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Dong H, Gao X, Li H, Gao J, Zhang L. Protective effects of flavonoids against intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 28:350. [PMID: 39071910 PMCID: PMC11273248 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), known as non-traumatic cerebrovascular rupture and hemorrhage, often occurs in the deep basal brain segment. It is known for its high morbidity and mortality rates. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a clinical syndrome caused by the rupture of blood vessels at the base or surface of the brain that allows blood to flow directly into the subarachnoid space. It progresses quickly and typically manifests at younger ages compared with ICH. ICH and SAH are both devastating events in the category of hemorrhagic strokes and are attracting increasing attention from researchers. Flavonoids, being important natural molecules, have remarkable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Flavonoids have extensive biological activities in inflammation and oxidative stress (OS), and have protective effects in vascular function associated with cerebrovascular diseases. They have an impact on the onset of ICH and SAH by targeting various pathways, including the suppression of inflammation and OS. Recently, the role of flavonoid compounds in ICH and SAH has also received increasing interest. Thus, to serve as a resource for the prevention and treatment of ICH and SAH, the present review provided an overview of the research on flavonoid compounds in the prevention of brain damage after these two conditions have occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanpeng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P.R. China
| | - Jing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P.R. China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P.R. China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
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2
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Cho J, Hong E, Kim Y, Song J, Ju YH, Kim H, Lee H, Kim H, Nam M. Baicalin and baicalein from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi alleviate aberrant neuronal suppression mediated by GABA from reactive astrocytes. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14740. [PMID: 38715318 PMCID: PMC11076983 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from reactive astrocytes is critical for the dysregulation of neuronal activity in various neuroinflammatory conditions. While Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (S. baicalensis) is known for its efficacy in addressing neurological symptoms, its potential to reduce GABA synthesis in reactive astrocytes and the associated neuronal suppression remains unclear. This study focuses on the inhibitory action of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), the key enzyme for astrocytic GABA synthesis. METHODS Using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation mouse model, we conducted immunohistochemistry to assess the effect of S. baicalensis on astrocyte reactivity and its GABA synthesis. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed to reveal the major compounds of S. baicalensis, the effects of which on MAO-B inhibition, astrocyte reactivity, and tonic inhibition in hippocampal neurons were validated by MAO-B activity assay, qRT-PCR, and whole-cell patch-clamp. RESULTS The ethanolic extract of S. baicalensis ameliorated astrocyte reactivity and reduced excessive astrocytic GABA content in the CA1 hippocampus. Baicalin and baicalein exhibited significant MAO-B inhibition potential. These two compounds downregulate the mRNA levels of genes associated with reactive astrogliosis or astrocytic GABA synthesis. Additionally, LPS-induced aberrant tonic inhibition was reversed by both S. baicalensis extract and its key compounds. CONCLUSIONS In summary, baicalin and baicalein isolated from S. baicalensis reduce astrocyte reactivity and alleviate aberrant tonic inhibition of hippocampal neurons during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeong Cho
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science InstituteKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Eun‐Bin Hong
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science InstituteKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Young‐Sik Kim
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean MedicineWoosuk UniversityJeonju‐siRepublic of Korea
| | - Jungbin Song
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean MedicineKyung Hee UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ha Ju
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science InstituteKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science InstituteKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)SeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of KHU‐KIST Convergence Science and TechnologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science InstituteKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hocheol Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean MedicineKyung Hee UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Min‐Ho Nam
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science InstituteKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)SeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of KHU‐KIST Convergence Science and TechnologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Division of Bio‐Medical Science & Technology, KIST SchoolUniversity of Science and TechnologySeoulRepublic of Korea
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3
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Liu ZSJ, Truong TTT, Bortolasci CC, Spolding B, Panizzutti B, Swinton C, Kim JH, Hernández D, Kidnapillai S, Gray L, Berk M, Dean OM, Walder K. The potential of baicalin to enhance neuroprotection and mitochondrial function in a human neuronal cell model. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02525-5. [PMID: 38503930 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Baicalin is a flavone glycoside derived from flowering plants belonging to the Scutellaria genus. Previous studies have reported baicalin's anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties in rodent models, indicating the potential of baicalin in neuropsychiatric disorders where alterations in numerous processes are observed. However, the extent of baicalin's therapeutic effects remains undetermined in a human cell model, more specifically, neuronal cells to mimic the brain environment in vitro. As a proof of concept, we treated C8-B4 cells (murine cell model) with three different doses of baicalin (0.1, 1 and 5 μM) and vehicle control (DMSO) for 24 h after liposaccharide-induced inflammation and measured the levels of TNF-α in the medium by ELISA. NT2-N cells (human neuronal-like cell model) underwent identical baicalin treatment, followed by RNA extraction, genome-wide mRNA expression profiles and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). We also performed neurite outgrowth assays and mitochondrial flux bioanalysis (Seahorse) in NT2-N cells. We found that in C8-B4 cells, baicalin at ≥ 1 μM exhibited anti-inflammatory effects, lowering TNF-α levels in the cell culture media. In NT2-N cells, baicalin positively affected neurite outgrowth and transcriptionally up-regulated genes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glycolysis pathway. Similarly, Seahorse analysis showed increased oxygen consumption rate in baicalin-treated NT2-N cells, an indicator of enhanced mitochondrial function. Together, our findings have confirmed the neuroprotective and mitochondria enhancing effects of baicalin in human-neuronal like cells. Given the increased prominence of mitochondrial mechanisms in diverse neuropsychiatric disorders and the paucity of mitochondrial therapeutics, this suggests the potential therapeutic application of baicalin in human neuropsychiatric disorders where these processes are altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe S J Liu
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, 3220, Australia.
| | - Trang T T Truong
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - Briana Spolding
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - Bruna Panizzutti
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - Courtney Swinton
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, 3220, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Damián Hernández
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - Srisaiyini Kidnapillai
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - Laura Gray
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, 3220, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Olivia M Dean
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, 3220, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, 3220, Australia
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Zhou Z, Dun L, Yang Q, Tao J, Yu P, Xu H, Zhao N, Zheng N, An H, Yi P. Tongqiao Huoxue decoction alleviates neurological impairment following ischemic stroke via the PTGS2/NF-kappa B axis. Brain Res 2023; 1805:148247. [PMID: 36669713 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine has emerged as promising targets for ischemic stroke (IS) therapy, yet the mechanism remains elusive. The current study was performed with an aim to investigate the action and mechanism of Tongqiao Huoxue decoction (TQHXD) affecting the neurological impairment secondary to IS based on network pharmacology. Based on network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis, target genes and pathways involved in the treatment of TQHXD against IS were predicted. Serum containing TQHXD was prepared through blood collection from C57BL/6 mice after intragastric administration of TQHXD. The main results exhibited that Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) exhibited an abundance in IS and enrichment in the NF-kappa B signaling pathway, holding the potential as targets related to TQHXD treatment for IS. TQHXD was found to rescue cell viability, inhibit apoptosis, and alleviate inflammation under oxygen and glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) exposure. Furthermore, our in vivo experiment validated the protective function of TQHXD in ischemic brain damage stimulated by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). This protective action of TQHXD could be attenuated by overexpressing nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B, which was dependent on PTGS2. Collectively, TQHXD was demonstrated to ameliorate IS-induced neurological impairment by blocking the NF-kappa B signaling pathway and down-regulating PTGS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyi Zhou
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Linglu Dun
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Jingrui Tao
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Peishan Yu
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Na Zheng
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Hongwei An
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China.
