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Gajewska A, Strzelecki D, Gawlik-Kotelnicka O. Ghrelin as a Biomarker of "Immunometabolic Depression" and Its Connection with Dysbiosis. Nutrients 2023; 15:3960. [PMID: 37764744 PMCID: PMC10537261 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a gastrointestinal peptide, is an endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a), which is mainly produced by X/A-like cells in the intestinal mucosa. Beyond its initial description as a growth hormone (GH) secretagogue stimulator of appetite, ghrelin has been revealed to have a wide range of physiological effects, for example, the modulation of inflammation; the improvement of cardiac performance; the modulation of stress, anxiety, taste sensation, and reward-seeking behavior; and the regulation of glucose metabolism and thermogenesis. Ghrelin secretion is altered in depressive disorders and metabolic syndrome, which frequently co-occur, but it is still unknown how these modifications relate to the physiopathology of these disorders. This review highlights the increasing amount of research establishing the close relationship between ghrelin, nutrition, microbiota, and disorders such as depression and metabolic syndrome, and it evaluates the ghrelinergic system as a potential target for the development of effective pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gajewska
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Oliwia Gawlik-Kotelnicka
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
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2
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Santos VM, Brito AKP, Amorim AT, Souza IR, Santos MB, Campos GB, Dos Santos DC, Júnior ACRB, Santana JM, Santos DB, Mancini MC, Timenetsky J, Marques LM. Evaluation of fecal microbiota and its correlation with inflammatory, hormonal, and nutritional profiles in women. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1001-1009. [PMID: 35277849 PMCID: PMC9151974 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the gut microbiota profiles of 40 women and correlated them with their nutritional, inflammatory, and hormonal profiles. Stool and blood samples were collected, and anthropometric measurements were obtained from 20 women diagnosed with obesity ("case" group) and 20 women with weight in the normal range ("control" group). Bacteria belonging to two phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, one class, Mollicutes, and four genera were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Levels of 18 inflammatory cytokines were measured using the Luminex assay, and ghrelin and leptin levels were measured using enzymatic immunoadsorption assay. Mollicutes proportion differed significantly between the case and control groups, and a significant positive association was detected between the presence of Mollicutes and obesity. Statistically significant differences were observed between the proportions of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the two groups, with a higher proportion of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio among the gut microbiota of women in the case group compared to those of the control group. Higher counts of Escherichia coli and Clostridium spp. were observed in the control group than in the case group, whereas higher counts of Lactobacillus spp. and Bacteroides spp. were detected in the case group than in the control group. There was a positive correlation between interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels and the anthropometric variables and a negative correlation between IL-10 and these variables. Leptin and ghrelin concentrations differed significantly between the two groups and showed positive and negative correlation with obesity predictors, respectively. Therefore, gut microbiota was associated with obesity in women from this study group. Moreover, this microbiota was associated with inflammatory profiles and alterations in ghrelin and leptin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena M Santos
- Biomedical Science Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anne Karoline P Brito
- Health Multidisciplinary Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, CEP: 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Aline T Amorim
- Biomedical Science Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Izadora R Souza
- Biomedical Science Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maysa B Santos
- Biomedical Science Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme B Campos
- Biomedical Science Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Health Multidisciplinary Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, CEP: 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Deborah C Dos Santos
- Health Multidisciplinary Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, CEP: 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos R Braga Júnior
- Health Multidisciplinary Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, CEP: 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Jerusa M Santana
- Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio C Mancini
- Clinical Hospital of Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Biomedical Science Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Marques
- Biomedical Science Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Health Multidisciplinary Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Bairro Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, CEP: 45029-094, Brazil.
