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Chauhan A, Bhakhar MK, Goyal P. Serum levels of sclerostin in prediabetes and its correlation with bone mineral density. J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:2702-2707. [PMID: 38186786 PMCID: PMC10771157 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1064_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes is a major burden globally, more commonly so in developing countries, as its complications are detected relatively late due to underdeveloped healthcare systems. These complications, when detected, are more or less irreversible, thereby leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Among these, complications related to bones (mainly osteoporosis) start fairly early (even in the prediabetes stage) but are less emphasized, nonetheless are major contributors to morbidity in diabetics due to increased fracture risk. One of the novel bone markers recently discovered is sclerostin, which helps in the assessment of the effect of hyperglycemia on bone homeostasis. Bone mineral density (BMD) by DXA scan is a good tool to assess the status of bone health but requires modern expensive radiological equipment. In this study, we wanted to see the correlation of serum levels of sclerostin to BMD so that by a simple serum investigation, early detection of poor bone quality in treatment-naive prediabetics can be done. Objective The aim of the study was to measure serum levels of sclerostin in prediabetics, compare them with normoglycemic controls, and find the correlation of serum levels of sclerostin with BMD. Methods 50 prediabetic patients and 50 age, sex, blood pressure, and BMI-matched controls were recruited in the study. In both the groups, serum levels of fasting blood glucose and postprandial glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Vitamin D, fasting insulin, and serum sclerostin levels were measured in both groups using ELISA. The obtained values were compared between the two groups. Bone mineral density is measured by DXA scan in cases and a correlation between BMD and serum levels of sclerostin was observed. Results Serum sclerostin was significantly higher in the cases [18.22 (19.42) ng/ml] compared to the control group [11.08 (4.73) ng/ml] with a P value of 0.013. The mean of BMD in prediabetes is 1.06 g/cm2, T score is - 1.02, and Z score is - 0.59. There was a significant negative correlation between serum sclerostin levels and BMD in prediabetes (r = -0.404, P < 0.001). Conclusion Serum levels of sclerostin are increased in prediabetes and correlate well with low BMD in prediabetes, and can therefore be used for early recognition of osteoporosis and fractures in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Chauhan
- ABVIMS, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Parul Goyal
- ABVIMS, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Song R, He S, Cao Y, Lu Y, Peng Y, Zou H, Tong X, Ran D, Ma Y, Liu Z. Cadmium accelerates autophagy of osteocytes by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37148155 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) can damage bone cells and cause osteoporosis. Osteocytes are the most numerous bone cells and also important target cells for Cd-induced osteotoxic damage. Autophagy plays important role in the progression of osteoporosis. However, osteocyte autophagy in Cd-induced bone injury is not well characterized. Thus, we established a Cd-induced bone injury model in BALB/c mice and a cellular damage model in MLO-Y4 cells. Aqueous Cd exposure for 16 months showed an increase in plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and increase in urine calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in vivo. Moreover, expression level of autophagy-related microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 II (LC3II) and autophagy-related 5 (ATG5) proteins were induced, and the expression of sequestosome-1 (p62) was reduced, along with Cd-induced trabecular bone damage. In addition, Cd inhibited the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase B (AKT), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). In vitro, 80 μM Cd concentrations exposure upregulated LC3II protein expression, and downregulated of p62 protein expression. Similarly, we found that treatment with 80 μM Cd resulted in a reduction in the phosphorylation levels of mTOR, AKT, and PI3K. Further experiments revealed that addition of rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, enhanced autophagy and alleviated the Cd-induced damage to MLO-Y4 cells. The findings of our study reveal for the first time that Cd causes damage to both bone and osteocytes, as well as induces autophagy in osteocytes and inhibits PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, which could be a protective mechanism against Cd-induced bone injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilong Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangling College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangjiang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yicheng Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunwen Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xishuai Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Ran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Vlashi R, Zhang X, Wu M, Chen G. Wnt signaling: essential roles in osteoblast differentiation, bone metabolism and therapeutic implications for bone and skeletal disorders. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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Ahmad SS, Ahmed F, Ali R, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Najmi AK, Ahmad S, Ahmad MZ, Ahmad J, Khan MA. Immunology of osteoporosis: relevance of inflammatory targets for the development of novel interventions. Immunotherapy 2022; 14:815-831. [PMID: 35765988 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is recognized as low bone mass and deteriorated bone microarchitecture. It is the leading cause of fractures and consequent morbidity globally. The established pathophysiological evidence favors the endocrine factors for osteoporosis and the role of the immune system on the skeletal system has been recently identified. Due to the common developmental niche bone and immune system interactions have led to the emergence of osteoimmunology. Immune dysregulation can initiate inflammatory conditions that adversely affect bone integrity. The role of immune cells, such as T-lymphocytes subsets (Th17), cannot be neglected in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Local inflammation within the bone from any cause attracts immune cells that participate in the activation of osteoclasts. This work summarizes the present knowledge of osteoimmunology in reference to osteoporosis and identifies novel targets for immunotherapy of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sufian Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Faraha Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Ruhi Ali
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (DIPSAR), DPSRU, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, AdDiriyah, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Zaki Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ahmed Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
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Lee JM, Qin C, Chai O, Lan Y, Jiang R, Kwon HJ. MSX1 Drives Tooth Morphogenesis Through Controlling Wnt Signaling Activity. J Dent Res 2022; 101:832-839. [PMID: 35114852 PMCID: PMC9218501 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211070583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth agenesis is a common structural birth defect in humans that results from failure of morphogenesis during early tooth development. The homeobox transcription factor Msx1 and the canonical Wnt signaling pathway are essential for "bud to cap" morphogenesis and are causal factors for tooth agenesis. Our recent study suggested that Msx1 regulates Wnt signaling during early tooth development by suppressing the expression of Dkk2 and Sfrp2 in the tooth bud mesenchyme, and it demonstrated partial rescue of Msx1-deficient molar teeth by a combination of DKK inhibition and genetic inactivation of SFRPs. In this study, we found that Sostdc1/Wise, another secreted Wnt antagonist, is involved in regulating the odontogenic pathway downstream of Msx1. Whereas Sostdc1 expression in the developing tooth germ was not increased in Msx1-/- embryos, genetic inactivation of Sostdc1 rescued maxillary molar, but not mandibular molar, morphogenesis in Msx1-/- mice with full penetrance. Since the Msx1-/-;Sostdc1-/- embryos exhibited ectopic Dkk2 expression in the developing dental mesenchyme, similar to Msx1-/- embryos, we generated and analyzed tooth development in Msx1-/-;Dkk2-/- double and Msx1-/-;Dkk2-/-;Sostdc1-/- triple mutant mice. The Msx1-/-;Dkk2-/- double mutants showed rescued maxillary molar morphogenesis at high penetrance, with a small percentage also exhibiting mandibular molars that transitioned to the cap stage. Furthermore, tooth development was rescued in the maxillary and mandibular molars, with full penetrance, in the Msx1-/-;Dkk2-/-;Sostdc1-/- mice. Together, these data reveal 1) that a key role of Msx1 in driving tooth development through the bud-to-cap transition is to control the expression of Dkk2 and 2) that modulation of Wnt signaling activity by Dkk2 and Sostdc1 plays a crucial role in the Msx1-dependent odontogenic pathway during early tooth morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-M. Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - C. Qin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - O.H. Chai
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Y. Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R. Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - H.-J.E. Kwon
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Yu S, Li D, Zhang N, Ni S, Sun M, Wang L, Xiao H, Liu D, Liu J, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Yeung STY, Zhang S, Lu A, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Zhang G. Drug discovery of sclerostin inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2150-2170. [PMID: 35646527 PMCID: PMC9136615 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin, a protein secreted from osteocytes, negatively regulates the WNT signaling pathway by binding to the LRP5/6 co-receptors and further inhibits bone formation and promotes bone resorption. Sclerostin contributes to musculoskeletal system-related diseases, making it a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of WNT-related bone diseases. Additionally, emerging evidence indicates that sclerostin contributes to the development of cancers, obesity, and diabetes, suggesting that it may be a promising therapeutic target for these diseases. Notably, cardiovascular diseases are related to the protective role of sclerostin. In this review, we summarize three distinct types of inhibitors targeting sclerostin, monoclonal antibodies, aptamers, and small-molecule inhibitors, from which monoclonal antibodies have been developed. As the first-in-class sclerostin inhibitor approved by the U.S. FDA, the monoclonal antibody romosozumab has demonstrated excellent effectiveness in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis; however, it conferred high cardiovascular risk in clinical trials. Furthermore, romosozumab could only be administered by injection, which may cause compliance issues for patients who prefer oral therapy. Considering these above safety and compliance concerns, we therefore present relevant discussion and offer perspectives on the development of next-generation sclerostin inhibitors by following several ways, such as concomitant medication, artificial intelligence-based strategy, druggable modification, and bispecific inhibitors strategy.
