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Darabuş DM, Dărăbuş RG, Munteanu M. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Branch Retinal Vein Occlusions: An Update. Biomedicines 2025; 13:105. [PMID: 39857689 PMCID: PMC11763247 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines13010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2024] [Revised: 12/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is a common retinal vascular condition and a significant contributor to vision loss worldwide, particularly in middle-aged and elderly populations. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of BRVO, alongside recent advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. BRVO is approximately four times more prevalent than central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and often leads to significant vision impairment. By focusing on BRVO, this review aims to address the specific challenges and advancements in its diagnosis and management. The pathophysiology of BRVO is complex, involving factors such as venous compression, inflammation, and increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Diagnostic approaches such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography are highlighted for their roles in assessing disease severity and guiding treatment decisions. Therapeutic interventions, including laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF therapy, and intravitreal corticosteroids, are critically evaluated, emphasizing emerging treatments such as gene therapy, peptide-based agents, and small-molecule inhibitors. Despite advancements in management strategies, the recurrence of macular edema and treatment resistance remain significant challenges. Continued research is essential to refine therapeutic protocols and improve long-term visual outcomes for patients with BRVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana-Maria Darabuş
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania; (D.-M.D.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Mihnea Munteanu
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania; (D.-M.D.); (M.M.)
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Fechtner R, Mansberger S, Branch J, Mulaney J, Ziebell S, Lopez K, Hubatsch D. A Randomized, Controlled Comparison of NCX 470, a Nitric Oxide-Donating Bimatoprost, and Latanoprost in Subjects with Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension: The MONT BLANC Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 264:66-74. [PMID: 38499140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy and safety of NCX 470, a nitric oxide (NO)-donating bimatoprost, to latanoprost in subjects with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT). DESIGN Prospective, phase 3, randomized, adaptive dose-selection, double-masked, parallel-group trial. METHODS 691 subjects with OAG or OHT and unmedicated IOP ≥26 mmHg at 8AM, ≥24 mmHg at 10AM, and ≥22 mmHg at 4PM in the study eye were randomized to NCX 470 0.065%, NCX 470 0.1%, or latanoprost 0.005%. An interim analysis was performed to select the final dose of NCX 470. We evaluated noninferiority of NCX 470 versus latanoprost, based on IOP reduction from baseline at 8AM and 4PM at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months. RESULTS 661 subjects were analyzed; IOP was significantly reduced at all on-treatment time points, with reductions ranging from 8.0 to 9.7 mmHg (P < .0001 at each time point) in the NCX 470 0.1% group. Mean IOP reductions were greater with NCX 470 0.1% than latanoprost 0.005% at all 6 time points and significantly greater (P < .05) at 4 of the 6 time points. The most common adverse event was conjunctival/ocular hyperemia. CONCLUSION The NO-donating prostaglandin analogue NCX 470 0.1% was well-tolerated and lowered IOP more than latanoprost in subjects with OAG or OHT at all 6 time points. With a dual mechanism of action that enhances both uveoscleral and trabecular outflow, NCX 470 could become an important first-line therapy for IOP reduction in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fechtner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University (R.F.), Syracuse, New York, USA.
| | | | - James Branch
- Private practice (J.B.), Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jay Mulaney
- Central Florida Eye Associates (J.M.), Lakeland, Florida, USA
| | - Sara Ziebell
- Statistics and Data Corporation (S.Z.), Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Krisi Lopez
- Nicox Ophthalmics (K.L., D.H.), Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Doug Hubatsch
- Nicox Ophthalmics (K.L., D.H.), Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Zhang L, Huang Y, Chen J, Xu X, Xu F, Yao J. Multimodal deep transfer learning to predict retinal vein occlusion macular edema recurrence after anti-VEGF therapy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29334. [PMID: 38655307 PMCID: PMC11036002 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop a multimodal deep transfer learning (DTL) fusion model using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images to predict the recurrence of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and macular edema (ME) after three consecutive anti-VEGF therapies. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study consisted of 2800 B-scan OCTA macular images collected from 140 patients with RVO-ME. The central macular thickness (CMT) > 250 μm was used as a criterion for recurrence in the three-month follow-up after three injections of anti-VEGF therapy. The qualified OCTA image preprocessing and the lesion area segmentation were performed by senior ophthalmologists. We developed and validated the clinical, DTL, and multimodal fusion models based on clinical and extracted OCTA imaging features. The performance of the models and experts predictions were evaluated using several performance metrics, including the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Results The DTL models exhibited higher prediction efficacy than the clinical models and experts' predictions. Among the DTL models, the Vgg19 performed better than that of the other models, with an AUC of 0.968 (95 % CI, 0.943-0.994), accuracy of 0.913, sensitivity of 0.922, and specificity of 0.902 in the validation cohort. Moreover, the fusion Vgg19 model showed the highest prediction efficacy among all the models, with an AUC of 0.972 (95 % CI, 0.946-0.997), accuracy of 0.935, sensitivity of 0.935, and specificity of 0.934 in the validation cohort. Conclusions Multimodal fusion DTL models showed robust performance in predicting RVO-ME recurrence and may be applied to assist clinicians in determining patients' follow-up time after anti-VEGF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laihe Zhang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Huang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqin Chen
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangzhong Xu
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Xu
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Yao
