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McCarthy SF, Tucker JAL, Hazell TJ. Exercise-induced appetite suppression: An update on potential mechanisms. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e70022. [PMID: 39187396 PMCID: PMC11347021 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.70022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The first systematic reviews of the effects of exercise on appetite-regulation and energy intake demonstrated changes in appetite-regulating hormones consistent with appetite suppression and decreases in subsequent relative energy intake over a decade ago. More recently, an intensity-dependent effect and several potential mechanisms were proposed, and this review aims to highlight advances in this field. While exercise-induced appetite suppression clearly involves acylated ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 may also be involved, though recent evidence suggests peptide tyrosine tyrosine may not be relevant. Changes in subjective appetite perceptions and energy intake continue to be equivocal, though these results are likely due to small sample sizes and methodological inconsistencies. Of the proposed mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced appetite suppression, lactate has garnered the most support through in vitro and in vivo rodent studies as well as a growing amount of work in humans. Other potential modulators of exercise-induced appetite suppression may include sex hormones, growth-differentiation factor 15, Lac-Phe, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and asprosin. Research should focus on the mechanisms responsible for the changes and consider these other modulators (i.e., myokines/exerkines) of appetite to improve our understanding of the role of exercise on appetite regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth F. McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical EducationWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Jessica A. L. Tucker
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical EducationWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Tom J. Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical EducationWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooOntarioCanada
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McCarthy SF, Bornath DPD, Grisebach D, Tucker JAL, Jarosz C, Ormond SC, Medeiros PJ, Hazell TJ. Low- and high-load resistance training exercise to volitional fatigue generate exercise-induced appetite suppression. Appetite 2024; 196:107286. [PMID: 38417533 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Research on exercise-induced appetite suppression often does not include resistance training (RT) exercise and only compared matched volumes. PURPOSE To compare the effects of low-load and high-load RT exercise completed to volitional fatigue on appetite-regulation. METHODS 11 resistance-trained males (24 ± 2 y) completed 3 sessions in a crossover experimental design: 1) control (CTRL); 2) RT exercise at 30% 1-repetition maximum (RM); and 3) RT exercise at 90% 1-RM. RT sessions consisted of 3 sets of 5 exercises completed to volitional fatigue. Acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), active peptide tyrosine (PYY), lactate, and subjective appetite perceptions were measured pre-exercise, 0-, 60-, and 120-min post-exercise. Energy intake was recorded the day before, of, and after each session. RESULTS Lactate was elevated following both 30% (0-, 60-, 120-min post-exercise) and 90% (0-, 60-min post-exercise; P < 0.001, d > 3.92) versus CTRL, with 30% greater than 90% (0-min post-exercise; P = 0.011, d = 1.14). Acylated ghrelin was suppressed by 30% (P < 0.007, d > 1.22) and 90% (P < 0.028, d > 0.096) post-exercise versus CTRL, and 30% suppressed concentrations versus 90% (60-min post-exercise; P = 0.032, d = 0.95). There was no effect on PYY (P > 0.171, ηp2 <0.149) though GLP-1 was greater at 60-min post-exercise in 90% (P = 0.052, d = 0.86) versus CTRL. Overall appetite was suppressed 0-min post-exercise following 30% and 90% versus CTRL (P < 0.013, d > 1.10) with no other differences (P > 0.279, d < 0.56). There were no differences in energy intake (P > 0.101, ηp2 <0.319). CONCLUSIONS RT at low- and high-loads to volitional fatigue induced appetite suppression coinciding with changes in acylated ghrelin though limited effects on anorexigenic hormones or free-living energy intake were present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth F McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Derek P D Bornath
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Daniel Grisebach
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jessica A L Tucker
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Claudia Jarosz
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sion C Ormond
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Philip J Medeiros