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5
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Li MC, Tian Q, Liu S, Han SM, Zhang W, Qin XY, Chen JH, Liu CL, Guo YJ. The mechanism and relevant mediators associated with neuronal apoptosis and potential therapeutic targets in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:244-252. [PMID: 35900398 PMCID: PMC9396483 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a dominant cause of death and disability worldwide. A sharp increase in intracranial pressure after SAH leads to a reduction in cerebral perfusion and insufficient blood supply for neurons, which subsequently promotes a series of pathophysiological responses leading to neuronal death. Many previous experimental studies have reported that excitotoxicity, mitochondrial death pathways, the release of free radicals, protein misfolding, apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and inflammation are involved solely or in combination in this disorder. Among them, irreversible neuronal apoptosis plays a key role in both short- and long-term prognoses after SAH. Neuronal apoptosis occurs through multiple pathways including extrinsic, mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum, p53 and oxidative stress. Meanwhile, a large number of blood contents enter the subarachnoid space after SAH, and the secondary metabolites, including oxygenated hemoglobin and heme, further aggravate the destruction of the blood-brain barrier and vasogenic and cytotoxic brain edema, causing early brain injury and delayed cerebral ischemia, and ultimately increasing neuronal apoptosis. Even there is no clear and effective therapeutic strategy for SAH thus far, but by understanding apoptosis, we might excavate new ideas and approaches, as targeting the upstream and downstream molecules of apoptosis-related pathways shows promise in the treatment of SAH. In this review, we summarize the existing evidence on molecules and related drugs or molecules involved in the apoptotic pathway after SAH, which provides a possible target or new strategy for the treatment of SAH.
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6
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Wang Y, Sun J, Zhao P, Yi H, Yuan H, Yang M, Sun B, Che F. Rapid magnetic separation: An immunoassay platform for the SERS-based detection of subarachnoid hemorrhage biomarkers. Front Chem 2022; 10:1002351. [PMID: 36339041 PMCID: PMC9634124 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1002351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is of vital importance to the progression and prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The construction of a simple, sensitive, and accurate detection assay for measuring the biomarkers associated with BBB injury is still an urgent need owing to the complex pathogenesis of SAH and low expression levels of pathological molecules. Herein, we introduced surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) label-embedded Fe3O4@Au core-shell nanoparticles as ideal SERS sensors for quantitative double detection of MMP-9 and occludin in SAH patients. Meanwhile, utilizing the SERS signals to dynamically estimate MMP-9 and occludin concentration in the rat SAH model is the first application in exploring the relationship of pathological MMP-9 and occludin molecular levels with neurobehavioral score. This method warrants reliable detection toward MMP-9 and occludin with a wide recognition range and a low detection limit in blood samples. Furthermore, the results monitored by the SERS assay exactly matched with those obtained through a traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The aforementioned results demonstrated this novel biosensor strategy has extensive application prospects in the quantitative measurement of multiple types of biomolecules in body fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Linyi People’s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Linyi People’s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Yi
- Linyi People’s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Mingfeng Yang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Baoliang Sun
- Linyi People’s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Baoliang Sun, ; Fengyuan Che,
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Linyi People’s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Baoliang Sun, ; Fengyuan Che,
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Li X, Li S, Ma C, Li T, Yang L. Preparation of baicalin-loaded ligand-modified nanoparticles for nose-to-brain delivery for neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1282-1298. [PMID: 35467483 PMCID: PMC9045769 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2064564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia (CI) has received increasing attention. However, efficient delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain remains a major challenge due to the complex environment of the brain. Nose-to-brain-based delivery is a promising approach. Here, we optimized a nanocarrier formulation of neuroprotective agents that can be used for nose-to-brain delivery by obtaining RVG29 peptide-modified polyethylene glycol–polylactic acid-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles (PEG–PLGA RNPs) that have physicochemical properties that lead to stable and sustained drug release and thereby improve the bioavailability of neuroprotective agents. The brain-targeting ability of PEG–PLGA RNPs administered through nasal inhalation was verified in a rat model of CI. It was found that delivery to the whole brain can be achieved with little delivery to the peripheral circulation. Baicalin (BA) was selected as the neuroprotective agent for delivery. After intranasal administration of BA–PEG–PLGA RNPs, the neurological dysfunction of rats with ischemic brain injury was significantly alleviated, the cerebral infarction area was reduced, and nerve trauma and swelling were relieved. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects of BA in a rat model of CI may be mediated by inhibition of inflammation and alleviation of oxidative stress. The immunohistochemical results obtained after treatment with nanoparticles loaded with BA showed that Nrf2/HO-1 was activated in the area in which ischemic brain damage had occurred and that its expression was significantly higher in the group treated with BA–PEG–PLGA RNPs than in the other groups. The ELISA results showed that the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were abnormally increased in the serum of rats with cerebral ischemia. After treatment with BA-loaded nanoparticles, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels decreased significantly. Oxidative stress was alleviated; the levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase increased; and the levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde decreased, in animals to which BA–PEG–PLGA RNPs were delivered by intranasal inhalation. In conclusion, BA–PEG–PLGA RNPs can effectively deliver BA to rats and thereby exert neuroprotective effects against CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, ChangChun, China
| | - Shuling Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, ChangChun, China
| | - Chun Ma
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, ChangChun, China
| | - Tieshu Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, ChangChun, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, ChangChun, China
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8
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Noori T, Sureda A, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Shirooie S. The Role of Natural Products in Treatment of Depressive Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:929-949. [PMID: 34979889 PMCID: PMC9881107 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220103140834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive disorder is one of the most common psychiatric syndromes that, if left untreated, can cause many disturbances in a person's life. Numerous factors are involved in depression, including inflammation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), GABAergic system, hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis, monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline, and dopamine). Common treatments for depression are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, but these drugs have several side effects such as anxiety, diarrhea, constipation, weight loss, and sexual dysfunctions. These agents only reduce the symptoms and temporarily reduce the rate of cognitive impairment associated with depression. As a result, extensive research has recently been conducted on the potential use of antidepressant and sedative herbs. According to the available data, herbs used in traditional medicine can be significantly effective in reducing depression, depressive symptoms and improving patients' performance. The present study provides a summary of biomarkers and therapeutic goals of depression and shows that natural products such as saffron or genipin have antidepressant effects. Some of the useful natural products and their mechanisms were evaluated. Data on various herbs and natural isolated compounds reported to prevent and reduce depressive symptoms is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Noori
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX) and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, Palma de Mallorca E-07122, Balearic Islands, Spain;,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile; Chile;,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Samira Shirooie
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran;,Address correspondence to this author at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; E-mail:
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9
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Targeting Nrf2-Mediated Oxidative Stress Response in Traumatic Brain Injury: Therapeutic Perspectives of Phytochemicals. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1015791. [PMID: 35419162 PMCID: PMC9001080 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1015791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), known as mechanical damage to the brain, impairs the normal function of the brain seriously. Its clinical symptoms manifest as behavioral impairment, cognitive decline, communication difficulties, etc. The pathophysiological mechanisms of TBI are complex and involve inflammatory response, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and so on. Among them, oxidative stress, one of the important mechanisms, occurs at the beginning and accompanies the whole process of TBI. Most importantly, excessive oxidative stress causes BBB disruption and brings injury to lipids, proteins, and DNA, leading to the generation of lipid peroxidation, damage of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, neuronal apoptosis, and neuroinflammatory response. Transcription factor NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), a basic leucine zipper protein, plays an important role in the regulation of antioxidant proteins, such as oxygenase-1(HO-1), NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), to protect against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. Recently, emerging evidence indicated the knockout (KO) of Nrf2 aggravates the pathology of TBI, while the treatment of Nrf2 activators inhibits neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammatory responses via reducing oxidative damage. Phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, grains, and other medical herbs have been demonstrated to activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway and exert neuroprotective effects in TBI. In this review, we emphasized the contributive role of oxidative stress in the pathology of TBI and the protective mechanism of the Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response for the treatment of TBI. In addition, we summarized the research advances of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, terpenoids, natural pigments, and otherwise, in the activation of Nrf2 signaling and their potential therapies for TBI. Although there is still limited clinical application evidence for these natural Nrf2 activators, we believe that the combinational use of phytochemicals such as Nrf2 activators with gene and stem cell therapy will be a promising therapeutic strategy for TBI in the future.