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Choi JUA, Kijas AW, Lauko J, Rowan AE. The Mechanosensory Role of Osteocytes and Implications for Bone Health and Disease States. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:770143. [PMID: 35265628 PMCID: PMC8900535 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.770143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. This process is primarily controlled by the most abundant and mechanosensitive bone cells, osteocytes, that reside individually, within chambers of porous hydroxyapatite bone matrix. Recent studies have unveiled additional functional roles for osteocytes in directly contributing to local matrix regulation as well as systemic roles through endocrine functions by communicating with distant organs such as the kidney. Osteocyte function is governed largely by both biochemical signaling and the mechanical stimuli exerted on bone. Mechanical stimulation is required to maintain bone health whilst aging and reduced level of loading are known to result in bone loss. To date, both in vivo and in vitro approaches have been established to answer important questions such as the effect of mechanical stimuli, the mechanosensors involved, and the mechanosensitive signaling pathways in osteocytes. However, our understanding of osteocyte mechanotransduction has been limited due to the technical challenges of working with these cells since they are individually embedded within the hard hydroxyapatite bone matrix. This review highlights the current knowledge of the osteocyte functional role in maintaining bone health and the key regulatory pathways of these mechanosensitive cells. Finally, we elaborate on the current therapeutic opportunities offered by existing treatments and the potential for targeting osteocyte-directed signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Un Ally Choi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda W Kijas
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jan Lauko
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan E Rowan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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LRP6 Receptor Plays Essential Functions in Development and Human Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010120. [PMID: 35052459 PMCID: PMC8775365 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
LRP6 is a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor superfamily of cell-surface receptors. It is required for the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. LRP6 is detected in different tissue types and is involved in numerous biological activities such as cell proliferation, specification, metastatic cancer, and embryonic development. LRP6 is essential for the proper development of different organs in vertebrates, such as Xenopus laevis, chickens, and mice. In human, LRP6 overexpression and mutations have been reported in multiple complex diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and cancers. Clinical studies have shown that LRP6 is involved in various kinds of cancer, such as bladder and breast cancer. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the structure of LRP6 and its interactions with Wnt inhibitors (DKK1, SOST). We also discuss the expression of LRP6 in different model systems, with emphasis on its function in development and human diseases.
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Jeong Y, Kim J, Choi HJ, Chung KY. Conformational Dynamics of Sclerostin-LRP6 Complex Analyzed by HDX-MS. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:527-535. [PMID: 33833136 PMCID: PMC8411024 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin (SOST), a regulator of bone formation in osteocytes, inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling by interacting with low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6) to prevent Wnt binding. Loss-of-function mutations of the SOST gene caused massive bone outgrowth and SOST-null mouse exhibited a high bone density phenotype. Therefore, SOST has been suggested as a promising therapeutic target for osteoporosis. A few previous studies with X-ray crystallography identified the binding interfaces between LRP6 and SOST, but there are limitations in these studies as they used truncated SOST protein or SOST peptide. Here, we analyzed the conformational dynamics of SOST-LRP6 E1E2 complex using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). We examined the effect of the C-terminal tail of SOST on LRP6 conformation upon complex formation. HDX-MS analysis suggested a new potential binding interface for the C-terminal region of SOST that was missing from the previous crystal structure of the SOST-LRP6 E1E2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejing Jeong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinuk Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Bovine Colostrum Supplementation Improves Bone Metabolism in an Osteoporosis-Induced Animal Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092981. [PMID: 34578859 PMCID: PMC8471956 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by bone loss. The present study aims to investigate the effects of bovine colostrum (BC) on bone metabolism using ovariectomized (OVX) and orchidectomized (ORX) rat models. Twenty-seven-week-old Wistar Han rats were randomly assigned as: (1) placebo control, (2) BC supplementation dose 1 (BC1: 0.5 g/day/OVX, 1 g/day/ORX), (3) BC supplementation dose 2 (BC2: 1 g/day/OVX, 1.5 g/day/ORX) and (4) BC supplementation dose 3 (BC3: 1.5 g/day/OVX, 2 g/day/ORX). Bone microarchitecture, strength, gene expression of VEGFA, FGF2, RANKL, RANK and OPG, and bone resorption/formation markers were assessed after four months of BC supplementation. Compared to the placebo, OVX rats in the BC1 group exhibited significantly higher cortical bone mineral content and trabecular bone mineral content (p < 0.01), while OVX rats in the BC3 group showed significantly higher trabecular bone mineral content (p < 0.05). ORX rats receiving BC dose 2 demonstrated significantly higher levels of trabecular bone mineral content (p < 0.05). Serum osteocalcin in the ORX was pointedly higher in all BC supplementation groups than the placebo (BC1: p < 0.05; BC2, BC3: p < 0.001). Higher doses of BC induced significantly higher relative mRNA expression of OPG, VEGFA, FGF2 and RANKL (p < 0.05). BC supplementation improves bone metabolism of OVX and ORX rats, which might be associated with the activation of the VEGFA, FGF2 and RANKL/RANK/OPG pathways.
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Juhl OJ, Buettmann EG, Friedman MA, DeNapoli RC, Hoppock GA, Donahue HJ. Update on the effects of microgravity on the musculoskeletal system. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:28. [PMID: 34301942 PMCID: PMC8302614 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the reignited push for manned spaceflight and the development of companies focused on commercializing spaceflight, increased human ventures into space are inevitable. However, this venture would not be without risk. The lower gravitational force, known as microgravity, that would be experienced during spaceflight significantly disrupts many physiological systems. One of the most notably affected systems is the musculoskeletal system, where exposure to microgravity causes both bone and skeletal muscle loss, both of which have significant clinical implications. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in our understanding of how exposure to microgravity affects the musculoskeletal system. We will focus on the catabolic effects microgravity exposure has on both bone and skeletal muscle cells, as well as their respective progenitor stem cells. Additionally, we report on the mechanisms that underlie bone and muscle tissue loss resulting from exposure to microgravity and then discuss current countermeasures being evaluated. We reveal the gaps in the current knowledge and expound upon how current research is filling these gaps while also identifying new avenues of study as we continue to pursue manned spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto J Juhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael A Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rachel C DeNapoli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gabriel A Hoppock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Ge Y, Wu B, Yu X, Wang N, Xu X, Zeng M, Zhang B, Mao H, Xing C. Association of Serum Sclerostin Level, Coronary Artery Calcification, and Patient Outcomes in Maintenance Dialysis Patients. Blood Purif 2021; 51:260-269. [PMID: 34161949 DOI: 10.1159/000516410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the association between the serum sclerostin, the coronary artery calcification (CAC), and patient outcomes in maintenance dialysis patients. METHODS We performed a prospective cohort study of 65 maintenance dialysis patients in 2014, including 39 patients on peritoneal dialysis and 26 on hemodialysis, and followed up for 5 years. Parameters of mineral metabolism including bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, fibroblast growth factor 23, sclerostin, and other biochemical factors were determined at the baseline. Meanwhile, the CAC score was analyzed by cardiac computed tomography. RESULTS Serum sclerostin in hemodialysis patients was significantly higher than that in peritoneal dialysis patients (632.35 ± 369.18 vs. 228.85 ± 188.92, p < 0.001). The patients with CAC were older, receiving hemodialysis, lower Kt/V, and had longer dialysis vintage, as well as higher levels of serum 25-(OH)-vit D and sclerostin. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, older age and lower Kt/V were risk factors for CAC. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for prediction of CAC by sclerostin was 0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.605-0.878, p = 0.03), and the cutoff value of sclerostin is 217.55 pg/mL with the sensitivity 0.829 and specificity 0.619. After 5 years of follow-up, 51 patients survived. The patients in the survival group had significantly lower age, sclerostin levels, and low CAC scores than the nonsurvival group. Old age (≥60 years, p < 0.001) and high CAC score (≥50 Agatston unit, p = 0.031) were significant risk factors for the patient survival. CONCLUSIONS Sclerostin is significantly elevated in dialysis patients with CAC. But sclerostin is not a risk factor for CAC. After 5 years of follow-up, patients in the survival group are younger and have lower sclerostin levels and CAC scores. But sclerostin levels are not independent risk factors for high mortality in dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Ge
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Buyun Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangbao Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueqiang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changying Xing
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Advances in the occurrence and biotherapy of osteoporosis. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1623-1636. [PMID: 32627832 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a bone metabolic disease, is characterized by degeneration of bone structure and decreased bone mass. It happens in more than 1/3 women and 1/5 men of over than 50 years old, which affects the health and lives of people. The main mechanism of OP is mainly that the dynamic balance between the bone formation and resorption is broken, so that bone resorption is more than bone formation. It is prone to result in bone metabolism disorder. There are many precipitating factor such as elder age, low hormone level, genetic factors and bad hobbies. At the same time, the occurrence of the OP and its complications has different degrees of impact on people's quality of life. Based on the current understanding of the OP, we summarized the etiology, current clinical drugs and potential targeting therapy for OP. Although the research have made many progress in explore what is the novel mechanism and how to improve the effect, there are still many problems in the treatment method that limit its application prospects and need to be solved. In this review, we mainly focus on the mechanism of OP and related research on the targeted treatment of OP. Hopefully, our summary will provide a reference to develop some novel strategies for the target therapy of OP.
