuoles per adipocyte compared to normoxic culture. Combining the differentiation medium with dexamethasone under hypoxia improves the efficiency of the myogenic differentiation protocol of C2C12 by increasing the length of the myotubes.
Conclusions
Hypoxia exposure increases cell resources for clinical applications and promotes SC multipotency and thus beneficial for tissue regeneration.
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Kim J, Kim D, Seo D, Hwang H, Kim Y, Chung T, Lim S, Lee H, Kim M, Park S, Youn H. Clinical application of both amniotic membranes and adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells in a cat with a large skin defect. VET MED-CZECH 2022; 67:105-111. [PMID: 39171216 PMCID: PMC11334962 DOI: 10.17221/155/2020-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Surgical procedures on large skin defects can be challenging in the short term due to the size of the lesion, infection, and tissue defect. A regenerative therapy for skin wounds has been applied to promote the healing process. An 8-month-old, Korean domestic short-haired female cat, weighing 3 kg, was rescued with extensive defects on the right flank to right inguinal region caused by bite wounds. In this case, amniotic membranes and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were used as the regenerative therapy to treat the large skin defect rather than a surgical intervention alone. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a case with of a large skin defect treated by applying allogeneic amniotic membranes and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells to a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janghwan Kim
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesik Kim
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyun Seo
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Hwang
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Kim
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyu Chung
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoo Lim
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Lee
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kim
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seolgi Park
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwayoung Youn
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Equine Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Freeze-Dried Secretome (Lyosecretome) for the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Diseases: Production Process Validation and Batch Release Test for Clinical Use. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060553. [PMID: 34200627 PMCID: PMC8226765 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, it has been demonstrated that the regenerative therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells is primarily due to the secretion of soluble factors and extracellular vesicles, collectively known as secretome. In this context, our work described the preparation and characterization of a freeze-dried secretome (Lyosecretome) from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for the therapy of equine musculoskeletal disorder. An intraarticular injectable pharmaceutical powder has been formulated, and the technological process has been validated in an authorized facility for veterinary clinical-use medicinal production. Critical parameters for quality control and batch release have been identified regarding (i) physicochemical properties; (ii) extracellular vesicle morphology, size distribution, and surface biomarker; (iii) protein and lipid content; (iv) requirements for injectable pharmaceutical dosage forms such as sterility, bacterial endotoxin, and Mycoplasma; and (v) in vitro potency tests, as anti-elastase activity and proliferative activity on musculoskeletal cell lines (tenocytes and chondrocytes) and mesenchymal stromal cells. Finally, proteins putatively responsible for the biological effects have been identified by Lyosecretome proteomic investigation: IL10RA, MXRA5, RARRES2, and ANXA1 modulate the inflammatory process RARRES2, NOD1, SERPINE1, and SERPINB9 with antibacterial activity. The work provides a proof-of-concept for the manufacturing of clinical-grade equine freeze-dried secretome, and prototypes are now available for safety and efficacy clinical trials in the treatment of equine musculoskeletal diseases
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El-Sayed A, Kamel M. Bovine mastitis prevention and control in the post-antibiotic era. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:236. [PMID: 33788033 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is the most important disease in the dairy industry. Antibiotics are considered to be the first choice in the treatment of the disease. However, the problem of antibiotic residue and antimicrobial resistance, in addition to the impact of antibiotic abuse on public health, leads to many restrictions on uncontrolled antibiotic therapy in the dairy sector worldwide. Researchers have investigated novel therapeutic approaches to replace the use of antibiotics in mastitis control. These efforts, supported by the revolutionary development of nanotechnology, stem cell assays, molecular biological tools, and genomics, enabled the development of new approaches for mastitis-treatment and control. The present review discusses recent concepts to control mastitis such as breeding of mastitis-resistant dairy cows, the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools, the application of communication technology as an educational and epidemiological tool, application of modern mastitis vaccines, cow drying protocols, teat disinfection, housing, and nutrition. These include the application of nanotechnology, stem cell technology, photodynamic and laser therapy or the use of traditional herbal medical plants, nutraceuticals, antibacterial peptides, bacteriocins, antibodies therapy, bacteriophages, phage lysins, and probiotics as alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Sayed