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Duan T, Li L, Yu Y, Li T, Han R, Sun X, Cui Y, Liu T, Wang X, Wang Y, Fan X, Liu Y, Zhang H. Traditional Chinese medicine use in the pathophysiological processes of intracerebral hemorrhage and comparison with conventional therapy. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106200. [PMID: 35367344 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) refers to hemorrhage caused by non-traumatic vascular rupture in the brain parenchyma, which is characterized by acute onset, severe illness, and high mortality and disability. The influx of blood into the brain tissue after cerebrovascular rupture causes severe brain damage, including primary injury caused by persistent hemorrhage and secondary brain injury (SBI) induced by hematoma. The mechanism of brain injury is complicated and is a significant cause of disability after ICH. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanism of brain injury after ICH to develop drugs to prevent and treat ICH. Studies have confirmed that many traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) can reduce brain injury by improving neurotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), blood-brain barrier (BBB), apoptosis, and neurological dysfunction after ICH. Starting from the pathophysiological process of brain injury after ICH, this paper summarizes the mechanisms by which TCM improves cerebral injury after ICH and its comparison with conventional western medicine, so as to provide clues and a reference for the clinical application of TCM in the prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic stroke and further research and development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yajun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Rui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xingyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiang Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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11
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Zaghloul RA, Zaghloul AM, El-Kashef DH. Hepatoprotective effect of Baicalin against thioacetamide-induced cirrhosis in rats: Targeting NOX4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways. Life Sci 2022; 295:120410. [PMID: 35182557 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aim Liver cirrhosis is the result of a vicious cycle of both chronic oxidative stress and inflammation. NADPH oxidase-4 (NOX4) and its companion, NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, are emerging as therapeutic targets of liver fibrosis. MAIN METHODS Baicalin (BA), a natural flavone, has been investigated for its therapeutic potential against cirrhosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA) (200 mg/kg, twice/week) for 12 weeks in Sprague-Dawley rats. Two doses of BA were administered (25 and 75 mg/kg/day, orally, a week after TAA was stopped and continued for 4 weeks). KEY FINDINGS BA was able to reduce fibrosis visualized by Masson trichrome and immunohistochemical staining of the hepatic α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor-β1. Moreover, BA was able to ameliorate inflammation by reducing hepatic NLRP3 inflammasome subunits, NLRP3 and caspase-1, both parts of the complex responsible for the activation of different interleukins (IL), measured as IL-1β. In addition, BA was able to reduce hepatic nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-driven inflammation through IL-6. BA targeted inflammation through its anti-oxidant ability evidenced by the enhancement of the hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) activity and level, respectively, and the reduction of both hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NOx) contents. Treatment with BA significantly decreased TAA-induced elevation in hepatic NOX4, a key enzyme for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, as well as, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). SIGNIFICANCE therefore, the study could conclude, the anti-fibrotic effect of BA through TGF- β1/NOX4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, exerting both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa A Zaghloul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Zaghloul
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Dalia H El-Kashef
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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12
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Ye F, Liang J, Wang T, Wu X, Li J, Lan K, Sheng W. Bioinformatic Analysis of Co-Expressed Differentially Expressed Genes and Potential Targets for Intracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. World Neurosurg 2022; 159:e442-e452. [PMID: 34990842 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are serious subtypes of hemorrhagic stroke that affect adults and have a high risk of morbidity and mortality; both share certain identical risk factors and clinical features. Recent studies have shown that secondary brain injury (SBI) following ICH and SAH is more life-threatening and lacks effective therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study is to understand the molecular pathogenesis of ICH- or SAH-induced SBI and provide insights to the potential therapeutic options. METHODS The original gene expression profile data of tissue microarray studies (GSE24265, GSE13353) was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for each disease and co-DEGs between ICH and SAH. The functional enrichment analyses were then analyzed and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to strictly select hub genes via the maximal clique centrality (MCC) method. Additionally, immune infiltration analyses were used to identify the common differently distributed cells in both diseases. Finally, potential target microRNAs (miRNAs) and related targeted drugs were predicted for further studies. The animal model microarrays were used for external validation. RESULTS A total of 614 ICH-DEGs, 1272 SAH-DEGs, and 158 co-DEGs were identified in our study. The co-DEGs were significantly enriched in cytotoxicity and inflammation pathways. The top 10 hub genes (CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL8, CXCL16, CXCR2, CXCR4, CCR7, PF4, and PPBP) were then filtered through the PPI networks. Moreover, nTreg, Th17, and dendritic cells and monocytes and macrophages were identified as the common differentially distributed immune cells between ICH and SAH. Additionally, the target miRNAs (e.g., miR-21-5p, miR-590-5p, miR-6834-3p) and related drugs (e.g., ABX-IL8, HUMAX-IL8, Rivanicline) of hub genes were predicted. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a variety of key genes and their respective molecular functions involved in both ICH and SAH for better understanding of the cytotoxic and inflammatory pathogenesis of SBI. The predicted targeted miRNAs and related drugs of hub genes not only provide insights into the novel therapeutic strategies but also aid in future studies and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianzhu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoxing Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Department of Anesthesiology, PLA 32268 Troops, Dali, China
| | - Wenli Sheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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13
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Zheng B, Zhou X, Pang L, Che Y, Qi X. Baicalin suppresses autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7794-7804. [PMID: 34704542 PMCID: PMC8806453 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1975999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early brain injury, characterized by massive cell apoptosis or death, is identified as a critical pathophysiological process during subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Ferroptosis, a class of autophagy-dependent cell death discovered in 2012, is induced by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation accumulation. The present study was designed to study the role of baicalin in autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in early brain injury after SAH. Neurological scores and brain water content were measured to evaluate brain injury. Measurement of iron ion, malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid reactive oxygen species was conducted for ferroptosis evaluation. Immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, and flow cytometry analysis were used to evaluate autophagy and apoptosis. First, we observed that, compared with sham rats, SAH rats had lower neurobehavioral scores. Next, baicalin was proven to decrease the Fe2+, malondialdehyde, and ROS levels in the brain tissues of rats. Also, baicalin was confirmed to suppress the beclin1, LC3-II, and LC3-I protein levels in rat brain tissues. Moreover, we found that baicalin inhibited neuronal apoptosis. Finally, the effects of baicalin on brain injury in the SAH rats were verified. Overall, our results demonstrated that baicalin suppressed autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in EBI after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiwei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lujun Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanjun Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Wang K, Lei L, Cao J, Qiao Y, Liang R, Duan J, Feng Z, Ding Y, Ma Y, Yang Z, Zhang E. Network pharmacology-based prediction of the active compounds and mechanism of Buyang Huanwu Decoction for ischemic stroke. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1050. [PMID: 34434264 PMCID: PMC8353622 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) is used to promote blood circulation and is widely used in Chinese clinical practice for the treatment and prevention of ischemic cerebral vascular diseases. However, the mechanism and active compounds of BYHWD used to treat ischemic stroke are not well understood. The current study aimed to identify the potential active components of BYHWD and explore its mechanism using network pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses. The compounds of BYHWD were obtained from public databases. Oral bioavailability and drug-likeness were screened using the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) criteria. Components of BYHWD, alongside the candidate targets of each component and the known therapeutic targets of ischemic stroke were collected. A network of target gene compounds and cerebral ischemia compounds was established using network pharmacology data sources. The enrichment of key targets and pathways was analyzed using STRING and DAVID databases. Moreover, three of key targets [IL6, VEGFA and hypoxia-inducible-factor-1α (HIF-1α)] were verified using western blot analysis. Network analysis determined 102 compounds in seven herbal medicines that were subjected to ADME screening. A total of 42 compounds as well as 79 genes formed the principal pathways associated with ischemic stroke. The 16 key compounds identified were baicalein, beta-carotene, baicalin, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, hydroxysafflor yellow A, isorhamnetin, bifendate, formononetin, calycosin, astragaloside IV, stigmasterol, sitosterol, Z-ligustilide, and dihydrocapsaicin. The core genes in this network were IL6, TNF, VEGFA, HIF-1α, MAPK1, MAPK3, JUN, STAT3, IL1B and IL10. Furthermore, the TNF, IL17, apoptosis, PI3K-Akt, toll-like receptor, MAPK, NF-κB and HIF-1 signaling pathways were identified to be associated with ischemic stroke. Compared with the control group (no treatment), BYHWD significantly inhibited the expression of IL6 and increase the expression of HIF-1α and VEGFA. Network pharmacology analyses can help to reveal close interactions between multi-components and multi-targets and enhance understanding of the potential effects of BYHWD on ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China.,College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Lu Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jinyi Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ruimin Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Jialin Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yang Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhifu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Enhu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
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15
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Wang X, Yu JY, Sun Y, Wang H, Shan H, Wang S. Baicalin protects LPS-induced blood-brain barrier damage and activates Nrf2-mediated antioxidant stress pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107725. [PMID: 34162131 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the BBB is closely related to brain microvascular endothelial cells and TJs, and its dysfunction can lead to stroke, multiple sclerosis, extracranial injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Baicalin is one of the main bioactive extracts from Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi, which has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation pharmacological functions. Preventive protection with baicalin for seven consecutive days can significantly improve the appearance of cell apoptosis and Fluorescein sodium infiltration in the brain tissue of BALB/C mice. In addition, baicalin can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in mice and bEnd.3 cells, including IL-1β and TNF-α. At the same time, LPS caused a decrease in tight junction proteins in the blood-brain barrier, but baicalin can alleviate the damage of the blood-brain barrier by up-regulating Claudin-5 and ZO-1 protein expression. In addition, the results showed that baicalin reduced the production of ROS and MDA in bEnd.3 cells and promoted the production of SOD, and up-regulated the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1. The mechanism of this change was mediated by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. All in all, Baicalin protected LPS-induced blood-brain barrier damage and activateed Nrf2-mediated antioxidant stress pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Chang Cheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Jia-Ying Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Chang Cheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Chang Cheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Chang Cheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Chang Cheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Shubai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Chang Cheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China.