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Dărăbuș DM, Pac CP, Roşca C, Munteanu M. Macular dynamics and visual acuity prognosis in retinal vein occlusions - ways to connect. Rom J Ophthalmol 2023; 67:312-324. [PMID: 37876516 PMCID: PMC10591427 DOI: 10.22336/rjo.2023.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to establish possible connections between macular dynamics, various macular features, and visual acuity prognosis among patients with retinal vein occlusions. Materials and Methods: This study included 85 patients with central retinal vein occlusions (CRVO) and 26 with branch retinal vein occlusions (BRVO). We assessed macular features such as central macular thickness (CMT), foveal intraretinal hemorrhage (IRH), the presence and distribution of hyperreflective foci (HF), ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption, inner retinal layer disorganization (DRIL), and posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), as well as their dynamics over one year of observation and their impact on final visual acuity prognosis, depending on the type of occlusion. Results: Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) evolution is statistically significant regarding groups of age and type of occlusion and insignificant regarding gender. The best response to intravitreal treatment, quantified as a decrease in CMT, was registered after the first intravitreal injection. Connecting a decrease in CMT with BCVA improvement, we did not register a statistically significant correlation in the CRVO group, only in BRVO cases. The study results showed that complete PVD plays a significant positive role in decreasing CMT and BCVA improvement in cases of CRVO. Our study revealed that no matter the type of occlusion, the presence of foveal IRH will have a negative impact on the BCVA outcome. Statistically significant differences have been noted only for the evolution of visual acuity in non-ischemic CRVO cases, in correlation with the presence of EZ disruption. Outer retinal layer HF has proved to be a predictive factor for poor visual acuity outcomes. Conclusions: The most important non-imaging predicting factors regarding BCVA after retinal vein occlusions are age and baseline BCVA. CMT's dynamics still establish a weak connection with visual acuity fluctuations. The presence of foveal IRH, outer retinal layer HF, and foveal EZ disruption has a negative impact on visual acuity outcomes. Abbreviations: CRVO = central retinal vein occlusions, BRVO = branch retinal vein occlusions, CMT = central macular thickness, IRH = foveal intraretinal hemorrhage, HF = hyperreflective foci, EZ = ellipsoid zone disruption, DRIL = inner retinal layer disorganization, PVD = posterior vitreous detachment, BCVA = best corrected visual acuity, OCT = optical coherence tomography, BCVA Ti = best corrected visual acuity at first, BCVA Tf = best corrected visual acuity after one year, NR of IVI = number of intravitreal injections, SD = standard deviation, M = male, F = female, CMT Ti = central macular thickness at first, CMT T1 = central macular thickness after first injection, CMT T3 = central macular thickness after 3 injections, CMT Tf = central macular thickness after one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana-Maria Dărăbuș
- Department of Ophthalmology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Cristina-Patricia Pac
- Department of Ophthalmology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania
| | | | - Mihnea Munteanu
- Department of Ophthalmology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania
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Ørskov M, Vorum H, Larsen TB, Lip GYH, Bek T, Skjøth F. Similarities and differences in systemic risk factors for retinal artery occlusion and retinal vein occlusion: A nationwide case-control study. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 43:817-824. [PMID: 36056288 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the relationship between risk factors for retinal artery occlusion (RAO) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and thereby identify similarities and differences between the two types of retinal vascular occlusions. METHODS In this case-control study, 5708 patients with RAO were included and matched with three patients with RVO each. The patients with RVO were matched on sex and age at index date. All patients, personal information, diagnoses, and prescriptions were obtained from the Danish nationwide registries. Adjusted conditional logistic regression was used to investigate the association of RAO and RVO with the included risk factors. RESULTS RAO was stronger associated with arterial hypertension, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, peripheral artery disease, and stroke than RVO, with effect measures ranging from 1.10 to 2.21. RVO was associated with cataract and glaucoma with effect measures of 0.80 (95% CI 0.73-0.87) and 0.65 (95% CI 0.56-0.76), respectively. CONCLUSION Differences in the level of associations with the included risk factors suggests differences in the pathophysiologies of the two diseases. The main pathophysiology associated with RAO was atherosclerosis, whereas the main pathophysiology associated with RVO was changes in the pressure gradients of the eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ørskov
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark. .,Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Vorum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Bjerregaard Larsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark.,Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Toke Bek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Flemming Skjøth
- Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Unit for Clinical Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Ørskov M, Vorum H, Bjerregaard Larsen T, Vestergaard N, Lip GYH, Bek T, Skjøth F. A review of risk factors for retinal vein occlusions. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 20:761-772. [PMID: 35972726 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2022.2112667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Risk factors for retinal vein occlusion have been extensively studied, with varying population sizes. Smaller populations result in less certain measures of associations. The present review included studies with a relevant population size to identify clinically relevant risk factors for retinal vein occlusion. Understanding the risk factors of retinal vein occlusion is important for the management of these patients. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive literature review was conducted through a systematic literature search in PubMed and Embase. Additional studies were selected from cross references in the assessed studies. Weighted effect measures were calculated for all included risk factors.Risk factors associated with retinal vein occlusion included cardiovascular diseases, eye diseases, systemic diseases, medical interventions, and sociodemographic factors. EXPERT OPINION This review provided an extensive overview of a wide variety of risk factors increasing the risk of developing retinal vein occlusion. The severity of the identified risk factors indicated that these patients have been in contact with the health care system before their retinal vein occlusion event. Therefore, the clinical course for patients with retinal vein occlusion may benefit from a multidisciplinary collaboration between ophthalmologists and especially cardiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ørskov
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vorum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Bjerregaard Larsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nanna Vestergaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Toke Bek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Flemming Skjøth
- Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Unit for Clinical Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Dong V, Sevgi DD, Kar SS, Srivastava SK, Ehlers JP, Madabhushi A. Evaluating the utility of deep learning for predicting therapeutic response in diabetic eye disease. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:852107. [PMID: 36744216 PMCID: PMC9894083 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.852107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Deep learning (DL) is a technique explored within ophthalmology that requires large datasets to distinguish feature representations with high diagnostic performance. There is a need for developing DL approaches to predict therapeutic response, but completed clinical trial datasets are limited in size. Predicting treatment response is more complex than disease diagnosis, where hallmarks of treatment response are subtle. This study seeks to understand the utility of DL for clinical problems in ophthalmology such as predicting treatment response and where large sample sizes for model training are not available. Materials and Methods Four DL architectures were trained using cross-validated transfer learning to classify ultra-widefield angiograms (UWFA) and fluid-compartmentalized optical coherence tomography (OCT) images from a completed clinical trial (PERMEATE) dataset (n=29) as tolerating or requiring extended interval Anti-VEGF dosing. UWFA images (n=217) from the Anti-VEGF study were divided into five increasingly larger subsets to evaluate the influence of dataset size on performance. Class activation maps (CAMs) were generated to identify regions of model attention. Results The best performing DL model had a mean AUC of 0.507 ± 0.042 on UWFA images, and highest observed AUC of 0.503 for fluid-compartmentalized OCT images. DL had a best performing AUC of 0.634 when dataset size was incrementally increased. Resulting CAMs show inconsistent regions of interest. Conclusions This study demonstrated the limitations of DL for predicting therapeutic response when large datasets were not available for model training. Our findings suggest the need for hand-crafted approaches for complex and data scarce prediction problems in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dong
- The Center for Computational Imaging and Personalized Diagnostics, Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Duriye Damla Sevgi
- The Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery and Advanced Imaging Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sudeshna Sil Kar
- The Center for Computational Imaging and Personalized Diagnostics, Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sunil K. Srivastava
- The Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery and Advanced Imaging Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Justis P. Ehlers
- The Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery and Advanced Imaging Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Anant Madabhushi
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute for Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
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List W, Weger M, Pinter-Hausberger S, Posch F, Rabensteiner J, Pailer S, Wedrich A, Posch-Pertl L. ENDOTHELIN-1 AS A RISK FACTOR IN RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION. Retina 2022; 42:738-743. [PMID: 34861658 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) risk factors largely coincide with cardiovascular risk factors. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), the most potent vasoconstrictor with proinflammatory properties, is a known cardiovascular risk factor. In this study, we explore the role of serum ET-1 as a potential risk factor for RVO. METHODS Endothelin-1 serum levels were measured in patients with RVO and control subjects. Samples were measured using the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitative determination of human big endothelin-1 (Biomedica Group, Austria). RESULTS The study consisted of 147 RVO patients and 150 control subjects. Median serum ET-1 was significantly higher in RVO patients (0.26 pmol/L; range, 0.19-0.37 pmol/L) compared with control subjects (0.10 pmol/L; range, 0.05-0.22 pmol/L) (P < 0.0001) independent of the occlusion site. The difference remained significant after adjusting for arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, history of stroke, history of myocardial infarction, history of venous thromboembolism, glomerular filtration rate, and c-reactive protein. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results suggest that ET-1 is a potential risk factor for all types of RVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang List
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Weger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Florian Posch
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria ; and
| | - Jasmin Rabensteiner
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Pailer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Wedrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Laura Posch-Pertl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Intravitreal Administration Effect of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Combined with Anti-VEGF Nanocarriers, in a Pharmaceutically Induced Animal Model of Retinal Vein Occlusion. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:2760147. [PMID: 35251186 PMCID: PMC8890865 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2760147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiangiogenic therapeutic agents (anti-VEGF) have contributed to the treatment of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) while mesenchymal stromal cell- (MSCs-) mediated therapies limit eye degeneration. The aim of the present study is to determine the effect of adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) combination with nanocarriers of anti-VEGF in a pharmaceutically induced animal model of RVO. Nanoparticles (NPs) of thiolated chitosan (ThioCHI) with encapsulated anti-VEGF antibody were prepared. ASCs were isolated and genetically modified to secrete the green fluorescence GFP. Twenty-four New Zealand rabbits were divided into the I-IV equal following groups: ASCs, ASCs + nanoThioCHI-anti-VEGF, RVO, and control. For the RVO induction, groups I-III received intravitreal (iv) injections of MEK kinase inhibitor, PD0325901. Twelve days later, therapeutic regiments were administered at groups I-II while groups III-IV received BSS. Two weeks later, the retinal damage evaluated via detailed ophthalmic examinations, histological analysis of fixed retinal sections, ELISA for secreted cytokines in peripheral blood or vitreous fluid, and Q-PCR for the expression of related to the occlusion and inflammatory genes. Mild retinal edema and hemorrhages, limited retinal detachment, and vasculature attenuation were observed in groups I and II compared with the pathological symptoms of group III which presented a totally disorganized retinal structure, following of positive immunostaining for neovascularization and related to RVO markers. Important reduction of the high secreted levels of inflammatory cytokines was quantified in groups I and II vitreous fluid, while the expression of the RVO-related and inflammatory genes has been significantly decreased especially in group II. GFP+ ASCs, capable of being differentiated towards neural progenitors, detected in dissociated retina tissues of group II presenting their attachment to damaged area. Conclusively, a stem cell-based therapy for RVO is proposed, accompanied by sustained release of anti-VEGF, in order to combine the paracrine action of ASCs and the progressive reduction of neovascularization.