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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Morettini M, Palumbo MC, Bottiglione A, Danieli A, Del Giudice S, Burattini L, Tura A. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and interleukin-6 interaction in response to physical exercise: An in-silico model in the framework of immunometabolism. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 245:108018. [PMID: 38262127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is classically identified as an incretin hormone, secreted in response to nutrient ingestion and able to enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. However, other stimuli, such as physical exercise, may enhance GLP-1 plasma levels, and this exercise-induced GLP-1 secretion is mediated by interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine secreted by contracting skeletal muscle. The aim of the study is to propose a mathematical model of IL-6-induced GLP-1 secretion and kinetics in response to physical exercise of moderate intensity. METHODS The model includes the GLP-1 subsystem (with two pools: gut and plasma) and the IL-6 subsystem (again with two pools: skeletal muscle and plasma); it provides a parameter of possible clinical relevance representing the sensitivity of GLP-1 to IL-6 (k0). The model was validated on mean IL-6 and GLP-1 data derived from the scientific literature and on a total of 100 virtual subjects. RESULTS Model validation provided mean residuals between 0.0051 and 0.5493 pg⋅mL-1 for IL-6 (in view of concentration values ranging from 0.8405 to 3.9718 pg⋅mL-1) and between 0.0133 and 4.1540 pmol⋅L-1 for GLP-1 (in view of concentration values ranging from 0.9387 to 17.9714 pmol⋅L-1); a positive significant linear correlation (r = 0.85, p<0.001) was found between k0 and the ratio between areas under GLP-1 and IL-6 curve, over the virtual subjects. CONCLUSIONS The model accurately captures IL-6-induced GLP-1 kinetics in response to physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Morettini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche 12, Ancona, 60131, Italy.
| | - Maria Concetta Palumbo
- Institute for Applied Computing (IAC) "Mauro Picone", National Research Council of Italy, via dei Taurini 19, Rome, 00185, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Bottiglione
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche 12, Ancona, 60131, Italy.
| | - Andrea Danieli
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche 12, Ancona, 60131, Italy.
| | - Simone Del Giudice
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche 12, Ancona, 60131, Italy.
| | - Laura Burattini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche 12, Ancona, 60131, Italy.
| | - Andrea Tura
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Corso Stati Uniti 4, Padova, 35127, Italy.
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Li Y, Tataka Y, Sakazaki M, Kamemoto K, Nagayama C, Yoshikawa Y, Yamada Y, Miyashita M. Acute effects of exercise intensity on butyrylcholinesterase and ghrelin in young men: A randomized controlled study. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:39-50. [PMID: 38033619 PMCID: PMC10687701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objectives Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a liver-derived enzyme that hydrolyzes acylated ghrelin to des-acylated ghrelin, may trigger a potential mechanism responsible for the acute exercise-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin. However, studies examining the effects of an acute bout of high-intensity exercise on BChE and acylated ghrelin have yielded inconsistent findings. This study aimed to examine the acute effects of exercise intensity on BChE, acylated ghrelin and des-acylated ghrelin concentrations in humans. Methods Fifteen young men (aged 22.7 ± 1.8 years, mean ± standard deviation) completed three, half-day laboratory-based trials (i.e., high-intensity exercise, low-intensity exercise and control), in a random order. In the exercise trials, the participants ran for 60 min (from 09:30 to 10:30) at a speed eliciting 70 % (high-intensity) or 40 % (low-intensity) of their maximum oxygen uptake and then rested for 90 min. In the control trial, participants sat on a chair for the entire trial (from 09:30 to 12:00). Venous blood samples were collected at 09:30, 10:00, 10:30, 11:00, 11:30 and 12:00. Results The BChE concentration was not altered over time among the three trials. Total acylated and des-acylated ghrelin area under the curve during the first 60 min (i.e., from 0 min to 60 min) of the main trial were lower in the high-intensity exercise trial than in the control (acylated ghrelin, mean difference: 62.6 pg/mL, p < 0.001; des-acylated ghrelin, mean difference: 31.4 pg/mL, p = 0.035) and the low-intensity exercise trial (acylated ghrelin, mean difference: 87.7 pg/mL, p < 0.001; des-acylated ghrelin, mean difference: 43.0 pg/mL, p = 0.042). Conclusion The findings suggest that BChE may not be involved in the modulation of ghrelin even though lowered acylated ghrelin concentration was observed after high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Li