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SantaCruz-Calvo S, Bharath L, Pugh G, SantaCruz-Calvo L, Lenin RR, Lutshumba J, Liu R, Bachstetter AD, Zhu B, Nikolajczyk BS. Adaptive immune cells shape obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus and less prominent comorbidities. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:23-42. [PMID: 34703027 PMCID: PMC11005058 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are increasing in prevalence owing to decreases in physical activity levels and a shift to diets that include addictive and/or high-calorie foods. These changes are associated with the adoption of modern lifestyles and the presence of an obesogenic environment, which have resulted in alterations to metabolism, adaptive immunity and endocrine regulation. The size and quality of adipose tissue depots in obesity, including the adipose tissue immune compartment, are critical determinants of overall health. In obesity, chronic low-grade inflammation can occur in adipose tissue that can progress to systemic inflammation; this inflammation contributes to the development of insulin resistance, T2DM and other comorbidities. An improved understanding of adaptive immune cell dysregulation that occurs during obesity and its associated metabolic comorbidities, with an appreciation of sex differences, will be critical for repurposing or developing immunomodulatory therapies to treat obesity and/or T2DM-associated inflammation. This Review critically discusses how activation and metabolic reprogramming of lymphocytes, that is, T cells and B cells, triggers the onset, development and progression of obesity and T2DM. We also consider the role of immunity in under-appreciated comorbidities of obesity and/or T2DM, such as oral cavity inflammation, neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease and gut microbiome dysbiosis. Finally, we discuss previous clinical trials of anti-inflammatory medications in T2DM and consider the path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara SantaCruz-Calvo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Leena Bharath
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, USA
| | - Gabriella Pugh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lucia SantaCruz-Calvo
- Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raji Rajesh Lenin
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jenny Lutshumba
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Beibei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Barbara S Nikolajczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Fatmi A, Chabni N, Cernada M, Vento M, González-López M, Aribi M, Pallardó FV, García-Giménez JL. Clinical and immunological aspects of microRNAs in neonatal sepsis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112444. [PMID: 34808550 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal sepsis constitutes a highly relevant public health challenge and is the most common cause of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent studies have demonstrated that during infection epigenetic changes may occur leading to reprogramming of gene expression. Post-transcriptional regulation by short non-coding RNAs (e.g., microRNAs) have recently acquired special relevance because of their role in the regulation of the pathophysiology of sepsis and their potential clinical use as biomarkers. ~22-nucleotide of microRNAs are not only involved in regulating multiple relevant cellular and molecular functions, such as immune cell function and inflammatory response, but have also been proposed as good candidates as biomarkers in sepsis. Nevertheless, establishing clinical practice guidelines based on microRNA patterns as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in neonatal sepsis has yet to be achieved. Given their differential expression across tissues in neonates, the release of specific microRNAs to blood and their expression pattern can differ compared to sepsis in adult patients. Further in-depth research is necessary to fully understand the biological relevance of microRNAs and assess their potential use in clinical settings. This review provides a general overview of microRNAs, their structure, function and biogenesis before exploring their potential clinical interest as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of neonatal sepsis. An important part of the review is focused on immune and inflammatory aspects of selected microRNAs that may become biomarkers for clinical use and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Fatmi
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Tlemcen, W0414100, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Nafissa Chabni
- Faculty of Medicine, Tlemcen Medical Centre University, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - María Cernada
- Division of Neonatology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Máximo Vento
- Division of Neonatology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - María González-López
- Department of Pediatrics. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mourad Aribi
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Tlemcen, W0414100, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria; Biotechnology Center of Constantine (CRBt), 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Mixed Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Mixed Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Uygun B, Kiyici S, Ozmen S, Gul Z, Sigirli D, Cavun S. The Association Between Olfaction and Taste Functions with Serum Ghrelin and Leptin Levels in Obese Women. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2019; 17:452-457. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2019.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Uygun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sinem Kiyici
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Suay Ozmen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Zulfiye Gul
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Sigirli
- Department of Bio-Statistics, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sinan Cavun