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Criado GG, Paiva ADCM, Britto VSD, Michelini IV, Simões KMP, Motta MMDS. Retinal vascular occlusions after nonocular surgeries. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.37039/1982.8551.20220010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Endosomal disentanglement of a transducible artificial transcription factor targeting endothelin receptor A. Mol Ther 2022; 30:855-867. [PMID: 34547467 PMCID: PMC8821953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) hold great promise for intracellular delivery of therapeutic proteins. However, endosomal entrapment of transduced cargo is a major bottleneck hampering their successful application. While developing a transducible zinc finger protein-based artificial transcription factor targeting the expression of endothelin receptor A, we identified interaction between the CPP and the endosomal membrane or endosomal entanglement as a main culprit for endosomal entrapment. To achieve endosomal disentanglement, we utilized endosome-resident proteases to sever the artificial transcription factor from its CPP upon arrival inside the endosome. Using this approach, we greatly enhanced the correct subcellular localization of the disentangled artificial transcription factor, significantly increasing its biological activity and distribution in vivo. With rational engineering of proteolytic sensitivity, we propose a new design principle for transducible therapeutic proteins, helping CPPs attain their full potential as delivery vectors for therapeutic proteins.
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Dong WJ, Su T, Li CQ, Shu YQ, Shi WQ, Min YL, Yuan Q, Zhu PW, Liu KC, Yi JL, Shao Y. Altered brain network centrality in patients with retinal vein occlusion: a resting-state fMRI study. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1741-1747. [PMID: 34804865 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.11.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the intrinsic brain activity variations in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) subjects by using the voxel-wise degree centrality (DC) technique. METHODS Twenty-one subjects with RVO and twenty-one healthy controls (HCs) were enlisted and underwent the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) examination. The spontaneous cerebrum activity variations were inspected using the DC technology. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was implemented to distinguish the DC values of RVOs from HCs. The relationships between DC signal of definite regions of interest and the clinical characteristics in RVO group were evaluated by Pearson's correlation analysis. RESULTS RVOs showed notably higher DC signals in right superior parietal lobule, middle frontal gyrus and left precuneus, but decreased DC signals in left middle temporal gyrus and bilateral anterior cingulated (BAC) when comparing with HCs. The mean DC value of RVOs in the BAC were negatively correlated with the anxiety and depression scale. CONCLUSION RVO is associated aberrant intrinsic brain activity patterns in several brain areas including pain-related as well as visual-related regions, which might assist to reveal the latent neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jia Dong
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ting Su
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chu-Qi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Shu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wen-Qing Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - You-Lan Min
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Pei-Wen Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Kang-Cheng Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Lin Yi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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13
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Bertoli F, Bais B, De Silvestri D, Mariotti B, Veritti D, Cavarape A, Catena C, Lanzetta P, Sechi LA, Colussi G. Effects of Antithrombotic Agents on Ophthalmological Outcomes, Cardiovascular Risk, and Mortality in Hypertensive Patients with Retinal Vein Occlusion: An Exploratory Retrospective Study. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2021; 57:medicina57101017. [PMID: 34684054 PMCID: PMC8537937 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Because few data are available, the aim of this study is to analyze the effects of antithrombotic agents (ATAs) on visual function and long-term risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in hypertensive patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Materials and methods: Hypertensive patients with RVO were consecutively selected from 2008 to 2012 and followed for a median of 8.7 years. Ophthalmologists evaluated and treated RVO complications, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was checked at each visit during the first one year of follow-up. Survival analysis was conducted on the rate of the composite endpoint of all-cause deaths or non-fatal cardiovascular events. Results: Retrospectively, we collected data from 80 patients (age 68 ± 12 years, 39 males). Central and branch RVO was present in 41 and 39 patients, respectively, and 56 patients started ATAs (50 antiplatelet drugs, 6 warfarin, and 2 low-molecular weight heparin). Average BCVA of the cohort did not change significantly during one-year of follow-up. The only predictor of BCVA was the baseline BCVA value. There was a reduction in proportion and severity of macular edema and an increase in the cumulative proportion of retinal vein patency reestablishment during the follow-up, independent of treatment. ATAs had no effects on one-year BCVA, intraocular complications, or the composite endpoint rate. Conclusions: In this exploratory study, ATAs had no effect on BCVA during the first one year of follow-up and on the composite endpoint during the long-term follow-up. Further prospective studies need to be conducted with an accurate standardization of the intraocular and antithrombotic treatment to define the positive or negative role of ATAs in hypertensive patients with RVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bertoli
- Division of Ophthalmology, Monfalcone-Gorizia Hospital (ASUGI), 34074 Monfalcone, Italy;
| | - Bruno Bais
- Thrombosis Prevention Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Hospital of Udine (ASUFC), 33100 Udine, Italy; (B.B.); (D.D.S.); (B.M.)
| | - Daniele De Silvestri
- Thrombosis Prevention Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Hospital of Udine (ASUFC), 33100 Udine, Italy; (B.B.); (D.D.S.); (B.M.)
| | - Barbara Mariotti
- Thrombosis Prevention Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Hospital of Udine (ASUFC), 33100 Udine, Italy; (B.B.); (D.D.S.); (B.M.)
| | - Daniele Veritti
- Department of Medicine-Ophthalmology, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (D.V.); (P.L.)
| | - Alessandro Cavarape
- Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.C.); (C.C.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Cristiana Catena
- Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.C.); (C.C.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Paolo Lanzetta
- Department of Medicine-Ophthalmology, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (D.V.); (P.L.)
| | - Leonardo Alberto Sechi
- Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.C.); (C.C.); (L.A.S.)