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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REIS BPZCD, ORGE ID, SAMPAIO GLDA, DALTRO SRT, SANTOS RRD, MEIRA CS, SOARES MBP. Mesenchymal Stem cells in the context of canine atopic dermatitis: A Review. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402122242021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease and has a high frequency among dermatological diseases. The interaction of genetic factors, skin and environmental conditions affect the expression of the disease, developing a complex pathology. Current multimodal treatment has numerous adverse effects and variations in its efficacy and safety, demonstrating the need to develop safe and effective therapeutic resources for patients with CAD. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells, with special characteristics, such as self-renewal, immunomodulatory properties, and de-differentiation, making them useful for several clinical problems. The discovery of the immunosuppressive effect of MSCs on T cells has opened the potential for new perspectives with its use as a therapeutic agent for immune diseases, such as CAD. The scarce number of research using the MSC as a treatment for CAD result in the lack of knowledge about the benefits and possible protocols to be followed for the use of this cell therapy. In this review, we highlighted the clinical studies and potential biological mechanisms of MSC-based cell therapy effects attenuating canine atopic dermatitis compared to conventional treatment, which might lead to a safe improvement of the animal’s clinical condition in a short period without causing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cássio Santana MEIRA
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Brazil
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Siengdee P, Oster M, Reyer H, Viergutz T, Wimmers K, Ponsuksili S. Morphological and Molecular Features of Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived From Different Types of Synovial Membrane, and Genetic Background of Cell Donors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:601212. [PMID: 33363158 PMCID: PMC7755640 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.601212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovial mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) have become a great cell source for musculoskeletal stem cell research, especially related to cartilage and bone tissue regeneration, due to their superior cell proliferation properties and multidifferentiation potential into various cell lineages. This study revealed isolation methods, culture conditions, and morphological and molecular characterization of SMSCs derived fibrous synovium (FS) and adipose synovium (FP) of two pig breeds differing in growth performance [German Landrace (DL), and fat deposition (Angeln Saddleback (AS)]. Herein, FS possessed nucleated cell numbers nearly twice as high as those of FP at Passage 0. SMSCs derived from different types of synovial membrane and genetic background show similar cell morphologies and immunophenotypes, which were assessed by cell surface epitopes and multilineage differentiation potential, but differ significantly in their molecular characteristics. In addition, transcripts of SMSCs from AS were more enriched in IGF-1 signaling and VEGF ligand receptor, while SMSCs from DL were more enriched in growth hormone signaling and bone metabolism. The results indicate that genetics and tissues play significant roles for SMSC characteristics so that SMSCs can be traced back to the original cell donor and be used for fine turning in applications of medical research and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puntita Siengdee
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Michael Oster
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Viergutz
- Institute for Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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Kang MH, Park HM. Challenges of stem cell therapies in companion animal practice. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e42. [PMID: 32476316 PMCID: PMC7263915 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine using stem cells from various sources are emerging treatment modality in several refractory diseases in veterinary medicine. It is well-known that stem cells can differentiate into specific cell types, self-renew, and regenerate. In addition, the unique immunomodulatory effects of stem cells have made stem cell transplantation a promising option for treating a wide range of disease and injuries. Recently, the medical demands for companion animals have been rapidly increasing, and certain disease conditions require alternative treatment options. In this review, we focused on stem cell application research in companion animals including experimental models, case reports and clinical trials in dogs and cats. The clinical studies and therapeutic protocols were categorized, evaluated and summarized according to the organ systems involved. The results indicate that evidence for the effectiveness of cell-based treatment in specific diseases or organ systems is not yet conclusive. Nonetheless, stem cell therapy may be a realistic treatment option in the near future, therefore, considerable efforts are needed to find optimized cell sources, cell numbers and delivery methods in order to standardize treatment methods and evaluation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hee Kang
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hee Myung Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Abstract
The lack of clear regulations for the use of veterinary stem cells has triggered the commercialization of unproven experimental therapies for companion animal diseases. Adult stem cells have complex biological characteristics that are directly related to the therapeutic application, but several questions remain to be answered. In order to regulate the use of these cells, well-conducted, controlled scientific studies that generate high-quality data should be performed, in order to assess the efficacy and safety of the intended treatment. This paper discusses the scientific challenges of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in veterinary regenerative medicine, and reviews published trials of adipose-tissue-derived stem cells in companion animal diseases that spontaneously occur.
