An Update on Oxidative Damage to Spermatozoa and Oocytes

Glyphosate presence in human sperm: First report and positive correlation with oxidative stress in an infertile French population

Environmental exposure to endocrine disruptors, such as pesticides, could contribute to a decline of human fertility. Glyphosate (GLY) is the main component of Glyphosate Based Herbicides (GBHs), which are the most commonly herbicides used in the world. Various animal model studies demonstrated its reprotoxicity. In Europe, GLY authorization in agriculture has been extended until 2034. Meanwhile the toxicity of GLY in humans is still in debate. The aims of our study were firstly to analyse the concentration of GLY and its main metabolite, amino-methyl-phosphonic acid (AMPA) by LC/MS-MS in the seminal and blood plasma in an infertile French men population (n=128). We secondly determined Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and Total Oxidant Status (TOS) using commercial colorimetric kits and some oxidative stress biomarkers including malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) by ELISA assays. We next analysed potential correlations between GLY and oxidative stress biomarkers concentration and sperm parameters (sperm concentration, progressive speed, anormal forms). Here, we detected for the first time GLY in the human seminal plasma in significant proportions and we showed that its concentration was four times higher than those observed in blood plasma. At the opposite, AMPA was undetectable. We also observed a strong positive correlation between plasma blood GLY concentrations and plasma seminal GLY and 8-OHdG concentrations, the latter reflecting DNA impact. In addition, TOS, Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) (TOS/TAS), MDA blood and seminal plasma concentrations were significantly higher in men with glyphosate in blood and seminal plasma, respectively. Taken together, our results suggest a negative impact of GLY on the human reproductive health and possibly on his progeny. A precaution principle should be applied at the time of the actual discussion of GLY and GBHs formulants uses in Europe by the authorities.

Paternal Age Amplifies Cryopreservation-Induced Stress in Human Spermatozoa

The global fall in male fertility is a complicated process driven by a variety of factors, including environmental exposure, lifestyle, obesity, stress, and aging. The availability of assisted reproductive technology (ART) has allowed older couples to conceive, increasing the average paternal age at first childbirth. Advanced paternal age (APA), most often considered male age ≥40, has been described to impact several aspects of male reproductive physiology. In this prospective cohort study including 200 normozoospermic patients, 105 of whom were ≤35 years (non-APA), and 95 of whom were ≥42 years (APA), we assessed the impact of paternal age on different endpoints representative of sperm quality and cryopreservation tolerance. Non-APA patients had superior fresh semen quality; DNA fragmentation was notably increased in APA as compared to non-APA individuals (21.7% vs. 15.4%). Cryopreservation further increased the DNA fragmentation index in APA (26.7%) but not in non-APA patients. Additionally, APA was associated with increased mtDNAcn in both fresh and frozen/thawed sperm, which is indicative of poorer mitochondrial quality. Cryopreservation negatively impacted acrosome integrity in both age groups, as indicated by reduced incidences of unreacted acrosome in relation to fresh counterparts in non-APA (from 71.5% to 57.7%) and APA patients (from 75% to 63%). Finally, cryopreservation significantly reduced the phosphorylation status of proteins containing tyrosine residues in sperm from young males. Therefore, the present findings shed light on the effects of paternal age and cryopreservation on sperm quality and serve as valuable new parameters to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying sperm developmental competence that are under threat in current ART practice.

Impact of multiple sclerosis on male sexual and reproductive health

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune neurodegenerative disease characterized by the destruction of myelin in the central nervous system, leading to significant health and quality of life burdens for patients. MS is most prevalent in younger individuals aged 20-40, a critical period when many patients hope to establish relationships and start families. While neurological disability, such as fatigue, sensory dysfunction, spasticity, and cognitive dysfunction, have been greatly improved with the advances in managing MS, physicians are frequently confronted with sexual and reproductive problems among younger male people with MS (PwMS). These issues mainly include erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory disorders, reduced libido, decreased sperm quality, and impaired male fertility. Despite recent studies indicating that MS negatively impacts the sexuality and fertility of male PwMS, these issues have not received sufficient attention. Genetic factors, autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, psychological factors, and the use of drugs may contribute to sexual/reproductive dysfunction in PwMS. However, like the overall understanding of MS pathophysiology, the complete mechanisms of its development remain unclear. In this study, we review the existing literature to summarize the range of sexual and reproductive issues unique to males with MS, explore potential underlying mechanisms, and aim to improve these issues in male PwMS. By shedding light on this overlooked aspect of MS, we hope to enhance the care and well-being of male PwMS facing these challenges.

Ovine fertility by artificial insemination in the breeding season could be affected by intraseasonal variations in ram sperm proteomic profile

It is important to note that seasonality could affect ram reproductive parameters, and therefore, fertility results after artificial insemination. In this work, 1) we assessed fertility rates after cervical artificial insemination of 11,805 ewes at the beginning (June 21st to July 20th) and at the end (November 20th to December 21st) of the reproductive season in the Assaf breed for the last four years, and 2) we aimed to identify male factors influencing the different reproductive success obtained depending on the time at the mating season in which ovine artificial insemination was performed. For this purpose, we evaluated certain ram reproductive and ultrasonographical parameters as well as we performed a multiparametric and proteomic sperm analysis of 6-19 rams at two very distant points in the mating season (July as Early Breeding Season -EBS- and November as Late Breeding Season -LBS-). Rutinary assessments carried out in the ovine reproduction centers (testicular volume, libido, sperm production and mass motility) showed non-significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between both studied times, as well as the ram ultrasonographic evaluation (Resistive and Pulsatility Index as Doppler parameters; and pixels mean gray level, and hypoechoic areas percentage and density as echotexture parameters). However, at level of sperm functionality, although sperm quality appeared non-significantly lower (P ≥ 0.05) in the EBS, we identified a significantly different (P < 0.05) sperm proteomic profile between the seasonality points. The following proteins were identified with the lowest abundance in the EBS with a fold change > 4, a P = 2.40e-07, and a q = 2.23e-06: Fibrous Sheath-Interacting Protein 2, Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase Domain-Containing Protein 20-like, Phosphoinositide-Specific Phospholipase C, Tektin 5, Armadillo Repeat-Containing Protein 12 Isoform X3, Solute Carrier Family 9B1, Radial Spoke Head Protein 3 Homolog, Pro-Interleukin-16, NADH Dehydrogenase [Ubiquinone] 1 Alpha Subcomplex Subunit 8, Testis, Prostate and Placenta-Expressed Protein, and Acyl Carrier Protein Mitochondrial. In conclusion, while our basic analyses on male and sperm quality showed similar results between the beginning and the end of the breeding season, on a proteomic level we detected a lower expression of sperm proteins linked to the energy metabolism, sperm-oocyte interactions, and flagellum structure in the EBS. Probably, this different protein expression could be related to the lower fertility rate of Assaf ewes after cervical artificial insemination at this time. More importantly, sperm proteins can be used as highly effective molecular markers in predicting sperm fertilization ability related to intraseasonal variations.

The Impact of Heavy Smoking on Male Infertility and Its Correlation with the Expression Levels of the PTPRN2 and PGAM5 Genes

Smoking has been linked to male infertility by affecting the sperm epigenome and genome. In this study, we aimed to determine possible changes in the transcript levels of PGAM5 (the phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5), PTPRN2 (protein tyrosine phosphatase, N2-type receptor), and TYRO3 (tyrosine protein kinase receptor) in heavy smokers compared to non-smokers, and to investigate their association with the fundamental sperm parameters. In total, 118 sperm samples (63 heavy-smokers (G1) and 55 non-smokers (G2)) were included in this study. A semen analysis was performed according to the WHO guidelines. After a total RNA extraction, RT-PCR was used to quantify the transcript levels of the studied genes. In G1, a significant decrease in the standard semen parameters in comparison to the non-smokers was shown (p < 0.05). Moreover, PGAM5 and PTPRN2 were differentially expressed (p ≤ 0.03 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively) and downregulated in the spermatozoa of G1 compared to G2. In contrast, no difference was observed for TYRO3 (p ≤ 0.3). In G1, the mRNA expression level of the studied genes was correlated negatively with motility, sperm count, normal form, vitality, and sperm membrane integrity (p < 0.05). Therefore, smoking may affect gene expression and male fertility by altering the DNA methylation patterns in the genes associated with fertility and sperm quality, including PGAM5, PTPRN2, and TYRO3.