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14
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Kim J, Han W, Park T, Kim EJ, Bang I, Lee HS, Jeong Y, Roh K, Kim J, Kim JS, Kang C, Seok C, Han JK, Choi HJ. Sclerostin inhibits Wnt signaling through tandem interaction with two LRP6 ectodomains. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5357. [PMID: 33097721 PMCID: PMC7585440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) is a coreceptor of the β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling pathway. The LRP6 ectodomain binds Wnt proteins, as well as Wnt inhibitors such as sclerostin (SOST), which negatively regulates Wnt signaling in osteocytes. Although LRP6 ectodomain 1 (E1) is known to interact with SOST, several unresolved questions remain, such as the reason why SOST binds to LRP6 E1E2 with higher affinity than to the E1 domain alone. Here, we present the crystal structure of the LRP6 E1E2–SOST complex with two interaction sites in tandem. The unexpected additional binding site was identified between the C-terminus of SOST and the LRP6 E2 domain. This interaction was confirmed by in vitro binding and cell-based signaling assays. Its functional significance was further demonstrated in vivo using Xenopus laevis embryos. Our results provide insights into the inhibitory mechanism of SOST on Wnt signaling. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) is a co-receptor of the β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling pathway and interacts with the Wnt inhibitor sclerostin (SOST). Here the authors present the crystal structure of SOST in complex with the LRP6 E1E2 ectodomain construct, which reveals that the SOST C-terminus binds to the LRP6 E2 domain, and further validate this binding site with in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinuk Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhee Han
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Plumbline Life Sciences, Inc., Seoul, 06552, Republic of Korea
| | - Injin Bang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hyun Sik Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejing Jeong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeonghwan Roh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeesoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaok Seok
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kwan Han
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Molecular Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutics for Osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207623. [PMID: 33076329 PMCID: PMC7589419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most common chronic metabolic bone disease. It has been estimated that more than 10 million people in the United States and 200 million men and women worldwide have osteoporosis. Given that the aging population is rapidly increasing in many countries, osteoporosis could become a global challenge with an impact on the quality of life of the affected individuals. Osteoporosis can be defined as a condition characterized by low bone density and increased risk of fractures due to the deterioration of the bone architecture. Thus, the major goal of treatment is to reduce the risk for fractures. There are several treatment options, mostly medications that can control disease progression in risk groups, such as postmenopausal women and elderly men. Recent studies on the basic molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of osteoporosis have identified novel therapeutic targets. Emerging therapies targeting novel disease mechanisms could provide powerful approaches for osteoporosis management in the future. Here, we review the etiology of osteoporosis and the molecular mechanism of bone remodeling, present current pharmacological options, and discuss emerging therapies targeting novel mechanisms, investigational treatments, and new promising therapeutic approaches.
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16
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Alfaleh MA, Alsaab HO, Mahmoud AB, Alkayyal AA, Jones ML, Mahler SM, Hashem AM. Phage Display Derived Monoclonal Antibodies: From Bench to Bedside. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1986. [PMID: 32983137 PMCID: PMC7485114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important classes of biopharmaceutical products, and they continue to dominate the universe of biopharmaceutical markets in terms of approval and sales. They are the most profitable single product class, where they represent six of the top ten selling drugs. At the beginning of the 1990s, an in vitro antibody selection technology known as antibody phage display was developed by John McCafferty and Sir. Gregory Winter that enabled the discovery of human antibodies for diverse applications, particularly antibody-based drugs. They created combinatorial antibody libraries on filamentous phage to be utilized for generating antigen specific antibodies in a matter of weeks. Since then, more than 70 phage–derived antibodies entered clinical studies and 14 of them have been approved. These antibodies are indicated for cancer, and non-cancer medical conditions, such as inflammatory, optical, infectious, or immunological diseases. This review will illustrate the utility of phage display as a powerful platform for therapeutic antibodies discovery and describe in detail all the approved mAbs derived from phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohanad A Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Efficacy and safety of Romosozumab in treatment for low bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 39:3261-3276. [PMID: 32385757 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-04948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a chronic skeletal disease with an increasing prevalence. Romosozumab, as a monoclonal anti-sclerostin antibody with a dual function, has been produced. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to examine the efficacy of Romosozumab in patients with low bone mineral density. A systematic search was conducted in the most important electronic search engines like Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov at the end of July 2019 to retrieve randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which evaluated the effect of Romosozumab in patients with osteoporosis and/or low bone mineral density. After evaluating the quality of articles with the Cochrane checklist, data related to the outcomes of bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip, risk of clinical, vertebral and non-vertebral fractures, and risk of adverse events were extracted. Quality of evidence was assessed according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated by I2 and Q statistics. The meta-analysis was performed using CMA v.2.0 software. Of all the 671 initially retrieved articles, seven articles were entered into the meta-analysis after removing duplicates and reviewing papers with inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the meta-analysis showed that Romosozumab 210, 140, and 70 mg compared with Alendronate, Teriparatide, and placebo can increase the bone mineral density in the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip. The risk of adverse events like adjudicated cardiovascular serious adverse events and adjudicated cardiovascular death was more in Romosozumab 210 mg in comparison with placebo. However, this difference was not statistically significant. Treatment with anti-sclerostin antibodies can be a proper therapeutic option in patients with osteoporosis and low bone mineral density. Based on the results of this meta-analysis, it seems that Romosozumab, with its dual function, has a positive role in the treatment of osteoporosis and low bone mineral density.
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We reviewed recent progress on the role of sclerostin (SOST) and its effects on the immune system in order to summarize the current state of knowledge in osteoimmunology, in regard to hematopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS Changes in sclerostin levels affect distinct niches within the bone marrow that support hematopoietic stem cells and B cell development. Sclerostin's regulation of adipogenesis could also be important for immune cell maintenance with age. Surprisingly, B cell development in the bone marrow is influenced by Sost produced by mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts, but not by osteocytes. Additionally, extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the bone marrow are observed in global Sost-/- mice. In addition to changes in bone marrow density, sclerostin depletion affects B lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis, as well as other changes within the bone marrow cavity that could affect hematopoiesis. It is therefore important to monitor for hematopoietic changes in patients receiving sclerostin-depleting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Donham
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Jennifer O Manilay
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.
- Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200, Lake Road Merced, North, CA, 95343, USA.