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16
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Li C, Sui C, Wang W, Yan J, Deng N, Du X, Cheng F, Ma X, Wang X, Wang Q. Baicalin Attenuates Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Injury by Modulating the BDNF-TrkB/PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk1/2 Signaling Axes in Neuron-Astrocyte Cocultures. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:599543. [PMID: 34234667 PMCID: PMC8255628 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.599543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Baicalin (BCL), a candidate drug for ischemic stroke, has been indicated to protect neurons by promoting brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, the cellular source of BDNF release promoted by baicalin and its detailed protective mechanism after ischemia/reperfusion remains to be studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective mechanisms of baicalin against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in a neuron-astrocyte coculture system and to explore whether the BDNF-TrkB pathway is involved. Methods and Results: A neuron-astrocyte coculture system was established to elucidate the role of astrocytes in neurons under OGD/R conditions. The results demonstrated that astrocytes became reactive astrocytes and released more BDNF in the coculture system to attenuate neuronal apoptosis and injury after OGD/R. BCL maintained the characteristics of reactive astrocytes and obviously increased the expression of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and the levels of BDNF in the coculture system after OGD/R. To further verify whether BDNF binding to its receptor tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) was required for the neuroprotective effect of baicalin, we examined the effect of ANA-12, an antagonist of TrkB, on NA system injury, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis induced by OGD/R. The results showed that treatment of NA systems with ANA-12 significantly attenuated the neuroprotection of BCL. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways are two important downstream cascades of signaling pathways activated by BDNF binding to TrkB. We investigated the expressions of TrkB, PI3K, Akt, MAPK, and ERK. The results demonstrated that baicalin significantly increased the expressions of TrkB, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK/ERK. Conclusion: The neuroprotective effects of baicalin against oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis were improved by astrocytes, mainly mediated by increasing the release of BDNF and its associated receptor TrkB and downstream signaling regulators PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxiang Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Conglu Sui
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Juntang Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Du
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fafeng Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaona Ma
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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17
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Fan Z, Cai L, Wang S, Wang J, Chen B. Baicalin Prevents Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through Inhibiting ACSL4 Mediated Ferroptosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:628988. [PMID: 33935719 PMCID: PMC8079950 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.628988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalin is a natural flavonoid glycoside that confers protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, its mechanism has not been fully understood. This study focused on elucidating the role of ferroptosis in baicalin-generated protective effects on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by using the myocardial I/R rat model and oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) H9c2 cells. Our results show that baicalin improved myocardial I/R challenge–induced ST segment elevation, coronary flow (CF), left ventricular systolic pressure , infarct area, and pathological changes and prevented OGD/R-triggered cell viability loss. In addition, enhanced lipid peroxidation and significant iron accumulation along with activated transferrin receptor protein 1 (TfR1) signal and nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4)-medicated ferritinophagy were observed in in vivo and in vitro models, which were reversed by baicalin treatment. Furthermore, acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) overexpression compromised baicalin-generated protective effect in H9c2 cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that baicalin prevents against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via suppressing ACSL4-controlled ferroptosis. This study provides a novel target for the prevention of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bohua Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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18
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Duan L, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Su S, Zhou L, Lo PC, Cai J, Qiao Y, Li M, Huang S, Wang H, Mo Y, Wang Q. Baicalin Inhibits Ferroptosis in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:629379. [PMID: 33815110 PMCID: PMC8017143 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.629379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke characterized by high mortality and disability rates. To date, the exact etiology of ICH-induced brain injury is still unclear. Moreover, there is no effective treatment to delay or prevent disease progression currently. Increasing evidence suggests that ferroptosis plays a dominant role in the pathogenesis of ICH injury. Baicalin is a main active ingredient of Chinese herbal medicine Scutellaria baicalensis. It has been reported to exhibit neuroprotective effects against ICH-induced brain injury as well as reduce iron deposition in multiple tissues. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the protective mechanisms of baicalin against ferroptosis caused by ICH using a hemin-induced in vitro model and a Type IV collagenase-induced in vivo model. Our results revealed that baicalin enhanced cell viability and suppressed ferroptosis in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells treated with hemin, erastin and RSL3. Importantly, baicalin showed anti-ferroptosis effect on primary cortical neurons (PCN). Furthermore, baicalin alleviated motor deficits and brain injury in ICH model mice through inhibiting ferroptosis. Additionally, baicalin existed no obvious toxicity towards the liver and kidney of mice. Evidently, ferroptosis is a key pathological feature of ICH and baicalin can prevent the development of ferroptosis in ICH. As such, baicalin is a potential therapeutic drug for ICH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Duan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuna Yang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Su
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ligui Zhou
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Po-Chieh Lo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Cai
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqi Qiao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuiqing Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yousheng Mo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Shi Y, Zhang X, Mei L, Hu K, Chao L, Li X, Miao M. 2D Accordion‐like MXene Nanosheets as a Sensitive Electrode Material for Baicalin Sensing. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Mei Shi
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou 450001 P.R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou 450001 P.R. China
| | - Lin Mei
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Zhongyuan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450007, P.R. China
| | - Kai Hu
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou 450001 P.R. China
| | - Li‐Qin Chao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou 450001 P.R. China
| | - Xiu‐Min Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology New York Medical College New York NY 10595 USA
| | - Ming‐San Miao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou 450001 P.R. China
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20
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Wen K, Fang X, Yang J, Yao Y, Nandakumar KS, Salem ML, Cheng K. Recent Research on Flavonoids and their Biomedical Applications. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1042-1066. [PMID: 32660393 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200713184138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids, commonly found in various plants, are a class of polyphenolic compounds having a basic structural unit of 2-phenylchromone. Flavonoid compounds have attracted much attention due to their wide biological applications. In order to facilitate further research on the biomedical application of flavonoids, we surveyed the literature published on the use of flavonoids in medicine during the past decade, documented the commonly found structures in natural flavonoids, and summarized their pharmacological activities as well as associated mechanisms of action against a variety of health disorders including chronic inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular complications and hypoglycemia. In this mini-review, we provide suggestions for further research on the biomedical applications of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangmei Wen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaochuan Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junli Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | | | | | - Kui Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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21