A Review on the Impact of Oxidative Stress and Medicinal Plants on Leydig Cells

Leydig cells are essential for steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. An imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the cellular antioxidant level brings about oxidative stress. Oxidative stress (OS) results in the dysfunction of Leydig cells, thereby impairing steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis, and ultimately, male infertility. To prevent Leydig cells from oxidative insults, there needs to be a balance between the ROS production and the cellular protective capacity of antioxidants. Evidence indicates that medicinal plants could improve Leydig cell function at specific concentrations under basal or OS conditions. The increased usage of medicinal plants has been considered a possible alternative treatment for male infertility. This review aims to provide an overview of the impact of oxidative stress on Leydig cells as well as the effects of various medicinal plant extracts on TM3 Leydig cells. The medicinal plants of interest include Aspalathus linearis, Camellia sinensis, Moringa oleifera, Morinda officinale, Taraxacum officinale, Trichilia emetica, Terminalia sambesiaca, Peltophorum africanum, Ximenia caffra, Serenoa repens, Zingiber officinale, Eugenia jambolana, and a combination of dandelion and fermented rooibos (CRS-10). According to the findings obtained from studies conducted on the evaluated medicinal plants, it can, therefore, be concluded that the medicinal plants maintain the antioxidant profile of Leydig cells under basal conditions and have protective or restorative effects following exposure to oxidative stress. The available data suggest that the protective role exhibited by the evaluated plants may be attributed to their antioxidant content. Additionally, the use of the optimal dosage or concentration of the extracts in the management of oxidative stress is of the utmost importance, and the measurement of their oxidation reduction potential is recommended.

Evaluation of Post-Thaw Swim-Up Selection Combined With Glutathione Addition for Improvement of Sperm Chromatin Maturity in Normozoospermic Samples

BACKGROUND

Cryopreservation of human semen alters the spermatozoal structure, resulting in a reduction in sperm function parameters. Various antioxidants may be able to slow or prevent this type of injury. Glutathione (GSH) has numerous antioxidant properties; supplementing the semen with GSH before freezing may assist in the restoration of post-thaw sperm functionality.

OBJECTIVE

 To investigate the effect of adding 5mM of glutathione before freezing on human sperm cryosurvival.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Semen samples were collected from 30 patients (22 normozoospermic and 8 asthenozoospermic) after 3-5 days of sexual abstinence. Following liquefaction, macro- and microscopic examinations were performed. The samples were then divided into two equal aliquots: the first aliquot received 5 mM of glutathione before freezing, and the second aliquot was considered the control (without glutathione). The samples were frozen using the rapid cryopreservation method and then preserved for 7-10 days in a liquid nitrogen tank before being thawed. Thawed samples from each group were examined microscopically according to the WHO 2010 guidelines. Aniline blue was used to assess the maturity of the DNA. Then, the direct-swim-up technique was applied to thawed samples from both groups to select the best sperm quality.

RESULTS

The cryopreservation process negatively impacts all sperm characteristics in both groups. Sperm DNA integrity decreased. Glutathione addition before freezing decreased sperm chromatin immaturity (SCI) percent compared to the control (22.98 ± 0.83, 20.79 ± 0.56). The post-thaw performance of the swim-up technique resulted in a select sperm population with high progressive motility (p = 0.04) and an improvement in DNA integrity in the treated group versus the control group after thawing.

CONCLUSION

The DNA integrity in normozoospermic samples was improved by adding 5 mM glutathione before freezing. Performing the swim-up technique after thawing had no effect on sperm quality in asthenozoospermic patients.

Obesity-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction negatively affect sperm quality

Obesity is a systemic metabolic disease that can induce male infertility or subfertility through oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine how obesity impairs sperm mitochondrial structural integrity and function, and reduces sperm quality in both overweight/obese men and mice on a high-fat diet (HFD). Mice fed the HFD demonstrated higher body weight and increased abdominal fat content than those fed the control diet. Such effects accompanied the decline in antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in testicular and epidydimal tissues. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA) content significantly increased in sera. Mature sperm in HFD mice demonstrated higher oxidative stress, including increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and decreased protein expression of GPX1, which may impair mitochondrial structural integrity and reduce mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP production. Moreover, cyclic AMPK phosphorylation status increased, whereas sperm motility declined in the HFD mice. Clinical studies demonstrated that being overweight/obese reduced SOD enzyme activity in the seminal plasma and increased ROS in sperm, accompanied by lower MMP and low-quality sperm. Furthermore, ATP content in the sperm was negatively correlated with increases in the BMI of all clinical subjects. In conclusion, our results suggest that excessive fat intake had similar disruptive effects on sperm mitochondrial structure and function, as well as oxidative stress levels in humans and mice, which in turn induced lower sperm motility. This agreement strengthens the notion that fat-induced increases in ROS and impaired mitochondrial function contribute to male subfertility.

Assessment of the effect of kinetin against formic acid toxicity in chicken embryo model

The current study was designed to investigate the in ovo injection of formic acid (FA) on hatchability rate (HR; Experiment 1) and the potential ameliorative role of kinetin concurrent with FA on biochemical parameters of hatched broilers (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, live embryonated eggs (n = 280; Day 4 of incubation) were in ovo injected with 0.03, 0.06, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 m m FA. In Experiment 2, intra-yolk-sac administration of toxic doses of FA (2 m m) concurrent with kinetin at 50, 100 or 200 µ m were evaluated on hatched embryos. The amount of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total nitrate-nitrite (TNN), total lipid hydroperoxide (TLHP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured in serum, liver, heart and brain tissues. The results revealed that injection of 2 mM FA significantly increased mortality compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Concurrent administration of 50 or 100 µ m kinetin + 2 m m FA increased HR to 10% and 20% compared to the FA-alone-treated group, respectively. Intra-yolk-sac-received FA group showed greater amounts of MDA, TLHP and TNN and lesser amounts of TAC and SOD activity in serum and tissue samples of liver, heart and brain compared to control groups (p < 0.001). In comparison to the FA-alone-treated group, all doses of kinetin were able to increase the TAC levels in serum and tissue samples when administered concurrently with FA. The doses of 50 and 100 µ m kinetin were efficacious to ameliorate the toxic role of FA injection on SOD activities (p < 0.001). Co-injection of 100 µ m kinetin plus FA significantly reduced the amounts of MDA, TNN and TLHP in measured samples compared to the FA-alone-injected group (p < 0.001). Our results indicated that kinetin (especially at 100 µ m doses) would ameliorate the toxic effects of FA on developing live chicken embryos.

Reduction of SLC7A11 and GPX4 Contributing to Ferroptosis in Sperm from Asthenozoospermia Individuals

Ferroptosis is a newly defined form of regulated cell death, which is involved in various pathophysiological conditions. However, the role of ferroptosis in male infertility remains unclear. In this study, 42 asthenozoospermic and 45 normozoospermic individuals participated. To investigate the ferroptosis level in the two groups, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and iron were measured, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was detected as an indicator of mitochondrial injuries. Compared with the normozoospermic group, ROS (p < 0.05), MDA (p < 0.001), and iron (p < 0.001) of the asthenozoospermic group were significantly increased. However, the asthenozoospermia group had a decreased MMP level (p < 0.05). In addition, the expression levels of GSH-dependent peroxidase 4 (GPX4) (p < 0.001) and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) (p < 0.05) were also reduced in asthenozoospermic individuals. In asthenozoospermic samples, a significantly high positive correlation was observed between GPX4 mRNA levels and progressive motility (r = 0.397, p = 0.009) and total motility (r = 0.389, p = 0.011), while a negative correlation was observed between GPX4 and iron concentration (r =  - 0.276, p = 0.077). The function of ferroptosis in asthenozoospermic males has never been studied before. In our study, we concluded that GPX4 and SLC7A11 expression levels in asthenozoospermia patients were related to increased ferroptosis and impaired sperm function, revealing novel molecular insights into the complex systems involved in male infertility.