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19
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Alfaleh MA, Alsaab HO, Mahmoud AB, Alkayyal AA, Jones ML, Mahler SM, Hashem AM. Phage Display Derived Monoclonal Antibodies: From Bench to Bedside. Front Immunol 2020. [PMID: 32983137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01986/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important classes of biopharmaceutical products, and they continue to dominate the universe of biopharmaceutical markets in terms of approval and sales. They are the most profitable single product class, where they represent six of the top ten selling drugs. At the beginning of the 1990s, an in vitro antibody selection technology known as antibody phage display was developed by John McCafferty and Sir. Gregory Winter that enabled the discovery of human antibodies for diverse applications, particularly antibody-based drugs. They created combinatorial antibody libraries on filamentous phage to be utilized for generating antigen specific antibodies in a matter of weeks. Since then, more than 70 phage-derived antibodies entered clinical studies and 14 of them have been approved. These antibodies are indicated for cancer, and non-cancer medical conditions, such as inflammatory, optical, infectious, or immunological diseases. This review will illustrate the utility of phage display as a powerful platform for therapeutic antibodies discovery and describe in detail all the approved mAbs derived from phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohanad A Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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20
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The Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Disorders by Wnt Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225525. [PMID: 31698687 PMCID: PMC6888566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt, a secreted glycoprotein, has an approximate molecular weight of 40 kDa, and it is a cytokine involved in various biological phenomena including ontogeny, morphogenesis, carcinogenesis, and maintenance of stem cells. The Wnt signaling pathway can be classified into two main pathways: canonical and non-canonical. Of these, the canonical Wnt signaling pathway promotes osteogenesis. Sclerostin produced by osteocytes is an inhibitor of this pathway, thereby inhibiting osteogenesis. Recently, osteoporosis treatment using an anti-sclerostin therapy has been introduced. In this review, the basics of Wnt signaling, its role in bone metabolism and its involvement in skeletal disorders have been covered. Furthermore, the clinical significance and future scopes of Wnt signaling in osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and neoplasia are discussed.
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21
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McNamara KP, Greene KA, Tooze JA, Dang J, Khattab K, Lenchik L, Weaver AA. Neck Muscle Changes Following Long-Duration Spaceflight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1115. [PMID: 31572205 PMCID: PMC6753191 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of long-duration spaceflight on crewmember neck musculature have not been adequately studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in the neck musculature on pre-flight and post-flight magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations of six crewmembers on 4- to 6-month missions equipped with the advanced resistive exercise device (aRED). The MRI images were resliced to remove variations in spinal curvature, the cross-sectional area (CSA), and muscle fat infiltration (MFI) of neck musculature at the C1-C2, C4-C5, C7-T1, and T1-T2 intervertebral disc levels were measured bilaterally. Percent changes in the neck muscle CSA and fatty infiltration following spaceflight were calculated, and mixed models were used to assess significance of these changes. Crewmembers on missions equipped with the aRED experienced an average 25.1% increase in CSA for the trapezius muscle at C6-C7, an average 11.5% increase in CSA for the semispinalis capitis muscle at C4-C5, an average 9.0% increase in CSA for the sternocleidomastoid muscle at C4-C5, and an average 23.1% increase in CSA for the rhomboid minor at T1-T2. There were no significant changes in the CSA of the levator scapulae, splenius capitis, rectus capitis posterior major, scalenus anterior, scalenus posterior, scalenus medius, longissimus capitis, or obliquus capitis inferior muscles at the locations measured. None of the muscles analyzed experienced statistically significant changes in fatty infiltration with spaceflight. Our study indicates that long-duration spaceflight conditions are associated with preservation of CSA in most neck muscles and significant increases in the CSAs of the trapezius, semispinalis capitis, sternocleidomastoid, and rhomboid minor muscles. This may indicate that cervical muscles are not subjected to the same degradative effects microgravity imparts on the majority of muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P McNamara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center of Injury Biomechanics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (SBES), Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Katelyn A Greene
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center of Injury Biomechanics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (SBES), Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Janet A Tooze
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Jade Dang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center of Injury Biomechanics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Karim Khattab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center of Injury Biomechanics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Leon Lenchik
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Ashley A Weaver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center of Injury Biomechanics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (SBES), Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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22
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Yang YS, Xie J, Wang D, Kim JM, Tai PWL, Gravallese E, Gao G, Shim JH. Bone-targeting AAV-mediated silencing of Schnurri-3 prevents bone loss in osteoporosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2958. [PMID: 31273195 PMCID: PMC6609711 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10809-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAi-based bone anabolic gene therapy has demonstrated initial success, but many practical challenges are still unmet. Here, we demonstrate that a recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 (rAAV9) is highly effective for transducing osteoblast lineage cells in the bone. The adaptor protein Schnurri-3 (SHN3) is a promising therapeutic target for osteoporosis, as deletion of shn3 prevents bone loss in osteoporotic mice and short-term inhibition of shn3 in adult mice increases bone mass. Accordingly, systemic and direct joint administration of an rAAV9 vector carrying an artificial-microRNA that targets shn3 (rAAV9-amiR-shn3) in mice markedly enhanced bone formation via augmented osteoblast activity. Additionally, systemic delivery of rAAV9-amiR-shn3 in osteoporotic mice counteracted bone loss and enhanced bone mechanical properties. Finally, we rationally designed a capsid that exhibits improved specificity to bone by grafting the bone-targeting peptide motif (AspSerSer)6 onto the AAV9-VP2 capsid protein. Collectively, our results identify a bone-targeting rAAV-mediated gene therapy for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Suk Yang
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Phillip W L Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Ellen Gravallese
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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23
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McNamara KP, Greene KA, Moore AM, Lenchik L, Weaver AA. Lumbopelvic Muscle Changes Following Long-Duration Spaceflight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:627. [PMID: 31164840 PMCID: PMC6536568 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-duration spaceflight has been shown to negatively affect the lumbopelvic muscles of crewmembers. Through analysis of computed tomography scans of crewmembers on 4- to 6-month missions equipped with the interim resistive exercise device, the structural deterioration of the psoas, quadratus lumborum, and paraspinal muscles was assessed. Computed tomography scans of 16 crewmembers were collected before and after long-duration spaceflight. The volume and attenuation of lumbar musculature at the L2 vertebral level were measured. Percent changes in the lumbopelvic muscle volume and attenuation (indicative of myosteatosis, or intermuscular fat infiltration) following spaceflight were calculated. Due to historical studies demonstrating only decreases in the muscles assessed, a one-sample t test was performed to determine if these decreases persist in more recent flight conditions. Crewmembers on interim resistive exercise device-equipped missions experienced an average 9.5% (2.0% SE) decrease in volume and 6.0% (1.5% SE) decrease in attenuation in the quadratus lumborum muscles and an average 5.3% (1.0% SE) decrease in volume and 5.3% (1.6% SE) decrease in attenuation in the paraspinal muscles. Crewmembers experienced no significant changes in psoas muscle volume or attenuation. No significant changes in intermuscular adipose tissue volume or attenuation were found in any muscles. Long-duration spaceflight was associated with preservation of psoas muscle volume and attenuation and significant decreases in quadratus lumborum and paraspinal muscle volume and attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P McNamara
- Center of Injury Biomechanics, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Katelyn A Greene
- Center of Injury Biomechanics, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Austin M Moore
- Center of Injury Biomechanics, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Leon Lenchik
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Ashley A Weaver
- Center of Injury Biomechanics, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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24
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Tsartsalis AN, Lambrou GI, Tsartsalis DN, Papassotiriou I, Vlachou E, Terpos E, Chrousos GP, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Kattamis A. Bone Metabolism Markers in Thalassemia Major-Induced Osteoporosis: Results from a Cross-Sectional Observational Study. Curr Mol Med 2019; 19:335-341. [PMID: 30868952 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190314114447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thalassemia major (TM) patients eventually face many new health conditions, including endocrinopathies and low bone mineral density, usually observed in the aging general population. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to evaluate the biomarkers of bone remodeling in TM patients and to compare them with both osteoporotic and healthy population, in order to investigate the new therapeutic paths. METHODS Sixty-four patients with TM (32 men and 32 women) participated in the study. The patients were evaluated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the lumbar spine and femoral neck and with markers of bone remodeling including receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), and sclerostin. Results were compared with those from 12 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and 12 women with normal bone mineral density. RESULTS The statistical analysis of the biochemical markers of bone metabolism revealed overall significant differences between the three groups only for RANKL and OPG/RANKL (p=0.049 and p=0.009). RANKL was higher and OPG/RANKL was lower in TM patients compared to osteoporosis group. CONCLUSION Patients with TM do not have a higher probability of suffering from osteoporosis from the general population. However, some markers of osteoclast activity differ between patients with TM and osteoporosis, indicating the possible differences in terms of anti-osteoporotic treatment. The lack of significant differences among the three groups in regards to the levels of CTX and sclerostin may indicate the potential efficacy of the current osteoporotic treatment also for TM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios N Tsartsalis
- Naval Hospital of Athens, Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Dinokratous 70, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - George I Lambrou
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece.,Hematology/Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Tsartsalis
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SE-58183 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Papassotiriou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Thivon, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Eugenia Vlachou
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Caring Professions, University of West Attica, Ag. Spydironos 28, 12243, Aigaleo, Athens, Greece
| | - Evaggelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Alexandra" General Hospital, Lourou 12, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece.,Hematology/Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Thivon & Levadeias 8, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece.,Hematology/Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Kattamis