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Shao A, Lin D, Wang L, Tu S, Lenahan C, Zhang J. Oxidative Stress at the Crossroads of Aging, Stroke and Depression. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1537-1566. [PMID: 33269106 PMCID: PMC7673857 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have shown that in the aging society, a person dies from stroke every 3 minutes and 42 seconds, and vast numbers of people experience depression around the globe. The high prevalence and disability rates of stroke and depression introduce enormous challenges to public health. Accumulating evidence reveals that stroke is tightly associated with depression, and both diseases are linked to oxidative stress (OS). This review summarizes the mechanisms of OS and OS-mediated pathological processes, such as inflammation, apoptosis, and the microbial-gut-brain axis in stroke and depression. Pathological changes can lead to neuronal cell death, neurological deficits, and brain injury through DNA damage and the oxidation of lipids and proteins, which exacerbate the development of these two disorders. Additionally, aging accelerates the progression of stroke and depression by overactive OS and reduced antioxidant defenses. This review also discusses the efficacy and safety of several antioxidants and antidepressants in stroke and depression. Herein, we propose a crosstalk between OS, aging, stroke, and depression, and provide potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of stroke and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwen Shao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danfeng Lin
- 2Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- 2Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- 3State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- 4Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, USA.,5Center for Neuroscience Research, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.,6Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.,7Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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22
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Qiu Q, Huang Y, Liu X, Huang F, Li X, Cui L, Luo H, Luo L. Potential Therapeutic Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:570893. [PMID: 33343347 PMCID: PMC7741169 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.570893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been rapidly spreading globally and has caused worldwide social and economic disruption. Currently, no specific antiviral drugs or clinically effective vaccines are available to prevent and treat COVID-19. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can facilitate syndrome differentiation and treatment according to the clinical manifestations of patients and has demonstrated effectiveness in epidemic prevention and control. In China, TCM intervention has helped to control the epidemic; however, TCM has not been fully recognized worldwide. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology and etiological characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and the prevention and treatment measures of COVID-19. Additionally, we describe the application of TCM in the treatment of COVID-19 and the identification of small molecules of TCM that demonstrate anti-coronavirus activity. We also analyze the current problems associated with the recognition of TCM. We hope that, through the contribution of TCM, combined with modern technological research and the support of our international counterparts, COVID-19 can be effectively controlled and treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qiu
- Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuge Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Fangfang Huang
- Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Animal Experiment Center, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Liao Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hui Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
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23
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Delerue T, Fátima Barroso M, Dias-Teixeira M, Figueiredo-González M, Delerue-Matos C, Grosso C. Interactions between Ginkgo biloba L. and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in multicomponent mixtures towards cholinesterase inhibition and ROS scavenging. Food Res Int 2020; 140:109857. [PMID: 33648175 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study gives new insights to understand the type of interactions between Ginkgo biloba L. and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, two Chinese medicinal plants with well documented neuroprotective effects, on three targets in Alzheimer's disease (AD): acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholnesterase (BuChE) inhibition and hydrogen peroxide scavenging. Individual samples, binary mixtures with different proportions of both plant species, and also a commercial multicomponent combination containing both plants together with unroasted Coffea arabica L. and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside were used to perform this in vitro evaluation. Sample phenolic profiles were also determined by HPLC-DAD, showing the presence of several flavonoid glycosides, phenolic acids and a methylxanthine. In order to investigate the possible synergism/antagonism interaction, data obtained were analyzed by CompuSyn software. The results showed that G. biloba and S. baicalensis alone display better activities than in mixtures, most of the interactions exhibiting different degrees of antagonism. A slight synergism interaction was only observed for the commercial multicomponent mixture tested against H2O2. Further analysis was carried out to understand which compounds could be responsible for the antagonistic interaction. Seventeen single pure compounds present in all extracts were tested against AChE inhibition, most of them displaying weak or no activity. Only caffeine had a remarkable activity. Five different binary and quaternary mixture compositions were design to deepen the interaction between these compounds, revealing mainly phenolic acid-flavonoid, flavonoid-flavonoid and methylxanthine-flavonoid-phenolic acid antagonistic interactions. These results clearly show that, for the targets evaluated, there is no potentiation of the neuroprotective effect by combining S. baicalensis and G. biloba extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Delerue
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Fátima Barroso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Dias-Teixeira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; NICiTeS-Núcleo de Investigação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Escola Superior de Saúde Ribeiro Sanches, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Figueiredo-González
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal.
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24
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Baicalin Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment and Protects Microglia from LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation via the SIRT1/HMGB1 Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4751349. [PMID: 33029280 PMCID: PMC7527898 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4751349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation often induces neuroinflammation and disrupts neural functions, ultimately causing cognitive impairment. Furthermore, neuronal inflammation is the key cause of many neurological conditions. It is particularly important to develop effective neuroprotectants to prevent and control inflammatory brain diseases. Baicalin (BAI) has a wide variety of potent neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement properties in various models of neuronal injury through antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and stimulating neurogenesis. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether BAI can resolve neuroinflammation and cognitive decline triggered by systemic or distant inflammatory processes. In the present study, intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration was used to establish neuroinflammation to evaluate the potential neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of BAI. Here, we report that BAI activated silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) to deacetylate high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in response to acute LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits. Furthermore, we demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and cognitive enhancement effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of BAI in modulating microglial activation and systemic cytokine production, including tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α and interleukin- (IL-) 1β, after LPS exposure in mice and in the microglial cell line, BV2. In the hippocampus, BAI not only reduced reactive microglia and inflammatory cytokine production but also modulated SIRT1/HMGB1 signaling in microglia. Interestingly, pretreatment with SIRT1 inhibitor EX-527 abolished the beneficial effects of BAI against LPS exposure. Specifically, BAI treatment inhibited HMGB1 release via the SIRT1/HMGB1 pathway and reduced the nuclear translocation of HMGB1 in LPS-induced BV2 cells. These effects were reversed in BV2 cells by silencing endogenous SIRT1. Taken together, these findings indicated that BAI reduced microglia-associated neuroinflammation and improved acute neurocognitive deficits in LPS-induced mice via SIRT1-dependent downregulation of HMGB1, suggesting a possible novel protection against acute neurobehavioral deficits, such as delayed neurocognitive recovery after anesthesia and surgery challenges.