| | - GianLuca Colussi
- Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.C.); (C.C.); (L.A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Castilla-Guerra L, Gómez Escobar A, Gómez Cerezo JF. Utility of Doppler ultrasound for the study of ocular vascular disease. Rev Clin Esp 2021; 221:418-425. [PMID: 34059490 DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ocular vascular problems represent an emerging pathology within the activity of the internist. Ocular ultrasound is a widely used technique to evaluate a variety of eye conditions. Specifically, Doppler ultrasound of the ophthalmic vessels has become a very useful tool in diagnosing various eye diseases. Doppler ultrasound allows for examining blood flow in the eye even in the presence of eye opacities that impede viewing the posterior segment of the eye. In this review, we describe the principles and techniques of an ocular vascular Doppler ultrasound examination in clinical practice and provide a general approach to the ultrasound characteristics of the most important vascular eye disorders for internists. These include central retinal artery and vein occlusions, chronic retinal ischemic syndrome, anterior optic ischemic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Castilla-Guerra
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - A Gómez Escobar
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J F Gómez Cerezo
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Universidad Europea de Madrid, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Li S, Wang JJ, Li HY, Wang W, Tian M, Lang XQ, Wang K. Performance evaluation of two fundus oculi angiographic imaging system: Optos 200Tx and Heidelberg Spectralis. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:19. [PMID: 33235628 PMCID: PMC7678619 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the imaging performance of two ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography imaging systems, namely the OptosOptomap 200Tx (Optos 200Tx) and the Heidelberg Spectralis (Spectralis). A total of 18 patients (36 eyes) underwent angiography using the two systems at the Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital (Beijing, China) between January and June 2017. The images were obtained as a single shot centered on the macula. The total area and area within each of four visualized quadrants were calculated and compared. The averages of the total and individual quadrant area captured by the Optos 200Tx were all larger than those obtained with the Spectralis (P<0.05). For pair-wise comparison, the circular area centered on the macula (radius of 10 and 15 mm) was displayed: Optos 200Tx 10 mm (295.57 mm2) < Spectralis (520.11 mm2) < Optos 200Tx 15 mm (596.45 mm2) < Optos 200Tx (804.36 mm2) (P<0.01). The differences of each of the four quadrant areas were statistically significant between the two systems (P<0.05). The mean size of the areas was in the following order: Inferior < temporal < superior < nasal for the Optos 200Tx, and inferior < temporal < nasal < superior for the Spectralis. Further comparison of the four-quadrant area indicated that the inferior quadrant of the Optos 200Tx was smaller than the other three quadrants (P<0.01) and the inferior quadrant of the Spectralis was smaller than the superior quadrant (P<0.01). The total retinal area and the retinal area of each quadrant captured by the Optos 200Tx were larger than those captured with the Spectralis. The total retinal area captured with the Optos 200Tx was able to cover the mid-peripheral area and part of the far-peripheral area of the retina, whereas the Spectralis only covered the mid-peripheral area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Meng Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Qiang Lang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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17
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Cytokines and Pathogenesis of Central Retinal Vein Occlusion. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113457. [PMID: 33121094 PMCID: PMC7692731 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) causes macular edema and subsequent vision loss and is common in people with diseases such as arteriosclerosis and hypertension. Various treatments for CRVO-associated macular edema have been trialed, including laser photocoagulation, with unsatisfactory results. However, when the important pathogenic role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in macular edema was identified, the treatment of CRVO was revolutionized by anti-VEGF therapy. However, despite the success of intraocular injection of anti-VEGF agents in many patients with CRVO, some patients continue to suffer from refractory or recurring edema. In addition, the expression of inflammatory cytokines increases over time, causing more severe inflammation and a condition that is increasingly resistant to anti-VEGF therapy. This indicates that the pathogenesis of macular edema in CRVO is more complex than originally thought and may involve factors or cytokines associated with inflammation and ischemia other than VEGF. CRVO is also associated with leukocyte abnormalities and a gradual reduction in retinal blood flow velocity, which increase the likelihood of it developing from the nonischemic type into the more severe ischemic type; in turn, this results in excessive VEGF expression and subsequent neovascular glaucoma. Here, we review the role of different factors and cytokines involved in CRVO pathogenesis and propose a mechanism that holds promise for the development of novel therapies.
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Assessment of Spontaneous Retinal Arterial Pulsations in Acute Central Retinal Vein Occlusions. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:3107472. [PMID: 33101730 PMCID: PMC7568157 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3107472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is a common retinal disease. Recent works mentioned spontaneous retinal arterial pulsations (SRAPs) as a feature of some CRVOs. This is a retrospective study on patients presenting with CRVO who were followed up for at least 6 months. The objective was to identify SRAP in the acute phase of the disease and determine their relationship with patients' characteristics and visual prognosis. A 10-second infrared film centered on the optic disc was recorded within a month of the onset of symptoms, and SRAPs were detected in two-thirds of the cases. Patients with SRAP were significantly younger than those without SRAP. Mean central macular thickness was significantly higher in the absence of SRAP, which was translated into a more severe macular edema; however, this difference faded with time. BCVA tended to be higher in the presence of SRAP at the 6-month follow-up when adjusted to baseline. This study demonstrates that SRAPs are a frequent finding, easily detected by infrared fundus video recording, and associated with a younger age and lesser macular edema.