- Hematology/Oncology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
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25
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Ahmad M, Kroll T, Jakob J, Rauch A, Ploubidou A, Tuckermann J. Cell-based RNAi screening and high-content analysis in primary calvarian osteoblasts applied to identification of osteoblast differentiation regulators. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14045. [PMID: 30232406 PMCID: PMC6145911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts are responsible for the maintenance of bone homeostasis. Deregulation of their differentiation is etiologically linked to several bone disorders, making this process an important target for therapeutic intervention. Systemic identification of osteoblast regulators has been hampered by the unavailability of physiologically relevant in vitro systems suitable for efficient RNAi and for differentiation read-outs compatible with fluorescent microscopy-based high-content analysis (HCA). Here, we report a new method for identification of osteoblast differentiation regulators by combining siRNA transfection in physiologically relevant cells with high-throughput screening (HTS). Primary mouse calvarial osteoblasts were seeded in 384-well format and reverse transfected with siRNAs and their cell number and differentiation was assayed by HCA. Automated image acquisition allowed high-throughput analyses and classification of single cell features. The physiological relevance, reproducibility, and sensitivity of the method were validated using known regulators of osteoblast differentiation. The application of HCA to siRNAs against expression of 320 genes led to the identification of five potential suppressors and 60 activators of early osteoblast differentiation. The described method and the associated analysis pipeline are not restricted to RNAi-based screening, but can be adapted to large-scale drug HTS or to small-scale targeted experiments, to identify new critical factors important for early osteoblastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Ahmad
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Torsten Kroll
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jeanette Jakob
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Rauch
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Aspasia Ploubidou
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany. .,Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
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26
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Ramachandran V, Dalal S, Scheuring RA, Jones JA. Musculoskeletal Injuries in Astronauts: Review of Pre-flight, In-flight, Post-flight, and Extravehicular Activity Injuries. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Otero R, Ishizawa M, Numoto N, Ikura T, Ito N, Tokiwa H, Mouriño A, Makishima M, Yamada S. 25 S-Adamantyl-23-yne-26,27-dinor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3: Synthesis, Tissue Selective Biological Activities, and X-ray Crystal Structural Analysis of Its Vitamin D Receptor Complex. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6658-6673. [PMID: 29989817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both 25 R- and 25 S-25-adamantyl-23-yne-26,27-dinor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (4a and 4b) were stereoselectively synthesized by a Pd(0)-catalyzed ring closure and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling between enol-triflate 7 and alkenyl-boronic ester 8. The 25 S isomer (4b) showed high vitamin D receptor (VDR) affinity (50% of that of the natural hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1) and transactivation potency (kidney HEK293, 90%). In endogenous gene expression, it showed high cell-type selectivity for kidney cells (HEK293, CYP24A1 160% of 1), bone cells (MG63, osteocalcin 64%), and monocytes (U937, CAMP 96%) over intestine (SW480, CYP24A1 8%) and skin (HaCaT, CYP24A1 7%) cells. The X-ray crystal structural analysis of 4b in complex with rat VDR-ligand binding domain (LBD) showed the highest Cα positional shift from the 1/VDR-LBD complex at helix 11. Helix 11 of the 4b and 1 VDR-LBD complexes also showed significant differences in surface properties. These results suggest that 4b should be examined further as another candidate for a mild preventive osteoporosis agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Otero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Michiyasu Ishizawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Nihon University School of Medicine , Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610 , Japan
| | - Nobutaka Numoto
- Medical Research Institute , Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 , Japan
| | - Teikichi Ikura
- Medical Research Institute , Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 , Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Medical Research Institute , Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tokiwa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Rikkyo University , Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501 , Japan
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Nihon University School of Medicine , Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610 , Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Nihon University School of Medicine , Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610 , Japan
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28
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Liu WC, Wu CC, Lim PS, Chien SW, Hou YC, Zheng CM, Shyu JF, Lin YF, Lu KC. Effect of uremic toxin-indoxyl sulfate on the skeletal system. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 484:197-206. [PMID: 29864403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorders (CKD-MBD) exhibit abnormalities in the circulating mineral levels, vitamin D metabolism, and parathyroid function that contribute to the formation of a bone lesion. The uremic toxin, indoxyl sulfate (IS), accumulates in the blood in cases of renal failure and leads to bone loss. The bone and renal responses to the action of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) are progressively decreased in CKD in spite of increasing PTH levels, a condition commonly called PTH resistance. There is a high prevalence of low bone turnover or adynamic bone disease in the early stages of CKD. This could be due to the inhibition of bone turnover, such as in PTH resistance, reduced active vitamin D levels, diabetes, aluminum, and, increased IS. With an increase in IS, there is a decrease in the osteoblast Wnt/b-catenin signaling and increase in the expression of Wnt signaling inhibitors, such as sclerostin and Dickkopf-1 (DKK1). Thus, a majority of early CKD patients exhibit deterioration of bone quality owing to the action of IS, this scenario could be termed uremic osteoporosis. However, this mechanism is complicated and not fully understood. With progressive deterioration in the renal function, IS accumulates along with persistent PTH secretion, potentially leading to high-turnover bone disease because high serum PTH levels have the ability of overriding peripheral PTH resistance and other inhibitory factors of bone formation. Finally, it leads to deterioration in bone quantity with prominent bone resorption in end stage renal disease. Uremic toxins adsorbents may decelerate oxidative stress and improve bone health in CKD patients. This review article focuses on IS and bone loss in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chih Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paik-Seong Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Shiaw-Wen Chien
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chou Hou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cai-Mei Zheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Fwu Shyu
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital & Cardinal-Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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29
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Awasthi H, Mani D, Singh D, Gupta A. The underlying pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:2024-2057. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harshika Awasthi
- Herbal Medicinal Products Department; CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants; Lucknow India
| | - Dayanandan Mani
- Herbal Medicinal Products Department; CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants; Lucknow India
| | - Divya Singh
- Division of Endocrinology; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow India
| | - Atul Gupta
- Medicinal Chemistry Department; CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants; Lucknow India
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30
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Wood CL, Ahmed SF. Bone protective agents in children. Arch Dis Child 2018; 103:503-508. [PMID: 29066521 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of bone health in childhood is important to identify children who have inadequate bone mineralisation and who may benefit from interventions to decrease their risk of osteoporosis and subsequent fracture. There are no bone protective agents that are licensed specifically for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in children. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of action and use of bisphosphonates and other new and established bone protective agents in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Louise Wood
- Division of Developmental Biology, University of Edinburgh Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.,John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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31
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Wang HH, Hsu YH, Chang MS. IL-20 bone diseases involvement and therapeutic target potential. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:38. [PMID: 29690863 PMCID: PMC5913811 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of people around the world suffer from bone disorders, likes osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and cancer-induced osteolysis. In general, the bone remodeling balance is determined by osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively responsible for bone resorption and bone formation. Excessive inflammation disturbs the activities of these two kinds of cells, typically resulting in the bone loss. MAIN BODY IL-20 is emerging as a potent angiogenic, chemotactic, and proinflammatory cytokine related to several chronic inflammatory disorders likes psoriasis, atherosclerosis, cancer, liver fibrosis, and RA. IL-20 has an important role in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis and is upregulated in several bone-related diseases. The anti-IL-20 monoclonal antibody treatment has a therapeutic potential in several experimental disease models including ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis, cancer-induced osteolysis, and bone fracture. CONCLUSION This review article provides an overview describing the IL-20's biological functions in the common bone disorders and thus providing a novel therapeutic strategy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hsuan Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shi Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
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32
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Tu KN, Lie JD, Wan CKV, Cameron M, Austel AG, Nguyen JK, Van K, Hyun D. Osteoporosis: A Review of Treatment Options. P & T : A PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL FOR FORMULARY MANAGEMENT 2018; 43:92-104. [PMID: 29386866 PMCID: PMC5768298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 10 million men and women in the U.S. have osteoporosis,1 a metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone density and deterioration of bone architecture that increase the risk of fractures.2 Osteoporosis-related fractures can increase pain, disability, nursing home placement, total health care costs, and mortality.3 The diagnosis of osteoporosis is primarily determined by measuring bone mineral density (BMD) using noninvasive dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Osteoporosis medications include bisphosphonates, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand inhibitors, estrogen agonists/antagonists, parathyroid hormone analogues, and calcitonin.3-6 Emerging therapies utilizing novel mechanisms include a cathepsin K inhibitor and a monoclonal antibody against sclerostin.7,8 While professional organizations have compiled recommendations for the management of osteoporosis in various populations, a consensus has yet to develop as to which is the gold standard; therefore, economic evaluations have been increasingly important to help guide decision-makers. A review of cost-effectiveness literature on the efficacy of oral bisphosphonates has shown alendronate and risedronate to be most cost-effective in women with low BMD without previous fractures.9 Guidelines are inconsistent as to the place in therapy of denosumab (Prolia, Amgen). In economic analyses evaluating treatment of postmenopausal women, denosumab outperformed risedronate and ibandronate; its efficacy was comparable to generic alendronate, but it cost more.10 With regard to older men with osteoporosis, denosumab was also found to be cost-effective when compared with bisphosphonates and teriparatide (Forteo, Lilly).11.