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25
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Boniface PK, Elizabeth FI. Flavones as a Privileged Scaffold in Drug Discovery: Current Developments. Curr Org Synth 2020; 16:968-1001. [PMID: 31984880 DOI: 10.2174/1570179416666190719125730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavones are one of the main subclasses of flavonoids with diverse pharmacological properties. They have been reported to possess antimalarial, antimicrobial, anti-tuberculosis, anti-allergic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, among others. OBJECTIVE The present review summarizes the recent information on the pharmacological properties of naturally occurring and synthetic flavones. METHODS Scientific publications referring to natural and synthetic flavones in relation to their biological activities were hand-searched in databases such as SciFinder, PubMed (National Library of Medicine), Science Direct, Wiley, ACS, SciELO, Springer, among others. RESULTS As per the literature, seventy-five natural flavones were predicted as active compounds with reference to their IC50 (<20 µg/mL) in in vitro studies. Also, synthetic flavones were found active against several diseases. CONCLUSION As per the literature, flavones are important sources for the potential treatment of multifactorial diseases. However, efforts toward the development of flavone-based therapeutic agents are still needed. The appearance of new catalysts and chemical transformations is expected to provide avenues for the synthesis of unexplored flavones, leading to the discovery of flavones with new properties and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pone K Boniface
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ferreira I Elizabeth
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Dattilo V, Amato R, Perrotti N, Gennarelli M. The Emerging Role of SGK1 (Serum- and Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 1) in Major Depressive Disorder: Hypothesis and Mechanisms. Front Genet 2020; 11:826. [PMID: 32849818 PMCID: PMC7419621 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous psychiatric disease characterized by persistent low mood, diminished interests, and impaired cognitive and social functions. The multifactorial etiology of MDD is still largely unknown because of the complex genetic and environmental interactions involved. Therefore, no established mechanism can explain all the aspects of the disease. In this light, an extensive research about the pathophysiology of MDD has been carried out. Several pathogenic hypotheses, such as monoamines deficiency and neurobiological alterations in the stress-responsive system, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the immune system, have been proposed for MDD. Over time, remarkable studies, mainly on preclinical rodent models, linked the serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) to the main features of MDD. SGK1 is a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the AGK Kinase family. SGK1 is ubiquitously expressed, which plays a pivotal role in the hormonal regulation of several ion channels, carriers, pumps, and transcription factors or regulators. SGK1 expression is modulated by cell stress and hormones, including gluco- and mineralocorticoids. Compelling evidence suggests that increased SGK1 expression or function is related to the pathogenic stress hypothesis of major depression. Therefore, the first part of the present review highlights the putative role of SGK1 as a critical mediator in the dysregulation of the HPA axis, observed under chronic stress conditions, and its controversial role in the neuroinflammation as well. The second part depicts the negative regulation exerted by SGK1 in the expression of both the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), resulting in an anti-neurogenic activity. Finally, the review focuses on the antidepressant-like effects of anti-oxidative nutraceuticals in several preclinical model of depression, resulting from the restoration of the physiological expression and/or activity of SGK1, which leads to an increase in neurogenesis. In summary, the purpose of this review is a systematic analysis of literature depicting SGK1 as molecular junction of the complex mechanisms underlying the MDD in an effort to suggest the kinase as a potential biomarker and strategic target in modern molecular antidepressant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Dattilo
- Genetic Unit, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosario Amato
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Perrotti
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Genetic Unit, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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27
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Zhang ZY, Fang YJ, Luo YJ, Lenahan C, Zhang JM, Chen S. The role of medical gas in stroke: an updated review. Med Gas Res 2020; 9:221-228. [PMID: 31898607 PMCID: PMC7802415 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.273960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical gas is a large class of bioactive gases used in clinical medicine and basic scientific research. At present, the role of medical gas in neuroprotection has received growing attention. Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in adults worldwide, but current treatment is still very limited. The common pathological changes of these two types of stroke may include excitotoxicity, free radical release, inflammation, cell death, mitochondrial disorder, and blood-brain barrier disruption. In this review, we will discuss the pathological mechanisms of stroke and the role of two medical gases (hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide) in stroke, which may potentially provide a new insight into the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuan-Jian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu-Jie Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM; Center for Neuroscience Research, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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28
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Lu W, Wen J. Neuroprotective roles of total flavones of Camellia on early brain injury andcognitive dysfunction following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:775-783. [PMID: 32219683 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to explore the role of total flavones of Camellia (TFC) on cerebral injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats. We showed that the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) level in brain tissues, leakages of neuron-specifc enolase (NSE) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from brain tissues to serum at 48 h after SAH were significantly blocked by TFC treatment. Besides, TFC treatment could reduce brain edema and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in hippocampal tissues at mRNA and protein levels at 48 h after SAH. In addition, and the reduction of neurological scores at 7d after SAH were significantly inhibited by TFC treatment. We next sought to demonstrate the role of TFC on cognitive rehabilitation and the tau phosphorylation in hippocampal tissues at 30d after SAH. Not surprisingly, cognitive dysfunction and the upregulation of tau phosphorylation at Ser262 (p-tau-Ser262) in hippocampal tissues were markedly reduced by TFC treatment. These findings suggested that TFC has protective effect on SAH-induced EBI and subsequent cognitive dysfunction, which may be related to downregulating the Bax/Bcl-2-related apoptosis pathway and inhibition of tau phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Lu
- Medical Branch, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, China
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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29
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Orafaie A, Mousavian M, Orafai H, Sadeghian H. An overview of lipoxygenase inhibitors with approach of in vivo studies. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 148:106411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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30
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31
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Xiang Y, Long Y, Yang Q, Zheng C, Cui M, Ci Z, Lv X, Li N, Zhang R. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity of Baicalin liposome on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury rats via intranasal administration. Brain Res 2020; 1726:146503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Zhou R, Wang J, Han X, Ma B, Yuan H, Song Y. Baicalin regulates the dopamine system to control the core symptoms of ADHD. Mol Brain 2019; 12:11. [PMID: 30736828 PMCID: PMC6368814 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to test the therapeutic effects of baicalin on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in an animal model and to explain the potential mechanism. We investigated the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of baicalin in a spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model of ADHD depending on the dopamine (DA) deficit theory. In this study, fifty SHRs were randomly divided into five groups: methylphenidate (MPH), baicalin (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, or 150 mg/kg), and saline-treated. Ten Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as controls. All rats were orally administered the treatment for four weeks. Motor activity, spatial learning and memory ability were assessed with the open-field and Morris water-maze tests. The mRNA and protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), synaptosomal-associated protein of molecular mass 25kD (SNAP25) and synataxin 1a in synaptosomes were detected with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. In addition, DA levels were measured in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. The results indicated that both MPH and baicalin at doses of 150 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg significantly decreased the hyperactivity and improved the spatial learning memory deficit in the SHRs and increased the synaptosomal mRNA and protein levels of TH, SNAP25, VMAT2 and synataxin 1a compared with saline treatment. MPH significantly increased DA levels in both the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum, while baicalin significantly increased DA levels only in the striatum. The results of the present study showed that baicalin treatment was effective for controlling the core symptoms of ADHD. Baicalin increased DA levels only in the striatum, which suggested that baicalin may target the striatum. The increased DA levels may partially be attributed to the increased mRNA and protein expression of TH, SNAP25, VMAT2, and syntaxin 1a. Therefore, these results suggested that the pharmacological effects of baicalin were associated with the synthesis, vesicular localization, and release of DA and might be effective in treating ADHD. However, further studies are required to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyi Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Renmin road no.19, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou City, 450000, Henan Province, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin road no.138, Qixia District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Xinmin Han
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin road no.138, Qixia District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Bingxiang Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Renmin road no.19, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou City, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Haixia Yuan
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin road no.138, Qixia District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Yuchen Song
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin road no.138, Qixia District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
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33
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RP001 hydrochloride improves neurological outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurol Sci 2019; 399:6-14. [PMID: 30738334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) results in neurological damage, acute cardiac damage and has a high mortality rate. Immunoresponse in the acute phase after SAH plays a key role in mediating vasospasm, edema, inflammation and neuronal damage. The S1P/S1PR pathway impacts multiple cellular functions, exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, promotes remyelination, and improves outcome in several central nervous system (CNS) diseases. RP001 hydrochloride is a novel S1PR agonist, which sequesters lymphocytes within their secondary tissues and prevents infiltration of immune cells into the CNS thereby reducing immune response. In this study, we investigated whether RP001 attenuates neuronal injury after SAH by reducing inflammation. S1PRs, specifically S1PR1, 3 not only exerts anti-inflammatory effects, but also decreases heart rate and induces atrioventricular conduction abnormalities. Therefore, we also tested whether RP001 treatment of SAH regulates cardiac functional outcome. Male adult C57BL/6 mice were subjected to SAH, and neurological function tests, echocardiography, and immunohistochemical analysis were performed. SAH induces neurological deficits and acute cardiac dysfunction compared to sham control mice. Treatment of SAH with a low-dose of RP001 induces better neurological outcome and cardiac function compared to a high-dose of RP001. Low-dose-RP001 treatment significantly decreases apoptosis, white matter damage, blood brain barrier permeability, microglial/astrocyte activation, macrophage chemokine protein-1, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and NADPH oxidase-2 expression in the brain compared to SAH control mice. Our findings indicate that low-dose of RP001 alleviates neurological damage after SAH, in part by decreasing neuroinflammation.