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Kuncorojakti S, Srisuwatanasagul S, Kradangnga K, Sawangmake C. Insulin-Producing Cell Transplantation Platform for Veterinary Practice. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:4. [PMID: 32118053 PMCID: PMC7028771 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a global concern in both human and veterinary medicine. Type I DM requires prolonged and consistent exogenous insulin administration to address hyperglycemia, which can increase the risk of diabetes complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and heart disorders. Cell-based therapies have been successful in human medicine using the Edmonton protocol. These therapies help maintain the production of endogenous insulin and stabilize blood glucose levels and may possibly be adapted to veterinary clinical practice. The limited number of cadaveric pancreas donors and the long-term use of immunosuppressive agents are the main obstacles for this protocol. Over the past decade, the development of potential therapies for DM has mainly focused on the generation of effective insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from various sources of stem cells that can be transplanted into the body. Another successful application of stem cells in type I DM therapies is transplanting generated IPCs. Encapsulation can be an alternative strategy to protect IPCs from rejection by the body due to their immunoisolation properties. This review summarizes current concepts of IPCs and encapsulation technology for veterinary clinical application and proposes a potential stem-cell-based platform for veterinary diabetic regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryo Kuncorojakti
- Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Veterinary Pharmacology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sayamon Srisuwatanasagul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krishaporn Kradangnga
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chenphop Sawangmake
- Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Veterinary Pharmacology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Veterinary Clinical Stem Cell and Bioengineering Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Rajabzadeh N, Fathi E, Farahzadi R. Stem cell-based regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Investig 2019; 6:19. [PMID: 31463312 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2019.06.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in the stem cell biology provided new hopes in treatment of diseases and disorders that yet cannot be treated. Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types in the body during age. These provide new cells for the body as it grows, and replace specialized cells that are damaged. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be easily harvested from the adipose tissue and can also be cultured and expanded in vitro they have become a good target for tissue regeneration. These cells have been widespread used for cell transplantation in animals and also for clinical trials in humans. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of our current knowledge regarding the important and types of isolated stem cells from different sources of animal models such as horse, pig, goat, dog, rabbit, cat, rat, mice etc. In this regard, due to the widespread use and lot of attention of MSCs, in this review, we will elaborate on use of MSCs in veterinary medicine as well as in regenerative medicine. Based on the studies in this field, MSCs found wide application in treatment of diseases, such as heart failure, wound healing, tooth regeneration etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassim Rajabzadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ezzatollah Fathi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raheleh Farahzadi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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DePompeo CM, Giassetti MI, Elnaggar MM, Oatley JM, Davis WC, Fransson BA. Isolation of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from falciform tissue obtained via laparoscopic morcellation: A pilot study. Vet Surg 2019; 49 Suppl 1:O28-O37. [PMID: 31222769 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility of stem cell isolation from falciform fat harvested via laparoscopic morcellation. STUDY DESIGN Pilot study. ANIMALS Eleven client-owned dogs. METHODS Falciform was harvested traditionally via laparotomy and laparoscopically via tissue morcellation. Harvested tissue was processed with a commercially available adipose tissue dissociation kit to obtain a stromal vascular fraction (SVF). Cells were subsequently labeled for CD90, CD45, and CD44 cell surface antigens by using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting flow cytometry. CD90+ cells were quantitated, and their viability was assessed with a hemocytometer and a trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability. RESULTS No perioperative complications occurred in dogs undergoing laparoscopic