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Bi H, Chen X, Gao S, Yu X, Xiao J, Zhang B, Liu X, Dai M. Key Triggers of Osteoclast-Related Diseases and Available Strategies for Targeted Therapies: A Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:234. [PMID: 29326938 PMCID: PMC5742334 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts, the only cells with bone resorption functions in vivo, maintain the balance of bone metabolism by cooperating with osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone formation. Excessive activity of osteoclasts causes many diseases such as osteoporosis, periprosthetic osteolysis, bone tumors, and Paget's disease. In contrast, osteopetrosis results from osteoclast deficiency. Available strategies for combating over-activated osteoclasts and the subsequently induced diseases can be categorized into three approaches: facilitating osteoclast apoptosis, inhibiting osteoclastogenesis, and impairing bone resorption. Bisphosphonates are representative molecules that function by triggering osteoclast apoptosis. New drugs, such as tumor necrosis factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) inhibitors (e.g., denosumab) have been developed for targeting the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B /RANKL/osteoprotegerin system or CSF-1/CSF-1R axis, which play critical roles in osteoclast formation. Furthermore, vacuolar (H+)-ATPase inhibitors, cathepsin K inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide 2 impair different stages of the bone resorption process. Recently, significant achievements have been made in this field. The aim of this review is to provide an updated summary of the current progress in research involving osteoclast-related diseases and of the development of targeted inhibitors of osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidi Bi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Center of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The People's Hospital of Changxing County, Huzhou, China
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Center of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaolong Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Center of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Center of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Center of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuqiang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Center of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Center of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
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Driehuis E, Clevers H. WNT signalling events near the cell membrane and their pharmacological targeting for the treatment of cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4547-4563. [PMID: 28244067 PMCID: PMC5727251 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT signalling is an essential signalling pathway for all multicellular animals. Although first described more than 30 years ago, new components and regulators of the pathway are still being discovered. Considering its importance in both embryonic development and adult homeostasis, it is not surprising that this pathway is often deregulated in human diseases such as cancer. Recently, it became clear that in addition to cytoplasmic components such as β-catenin, other, membrane-bound or extracellular, components of the WNT pathway are also altered in cancer. This review gives an overview of the recent discoveries on WNT signalling events near the cell membrane. Furthermore, membrane-associated components of the WNT pathway, which are more accessible for therapeutic intervention, as well therapeutic approaches that already target those components will be discussed. In this way, we hope to stimulate the development of effective anti-cancer therapies that target this fascinating pathway. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on WNT Signalling: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.24/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Driehuis
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)UtrechtThe Netherlands
- University medical center (UMC)UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)UtrechtThe Netherlands
- University medical center (UMC)UtrechtThe Netherlands
- Princess Maxime Center (PMC)UtrechtThe Netherlands
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35
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Subramaniam M, Pitel KS, Bruinsma ES, Monroe DG, Hawse JR. TIEG and estrogen modulate SOST expression in the murine skeleton. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3540-3551. [PMID: 29044507 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
TIEG knockout (KO) mice exhibit a female-specific osteopenic phenotype and altered expression of TIEG in humans is associated with osteoporosis. Gene expression profiling studies identified sclerostin as one of the most highly up-regulated transcripts in the long bones of TIEG KO mice relative to WT littermates suggesting that TIEG may regulate SOST expression. TIEG was shown to substantially suppress SOST promoter activity and the regulatory elements through which TIEG functions were identified using promoter deletion and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Knockdown of TIEG in IDG-SW3 osteocyte cells using shRNA and CRISPR-Cas9 technology resulted in increased SOST expression and delayed mineralization, mimicking the results obtained from TIEG KO mouse bones. Given that TIEG is an estrogen regulated gene, and as changes in the hormonal milieu affect SOST expression, we performed ovariectomy (OVX) and estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) studies in WT and TIEG KO mice followed by miRNA and mRNA sequencing of cortical and trabecular compartments of femurs. SOST expression levels were considerably higher in cortical bone compared to trabecular bone. In cortical bone, SOST expression was increased following OVX only in WT mice and was suppressed following ERT in both genotypes. In contrast, SOST expression in trabecular bone was decreased following OVX and significantly increased following ERT. Interestingly, a number of miRNAs that are predicted to target sclerostin exhibited inverse expression levels in response to OVX and ERT. These data implicate important roles for TIEG and estrogen-regulated miRNAs in modulating SOST expression in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin S Pitel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth S Bruinsma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David G Monroe
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Liu X, Tan N, Zhou Y, Wei H, Ren S, Yu F, Chen H, Jia C, Yang G, Song Y. Delivery of antagomiR204-conjugated gold nanoparticles from PLGA sheets and its implication in promoting osseointegration of titanium implant in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:7089-7101. [PMID: 29026303 PMCID: PMC5627761 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s124584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired osseointegration of the implant remains the big hurdle for dental implant therapy in diabetic patients. In this study, the authors first identified that miR204 was strikingly highly expressed in the bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) of diabetic rats. Forced expression of miR204 repressed the osteogenic potential of BMSCs, while inhibition of miR204 significantly increased the osteogenic capacity. Moreover, the miR204 inhibitor was conjugated with gold nanoparticles (AuNP-antagomiR204) and dispersed them in the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) solution. The AuNP-antagomiR204 containing PLGA solution was applied for coating the surface of titanium implant. Electron microscope revealed that an ultrathin sheet was formed on the surface of the implant, and the AuNPs were evenly dispersed in the coated PLGA sheet. Cellular experiments revealed that these encapsulated AuNP-antagomiR204 were able to be released from the PLGA sheet and uptaken by adherent BMSCs. In vivo animal study further confirmed that the AuNP-antagomiR204 released from PLGA sheet promoted osseointegration, as revealed by microcomputerized tomography (microCT) reconstruction and histological assay. Taken together, this study established that miR204 misexpression accounted for the deficient osseointegation in diabetes mellitus, while PLGA sheets aided the release of AuNP-antagomiR204, which would be a promising strategy for titanium implant surface functionalization toward better osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Implant Dentistry
| | - Naiwen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Implant Dentistry
| | - Yuchao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Implant Dentistry
| | - Hongbo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Implant Dentistry
| | - Shuai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Implant Dentistry
| | - Fan Yu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital
| | - Chengming Jia
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital
| | - Guodong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingliang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Implant Dentistry
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Targeting subchondral bone mesenchymal stem cell activities for intrinsic joint repair in osteoarthritis. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO228. [PMID: 29134116 PMCID: PMC5674229 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common age-related disease with complex pathophysiology. It is characterized by wide-ranging tissue damage and ultimate biomechanical failure of the whole joint. However, signs of tissue adaptation and attempted repair responses are evident in OA-affected osteochondral tissues. Highlighted in this review article is the role of bone-resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in these bone remodeling responses, and a proposal that targeting MSC activities in OA subchondral bone could represent a novel approach for intrinsic joint regeneration in OA. The development of these therapies will require better understanding of MSC proliferation, migration and differentiation patterns in relation to OA tissue damage and further clarification of the molecular signaling events in these MSCs during disease progression. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disorder, in which the cartilage, the underlying bone and other joint tissues are affected. Recent evidence demonstrating attempted repair responses in these OA tissues challenges the traditional view of OA as a degenerative disorder. Signs of tissue regeneration are particularly evident in the bone located directly underneath the damaged cartilage, where increased stem cell activity has been observed. Targeting these stem cells could represent a novel approach for intrinsic joint regeneration in OA. To progress with developing these novel therapies, a better understanding of stem cell function in normal and OA joint tissues is needed.