Fertility of Holstein cows and heifers submitted to timed artificial insemination and receiving one or two doses (12 h apart) of semen

The objective of this retrospective study was to assess the effect of receiving a single (n = 50,285) or double (n = 4392) artificial insemination (AI), 12 h apart, within a timed artificial insemination protocol on pregnancy per AI (P/AI) in nulliparous heifers (inseminated with either sex-sorted or conventional semen) and pluriparous Holstein cows in a commercial dairy herd. Also, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between temperature-humidity index (THI) and time of the first AI and fertility. Fertility of cows receiving two AI with normothermia (THI <68) was higher (p < .05) than cows receiving a single AI (42.9% vs. 36.4%). P/AI of cows receiving two AI with severe heat stress (THI >85) was higher (p < .05) than cows receiving a single AI (21.0% vs. 12.6%). Regardless of heat stress conditions, applying the first AI in the morning increased (p < .05) P/AI in cows with double AI than in cows whose first AI occurred in the afternoon (38.4 vs. 33.3%). With moderate heat stress, and sexed-sorted semen, P/AI to timed AI was higher (65.0 vs. 51.9%; p < .05) in heifers receiving double AI than those serviced once. It was concluded that double AI, 12 h apart, enhanced fertility at timed AI than herd mates with a single AI, particularly with heat stress at breeding.

Reproduction, skin aging, and sleep in middle-aged women

There is a growing trend for women to delay having children, with a significant number of women postponing motherhood until the third or fourth decade of life. At the same time, these middle-aged women may be more concerned about skin aging and use dermatologic procedures to delay or repair the effects of aging, environmental factors, and oxidative stress on the skin. It has been suggested that the use of skin cosmetics and procedures may play a role in the reproductive system, although their possible effects have not yet been clearly elucidated. Another crucial factor that needs to be raised in this context is poor sleep, which seems to have an important relationship with both reduced fertility and accelerated skin aging, especially when it is associated with greater oxidative stress and hormonal imbalance. This review discusses the important triad of sleep, dermatology, and reproduction, a subject that has received relatively little attention; and, given its potentially wide-ranging implications, one that deserves more frequent and detailed consideration in future studies. Understanding this complex web of interactions could help to provide outcomes that include healthier skin, safety, improved self-esteem, and successful fertility treatments, all of which can directly affect quality of life.

Impact of tobacco smoking in association with H2BFWT, PRM1 and PRM2 genes variants on male infertility

Tobacco's genotoxic components can cause a wide range of gene defects in spermatozoa such as single- or double-strand DNA breaks, cross-links, DNA-adducts, higher frequencies of aneuploidy and chromosomal abnormalities. The aim in this study was to determine the correlation between sperm quality determined by standard parameters, sperm DNA maturity tested by Chromomycin A3 (CMA3) staining, sperm DNA fragmentation tested by TUNEL assay and tobacco smoking in association with the single nucleotides polymorphisms (SNP) of three nuclear protein genes in spermatozoa (H2BFWT, PRM1 and PRM2). In this study, semen samples of 167 male patients were collected and divided into 54 non-smokers and 113 smokers. The target sequences in the extracted sperm DNA were amplified by PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. The results showed the presence of three variants: rs7885967, rs553509 and rs578953 in H2BFWT gene in the study population. Only one variant rs737008 was detected in PRM1 gene, and three variants were detected in the PRM2 gene: rs2070923, rs1646022 and rs424908. No significant association was observed between the concentration, progressive motility, morphology and the occurrence of H2BFWT, PRM1 and PRM2 SNPs. However, sperm parameters were significantly lower in heavy smokers compared to controls (p < 0.01) (sperm count: 46.00 vs. 78.50 mill/ml, progressive motility: 15.00% vs. 22.00%, and morphology 4.00% vs. 5.00%, respectively). Moreover, the heavy smoker individuals exhibited a considerable increase in CMA3 positivity and sDF compared to non-smokers (p < 0.01) (29.50% vs. 20.50% and 24.50% vs. 12.00%, respectively). In conclusion, smoking altered sperm parameters and sperm DNA integrity, but did not show a linkage with genetic variants in H2BFWT, and protamine genes (PRM1 and PRM2).

Yifei sanjie Pills Alleviate Chemotherapy-Related Fatigue by Reducing Skeletal Muscle Injury and Inhibiting Tumor Growth in Lung Cancer Mice

Chemotherapy-related fatigue (CRF), one of the most severe adverse effects observed in cancer patients, has been theoretically related to oxidative stress, and antioxidant treatment might be one of the most valuable therapeutic approaches. However, there are still few effective pharmacological therapies. Yifei Sanjie pills (YFSJ), a classical formula used to treat lung cancer as complementary and alternative medicine, have been proved to alleviate CRF of lung cancer patients in clinical practices. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. In this study, our data showed that YFSJ alleviated CRF presented as reversing the decline of swimming time and locomotor activity induced by cisplatin (DDP). Moreover, YFSJ significantly reduces the accidence of mitophagy and mitochondrial damage and reduces apoptosis in skeletal muscle tissues caused by DDP. It probably works by decreasing the oxidative stress, inhibiting the activation of the AMPK/mTOR pathway, decreasing protein expression levels of Beclin1 and other autophagy-related proteins, and attenuating the activation of Cytochrome c (cyto. C), Cleaved Caspase-9 (c-Casp 9), and other apoptosis-related proteins. Furthermore, YFSJ enhanced DDP sensitivity by specifically promoting oxidative stress and activating apoptosis and autophagy in the tumor tissues of mice. It was also found that YFSJ reduced the loss of body weight caused by DDP, reversed the ascent of serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aminotransferase (AST), and creatinine (CREA), increased the spleen index, and prolonged the survival time of mice. Taken together, these results revealed that YFSJ could alleviate CRF by reducing mitophagy and apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in skeletal muscle; these results also displayed the effects of YFSJ on enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, improving quality of life, and prolonging survival time in lung cancer mice received DDP chemotherapy.

Fertility Impairment after Trekking at High Altitude: A Proof of Mechanisms on Redox and Metabolic Seminal Changes

Many authors described negative but reversible effects of high-altitude hypoxic exposure on animal and human fertility in terms of sperm concentration, function, and biochemical alterations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of high-altitude exposure on classical sperm parameters, redox status, and membrane composition in a group of travellers. Five healthy Italian males, all lowlanders not accustomed to the altitude, were evaluated after 19 days-trekking through low, moderate, and high altitudes in the Himalayas. Sperm samples were collected before (Pre), 10 days after (Post), and 70 days after the end of the expedition (Follow-up). Sperm concentration, cholesterol and oxysterol membrane content, and redox status were measured. Hypoxic trek led to a significant reduction in sperm concentration (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.91), with a reduction from Pre to Post (71.33 ± 38.81 to 60.65 ± 34.63 × 106/mL) and a further reduction at Follow-up (to 37.13 ± 39.17 × 106/mL). The seminal volume was significantly affected by the hypoxic trek (p = 0.001, η2p = 0.75) with a significant reduction from Pre to Post (2.86 ± 0.75 to 1.68 ± 0.49 mL) and with partial recovery at Follow-up (to 2.46 ± 0.45 mL). Moreover, subjects had an increase in ROS production (+86%), and a decrease in antioxidant capacity (−37%) in the Post period with partial recovery at Follow-up. These results integrated the hormonal response on thyroid function, hypothalamus−pituitary−gonadal axis, and the prolactin/cortisol pathways previously reported. An uncontrolled ROS production, rather than a compromised antioxidant activity, was likely the cause of impaired sperm quality. The reduction in fertility status observed in this study may lie in an evolutionary Darwinian explanation, i.e., limiting reproduction due to the “adaptive disadvantage” offered by the combined stressors of high-altitude hypoxia and daily physical exercise.