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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Ibrahim OM, Gabre AA, Sallam SF, El-Alameey IR, Sabry RN, Galal EM, Tawfik SM, Zarouk WA, Mosaad RM, Ramadan A. Influence of Interleukin-6 (174G/C) Gene Polymorphism on Obesity in Egyptian Children. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2017; 5:831-835. [PMID: 29362605 PMCID: PMC5771281 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Obesity is a multi-factorial chronic disorder. A considerable number of studies have been performed to figure out whether there is an association between obesity and polymorphisms of gene IL-6 (174G/C), but the results are equivocal. AIM: This study aimed to find out whether the IL-6 (174G/C) gene was associated with the risk of developing obesity in Egyptian children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study included 149 children and adolescents with age ranged between 9.5 – 18 years. Eighty-five of them were obese which BMIZ-score is > 2, and sixty-four children with BMIZ-score ≤ 2 served as control group. Serum level of IL-6 and genetic analysis for IL-6 (174G/C) gene polymorphism were done. RESULTS: Obese children had significantly higher serum levels of IL-6 as compared to those of control children (P = 0.003). A high percentage of IL-6 polymorphism GC was found in obese subjects (93.7%), while the control group had a higher percentage of IL-6 polymorphism GG (70.6 %). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that carriers of the C allele for the IL-6 (174G/C) polymorphism have higher BMI. As the G174C polymorphism is likely to affect IL-6 expression and its physiological regulation; consequently this polymorphism may affect adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola M Ibrahim
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Azza A Gabre
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Sara F Sallam
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Inas R El-Alameey
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Rania N Sabry
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Essam M Galal
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Sawsan M Tawfik
- Child Health Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Waheba A Zarouk
- Molecular Genetics & Enzymology Department , Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Rehab M Mosaad
- Molecular Genetics & Enzymology Department , Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Abeer Ramadan
- Molecular Genetics & Enzymology Department , Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
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Association between Salivary Leptin Levels and Taste Perception in Children. J Nutr Metab 2017; 2017:7260169. [PMID: 28811937 PMCID: PMC5546129 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7260169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The satiety inducing hormone leptin acts not only at central nervous system but also at peripheral level. Leptin receptors are found in several sense related organs, including the mouth. A role of leptin in sweet taste response has been suggested but, until now, studies have been based on in vitro experiments, or in assessing the levels of the hormone in circulation. The present study investigated whether the levels of leptin in saliva are related to taste perception in children and whether Body Mass Index (BMI) affects such relationship. Sweet and bitter taste sensitivity was assessed for 121 children aged 9-10 years and unstimulated whole saliva was collected for leptin quantification, using ELISA technique. Children females with lower sweet taste sensitivity presented higher salivary leptin levels, but this is only in the normal weight ones. For bitter taste, association between salivary leptin and caffeine threshold detection was observed only in preobese boys, with higher levels of salivary hormone in low sensitive individuals. This study is the first presenting evidences of a relationship between salivary leptin levels and taste perception, which is sex and BMI dependent. The mode of action of salivary leptin at taste receptor level should be elucidated in future studies.
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Xu T, Xie W, Ma Y, Zhou S, Zhang L, Chen J, Cai M, Sun R, Zhang P, Yu S, Xu Z, Jiang W, Wu M. Leptin/OB-R pathway promotes IL-4 secretion from B lymphocytes and induces salivary gland epithelial cell apoptosis in Sjögren's syndrome. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63417-63429. [PMID: 28969001 PMCID: PMC5609933 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a chronic autoimmune epithelitis in which cell apoptosis promotes the formation of inflammatory lesions. We used immunohistochemistry and TUNEL to assay B cell infiltration and apoptosis in salivary gland tissue from 16-week-old NOD/LtJ mice with SjS. In co-cultures of primary salivary glandepithelial cells (SGECs) and spleen B cells, we assessed SGEC viability and apoptosis using CCK8 assays and flow cytometry. ELISAs were employed to assess cytokine levels in culture medium. Leptin protein, leptin receptor (OB-R), pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, and Jak2/Stat3/ERK signaling molecules were analyzed using western blotting. B cell infiltration and salivary gland apoptosis were increased in salivary tissue from mice with SjS. Leptin treatment had no effect on cell viability or apoptosis among B cells and primary SGECs. B cell and SGEC co-culture systems showed that leptin increased apoptosis induced by B lymphocytes, reduced SGEC cell viability, and promoted IL-4 secretion from B cells. This suggests Leptin/OB-R signaling stimulates B cells-induced SGEC apoptosis via IL-4 secretion and OB-R-Jak2-Stat3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Yingchun Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Shiliang Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Jinyun Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Mingyuan Cai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Rurong Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Peirong Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Shaobo Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Wanlan Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213003, China
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