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusei Tataka
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miki Sakazaki
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kamemoto
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chihiro Nagayama
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshie Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamada
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masashi Miyashita
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Deru LS, Chamberlain CJ, Lance GR, Gipson EZ, Bikman BT, Davidson LE, Tucker LA, Coleman JL, Bailey BW. The Effects of Exercise on Appetite-Regulating Hormone Concentrations over a 36-h Fast in Healthy Young Adults: A Randomized Crossover Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081911. [PMID: 37111130 PMCID: PMC10142171 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hunger and satiety are controlled by several physiological mechanisms, including pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones. While the influence of exercise and fasting have been described individually, in relation to these hormones, there is a paucity of work showing the effects of the two modalities (fasting and exercise) combined. Twenty healthy adults (11 males, 9 females) completed both conditions of this study, each consisting of a 36-h water-only fast. One of the fasts began with treadmill exercise, and the differences between the conditions on various appetite hormones were measured every 12 h. The difference in the area under the curve between conditions for ghrelin was 211.8 ± 73.1 pg/mL (F = 8.40, p < 0.0105), and, for GLP-1, it was -1867.9 ± 850.4 pg/mL (F = 4.82, p < 0.0422). No significant differences were noted for areas under the curve between conditions for leptin, PP, PYY, insulin, or GIP. Initiating a fast with exercise lowers ghrelin concentrations and elevates GLP-1 concentrations. Given that ghrelin elicits feelings of hunger and GLP-1 signals feelings of satiety, adding exercise to the beginning of a fast may reduce some of the biological drive of hunger, which could make fasting more tolerable, leading to better adherence and more significant health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon S Deru
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | | | - Garrett R Lance
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Elizabeth Z Gipson
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Benjamin T Bikman
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Lance E Davidson
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Larry A Tucker
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Jacob L Coleman
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Bruce W Bailey
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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The exercise-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin is blunted in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle compared to the follicular phase following vigorous-intensity exercise. Appetite 2023; 182:106425. [PMID: 36535367 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Limited work examining woman's appetite-regulatory response to exercise has been focused on the follicular phase (FP) of the menstrual cycle. This is an important limitation as estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) fluctuate across phases with greater concentrations in the luteal phase (LP). OBJECTIVE To examine the appetite-regulatory response to vigorous-intensity continuous exercise (VICT) in the FP and LP. METHODS Twelve women completed 30 min of VICT at 80% V˙O2max in the FP and LP. E2, P4, acylated ghrelin, active peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and appetite perceptions were measured pre-exercise, 0-, 30-, and 90-min post-exercise. Energy intake was recorded for a 2-day period (day before and of each session). A series of two-way repeated measure ANOVA were used to compare all dependent variables. RESULTS Pre-exercise E2 (P = 0.005, d = 1.00) and P4 (P < 0.001, d = 1.41) concentrations were greater in the LP than the FP and exercise increased both at 0- and 30-min post-exercise (E2: P < 0.009; P4: P < 0.001, d = 0.63). Acylated ghrelin was lower in the FP versus LP at pre-exercise as well as 0-min (P = 0.006, d = 0.97) and 90-min (P = 0.029, d = 0.72) post-exercise. There were no differences of menstrual phase on PYY (P = 0.359, ηp2 = 0.092), GLP-1 (P = 0.226, ηp2 = 0.130), or overall appetite (P = 0.514, ηp2 = 0.066). Energy intake was greater on the day of in the LP versus the FP (P = 0.003, d = 1.2). CONCLUSION Acylated ghrelin was lower in the FP compared to the LP and though there were no differences in anorexigenic hormones or subjective appetite, energy intake was greater on the day of the session in the LP suggesting important differences across the menstrual cycle where greater concentrations of ovarian hormones in the LP may blunt the exercise response.