Impact of heavy alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on sperm DNA integrity

The purposes of the presents study were to investigate the impact of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on semen parameters and sperm DNA quality, as well as to determine whether tobacco smoking, or alcohol consumption causes more deterioration of sperm quality. Two hundred and eleven semen samples of men were included in this study. Four groups were studied: heavy smokers (N = 48), heavy drinkers (N = 52), non-smokers (n = 70), and non-drinkers (n = 41). Semen parameters were determined according to WHO guidelines, protamine deficiency assessed by chromomycin (CMA3) staining, and sperm DNA fragmentation (sDF) evaluated by TUNEL assay. Sperm parameters were significantly higher in non-smokers versus smokers and in non-drinkers versus drinkers (p < 0.005). However, protamine deficiency and sDF were significantly lower in non-smokers versus smokers and in non-drinkers versus drinkers (p < 0.0001). No significant difference in the semen analysis parameters was observed between heavy smokers and heavy drinkers (semen volume: 3.20 ± 1.43 vs. 2.81 ± 1.56 ml, semen count: 65.75 ± 31.32 vs. 53.51 ± 32.67 mill/ml, total motility: 24.27 ± 8.18 vs. 23.75 ± 1.75%, sperm vitality: 36.15 ± 18.57 vs. 34.62 ± 16.65%, functional integrity: 41.56 ± 18.57 vs. 45.96 ± 17.98% and the morphologically normal spermatozoa: 28.77 ± 11.82 vs. 27.06 ± 13.13%, respectively). However, protamine deficiency was significantly higher among drinkers than smokers (37.03 ± 9.75 vs. 33.27 ± 8.56%, p = 0.020). The sDF was also significantly higher among drinkers than smokers (22.37 ± 7.60 vs. 15.55 ± 3.33%, p < 0.0001). Thus, cigarette smoking, and heavy alcohol intake can deteriorate sperm quality. However, alcohol consumption deteriorates sperm maturity and damages DNA integrity at significantly higher rates than cigarette smoking.

In vitro effects of aqueous extract of unfermented rooibos on human spermatozoa

The inability to conceive is a baleful experience for thousands of couples worldwide. Among different well‐known reproductive techniques, medicinal plants have been utilized to treat male infertility. Medicinal plants, provide a therapeutic alternative, which is available and affordable for infertile couples. We investigated the direct effect of unfermented rooibos aqueous extract on human spermatozoa. Semen samples (n = 50) collected from donors and patients consulting for fertility were reassigned as normal (n = 22) and abnormal (n = 28) samples based on the outcome of the baseline semen analysis, using the World Health Organization (WHO) cut off value. Semen samples were allowed to liquefy and subsequently washed with human tubular fluid in bovine serum albumin medium. The samples were then treated with aqueous extracts of unfermented rooibos (0, 0.15, 1.5, 15, 150 μg/ml) at 37°C for 1 h and assessed thereafter. Sperm motility, vitality, DNA fragmentation, intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential in both groups remained unchanged (p > 0.05). However, aqueous extract of unfermented rooibos (only at 1.5 μg/ml) significantly increased capacitation and acrosome reaction in the abnormal sample group (p > 0.05). Unfermented rooibos aqueous extract had no deleterious impact on human spermatozoa's function and might be attributed to its antioxidant properties.

Oxidative Stress Measurement in Frozen/Thawed Human Sperm: The Protective Role of an In Vitro Treatment with Myo-Inositol

Despite its widespread use, sperm cryopreservation induces serious detrimental alterations in sperm function; indeed, it is commonly associated with decreased sperm viability and motility, and DNA fragmentation. Mechanisms of human sperm cryodamage are thought to be multifactorial, but oxidative stress seems to have a prominent role. A huge amount of data supported the cryoprotective effect of different antioxidants able to minimize the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improve the quality of spermatozoa. Among others, myo-inositol is one of the most powerful and has been reported to be effective in improving sperm quality and motility when used both in vivo and in vitro. This study aimed to determine the in vitro impact of myo-inositol in ameliorating sperm oxidative status during sperm cryopreservation. In particular, we demonstrated a significant improvement of sperm parameters (vitality and motility) when myo-inositol was added after sperm thawing (p < 0.05). Moreover, we showed that myo-inositol induces a significant increase in oxygen consumption, the main index of oxidative phosphorylation efficiency and ATP production. Finally, by means of 2D-electrophoresis, we demonstrated a significant decrease in the level of carbonyl groups, the main structural changes occurring in conditions of oxidative stress (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the sperm cryopreservation procedure we developed, assuring the reduction of ROS-induced sperm modifications, may improve the in vitro procedure currently used in ART laboratory for sperm cryostorage.

Effect of Multiple Sclerosis and Its Treatments on Male Fertility: Cues for Future Research

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease that may lead to different types of symptoms and disabilities. with the better quality of life and decreased disability due to early diagnosis and the availability of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), the treating physician is increasingly asked to counsel patients on its effects on fertility and reproduction. In particular, reproductive issues are still scarcely studied and discussed in men. Among the still open questions are the following: (a) Does multiple sclerosis cause infertility per sè? (b) Is multiple sclerosis correlated with conditions that increase the risk of infertility? (c) Do DMTs or other therapies for multiple sclerosis impact gonadal function in men? The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the available literature data about the reproductive issues unique to men with multiple sclerosis, underlining the numerous areas where evidence is lacking and, therefore, the priorities for future research.

Male subfertility and oxidative stress

To date 15% of couples are suffering from infertility with 45-50% of males being responsible. With an increase in paternal age as well as various environmental and lifestyle factors worsening these figures are expected to increase. As the so-called free radical theory of infertility suggests, free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in this process. However, ROS also fulfill important functions for instance in sperm maturation. The aim of this review article is to discuss the role reactive oxygen species play in male fertility and how these are influenced by lifestyle, age or disease. We will further discuss how these ROS are measured and how they can be avoided during in-vitro fertilization.

Oral Antioxidant Treatment of Men Significantly Improves the Reproductive Outcome of IVF Cycles

Some 30% to 80% of male sub-fertility may be associated with oxidative stress that damages spermatozoa and can decrease success of in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques. This multicenter, longitudinal, prospective study aimed to investigate whether oral antioxidant supplementation improved the reproductive competence of men who had had low fertilization rates in their previous intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles without azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia or any identifiable andrological disease. Seventy-seven men from couples who had an ICSI attempt with unexplained <60% fertilization rate took an antioxidant mix of myo-inositol, alpha-lipoic acid, folic acid, coenzyme Q10, zinc, selenium, and vitamins B2, B6, and B12. Semen parameters were analyzed before (T0) and after 90 days (T90) of treatment, and outcomes of the paired T0 and T90 cycles were compared. After the treatment there was an increase in sperm concentration (p = 0.027), total motile sperm count (p = 0.003), progressive motility (p < 0.0001), and a decreasing trend of DNA-fragmented spermatozoa. Embryological outcomes (fertilization, embryo quality, blastocyst development) were significantly higher in T90 than T0 cycles. No T0 cycle resulted in an evolutive pregnancy. Conversely, in T90 cycles 29 singleton clinical pregnancies were obtained. No negative neonatal outcomes were recorded in newborns after antioxidant treatment. Diet supplementation of men who have had low fertilization rates in their previous ICSI cycles with a combination of myo-inositol, alpha-lipoic acid, folic acid, coenzyme Q10, zinc, selenium, betaine, and vitamins may improve semen reproductive potential and ICSI clinical outcome.