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Guo Y, Liu X, Liu D, Li K, Wang C, Liu Y, He B, Shi P. Inhibition of BECN1 Suppresses Lipid Peroxidation by Increasing System Xc− Activity in Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:622-631. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Jin X, Liu MY, Zhang DF, Zhong X, Du K, Qian P, Yao WF, Gao H, Wei MJ. Baicalin mitigates cognitive impairment and protects neurons from microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via suppressing NLRP3 inflammasomes and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:575-590. [PMID: 30676698 PMCID: PMC6488900 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Baicalin (BAI), a flavonoid compound isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has been established to have potent anti‐inflammation and neuroprotective properties; however, its effects during Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment have not been well studied. This study aimed to investigate the effects of BAI pretreatment on cognitive impairment and neuronal protection against microglia‐induced neuroinflammation and to explore the mechanisms underlying its anti‐inflammation effects. Methods To determine whether BAI plays a positive role in ameliorating the memory and cognition deficits in APP (amyloid beta precursor protein)/PS1 (presenilin‐1) mice, behavioral experiments were conducted. We assessed the effects of BAI on microglial activation, the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and neuroinflammation‐mediated neuron apoptosis in vivo and in vitro using Western blot, RT‐PCR, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Finally, to elucidate the anti‐inflammation mechanisms underlying the effects of BAI, the protein expression of NLRP3 inflammasomes and the expression of proteins involved in the TLR4/NF‐κB signaling pathway were measured using Western blot and immunofluorescence. Results The results indicated that BAI treatment attenuated spatial memory dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice, as assessed by the passive avoidance test and the Morris water maze test. Additionally, BAI administration effectively decreased the number of activated microglia and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as neuroinflammation‐mediated neuron apoptosis, in APP/PS1 mice and LPS (lipopolysaccharides)/Aβ‐stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Lastly, the molecular mechanistic study revealed that BAI inhibited microglia‐induced neuroinflammation via suppression of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and the TLR4/NF‐κB signaling pathway. Conclusion Overall, the results of the present study indicated that BAI is a promising neuroprotective compound for use in the prevention and treatment of microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation during AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming-Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong-Fang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Qian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei-Fan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Division of Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Jie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
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Anti-Depressive Effectiveness of Baicalin In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020326. [PMID: 30658416 PMCID: PMC6359445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalin (BA), a major polyphenol compound isolated from the extracts of Scutellaria radix, has been previously reported to ameliorate depressive-like behaviors in mice with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). However, its underlying antidepressant mechanisms remain unclear. This study was designed to confirm the antidepressant-like effects of BA on CUMS induced behavioral abnormalities in mice, and sought to explore the pharmacological mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. The CUMS procedure was carried out to induce depression in mice. Afterwards, the tail suspension test (TST), forced swim test (FST), and open field test (OFT) were performed within 24 h, then sucrose preference test (SPT) was conducted. Additionally, PC12 cells were pretreated with BA for 2 h, then further stimulated with corticosterone for 24 h. The levels of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) in serum, hippocampus homogenate and cell culture medium were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The protein expressions of inhibition of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1)/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways in hippocampus and PC12 cells were detected. Our results showed that CUMS-treated mice presented notable depressive-like symptoms, such as decreased sucrose consumption, increased FST and TST immobility time. While BA (25, 50 mg/kg) significantly attenuated these changes. Besides, BA treatment considerably inhibited inflammatory cytokinesl (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) levels in serum, hippocampus homogenate and cell culture medium. Western blot analysis indicated that BA inhibited the expressions of HMGB1, TLR4, and p-NF-κBp65 both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, the present study confirmed that BA possessed efficient antidepressant effects on depression, which was possibly related to the inhibition of HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathways.
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Fang J, Zhu Y, Wang H, Cao B, Fei M, Niu W, Zhou Y, Wang X, Li X, Zhou M. Baicalin Protects Mice Brain From Apoptosis in Traumatic Brain Injury Model Through Activation of Autophagy. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1006. [PMID: 30686973 PMCID: PMC6334745 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is associated with secondary injury following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is expected to be a therapeutic target. Baicalin, a neuroprotective agent, has been proven to exert multi-functional bioactive effects in brain injury diseases. However, it is unknown if Baicalin influences autophagy after TBI. In the present study, we aimed to explore the effects that Baicalin had on TBI in a mice model, focusing on autophagy as a potential mechanism. We found that Baicalin administration significantly improved motor function, reduced cerebral edema, and alleviated disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after TBI in mice. Besides, TBI-induced apoptosis was reversed by Baicalin evidenced by Nissl staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and the level of cleaved caspase-3. More importantly, Baicalin enhanced autophagy by detecting the autophagy markers (LC3, Beclin 1, and p62) using western blot and LC3 immunofluorescence staining, ameliorating mitochondrial apoptotic pathway evidenced by restoration of the TBI-induced translocation of Bax and cytochrome C. However, simultaneous treatment with 3-MA inhibited Baicalin-induced autophagy and abolished its protective effects on mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrated that Baicalin enhanced autophagy, ameliorated mitochondrial apoptosis and protected mice brain in TBI mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bailu Cao
- Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Maoxing Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhao Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Provincial Second Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengliang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Fumoto T, Naraoka M, Katagai T, Li Y, Shimamura N, Ohkuma H. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Microvascular Disturbances after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 10:684-694. [PMID: 30628008 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress was shown to play a crucial role in the diverse pathogenesis of early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Microcirculatory dysfunction is thought to be an important and fundamental pathological change in EBI. However, other than blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, the influence of oxidative stress on microvessels remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of oxidative stress on microcirculatory integrity in EBI. SAH was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats using an endovascular perforation technique. A free radical scavenger, edaravone, was administered prophylactically by intraperitoneal injection. SAH grade, neurological score, brain water content, and BBB permeability were measured at 24 h after SAH induction. In addition, cortical samples taken at 24 h after SAH were analyzed to explore oxidative stress, microvascular mural cell apoptosis, microspasm, and microthrombosis. Edaravone treatment significantly ameliorated neurological deficits, brain edema, and BBB disruption. In addition, oxidative stress-induced modifications and subsequent apoptosis of microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes increased after SAH induction, while the administration of edaravone suppressed this. Consistent with apoptotic cell inhibition, microthromboses were also inhibited by edaravone administration. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the induction of multiple pathological changes in microvessels in EBI. Antioxidants are potential candidates for the treatment of microvascular disturbances after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Fumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Masato Naraoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Takeshi Katagai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Norihito Shimamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohkuma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan.