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Kovács B, Nagy EE, Chendrean NN, Székely-Szentmiklósi B, Gyéresi Á. The Wnt Signalling Pathways: A Short Review and Specific Roles in Bone Biochemistry. ACTA MEDICA MARISIENSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/amma-2017-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAs musculoskeletal diseases become an emerging healthcare problem worldwide, profound and comprehensive research has been focused on the biochemistry of bone metabolism in the past decades. Wnt signalling, one of the novel described pathways influencing bone metabolism from the early stages of tissue development, has been recently in the centre of attention. Several Wnt ligands are implied in bone forming pathways via canonical (β-catenin dependent) and non-canonical (β-catenin independent) signalling. Osteoporosis, a catabolic bone disease, has its pathologic background related, inter alia, to alterations in the Wnt signalling, thus key modulators of these pathways became one of the most promising targets in the treatment of osteoporosis. Antibodies inhibiting the activity of endogenous Wnt pathway inhibitors (sclerostin, dickkopf) are recently under clinical trials. The current article offers a brief review of the Wnt signalling pathways, its implication in bone metabolism and fate, and the therapeutic possibilities of osteoporosis through Wnt signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Kovács
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - Előd Ernő Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Environmental Chemistry , University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - Norbert Nándor Chendrean
- Department of Biochemistry and Environmental Chemistry , University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | | | - Árpád Gyéresi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
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Abstract
A role for low-density lipoprotein-related receptor 5 (LRP5) in human bone was first established by the identification of genetic alterations that led to dramatic changes in bone mass. Shortly thereafter, mutations that altered the function of the sclerostin (SOST) gene were also associated with altered human bone mass. Subsequent studies of LRP5 and sclerostin have provided important insights into the mechanisms by which these proteins regulate skeletal homeostasis. Sclerostin normally binds to LRP5 and the related LRP6 protein and prevents their activation by Wnts, the LRP5/LRP6 ligands. The interaction of sclerostin with LRP5 or LRP6 is facilitated by the LRP4 protein. Loss of LRP5 leads to defective osteoblast function and low bone mass, while loss of SOST or mutations in LRP5, which produce a protein that can no longer be bound by SOST, result in high bone mass. Insights gained from the use of genetically engineered mouse models are presented, as well as a brief summary of the status of antibodies in clinical trials that block the function of SOST as a mechanism to increase bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart O Williams
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology and Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Van Andel Research Institute, United States.
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Tortelote GG, Reis RR, de Almeida Mendes F, Abreu JG. Complexity of the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway: Searching for an activation model. Cell Signal 2017; 40:30-43. [PMID: 28844868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling refers to a conserved signaling pathway, widely studied due to its roles in cellular communication, cell fate decisions, development and cancer. However, the exact mechanism underlying inhibition of the GSK phosphorylation towards β-catenin and activation of the pathway after biding of Wnt ligand to its cognate receptors at the plasma membrane remains unclear. Wnt target genes are widely spread over several animal phyla. They participate in a plethora of functions during the development of an organism, from axial specification, gastrulation and organogenesis all the way to regeneration and repair in adults. Temporal and spatial oncogenetic re-activation of Wnt signaling almost certainly leads to cancer. Wnt signaling components have been extensively studied as possible targets in anti-cancer therapies. In this review we will discuss one of the most intriguing questions in this field, that is how β-catenin, a major component in this pathway, escapes the destruction complex, gets stabilized in the cytosol and it is translocated to the nucleus where it acts as a co-transcription factor. Four major models have evolved during the past 20years. We dissected each of them along with current views and future perspectives on this pathway. This review will focus on the molecular mechanisms by which Wnt proteins modulate β-catenin cytoplasmic levels and the relevance of this pathway for the development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovane G Tortelote
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Renata R Reis
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio de Almeida Mendes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Garcia Abreu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Raghuvanshi A, Kumar A, Tyagi AM, Kureel J, Awasthi P, Purohit D, Mansoori MN, Shukla P, Srivastava K, Gautam AK, Saxena R, Dwivedi A, Singh D, Goel A. 3-Piperidylethoxypterocarpan: A potential bone anabolic agent that improves bone quality and restores trabecular micro-architecture in ovariectomized osteopenic rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 448:41-54. [PMID: 28288902 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of new 6H-benzofuro[3, 2-c]chromenes (BFC, pterocarpans) with structure-activity relationships were investigated for their potential use in osteoporosis treatment. One of the BFCs 3-piperidylethoxypterocarpan 20 promotes osteoblast differentiation and mineralization at a dose as low as 1 pM via activation of ER/P38MAPK/BMP-2 pathway. When evaluated for in-vivo osteogenic activity in female Sprague-Dawley rats, BFC 20 increased bone mineral density and new bone formation, compared with control at 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg/body weight by oral gavage for 30 days. The compound was devoid of any uterotrophic effect and led to the new bone formation in adult ovariectomized osteopenic rats. BFC 20 compound also inhibited bone resorption by reducing Ovx induced increase in urinary CTx, thus exhibiting both bone anabolic and anti-catabolic action. Finally, BFC 20 treatment to Ovx rats led to improved trabecular microarchitectural restoration and exhibited therapeutic potential as a dual acting anti-osteoporotic agent for the management of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Raghuvanshi
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Abdul M Tyagi
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Jyoti Kureel
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Pallavi Awasthi
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Deepak Purohit
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Mohd Nizam Mansoori
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Priyanka Shukla
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kamini Srivastava
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Abnish K Gautam
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ruchi Saxena
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anila Dwivedi
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
| | - Atul Goel
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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Sang W, Jiang Y, Cheng B, Ma J, Zhu L, Lu H, Wang C. [Expression of Sclerostin in medial and lateral subchondral bone of the varus osteoarthritic knee plateau]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2017; 31:295-299. [PMID: 29806257 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201610082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the expression difference of Sclerostin in the medial and lateral subchondral bone of the varus osteoarthritic knee plateau. Methods The tibial plateau was obtained from 20 patients with varus knee osteoarthritis receiving total knee arthroplasty from March to October 2015. There were 8 males and 12 females with an average age of 67.8 years (range, 61-78 years). The mean course of osteoarthritis was 3.2 years (range, 2-5 years). Before operation, the varus angle was 12.0-25.5° (mean, 17.6°) on the X-ray film. Five cases were rated as grade III and 15 cases as grade IV according to Kellgren-Lawrance classification. Micro-CT scan was performed on the medial and lateral subchondral bone to compare the changes of bone structure; bone volume/total volume (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), structure model index (SMI), and the trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) were measured. Immunohistochemistry and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR were used to test the expressions of Sclerostin protein and sost gene. Results Micro-CT showed that BV/TV, Tb.N, and Tb.Th significantly increased in the medial subchondral bone when compared with the lateral part ( P<0.05), but SMI and Tb.Sp significantly reduced ( P<0.05). Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR detection showed that sost gene expression level in the medial subchondral bone (1.000) was significantly lower than that in the lateral part (4.157±2.790) ( t=2.371, P=0.040). The percentage of Sclerostin positive cells in the lateral subchondral bone (52.00%±0.19%) was significantly higher than that in the medial subchondral bone (7.20%±0.04%) ( t=5.094, P=0.005). Conclusion Sclerostin plays an important role in the subchondral bone remodeling of the varus osteoarthritic knee. And the low expression of Sclerostin may be an important factor to promote bone remodeling and aggravate knee deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Sang
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical School, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R.China
| | - Yafei Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical School, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R.China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical School, The Affiliated Shanghai No.10 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200072,
| | - Jinzhong Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical School, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R.China