Oral Antioxidant Treatment of Men Significantly Improves the Reproductive Outcome of IVF Cycles

Some 30% to 80% of male sub-fertility may be associated with oxidative stress that damages spermatozoa and can decrease success of in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques. This multicenter, longitudinal, prospective study aimed to investigate whether oral antioxidant supplementation improved the reproductive competence of men who had had low fertilization rates in their previous intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles without azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia or any identifiable andrological disease. Seventy-seven men from couples who had an ICSI attempt with unexplained <60% fertilization rate took an antioxidant mix of myo-inositol, alpha-lipoic acid, folic acid, coenzyme Q10, zinc, selenium, and vitamins B2, B6, and B12. Semen parameters were analyzed before (T0) and after 90 days (T90) of treatment, and outcomes of the paired T0 and T90 cycles were compared. After the treatment there was an increase in sperm concentration (p = 0.027), total motile sperm count (p = 0.003), progressive motility (p < 0.0001), and a decreasing trend of DNA-fragmented spermatozoa. Embryological outcomes (fertilization, embryo quality, blastocyst development) were significantly higher in T90 than T0 cycles. No T0 cycle resulted in an evolutive pregnancy. Conversely, in T90 cycles 29 singleton clinical pregnancies were obtained. No negative neonatal outcomes were recorded in newborns after antioxidant treatment. Diet supplementation of men who have had low fertilization rates in their previous ICSI cycles with a combination of myo-inositol, alpha-lipoic acid, folic acid, coenzyme Q10, zinc, selenium, betaine, and vitamins may improve semen reproductive potential and ICSI clinical outcome.

The association between testicular toxicity induced by Li2Co3 and protective effect of Ganoderma lucidum: Alteration of Bax & c-Kit genes expression

Ganoderma lucidum has received a lot of attention recently due to its medicinal potential activities. The aim of this designed experiment was to evaluate the beneficial effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract against lithium carbonate induced testicular toxicity and related lesions in mice testis. For this purpose, lithium carbonate at a dose of 30 mg/kg, followed by 75, 150 mg/kg Ganoderma lucidum extract orally were administered for 35 days. The results were obtained from Ganoderma lucidum extract analysis prove contained a large amount of polysaccharides, triterpenoids and poly phenols based on spectrophotometric assay. Also, DPPH assay for Ganoderma lucidum extract showed high level of radical scavenging activity. The hematoxylin & eosin cross section from lithium carbonate treated group exhibited significant alterations in seminiferous tubules. Moreover, lithium carbonate induced oxidative stress via lipid peroxidation and generate MDA (P < 0.001). In addition, lithium carbonate initiated germ cells apoptosis via increase Bax expression (p < 0.001) and reduce germ cells differentiation through down-regulation of c-Kit expression (p < 0.05). Results from CASA showed that sperm parameters like count, motility and viability significantly decreased in lithium treated group (p < 0.001). It is clear that lithium carbonate induce severe damage on male reproductive system and histopathological damages via generation oxidative stress but supplementation with Ganoderma lucidum extract exhibited prevention effects and repaired induced damages.

Advancing Semen Evaluation Using Lipidomics

Developing a deeper understanding of biological components of sperm is essential to improving cryopreservation techniques and reproductive technologies. To fully ascertain the functional determinants of fertility, lipidomic methods have come to the forefront. Lipidomics is the study of the lipid profile (lipidome) within a cell, tissue, or organism and provides a quantitative analysis of the lipid content in that sample. Sperm cells are composed of various lipids, each with their unique contribution to the overall function of the cell. Lipidomics has already been used to find new and exciting information regarding the fatty acid content of sperm cells from different species. While the applications of lipidomics are rapidly evolving, gaps in the knowledge base remain unresolved. Current limitations of lipidomics studies include the number of available samples to analyze and the total amount of cells within those samples needed to detect changes in the lipid profiles across different subjects. The information obtained through lipidomics research is essential to systems and cellular biology. This review provides a concise analysis of the most recent developments in lipidomic research. This scientific resource is important because these developments can be used to not only combat the reproductive challenges faced when using cryopreserved semen and artificial reproductive technologies in livestock such as cattle, but also other mammals, such as humans or endangered species.

Dietary Antioxidants in the Treatment of Male Infertility: Counteracting Oxidative Stress

Infertility affects about 15% of the population and male factors only are responsible for ~25-30% of cases of infertility. Currently, the etiology of suboptimal semen quality is poorly understood, and many environmental and genetic factors, including oxidative stress, have been implicated. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free radicals, or reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the capacity of the body to counteract their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants. The purpose of this review, by employing the joint expertise of international researchers specialized in nutrition and male fertility areas, is to update the knowledge about the reproductive consequences of excessive ROS concentrations and oxidative stress on the semen quality and Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ART) clinical outcomes, to discuss the role of antioxidants in fertility outcomes, and finally to discuss why foods and dietary patterns are more innocuous long term solution for ameliorating oxidative stress and therefore semen quality results and ART fertility outcomes. Since this is a narrative review and not a systematic/meta-analysis, the summarized information in the present study should be considered cautiously.

Impact of aluminium toxicity on vital human sperm parameters-Protective effects of silymarin

Aluminium is an environmental pollutant which induces oxidative stress, while silymarin is a potent antioxidant. This study was conducted to investigate the possible protective effects of silymarin on adverse effects of aluminium chloride on vital sperm parameters as well as its effects on oxidative stress markers in human spermatozoa. Human spermatozoa were divided into 5 groups as follows: (a) spermatozoa at 0 hr; (b) spermatozoa at 180 min (control); (c) spermatozoa treated with aluminium chloride; (d) spermatozoa treated with silymarin + aluminium chloride; and (e) spermatozoa treated with silymarin. The sperm samples were used to assess sperm vital parameters such as acrosome and plasma membrane integrity, viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and motility as well as sperm malondialdehyde (MDA) level and the total antioxidant capacity. The percentage of acrosome and plasma membrane integrity, viability, MMP, motility and the total antioxidant capacity of spermatozoa treated with aluminium chloride significantly decreased compared with control group, while the level of MDA significantly increased compared with the control group. In the silymarin + aluminium chloride group, silymarin could significantly compensate the adverse effects of aluminium chloride on these parameters. Administration of silymarin alone significantly increased the percentage of acrosome and plasma membrane integrity, viability, motility and total antioxidant capacity, while significantly reduced MDA levels compared with the control group. Aluminium chloride by inducing oxidative stress exerts disastrous effects on the vital parameters of human spermatozoa and silymarin, as a potent antioxidant, could reverse the effects of aluminium chloride on these parameters.

Ability of Ureaplasma parvum to invade mouse sperm, fertilize eggs through infected sperm, and impair mouse sperm function and embryo development

OBJECTIVE

To examine the effect of Ureaplasma parvum (U. parvum) infection on mouse sperm motility, structure, and fertilizing ability and on embryo development.

DESIGN

In vitro model of the effects of U. parvum serovar 3 infection on mouse sperm.

SETTING

Basic research laboratory.

INTERVENTION(S)

None.

ANIMALS

Mice.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Mouse sperm motility was examined using the swim-up method, and their motility parameters were analyzed using the sperm motility analysis system. Localization and invasion of U. parvum were observed with fluorescence, confocal, and scanning electron microscopy. After in vitro fertilization with U. parvum-infected sperm, the quality of the fertilized egg and embryo development were assessed.

RESULT(S)

U. parvum was attached and internalized into mouse sperms and localized mainly at the sperm head and midpiece. U. parvum-infected mouse sperms exhibited decreased motility in a dose- and duration-dependent manner. Electron micrographs revealed that U. parvum infection induced the aggregation and morphological destruction of mouse sperm. Infected mouse sperm transported U. parvum into the fertilized egg with reduced fertilization rates, and infected embryo development was impaired.

CONCLUSION(S)

U. parvum infection caused deterioration of the mouse sperm quality and its functions, which affected the fertilization rate and embryo development.

Tobacco smoking and its impact on the expression level of sperm nuclear protein genes: H2BFWT, TNP1, TNP2, PRM1 and PRM2

The aim of this current study was to investigate the influence of tobacco smoke on sperm quality determined by standard parameters, on sperm DNA maturity tested by chromomycin A3 (CMA3) staining, on sperm DNA fragmentation tested by TUNEL assay and on the transcript level of sperm nuclear proteins H2BFWT, PRM1, PRM2, TNP1 and TNP2 genes quantified by RT-PCR. One hundred forty-one (141) sperm samples (43 nonsmokers (G.1) and 98 heavy smokers (G.2)) of couples undergoing ICSI were enrolled in this study. In G2, a significant decrease in standard semen parameters in comparison with nonsmokers was shown (p < .01). In contrast, protamine deficiency (CMA3 positivity) and sperm DNA fragmentation (sDF) were significantly higher in G2 than in G1 (p < .01). Furthermore, the studied genes were differentially expressed (p < .01), down-regulated in the spermatozoa of G.2 compared to that of G.1 (fold change <0.5) and were significantly correlated between each other (p < .01). Moreover, in comparison with G1, the protamine mRNA ratio in G2 was significantly higher (p < .01). It can therefore be concluded that smoking alters mRNA expression levels of H2BFWT, TNP1, TNP2, PRM1 and PRM2 genes and the protamine mRNA ratio and consequently alters normal sperm function.