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Wang Y, Bao DJ, Xu B, Cheng CD, Dong YF, Wei XP, Niu CS. Neuroprotection mediated by the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway in early brain injury induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1013-1024. [PMID: 30762013 PMCID: PMC6404485 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.250620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway participates in many inflammation-linked diseases. However, the inflammatory response mediated by the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage has not been thoroughly investigated. Consequently, in this study, we examined the potential role of the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway in early brain injury in rat models of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Simultaneously, possible neuroprotective mechanisms were also investigated. Experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage rat models were induced by injecting autologous blood into the prechiasmatic cistern. Experiment 1 was designed to examine expression of the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway in early brain injury induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage. In total, 42 adult rats were divided into sham (injection of equivalent volume of saline), 6-, 12-, 24-, 48-, 72-hour, and 1-week subarachnoid hemorrhage groups. Experiment 2 was designed to examine neuroprotective mechanisms of the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway in early brain injury induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage. Rats were treated with recombinant human Wnt1 (rhwnt1), small interfering Wnt1 (siwnt1) RNA, and monoclonal antibody of Frizzled1 (anti-Frizzled1) at 48 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Expression levels of Wnt1, Frizzled1, β-catenin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CD36, and active nuclear factor-κB were examined by western blot assay and immunofluorescence staining. Microglia type conversion and inflammatory cytokine levels in brain tissue were examined by immunofluorescence staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results show that compared with the sham group, expression levels of Wnt1, Frizzled1, and β-catenin were low and reduced to a minimum at 48 hours, gradually returning to baseline at 1 week after subarachnoid hemorrhage. rhwnt1 treatment markedly increased Wnt1 expression and alleviated subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced early brain injury (within 72 hours), including cortical cell apoptosis, brain edema, and neurobehavioral deficits, accompanied by increasing protein levels of β-catenin, CD36, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and decreasing protein levels of nuclear factor-κB. Of note, rhwnt1 promoted M2-type microglia conversion and inhibited release of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α). In contrast, siwnt1 RNA and anti-Frizzled1 treatment both resulted in an opposite effect. In conclusion, the Wnt/Frizzled1 signaling pathway may participate in subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced early brain injury via inhibiting the inflammatory response, including regulating microglia type conversion and decreasing inflammatory cytokine release. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Anhui Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (approval No. LLSC-20180202) in May 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - De-Jun Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Anhui Medical University Auhui Province Medical Genetic Center, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chuan-Dong Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yong-Fei Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiang-Pin Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chao-Shi Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Brain Disease, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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Cao J, Zhang Y, Wang T, Li B. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Is Involved in Baicalin Protection on Chondrocytes From Patients With Osteoarthritis. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818810636. [PMID: 30505248 PMCID: PMC6256307 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818810636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) affects elderly population worldwide and endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) stress is known to be positively correlated with OA development.
Previous reports prove the cytoprotective effects of baicalin on chondrocytes,
whereas the mechanisms are hardly reported. Hence, we aimed to investigate the
links between OA, ER stress, and baicalin. Chondrocytes from patients with OA
were subjected to H2O2 treatment with or without baicalin
pretreatment, and cell viability was assessed via Cell Counting Kit-8. Messenger
RNA (mRNA) amounts of apoptosis-related genes (Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3),
extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes (Collange I, Collange II, Aggrecan, and
Sox9) and ER stress hallmarks (binding immunoglobulin protein [BiP] C/EBP
homologous protein [CHOP]) were evaluated via quantitative real-time PCR. Bax,
Bcl-2, BiP, and CHOP protein levels were analyzed via Western blot. Baicalin
suppressed the changes in cell viability and apoptosis-related gene expressions
caused by H2O2. Reactive oxygen species and
glutathione/oxidized glutathione assay showed that H2O2
enhanced oxidative stress. Baicalin suppressed
H2O2-induced downregulation of mRNA expression of
ECM-related genes. Moreover, baicalin reduced
H2O2-stimulated increase in oxidative stress and the
expression of ER stress hallmarks. Endoplasmic reticulum stress inducer
abolished the protective activities, whereas ER stress inhibitor did not exhibit
extra protective effects. Baicalin pretreatment protected patient-derived
chondrocytes from H2O2 through ER stress inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Cao
- Department of Sports Injury and Arthroscopy, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The 266th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Fang J, Wang H, Zhou J, Dai W, Zhu Y, Zhou Y, Wang X, Zhou M. Baicalin provides neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury mice model through Akt/Nrf2 pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2497-2508. [PMID: 30127597 PMCID: PMC6089097 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s163951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background The neuroprotective effects of Baicalin have been confirmed in several central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, its possible effect on traumatic brain injury (TBI) model is still not clear. The present study is aimed to investigate the role and the underling mechanisms of 7-D-glucuronic acid-5,6-dihydroxyflavone (Baicalin) on TBI model. Methods The weight-drop model of TBI in Institute of Cancer Research mice was treated with Baicalin intraperitoneally at 30 minutes after TBI. LY294002 (LY) (a commonly used PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor) was injected into the left ventricle at 30 minutes before TBI. All mice were euthanized at 24 hours after TBI to collect the brain tissue for a series of tests except for neurological function, which was measured at 2 hours and 1 and 3 days post-TBI. Results Baicalin administration significantly improved neurobehavioral function, alleviated brain edema, and reduced apoptosis-positive cells by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay accompanied with the upregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and downregulation of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved-caspase 3 by Western blot. Besides, TBI-induced oxidant stress status was also restored in the Baicalin group by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) content, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in the injured brain cortex. Furthermore, translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus was dramatically enhanced by Baicalin verified by immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. Accordingly, its downstream antioxidative enzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate:quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were also activated by Baicalin confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. However, cotreatment with Baicalin and LY could partly abolish Baicalin-induced activation of Nrf2 and its neuroprotective effects in TBI. Conclusion This study demonstrates that Baicalin provides a neuroprotective effect in TBI mice model via activating the Akt/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengliang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Neuroprotective and Cognitive Enhancement Potentials of Baicalin: A Review. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8060104. [PMID: 29891783 PMCID: PMC6025220 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8060104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterized by the gradual loss of neurons. The development of effective neuroprotective agents to prevent and control neurodegenerative diseases is specifically important. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in selecting flavonoid compounds as potential neuroprotective agents, owing to their high effectiveness with low side effects. Baicalin is one of the important flavonoid compounds, which is mainly isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (an important Chinese medicinal herb). In recent years, a number of studies have shown that baicalin has a potent neuroprotective effect in various in vitro and in vivo models of neuronal injury. In particular, baicalin effectively prevents neurodegenerative diseases through various pharmacological mechanisms, including antioxidative stress, anti-excitotoxicity, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, stimulating neurogenesis, promoting the expression of neuronal protective factors, etc. This review mainly focuses on the neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement effects of baicalin. The aim of the present review is to compile all information in relation to the neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement effects of baicalin and its molecular mechanisms of action in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models.
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Chen H, Guan B, Chen X, Chen X, Li C, Qiu J, Yang D, Liu KJ, Qi S, Shen J. Baicalin Attenuates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Hemorrhagic Transformation and Improves Neurological Outcome in Ischemic Stroke Rats with Delayed t-PA Treatment: Involvement of ONOO --MMP-9 Pathway. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:515-529. [PMID: 29275501 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) has a restrictive therapeutic window within 4.5 h after ischemic stroke with the risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and neurotoxicity when it is used beyond the time window. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that baicalin, an active compound of medicinal plant, could attenuate HT in cerebral ischemia stroke with delayed t-PA treatment. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 4.5 h and then continuously received t-PA infusion (10 mg/kg) for 0.5 h and followed by 19-h reperfusion. Baicalin (50, 100, 150 mg/kg) was administrated via femoral vein at 4.5 h after MCAO cerebral ischemia. Delayed t-PA infusion significantly increased the mortality rate, induced HT, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, and apoptotic cell death in the ischemic brains and exacerbated neurological outcomes in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats at 24 h after MCAO cerebral ischemia. Co-treatment of baicalin significantly reduced the mortality rates, ameliorated the t-PA-mediated BBB disruption and HT. Furthermore, baicalin showed to directly scavenge peroxynitrite and inhibit MMP-9 expression and activity in the ischemic brains with the delayed t-PA treatment. Baicalin had no effect on the t-PA fibrinolytic function indicated by t-PA activity assay. Taken together, baicalin could attenuate t-PA-mediated HT and improve the outcomes of ischemic stroke treatment possibly via inhibiting peroxynitrite-mediated MMP-9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Binghe Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Core Facility, The People's Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen Shi, China.,The 8th People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xingmiao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Caiming Li
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinhua Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Suhua Qi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China. .,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China.
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