morcellation. Laparoscopically and traditionally harvested samples yielded an average of 0.39 (±0.1) × 106 and 0.33 (±0.1) × 106 CD90+ cells, respectively, per 10 million SVF cells. CD90+ cell viability after MACS was 89% (±11%) for morcellated and 86% (±7%) for traditionally harvested samples. Neither CD90+ cell quantity nor viability was different between samples obtained via traditional laparotomy vs laparoscopic morcellation (P = .38 and P = .63, respectively). Populations of CD90+ cells isolated with each harvest technique had similar CD44 and CD45 expression profiles. CONCLUSION Viable populations of CD90+ cells with similar CD44/CD45 expression profiles were isolated from laparoscopically morcellated and traditionally harvested falciform tissue. No appreciable morbidity was associated with laparoscopic falciform morcellation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Laparoscopic morcellation is a safe and effective minimally invasive approach to falciform tissue harvest for adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M DePompeo
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Small Animal Surgery Department, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Mariana Ianello Giassetti
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Mahmoud M Elnaggar
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Monoclonal Antibody Center and Flow Cytometry Facility, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Jon M Oatley
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - William C Davis
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Monoclonal Antibody Center and Flow Cytometry Facility, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Boel A Fransson
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Small Animal Surgery Department, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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17
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Kornicka K, Geburek F, Röcken M, Marycz K. Stem Cells in Equine Veterinary Practice-Current Trends, Risks, and Perspectives. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050675. [PMID: 31091732 PMCID: PMC6572129 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With this Editorial, we introduce the Special Issue "Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Microvesicles (ExMVs) for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications" to the scientific community. In this issue, we focus on regenerative medicine, stem cells, and their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kornicka
- Department of Experimental Biology, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland.
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Malin, Jesionowa 11, 55-114 Wisznia Mała, Poland.
| | - Florian Geburek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic-Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Röcken
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic-Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland.
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Malin, Jesionowa 11, 55-114 Wisznia Mała, Poland.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic-Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Hill ABT, Bressan FF, Murphy BD, Garcia JM. Applications of mesenchymal stem cell technology in bovine species. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:44. [PMID: 30678726 PMCID: PMC6345009 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have received a great deal of attention over the past 20 years mainly because of the results that showed regeneration potential and plasticity that were much stronger than expected in prior decades. Recent findings in this field have contributed to progress in the establishment of cell differentiation methods, which have made stem cell therapy more clinically attractive. In addition, MSCs are easy to isolate and have anti-inflammatory and angiogenic capabilities. The use of stem cell therapy is currently supported by scientific literature in the treatment of several animal health conditions. MSC may be administered for autologous or allogenic therapy following either a fresh isolation or a thawing of a previously frozen culture. Despite the fact that MSCs have been widely used for the treatment of companion and sport animals, little is known about their clinical and biotechnological potential in the economically relevant livestock industry. This review focuses on describing the key characteristics of potential applications of MSC therapy in livestock production and explores the themes such as the concept, culture, and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells; bovine mesenchymal stem cell isolation; applications and perspectives on commercial interests and farm relevance of MSC in bovine species; and applications in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Baracho Trindade Hill
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castelane - Vila Industrial, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil. .,Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.