Bovine Oviduct Epithelial Cell-Derived Culture Media and Exosomes Improve Mitochondrial Health by Restoring Metabolic Flux during Pre-Implantation Development

Oviduct flushing is enriched by a wide variety of nutrients that guide the 3-4 days journey of pre-implantation embryo through the oviduct as it develops into a competent blastocyst (BL). However, little is known about the specific requirement and role of these nutrients that orchestrate the early stages of embryonic development. In this study, we aimed to characterize the effect of in vitro-derived bovine oviduct epithelial cell (BOECs) secretion that mimics the in vivo oviduct micro-fluid like environment, which allows successful embryonic development. In this study, the addition of an in vitro derived BOECs-condition media (CM) and its isolated exosomes (Exo) significantly enhances the quality and development of BL, while the hatching ability of BLs was found to be high (48.8%) in the BOECs-Exo supplemented group. Surprisingly, BOECs-Exo have a dynamic effect on modulating the embryonic metabolism by restoring the pyruvate flux into TCA-cycle. Our analysis reveals that Exo treatment significantly upregulates the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1) expression, required for metabolic fine-tuning of the TCA-cycle in the developing embryos. Exo treatment increases the influx into TCA-cycle by strongly suppressing the PDH and GLUD1 upstream inhibitors, i.e., PDK4 and SIRT4. Improvement of TCA-cycle function was further accompanied by higher metabolic activity of mitochondria in BOECs-CM and Exo in vitro embryos. Our study uncovered, for the first time, the possible mechanism of BOECs-derived secretion in re-establishing the TCA-cycle flux by the utilization of available nutrients and highlighted the importance of pyruvate in supporting bovine in vitro embryonic development.

The Relation of Birth Weight and Adiposity Across the Life Course to Semen Quality in Middle Age

BACKGROUND

Studies of body mass index and semen quality have reported mixed results, but almost all were cross-sectional and many were conducted in selected populations. Longitudinal studies in population-based cohorts are necessary to identify how timing and duration of excess adiposity may affect semen quality.

METHODS

In 193 members of the Child Health and Development Studies birth cohort, we examined associations of birth weight and adiposity at six time points spanning early childhood and adulthood with sperm concentration, motility, and morphology at mean age 44 years, as well as with corresponding 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) subfertility reference levels.

RESULTS

Birth weight for gestational age percentile was positively associated with square-root sperm concentration (regression coefficient B [95% confidence interval] = 0.02 × 103 sperm/ml [0.004, 0.04]). Overweight/obesity in men's 20s was associated with lower percent progressive motility (B =-5.2 [-9.9, -0.63]), higher odds of low motility (odds ratio (OR) = 2.4 [1.3, 4.4]), and higher odds of poor morphology (OR = 1.9 [0.94, 3.8]). Those who were overweight/obese in their 20s were also more likely to meet two or three WHO subfertility criteria (OR = 3.9 [1.6, 9.4]) compared with normal-weight men. Each additional adult decade in which a participant was overweight/obese was associated with higher odds of low motility (OR = 1.3 [0.96, 1.6]) and higher odds of meeting two or three WHO subfertility criteria (OR = 1.5 [1.0, 2.2]).

CONCLUSIONS

In our data, associations among adiposity and sperm concentration, motility, and morphology varied according to timing and duration of exposure, potentially reflecting different biological mechanisms that influence these semen parameters.

Oxidative Stress in Reproduction: A Mitochondrial Perspective

Mitochondria are fundamental organelles in eukaryotic cells that provide ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. During this process, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced, and an imbalance in their concentrations can induce oxidative stress (OS), causing cellular damage. However, mitochondria and ROS play also an important role in cellular homeostasis through a variety of other signaling pathways not related to metabolic rates, highlighting the physiological relevance of mitochondria–ROS interactions. In reproduction, mitochondria follow a peculiar pattern of activation, especially in gametes, where they are relatively inactive during the initial phases of development, and become more active towards the final maturation stages. The reasons for the lower metabolic rates are attributed to the evolutionary advantage of keeping ROS levels low, thus avoiding cellular damage and apoptosis. In this review, we provide an overview on the interplay between mitochondrial metabolism and ROS during gametogenesis and embryogenesis, and how OS can influence these physiological processes. We also present the possible effects of assisted reproduction procedures on the levels of OS, and the latest techniques developed to select gametes and embryos based on their redox state. Finally, we evaluate the treatments developed to manage OS in assisted reproduction to improve the chances of pregnancy.

Low-dose heavy metal mixture (lead, cadmium and mercury)-induced testicular injury and protective effect of zinc and Costus afer in wistar albino rats

The study evaluated the protective effect of Costus afer on low-dose heavy metal mixture (LDHMM)-mediated effects in the testis of albino rats. The weight-matched animals were divided into six groups: normal control, metal mixture of (PbCl₂  + CdCl₂ + HgCl₂ ), combination of metal mixture + Costus afer at 750 mg/kg, combination of metal mixture + Costus afer at 1,500 mg/kg, combination of metal mixture + Costus afer at 2,250 mg/kg and combination of metal mixture + (ZnCl₂ ). LDHMM reduced (p < .05) the antioxidant biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; and glutathione, GSH) and increased (p < .05) the lipid peroxidation marker (malondialdehyde, MDA) and lead, cadmium and mercury concentrations in the testis. Treatment with LDHMM increased (p < .05) abnormal sperm morphology and plasma prolactin (PRL) level and decreased epididymal sperm count, viability, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH) and testosterone. LDHMM exposure caused deleterious changes in the testis. Treatment of rats with Costus afer (750, 1,500 and 2,250 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced (p < .05) the LDHMM-mediated toxicity. Treatment with Costus afer also reversed the testicular weight and LDHMM decrease in antioxidant biomarkers. Costus afer may be a defensive modulator of LDHMM-mediated testicular lesions.

Effects of kinetin supplementation on the post-thaw motility, viability, and structural integrity of dog sperm

Oxidative stress is one of the major issues associated with cryopreservation because it causes a marked reduction in the post-thaw quality of semen. This study investigated the ability of kinetin to preserve the structural and functional integrity of dog sperm during cryopreservation. Pooled ejaculates were divided into 5 equal aliquots, diluted with buffer 2 supplemented with different concentrations of kinetin (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μM), and finally cryopreserved. The optimal concentration of kinetin was 50 μM based on the significantly improved (P < 0.05) motion characteristics and viability of post-thaw sperm samples. Moreover, kinetin-supplemented samples exhibited significantly higher (P < 0.05) sperm counts with the intact plasma membrane, normal acrosomes, mitochondria, and chromatin than control. The beneficial effects of kinetin were also reflected by the significant increase in the expression levels of anti-apoptotic (B-cell lymphoma, BCL2) and protamine-related genes (protamine 2, PRM2; protamine 3, PRM3), and decrease in the expression of pro-apoptotic (BCL2-associated X, BAX) and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-modulating genes (ROS modulator 1, ROMO1) in kinetin-supplemented sperm samples than in control. The results demonstrated that supplementation of buffer 2 with 50 μM kinetin is ideal for reducing the magnitude of oxidative damage during semen cryoprocessing and improving the post-thaw quality of dog semen.