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Results from the Population-Based Gutenberg Health Study Revealing Four Altered Autoantibodies in Retinal Vein Occlusion Patients. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:8386160. [PMID: 32802490 PMCID: PMC7411451 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8386160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second most common retinal vascular disease and a major cause of visual impairment. In this study, we aimed to observe whether RVO cases have different antibody profiles as a new potential risk factor and whether a conversion of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) to neovascular glaucoma (NVG), one of the major complications, is occurring within a 5-year timeframe. Methods We performed a nested case-control study (1 : 4) within the Gutenberg Health Study (GHS), a population-based, prospective cohort study in the Rhine-Main Region of Germany including 15,010 participants. RVO subjects (n = 59) were identified by grading of fundus photographs. Optic nerves of RVO subjects and age- and sex-matched controls (n = 229) at baseline and their follow-up examination after 5 years were analyzed for glaucomatous alterations. Of all RVO subjects and controls, serum autoantibody profiles were measured using in-house manufactured antigen-antibody microarrays. Results Of the 59 RVO patients, 3 patients (5%) showed glaucomatous optic disc alterations at baseline, whereas no new glaucoma case was detected at 5-year follow-up. Four of the autoantibodies measured (against dermcidin, neurotrophin-3, superoxide dismutase 1, and signal recognition particle 14 kDa protein) were significantly increased in the serum of RVO patients (p < 0.001). Multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis showed that 3 of these 4 antibodies were independent of cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions We found several autoantibodies associated with RVO, targeting proteins and structures possibly involved in RVO pathogenesis.
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20
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Wu X, Yuan X, Wang W, Liu K, Qin Y, Sun X, Ma W, Zou Y, Zhang H, Zhou X, Wu H, Jiang X, Cai J, Chang W, Zhou S, Song L. Value of a Machine Learning Approach for Predicting Clinical Outcomes in Young Patients With Hypertension. Hypertension 2020; 75:1271-1278. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Risk stratification of young patients with hypertension remains challenging. Generally, machine learning (ML) is considered a promising alternative to traditional methods for clinical predictions because it is capable of processing large amounts of complex data. We, therefore, explored the feasibility of an ML approach for predicting outcomes in young patients with hypertension and compared its performance with that of approaches now commonly used in clinical practice. Baseline clinical data and a composite end point—comprising all-cause death, acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery revascularization, new-onset heart failure, new-onset atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, sustained ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation, peripheral artery revascularization, new-onset stroke, end-stage renal disease—were evaluated in 508 young patients with hypertension (30.83±6.17 years) who had been treated at a tertiary hospital. Construction of the ML model, which consisted of recursive feature elimination, extreme gradient boosting, and 10-fold cross-validation, was performed at the 33-month follow-up evaluation, and the model’s performance was compared with that of the Cox regression and recalibrated Framingham Risk Score models. An 11-variable combination was considered most valuable for predicting outcomes using the ML approach. The C statistic for identifying patients with composite end points was 0.757 (95% CI, 0.660–0.854) for the ML model, whereas for Cox regression model and the recalibrated Framingham Risk Score model it was 0.723 (95% CI, 0.636–0.810) and 0.529 (95% CI, 0.403–0.655). The ML approach was comparable with Cox regression for determining the clinical prognosis of young patients with hypertension and was better than that of the recalibrated Framingham Risk Score model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Wu
- From the Hypertension Center (X.W., W.W., K.L., Y.Q., X.S., W.M., Y.Z., H.Z., X.Z., H.W., X.J., J.C., L.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinglong Yuan
- School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China (X.Y., W.C., S.Z.)
| | - Wei Wang
- From the Hypertension Center (X.W., W.W., K.L., Y.Q., X.S., W.M., Y.Z., H.Z., X.Z., H.W., X.J., J.C., L.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Liu
- From the Hypertension Center (X.W., W.W., K.L., Y.Q., X.S., W.M., Y.Z., H.Z., X.Z., H.W., X.J., J.C., L.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Qin
- From the Hypertension Center (X.W., W.W., K.L., Y.Q., X.S., W.M., Y.Z., H.Z., X.Z., H.W., X.J., J.C., L.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Sun
- From the Hypertension Center (X.W., W.W., K.L., Y.Q., X.S., W.M., Y.Z., H.Z., X.Z., H.W., X.J., J.C., L.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- From the Hypertension Center (X.W., W.W., K.L., Y.Q., X.S., W.M., Y.Z., H.Z., X.Z., H.W., X.J., J.C., L.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubao Zou
- From the Hypertension Center (X.W., W.W., K.L., Y.Q., X.S., W.M., Y.Z., H.Z., X.Z., H.W., X.J., J.C., L.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- From the Hypertension Center (X.W., W.W., K.L., Y.Q., X.S., W.M., Y.Z., H.Z., X.Z., H.W., X.J., J.C., L.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianliang Zhou
- From the Hypertension Center (X.W., W.W., K.L., Y.Q., X.S., W.M., Y.Z., H.Z., X.Z., H.W., X.J., J.C., L.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiying Wu
- From the Hypertension Center (X.W., W.W., K.L., Y.Q., X.S., W.M., Y.Z., H.Z., X.Z., H.W., X.J., J.C., L.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiongjing Jiang
- From the Hypertension Center (X.W., W.W., K.L., Y.Q., X.S., W.M., Y.Z., H.Z., X.Z., H.W., X.J., J.C., L.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Cai
- From the Hypertension Center (X.W., W.W., K.L., Y.Q., X.S., W.M., Y.Z., H.Z., X.Z., H.W., X.J., J.C., L.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbing Chang
- School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China (X.Y., W.C., S.Z.)
| | - Shenghan Zhou
- School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China (X.Y., W.C., S.Z.)