| | - Libo Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical School, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R.China
| | - Haiming Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical School, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R.China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical School, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R.China
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Liu C, Ma R, Wang L, Zhu R, Liu H, Guo Y, Zhao B, Zhao S, Tang J, Li Y, Niu J, Fu M, Zhang D, Gao S. Rehmanniae Radix in osteoporosis: A review of traditional Chinese medicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics and pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 198:351-362. [PMID: 28111216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Emerging clinical usage and pharmacological effects have been achieved in using Rehmanniae Radix either singly or in combination with other herbs to treat skeletal diseases in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the recent years. This study is aimed to provide a comprehensive review about the historical TCM interpretation of the action of Rehmanniae Radix in osteoporosis, its usage in clinical trials and osteoporotic models, its main phytochemical constituents, and its pharmacokinetics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Several databases included PubMed, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database, National Science and Technology Library and the Web of Science Database were consulted to locate the publications pertaining to Rehmanniae Radix. The initial inquiry was conducted for the presence of the following terms combinations in the abstracts: Rehmanniae Radix, Dihuang, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, osteoporosis, bone, osteoclast and osteoblast. About 330 research papers and reviews were consulted. RESULTS In TCM, Rehmanniae Radix exerts the anti-osteoporotic effect via regulating the functions of kidney and liver as well as improving blood circulation. 107 clinical trials are identified that used Rehmanniae Radix in combination with other herbs to treat post-menopausal, senile and secondary osteoporosis. Most of the clinical trials are characterized by high efficacy and no obvious adverse effects. However, the efficacies of these clinical trials are limited because of small patient sample size, short treatment duration and poor clinical design. In addition, TCM herbs under the clinical study are not clear because of a lack of standardization and authentication. The pharmacokinetics data demonstrate that the ingredients of Rehmanniae Radix are widely distributed after administration, and that catalpol and ajugol as well as acetoside are supposed to be the active constituents. More than 140 individual compounds have been currently isolated from this plant and reported to show pleiotropic effects on various diseases. Rehmanniae Radix displays bone protecting features in the osteoporosis models via the delicate balance between osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis through single herb extracts and its isolated compounds. CONCLUSIONS The successful inclusion of Rehmanniae Radix in clinical trials and preclinical studies for the management of osteoporosis has attracted rising attentions for identifying potential anti-osteoporotic candidates from this plant and clinical existing TCM formulas, which will further speed up anti-osteoporosis drug discovery processes. Properly designed and well controlled prospective studies are still needed to further demonstrate bone protective actions and safe use of this herb and its ingredients.
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Key Words
- Ajugol, CID 6325127
- Catalpol, CID 91520
- Clinical trial
- Gentisic acid, CID 3469
- Oleanolic acid, CID 10494
- Osteoporosis
- Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacology
- Phytochemistry
- Rehmaglutin A, CID 5320903
- Rehmaglutin B, CID 14413769
- Rehmaglutin C, CID 21637649
- Rehmaglutin D, CID 5320906
- Rehmaionoside A, CID 10023290
- Rehmaionoside B, CID 10430488
- Rehmaionoside C, CID 11740990
- Rehmanniae Radix
- Rehmannioside A, CID 78407230
- Rehmannioside B, CID 101654196
- Rehmannioside C, CID 101654197
- Rehmannioside D, CID 92044472
- Versulin, CID 5280443
- and geniposide, CID 107848
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Liu
- Chinese Material Medica School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Rufeng Ma
- Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ruyuan Zhu
- Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yubo Guo
- Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shangang Zhao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - Jinfa Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of He'nan TCM College, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Yu Li
- Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianzhao Niu
- Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Min Fu
- The Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Sihua Gao
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Salari P, Khashayar P, Larijani B. New horizons in treatment of osteoporosis. Daru 2017; 25:2. [PMID: 28173850 PMCID: PMC5297185 DOI: 10.1186/s40199-017-0167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of osteoporosis is increasing both in developed and developing countries. Due to rapid growth in the burden and cost of osteoporosis, worldwide, it seems reasonable to focus on the reduction of fractures as the main goal of treatment. Although, efficient pharmacological agents are available for the treatment of osteoporosis, there still remains a need to more specific drugs with less adverse effects. MAIN BODY This review article provides a brief update on the pathogenesis, presenting current pharmacological products approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or Europe, and also newer therapeutic agents to treat osteoporosis according to the clinical trial data available at PubMed, UpToDate, International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), and clinical practice guidelines. As well, the effect of combination therapy and recommendations for future research will be further discussed. SHORT CONCLUSION The use of current antiresorptive and anabolic agents alone or in combinations for the treatment of osteoporosis entails several limitations. Mainly, their efficacy on non-vertebral fracture reduction is lower than that observed on vertebral fracture. In addition, they have potential adverse events on long time usage. Development of newer agents such as cathepsin k inhibitor and strontium ranelate not only have increased the available options for treating osteoporosis, but also have opened doors of opportunity to improvements in the effective treatment. However, the high cost of new agents have restricted their usage in selective patients who are at high risk of fracture or whom failed response to first line treatment options. Thus, personalized medicine should be considered for future evaluation of genetic risk score and also for environmental exposure assessment. In addition to permanent attention to early diagnosis of osteoporosis and understanding of the pathophysiology of osteoporosis for novel approach in drug discovery, there seems a need to more well-designed clinical trials with larger sample sizes and longer duration on current as well as on newer agents. Also, continuous research on plant-derived components as the source of discovering new agents, and conducting more clinical trials with combination of two or more synthetic drugs, plants, or drug-plant for the treatment of osteoporosis are recommended. Summary of treatment modalities for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Fifth floor, Dr.Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave, Tehran, 14114 Iran
| | - Pooneh Salari
- Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Patricia Khashayar
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Microsystems Technology, Imec and Ghent University, Gent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Fifth floor, Dr.Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave, Tehran, 14114 Iran
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Coughlin TR, Romero-Moreno R, Mason DE, Nystrom L, Boerckel JD, Niebur GL, Littlepage LE. Bone: A Fertile Soil for Cancer Metastasis. Curr Drug Targets 2017; 18:1281-1295. [PMID: 28025941 PMCID: PMC7932754 DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666161226121650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most common and most dangerous sites for metastatic growth across cancer types, and bone metastasis remains incurable. Unfortunately, the processes by which cancers preferentially metastasize to bone are still not well understood. In this review, we summarize the morphological features, physical properties, and cell signaling events that make bone a unique site for metastasis and bone remodeling. The signaling crosstalk between the tumor cells and bone cells begins a vicious cycle - a self-sustaining feedback loop between the tumor cells and the bone microenvironment composed of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, other bone marrow cells, bone matrix, and vasculature to support both tumor growth and bone destruction. Through this crosstalk, bone provides a fertile microenvironment that can harbor dormant tumor cells, sometimes for long periods, and support their growth by releasing cytokines as the bone matrix is destroyed, similar to providing nutrients for a seed to germinate in soil. However, few models exist to study the late stages of bone colonization by metastatic tumor cells. We describe some of the current methodologies used to study bone metastasis, highlighting the limitations of these methods and alternative future strategies to be used to study bone metastasis. While <i>in vivo</i> animal and patient studies may provide the gold standard for studying metastasis, <i>ex vivo</i> models can be used as an alternative to enable more controlled experiments designed to study the late stages of bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Coughlin
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Ricardo Romero-Moreno
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Devon E. Mason
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Lukas Nystrom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL
| | - Joel D. Boerckel
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Glen L. Niebur
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Laurie E. Littlepage
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
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