Total antioxidant capacity-Relevance, methods and clinical implications

Oxidative stress is pre-empted by an adequate level of antioxidants, which scavenge oxidants when they are produced in excess by different sources, including leukocytes and immature spermatozoa. Enzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and several non-enzymatic antioxidants (proteins, vitamins and minerals), working as oxidant scavengers and cofactors of enzymatic antioxidants have been identified in seminal plasma. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is a diagnostic test that can be utilised in the male infertility workup. TAC measures the amount of total antioxidants in seminal plasma. Therefore, it provides an assessment of the reductive potential in seminal plasma. Several studies have investigated the diagnostic application of TAC in various andrology conditions. There is substantial evidence in the literature to show that infertile patients have lower seminal TAC in comparison with fertile men. Moreover, there is a positive correlation between TAC and seminal parameters, such as sperm concentration, motility and morphology. Evaluation of TAC together with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) may be beneficial in the diagnosis of male infertility.

Reactive oxygen species in reproduction: harmful, essential or both?

The process of embryonic development is crucial and radically influences preimplantation embryo competence. It involves oocyte maturation, fertilization, cell division and blastulation and is characterized by different key phases that have major influences on embryo quality. Each stage of the process of preimplantation embryonic development is led by important signalling pathways that include very many regulatory molecules, such as primary and secondary messengers. Many studies, both in vivo and in vitro, have shown the importance of the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as important second messengers in embryo development. ROS may originate from embryo metabolism and/or oocyte/embryo surroundings, and their effect on embryonic development is highly variable, depending on the needs of the embryo at each stage of development and on their environment (in vivo or under in vitro culture conditions). Other studies have also shown the deleterious effects of ROS in embryo development, when cellular tissue production overwhelms antioxidant production, leading to oxidative stress. This stress is known to be the cause of many cellular alterations, such as protein, lipid, and DNA damage. Considering that the same ROS level can have a deleterious effect on the fertilizing oocyte or embryo at certain stages, and a positive effect at another stage of the development process, further studies need to be carried out to determine the rate of ROS that benefits the embryo and from what rate it starts to be harmful, this measured at each key phase of embryonic development.

Positive effect of nutraceuticals on sperm DNA damage in selected infertile patients with idiopathic high sperm DNA fragmentation

BACKGROUND

The use of nutraceuticals to improve sperm parameters and male fertility is debatable, even if evidence suggests that selected infertile patients might benefit from their use. In particular, oxidative stress might play a role in idiopathic male infertility, leading to sperm membrane damage and high sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF). The aim of this study was to evaluate, in selected idiopathic infertile men with high SDF, the effect on sperm DNA damage and on standard semen parameters of a nutraceutical formulation containing myoinositol, alpha lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10, selenium, zinc and B vitamins.

METHODS

The study included 60 idiopathic infertile men with DNA fragmentation index (DFI) >20%. Semen analysis and DFI determination were assessed at baseline and after three months of nutraceutical treatment. Primary outcome was change in DFI.

RESULTS

Semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, sperm motility and sperm morphology did not change after treatment. Instead, sperm vitality significantly increased (65.9±11.8% pre-treatment vs. 69.4±9.4% post-treatment, P<0.05) and DFI significantly decreased (33.5±10.1% pre-treatment vs. 26.8±8.7% post-treatment, P=0.0001) after treatment. The percentage of men with normal standard sperm parameters significantly increased (15% vs. 30%, P<0.05). The mean decrease in DFI was -6.7±1.4% and the percentage of men with DFI ≤30% after treatment was 75.0% compared to 48.3% pre-treatment (P<0.005). Higher pre-treatment DFI (and no other parameters) correlated with greater DFI reduction after treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Nutraceuticals might be effective in idiopathic infertile men with high DFI to reduce SDF, increase sperm vitality and globally improve semen parameters.

Novel additive for sperm cryopreservation media: Holotheria parva coelomic cavity extract protects human spermatozoa against oxidative stress-A pilot study

Cryopreservation is the most effective method for preserving semen for a long period of time. However, during the freeze-thaw process, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to a steep reduction in sperm fertility indices. In this study, we tested the effects of the extract of the coelomic cavity of five Holotheria parva, a marine organism rich in antioxidants, for its ROS-scavenging activity and cryoprotective effects on oxidative stress. Using a total of 50 semen samples, our results demonstrated that doses of 250 and 500 µg/ml of H. parva coelomic cavity extract significantly increased sperm vitality as compared to the control (p < .05). The addition of 250 µg/ml of the extract exerted a significant positive effect on sperm motility. Moreover, sperm DNA damage and ROS production were significantly reduced at extract concentrations of 250 and 500 µg/ml (p < .05). To the best of our knowledge, the results of this study represent the first demonstration of the possibility of improving sperm parameters and reducing ROS production and DNA damage by supplementing sperm freezing media with H. parva coelomic extract. Our results suggested that H. parva coelomic extract could be useful for improving the fertilising ability of frozen-thawed human semen.

The Importance of Oxidative Stress in Determining the Functionality of Mammalian Spermatozoa: A Two-Edged Sword

This article addresses the importance of oxidative processes in both the generation of functional gametes and the aetiology of defective sperm function. Functionally, sperm capacitation is recognized as a redox-regulated process, wherein a low level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is intimately involved in driving such events as the stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation, the facilitation of cholesterol efflux and the promotion of cAMP generation. However, the continuous generation of ROS ultimately creates problems for spermatozoa because their unique physical architecture and unusual biochemical composition means that they are vulnerable to oxidative stress. As a consequence, they are heavily dependent on the antioxidant protection afforded by the fluids in the male and female reproductive tracts and, during the precarious process of insemination, seminal plasma. If this antioxidant protection should be compromised for any reason, then the spermatozoa experience pathological oxidative damage. In addition, situations may prevail that cause the spermatozoa to become exposed to high levels of ROS emanating either from other cells in the immediate vicinity (particularly neutrophils) or from the spermatozoa themselves. The environmental and lifestyle factors that promote ROS generation by the spermatozoa are reviewed in this article, as are the techniques that might be used in a diagnostic context to identify patients whose reproductive capacity is under oxidative threat. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of ROS-monitoring methodologies is critical if we are to effectively identify those patients for whom treatment with antioxidants might be considered a rational management strategy.

Combination therapy with antioxidants improves total motile sperm counts: A Preliminary Study

PURPOSE

Optimal strategies to treat idiopathic male infertility have remained unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of combination antioxidant therapy with several vitamins and supplements on semen parameters.

METHODS

Thirty-one men with oligozoospermia and/or asthenozoospermia evaluated by a Makler counting chamber were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: a combination of antioxidant supplements (L-carnitine, zinc, astaxanthin, coenzyme Q10, vitamin C, vitamin B12, and vitamin E) and a Chinese herbal medicine, hochu-ekki-to (HE). Serum endocrinological profiles and semen parameters, especially total motile sperm count, were compared between before and after 12 weeks of treatment in both groups.

RESULTS

In the supplement group, endocrinological findings were not significantly improved. The semen parameters of semen volume, sperm concentration, and sperm motility were not statistically significantly improved, whereas total motile sperm count was significantly improved. In contrast, none of the endocrinological factors or semen findings were significantly improved by the Chinese herbal medicine although semen concentration, semen motility, and total motile sperm count showed a tendency to increase.

CONCLUSION

Because combination antioxidant therapy could improve sperm motility significantly for patients with idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia, our supplement could be one treatment option for idiopathic male infertility.

Oxidative stress and male infertility: current knowledge of pathophysiology and role of antioxidant therapy in disease management

Infertility is a global health problem involving about 15% of couples. Approximately half of the infertility cases are related to male factors. The oxidative stress, which refers to an imbalance in levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, is one of the main causes of infertility in men. A small amount of ROS is necessary for the physiological function of sperm including the capacitation, hyperactivation and acrosomal reaction. However, high levels of ROS can cause infertility through not only by lipid peroxidation or DNA damage but inactivation of enzymes and oxidation of proteins in spermatozoa. Oxidative stress (OS) is mainly caused by factors associated with lifestyle. Besides, immature spermatozoa, inflammatory factors, genetic mutations and altering levels of sex hormones are other main source of ROS. Since OS occurs due to the lack of antioxidants and its side effects in semen, lifestyle changes and antioxidant regimens can be helpful therapeutic approaches to overcome this problem. The present study aimed to describe physiological ROS production, roles of genetic and epigenetic factors on the OS and male infertility with various mechanisms such as lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and disorder of male hormone profile, inflammation, and varicocele. Finally, the roles of oral antioxidants and herbs were explained in coping with OS in male infertility.