| | - Lei Song
- From the Hypertension Center (X.W., W.W., K.L., Y.Q., X.S., W.M., Y.Z., H.Z., X.Z., H.W., X.J., J.C., L.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (L.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases (L.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Su T, Yuan Q, Liao XL, Shi WQ, Zhou XZ, Lin Q, Min YL, Li B, Jiang N, Shao Y. Altered intrinsic functional connectivity of the primary visual cortex in patients with retinal vein occlusion: a resting-state fMRI study. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 10:958-969. [PMID: 32489920 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2020.03.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background To investigate the differences of spontaneous functional connectivity (FC) of the primary visual cortex (V1) between patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and healthy controls (HCs) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data. Methods Twenty-one patients with RVO in total (11 males, 10 females) and 21 HCs similarly analogue in age and sex background were enrolled and inspected with rs-fMRI. The difference in FC of V1 between two groups were compared using two-sample t-test. We used the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to distinguish average FC values of RVO subjects from HCs. The interrelationships between FC signals of specific cerebrum regions and clinical features in RVOs were assessed with the Pearson's correlation analysis. Results Compared with HCs, FC in left V1 and right middle frontal gyrus increased significantly in RVO group, while FC in left V1 and right cuneus decreased significantly. Meanwhile, patients with RVO presented increased FC between the right V1 and right middle frontal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, but declining FC between right V1 and right cuneus. The mean FC value between the right cuneus and the right V1 as well as the left V1 were negative correlated with the foveal thickness of RVO patients. ROC curve analysis of each brain regions showed the accuracy of AUC was excellent. Conclusions RVO involves aberrant FC in V1 in different brain areas including visual-related and cognitive-related region, which might assist to unveil the underlying neural mechanisms of impaired visual function in RVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang 330006, China.,Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xu-Lin Liao
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Wen-Qing Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xue-Zhi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - You-Lan Min
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang 330006, China
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22
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Gouliopoulos N, Siasos G, Moschos MM, Oikonomou E, Rouvas A, Bletsa E, Stampouloglou P, Siasou G, Paraskevopoulos T, Vlasis K, Marinos G, Tousoulis D. Endothelial dysfunction and impaired arterial wall properties in patients with retinal vein occlusion. Vasc Med 2020; 25:302-308. [PMID: 32308146 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x20913609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a common retinal vascular lesion, and a leading cause of visual impairment. Patients with RVO have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and share multiple common risk factors. In this study, we investigated the endothelial function and arterial stiffness of patients with RVO compared to healthy-control (CL) subjects. We enrolled 40 consecutive patients with RVO and 40 CL subjects. RVO was diagnosed by an ophthalmologist, endothelial function was evaluated by flow mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery, and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx) of the radial artery were measured to evaluate arterial stiffness and reflected waves, respectively. No significant differences were detected between the studied groups in sex, age, presence of hypertension or dyslipidemia, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, total cholesterol levels, and smoking habits (p > 0.05 for all). However, patients with RVO had impaired FMD (p = 0.002) and increased PWV (p = 0.004), even after adjustment for several confounders. Both FMD and PWV were also significantly and independently associated with the development of RVO. Furthermore, a significant and positive correlation between PWV and systolic blood pressure existed only in the CL group. Therefore, we have shown that RVO is associated with significant endothelial dysfunction and increased arterial stiffness. Our results strengthen the vascular theory, according to which, systemic endothelial dysfunction and arteriosclerosis play a significant role in the pathogenesis of RVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Gouliopoulos
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 1st Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marilita M Moschos
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, Gennimatas General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Rouvas
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Evanthia Bletsa
- 1st Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Stampouloglou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Siasou
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, Gennimatas General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Vlasis
- Department of Anatomy, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Marinos
- Department of Anatomy, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
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23
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Wen SM, Min YL, Yuan Q, Li B, Lin Q, Zhu PW, Shi WQ, Shu YQ, Shao Y, Zhou Q. Altered spontaneous brain activity in retinal vein occlusion as determined by regional homogeneity: a resting-state fMRI study. Acta Radiol 2019; 60:1695-1702. [PMID: 31023069 DOI: 10.1177/0284185119845089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - You-Lan Min
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Pei-Wen Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yong-Qiang Shu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
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24
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Spooner K, Fraser-Bell S, Hong T, Chang A. Prospective study of aflibercept for the treatment of persistent macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusions in eyes not responsive to long-term treatment with bevacizumab or ranibizumab. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 48:53-60. [PMID: 31498950 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE To examine the effect of switching from intravitreal bevacizumab or ranibizumab to aflibercept in eyes with persistent macular oedema due to retinal vein occlusion (RVO). BACKGROUND We report the results of a prospective interventional study on the effect of aflibercept 2 mg in eyes with persistent macular oedema after long-term treatment with bevacizumab or ranibizumab. DESIGN Non-randomized, prospective clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS Eighteen eyes of eighteen patients were included. METHODS Eyes with persistent macular oedema despite a minimum of four previous intravitreal bevacizumab/ranibizumab injections were recruited into this 48-week trial. Three loading doses of intravitreal aflibercept were administered every 4-weeks, thereafter every 8-weeks until week 48. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mean change from baseline in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) as measured by early treatment diabetic retinopathy score (ETDRS) and central macular thickness (CMT) as measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) at 48 weeks. RESULTS Patients had received a mean of 40.0 ± 17.8 bevacizumab/ranibizumab intravitreal injections prior to switching to aflibercept. The mean number of previous injections administered in the 12-months preceding entry into the study was 10.2 ± 2.4. Mean vision change at week 48 was +21.1 ± 5.1 ETDRS letters in the BRVO group and +18.8 ± 5.9 letters at in the CRVO group (P < .001 for both groups). Mean decrease in CMT was 87.6 ± 48.8 μm and 191.0 ± 128.3 μm, in the BRVO and CRVO groups, respectively (P < .001). Using linear regression analyses, a higher number of previous intravitreal ranibizumab/bevacizumab injections and thicker pre-switch CMT were correlated with greater visual gains. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Switching to aflibercept from bevacizumab or ranibizumab in eyes with persistent macular oedema due to RVO can lead to functional and anatomical improvement. This effect was more obvious in eyes with a greater CMT prior to the switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Spooner