| | - Fabiana Fernandes Bressan
- Campus Fernando Costa, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 - Zona Rural, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Bruce D Murphy
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Joaquim Mansano Garcia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castelane - Vila Industrial, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
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19
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Dias LD, Casali KR, Ghem C, da Silva MK, Sausen G, Palma PB, Covas DT, Kalil RAK, Schaan BD, Nardi NB, Markoski MM. Mesenchymal stem cells from sternum: the type of heart disease, ischemic or valvular, does not influence the cell culture establishment and growth kinetics. J Transl Med 2017; 15:161. [PMID: 28743269 PMCID: PMC5526254 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In an attempt to increase the therapeutic potential for myocardial regeneration, there is a quest for new cell sources and types for cell therapy protocols. The pathophysiology of heart diseases may affect cellular characteristics and therapeutic results. Methods To study the proliferative and differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), isolated from bone marrow (BM) of sternum, we made a comparative analysis between samples of patients with ischemic (IHD) or non-ischemic valvular (VHD) heart diseases. We included patients with IHD (n = 42) or VHD (n = 20), with average age of 60 years and no differences in cardiovascular risk factors. BM samples were collected (16.4 ± 6 mL) and submitted to centrifugation with Ficoll-Paque, yielding 4.5 ± 1.5 × 107 cells/mL. Results Morphology, immunophenotype and differentiation ability had proven that the cultivated sternal BM cells had MSC features. The colony forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) frequency was similar between groups (p = 0.510), but VHD samples showed positive correlation to plated cells vs. CFU-F number (r = 0.499, p = 0.049). The MSC culture was established in 29% of collected samples, achieved passage 9, without significant difference in expansion kinetics between groups (p > 0.05). Dyslipidemia and the use of statins was associated with culture establishment for IHD patients (p = 0.049 and p = 0.006, respectively). Conclusions Together, these results show that the sternum bone can be used as a source for MSC isolation, and that ischemic or valvular diseases do not influence the cellular yield, culture establishment or in vitro growth kinetics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1262-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinara Dadda Dias
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde-Cardiologia, Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Avenida Princesa Isabel, n° 370, 3° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90620-001, Brazil
| | | | - Carine Ghem
- Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Melissa Kristocheck da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde-Cardiologia, Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Avenida Princesa Isabel, n° 370, 3° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90620-001, Brazil
| | - Grasiele Sausen
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde-Cardiologia, Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Avenida Princesa Isabel, n° 370, 3° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90620-001, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Bonini Palma
- Laboratório de Citometria de Fluxo, Centro Regional de Hemoterapia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto/Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Laboratório de Citometria de Fluxo, Centro Regional de Hemoterapia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto/Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato A K Kalil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde-Cardiologia, Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Avenida Princesa Isabel, n° 370, 3° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90620-001, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Beatriz D Schaan
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nance Beyer Nardi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde-Cardiologia, Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Avenida Princesa Isabel, n° 370, 3° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90620-001, Brazil.,Laboratório de Células-Tronco e Engenharia de Tecidos, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Melissa Medeiros Markoski
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde-Cardiologia, Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Avenida Princesa Isabel, n° 370, 3° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90620-001, Brazil. .,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Faltus T, Brehm W. Cell-Based Veterinary Pharmaceuticals - Basic Legal Parameters Set by the Veterinary Pharmaceutical Law and the Genetic Engineering Law of the European Union. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:101. [PMID: 27965965 PMCID: PMC5127790 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies have been in use in veterinary medicine for years. However, the legal requirement of manufacturing, placing on the market and use of cell-based veterinary pharmaceuticals are not as well developed as the respective requirements of chemical pharmaceuticals. Cell-based veterinary pharmaceuticals are medicinal products in the sense of the pharmaceutical law of the European Union (EU). For that reason, such medicinal products principally require official approval for their manufacture and an official marketing authorization for their placement on the market before being used by the veterinarian. The manufacture, placing on the market, and use of cell-based veterinary pharmaceuticals without manufacturing approval and marketing authorization is permitted only in certain exceptional cases determined by EU and individual Member State law. Violations of this requirement may have consequences for the respective veterinarian under criminal law and under the code of professional conduct in the respective Member State. The regular use of cell-based veterinary pharmaceuticals within the scope of a therapeutic emergency as well as the import of such veterinary pharmaceuticals from non-European countries for use in the EU are currently out of the question in the EU because of a lack of legal bases. Here, we review the general legal requirement of manufacturing, placing on the market, and use of cell-based veterinary pharmaceuticals within the EU and point out different implementations of EU law within the different Member States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Faltus
- Faculty of Law, Economics and Business, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Walter Brehm
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University , Leipzig , Germany
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