Oxidative stress and male infertility: current knowledge of pathophysiology and role of antioxidant therapy in disease management

Infertility is a global health problem involving about 15% of couples. Approximately half of the infertility cases are related to male factors. The oxidative stress, which refers to an imbalance in levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, is one of the main causes of infertility in men. A small amount of ROS is necessary for the physiological function of sperm including the capacitation, hyperactivation and acrosomal reaction. However, high levels of ROS can cause infertility through not only by lipid peroxidation or DNA damage but inactivation of enzymes and oxidation of proteins in spermatozoa. Oxidative stress (OS) is mainly caused by factors associated with lifestyle. Besides, immature spermatozoa, inflammatory factors, genetic mutations and altering levels of sex hormones are other main source of ROS. Since OS occurs due to the lack of antioxidants and its side effects in semen, lifestyle changes and antioxidant regimens can be helpful therapeutic approaches to overcome this problem. The present study aimed to describe physiological ROS production, roles of genetic and epigenetic factors on the OS and male infertility with various mechanisms such as lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and disorder of male hormone profile, inflammation, and varicocele. Finally, the roles of oral antioxidants and herbs were explained in coping with OS in male infertility.

[Association of advanced oxidation protein products in seminal plasma with teratospermia and outcome parameters of in vitro fertilization]

OBJECTIVE

To study the association of the level of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) in seminal plasma with teratospermia and the outcome parameters of in vitro fertilization (IVF).

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study among 272 male patients receiving assisted reproduction treatment in the Center for Reproductive Medicine of our hospital between October, 2018 and March, 2019. The levels of seminal AOPPs and reactive oxygen species (ROS), demographic data, sperm parameters and IVF outcome parameters were analyzed for all the patients. According to the percentage of sperms with normal morphology, the patients were divided before IVF into teratozoospermia group and normal sperm morphology group, and those in teratozoospermia group were further divided into 3 subgroups with mild, moderate and severe teratozoospermia. The patients were also divided on the day oocyte retrieval into 2 groups with fertilizing rates lower (group Ⅰ) and higher (group Ⅱ) than the median rate.

RESULTS

We found a significant negative correlation of seminal AOPP level before treatment with the percentage of normal sperm morphology (P=0.003) and seminal ROS level (P=0.013). The seminal levels of AOPPs (P= 0.027) and ROS (P=0.036) were significantly elevated in patients with teratospermia, and seminal AOPP level was significantly higher in severe teratospermia group than in mild (P=0.019) and moderate (P=0.015) teratospermia groups. The seminal levels of AOPPs (P=0.003) and ROS (P=0.017) on the day of oocyte retrieval were negatively correlated with the fertilization rate in IVF cycles, and the levels of AOPPs (P=0.049) and ROS (P=0.036) were significantly higher in group Ⅰ than in group Ⅱ.

CONCLUSIONS

An elevated level of seminal AOPPs may indicate an increased risk of severe teratospermia and a lower fertilization rate in IVF.

Oxidative stress in biological systems and its relation with pathophysiological functions: the effect of physical activity on cellular redox homeostasis

The body of evidence from the past three decades demonstrates that oxidative stress can be involved in several diseases. This study aims to summarise the current state of knowledge on the association between oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of some characteristic to the biological systems diseases and aging process. This review also presents the effect of physical activity on redox homeostasis. There is strong evidence from studies for participation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in pathogenesis of acute and chronic diseases based on animal models and human studies. Elevated levels of pro-oxidants and various markers of the oxidative stress and cells and tissues damage linked with pathogenesis of cancer, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, reproductive system diseases, and aging were reported. Evidence confirmed that inflammation contributes widely to multiple chronic diseases and is closely linked with oxidative stress. Regular moderate physical activity regulates oxidative stress enhancing cellular antioxidant defence mechanisms, whereas acute exercise not preceded by training can alter cellular redox homeostasis towards higher level of oxidative stress. Future studies are needed to clarify the multifaceted effects of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species on cells and tissues and to continue study on the biochemical roles of antioxidants and physical activity in prevention of oxidative stress-related tissue injury.

Oxidative stress and sperm function: A systematic review on evaluation and management

Objective: To review and present the most distinct concepts on the association of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with male reproduction.

Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to search PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane electronic databases for studies investigating the role of oxidative stress (OS) on sperm function.

Results: The literature search yielded 1857 studies, of which 1791 articles were excluded because of irrelevance of data, non-English language, non-human nature or because they were case reports or commentaries. All included studies were reviews (46), meta-analyses (one), original research studies (18) and guideline articles (one). The studies were published between 1984 and 2018. Under normal physiological conditions, ROS are vital for sperm maturation, hyperactivation, capacitation, acrosome reaction, as well as fertilisation. However, a number of endogenous and exogenous causes may induce supra-physiological levels of ROS resulting in lipid peroxidation, sperm DNA fragmentation and apoptosis, and consequently infertility. Several laboratory testing methods can be used in infertile men to diagnose OS. Treatment usually involves antioxidant supplementation and, when possible, elimination of the causative factor.

Conclusion: OS is an important cause of male factor infertility. Its assessment provides essential information that can guide treatment strategies aimed at improving the male’s reproductive potential.

Abbreviations: bp: base-pair; CAT: catalase; LPO: lipid peroxidation; MDA: malondialdehyde; MiOXSYS: Male Infertility Oxidative System; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; NAD(PH): nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate); NO: nitric oxide; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine; ORP: oxidation–reduction potential; OS: oxidative stress; PKA: protein kinase A; PLA2: phospholipase A2; PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; PUFA: poly-unsaturated fatty acid; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TBA: thiobarbituric acid

Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial Proteome Reveals the Mechanism of Enhanced Ram Sperm Motility Induced by Carbon Ion Radiation After In Vitro Liquid Storage

The aim of this study was to reveal the mechanism of enhanced ram sperm motility induced by heavy ion radiation (HIR) after in vitro liquid storage. Ram semen was stored for 24 hours at 5°C and then irradiated with 0.1 Gy carbon ion radiation (CIR). In comparison to nonirradiated (NIR) sperm, the motility, viability, and adenosine triphosphate content were all higher in CIR sperm, and the reactive oxygen species levels were lower. Moreover, 87 differential mitochondrial protein spots were detected in 2-dimensional gels between CIR and NIR sperm and were identified as 52 corresponding proteins. In addition, 33 differential proteins were involved in a main pathway network, including COX5B, ERAB/HSD17B10, ETFA, SDHB, and SOD2, which are known to be involved in cell communication, energy production, and antioxidant responses. We used immunoblotting and immunofluorescence to analyze the content and localization of these proteins, respectively, and the levels of these proteins in CIR sperm were lower than those in NIR sperm. An understanding of the molecular function of these proteins could provide further insight into the mechanisms underlying high sperm motility induced by HIR in rams.

Knowledge regarding factors that influence fertility in Thai reproductive-age population living in urban area: A cross-sectional study

Objective

To survey knowledge about the factors that influence fertility in a reproductive-age population living in an urban area.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire-based survey among both males and females aged 18–45 years living in the Bangkok metropolitan area.

Results

The mean age of the participants was 26.8±7.2 years (male, 41.9%; female, 58.1%). Of the participants, 53.1% had an undergraduate degree and 57.1% were single. Only one-fifth of the participants correctly identified the age when fecundity declines in male and female, the definition of infertility, and the period during the menstrual cycle with the highest chance of pregnancy. Approximately three-fourths of the participants correctly identified that cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and sexually transmitted infections affect fertility.

Conclusion

A considerable knowledge gap about the factors that influence fertility was identified in reproductive-age individuals in an urban area of Thailand. This issue should be urgently addressed by promoting fertility awareness through education, discussions about social perceptions regarding fertility, and reliable sources of knowledge.