- Sydney Retina, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Vision Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha Fraser-Bell
- Sydney Retina, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Hong
- Sydney Retina, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Vision Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Chang
- Sydney Retina, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Vision Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Ichinose M, Kasai K, Kayamori Y, Hamasaki N. Significance of a Family-based Study of Hereditary Thrombosis: A Single-family Case Series of Protein C Deficiency. Intern Med 2019; 58:1923-1928. [PMID: 30918183 PMCID: PMC6663546 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2308-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombophilia is a serious unpredictable complication caused by gene mutations, resulting in anticoagulant deficiencies. We herein report a single-family case series of protein C (PC) deficiency. Case 1 involved a Japanese man whose PC deficiency resulted in severe systemic thrombosis. The patients in cases 2 and 3 were his daughters who were diagnosed with PC deficiency via carrier screening in 2001 and later both became pregnant. Owing to appropriate treatments during pregnancy, they did not develop thrombosis and safely gave birth to healthy infants. This family case series suggests that appropriate knowledge concerning thrombophilia helps prevent future emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Ichinose
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kenji Kasai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fuji City General Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kayamori
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
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26
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Ragno VM, Zello GA, Klein CD, Montgomery JB. From Table to Stable: A Comparative Review of Selected Aspects of Human and Equine Metabolic Syndrome. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 79:131-138. [PMID: 31405493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity data in people and companion animals are depicting a future of increasing morbidity, cost for society, and significant health and welfare concerns. Between 25 and 50% of cats, dogs, and horses in developed countries are overweight or obese, which mirrors the situation in humans. Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) was named after human metabolic syndrome (MetS), which has about 30 years of lead in research efforts. Even though the complications of the two syndromes seem to grossly differ (cardiac vs. laminitis risk), a number of similar disease mechanisms are worthy of investigation. Since the first EMS consensus statement by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine in 2010, numerous studies have confirmed the link between insulin dysregulation and laminitis, even though the mechanisms are not fully understood. After the discovery of the role of adipokines in MetS, evidence about inflammatory mechanisms related to adiposity in rodent models, companion animals, horses, and humans is constantly increasing. Oxidative and dicarbonyl stress have been correlated with insulin dysregulation, obesity, and recently with laminitis. Vascular actions of insulin through nitric oxide, endothelin-1, and other mechanisms are being studied in horses and can provide a better understanding of laminitis pathophysiology. More research is needed on neuropathic mechanisms in insulin-dysregulated horses, which could be important in the pathogenesis of laminitis and laminitic pain. Human literature can provide viable material for novel studies in areas that have received limited attention, in addition to being valuable information for clients about the consequences of unhealthy management of their horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina M Ragno
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Gordon A Zello
- Section of Nutrition, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Colby D Klein
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Julia B Montgomery
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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27
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Chen YL, Ren Y, Xu W, Rosa RH, Kuo L, Hein TW. Constriction of Retinal Venules to Endothelin-1: Obligatory Roles of ETA Receptors, Extracellular Calcium Entry, and Rho Kinase. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:5167-5175. [PMID: 30372743 PMCID: PMC6203175 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide implicated in retinal venous pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion. However, underlying mechanisms contributing to venular constriction remain unknown. Thus, we examined the roles of ET-1 receptors, extracellular calcium (Ca2+), L-type voltage-operated calcium channels (L-VOCCs), Rho kinase (ROCK), and protein kinase C (PKC) in ET-1-induced constriction of retinal venules. Methods Porcine retinal venules were isolated and pressurized for vasoreactivity study using videomicroscopic techniques. Protein and mRNA were analyzed using molecular tools. Results Retinal venules developed basal tone and constricted concentration-dependently to ET-1. The ETA receptor (ETAR) antagonist BQ123 abolished venular constriction to ET-1, but ETB receptor (ETBR) antagonist BQ788 had no effect on vasoconstriction. The ETBR agonist sarafotoxin S6c did not elicit vasomotor activity. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, venules lost basal tone and ET-1–induced constriction was nearly abolished. Although L-VOCC inhibitor nifedipine also reduced basal tone and blocked vasoconstriction to L-VOCC activator Bay K8644, constriction of venules to ET-1 remained. The ROCK inhibitor H-1152 but not PKC inhibitor Gö 6983 prevented ET-1-induced vasoconstriction. Protein and mRNA expressions of ETARs and ETBRs, along with ROCK1 and ROCK2 isoforms, were detected in retinal venules. Conclusions Extracellular Ca2+ entry via L-VOCCs is essential for developing and maintaining basal tone of porcine retinal venules. ET-1 causes significant constriction of retinal venules by activating ETARs and extracellular Ca2+ entry independent of L-VOCCs. Activation of ROCK signaling, without involvement of PKC, appears to mediate venular constriction to ET-1 in the porcine retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Lin Chen
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, United States
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, United States
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, United States
| | - Robert H Rosa
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, United States.,Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Scott & White Eye Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, United States
| | - Lih Kuo
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, United States.,Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Scott & White Eye Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, United States
| | - Travis W Hein
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, United States.,Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Scott & White Eye Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, United States
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