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Nasr L, Sacre Y, Attieh R, Mannan H. Association between the Timing of Pre-Workout Macronutrient Intake and Rated Appetite among Resistance-Trained Adults in Jbeil, Lebanon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2399. [PMID: 36767765 PMCID: PMC9915277 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Macronutrients play an important role in appetite regulation. In addition, adequate nutrient and energy intake, which may be altered by exercise-induced appetite fluctuations, is required to ensure important training outcomes. However, findings regarding appetite responses to macronutrient consumption before training and to different resistance training intensities remain inconclusive. This study investigated the association of three types of macronutrient intake before different intensities of resistance training with appetite. A purposive cross-sectional design was used to collect data from 280 resistance-trained individuals (mean age 26.4 ± 5.8 years) representing five gyms located in Jbeil, Lebanon, and who completed an online questionnaire. Data collected included socio-demographics, nutritional strategies followed by each respondent, training characteristics, and appetite rating before, during and after exercise using a validated visual analogue scale (VAS). A short-term suppression of appetite was reported during resistance-training, with no significant difference in exercise intensities (p > 0.05). In addition, low-fiber carbohydrate and protein food/beverage content consumed 30-60 min before training had an advantage in appetite suppression. In summary, these findings suggest that resistance training combined with pre-workout consumption of a whole meal was associated with appetite suppression, at least during the short period of exercise. From the perspective of appetite control and energy balance, the critical factor is the quantity and quality of macronutrient food sources, in addition to the timing surrounding training of nutrients ingested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Nasr
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | - Yonna Sacre
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | - Randa Attieh
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | - Haider Mannan
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
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Hu M, Kong Z, Shi Q, Nie J. Acute effect of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on appetite-regulating gut hormones in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13129. [PMID: 36747559 PMCID: PMC9898666 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise intensity has been suggested to influence acute appetite-regulating gut hormone responses after exercise. High intensity interval training (HIIT) with near maximal to maximal intensity or sprint interval training (SIT) with supramaximal intensity might induce greater effects on gut hormones compared to moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), while current findings were inconsistent regarding the effects of these popular training methods. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesis the findings in the literature and explore the impact of exercise modality on acylated ghrelin (AG), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). Methods After searching the major databases (PubMed, Web of science and ScienceDirect, Scopus, Cochrane Library) to find articles published up to May 2022, twelve studies that compared hormone responses to HIIT/SIT and MICT were identified and included in the analysis. Results A random-effects meta-analysis showed that HIIT/SIT and MICT decreased AG concentration and increased GLP-1 and PYY concentration compared with no exercise control group, while interval training protocols, especially SIT protocols, elicited greater effect sizes in suppressing AG levels at all of the analysed time points and PYY immediately post-exercise compared to MICT. Conclusion Acute SIT with lower exercise volume appears to be a more advantageous approach to decrease plasma AG concentration and potentially suppress hunger to a greater extent compared to MICT, despite the similar effects of HIIT/SIT compared to MICT in increasing anorectic hormones (i.e., GLP-1 and PYY). Future studies are needed to further investigate the impact of moderators (e.g., gender, body composition and exercise mode) on the variability of changes in gut hormones after interval trainings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- University of Macau, Macao, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Qingde Shi
- Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
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Emerging evidence of the relationship between fat-free mass and ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and peptide-YY. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ribeiro FM, Silva MA, Lyssa V, Marques G, Lima HK, Franco OL, Petriz B. The molecular signaling of exercise and obesity in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:927170. [PMID: 35966101 PMCID: PMC9365995 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.927170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major pandemics of the 21st century. Due to its multifactorial etiology, its treatment requires several actions, including dietary intervention and physical exercise. Excessive fat accumulation leads to several health problems involving alteration in the gut-microbiota-brain axis. This axis is characterized by multiple biological systems generating a network that allows bidirectional communication between intestinal bacteria and brain. This mutual communication maintains the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal, central nervous and microbial systems of animals. Moreover, this axis involves inflammatory, neural, and endocrine mechanisms, contributes to obesity pathogenesis. The axis also acts in appetite and satiety control and synthesizing hormones that participate in gastrointestinal functions. Exercise is a nonpharmacologic agent commonly used to prevent and treat obesity and other chronic degenerative diseases. Besides increasing energy expenditure, exercise induces the synthesis and liberation of several muscle-derived myokines and neuroendocrine peptides such as neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, ghrelin, and leptin, which act directly on the gut-microbiota-brain axis. Thus, exercise may serve as a rebalancing agent of the gut-microbiota-brain axis under the stimulus of chronic low-grade inflammation induced by obesity. So far, there is little evidence of modification of the gut-brain axis as a whole, and this narrative review aims to address the molecular pathways through which exercise may act in the context of disorders of the gut-brain axis due to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe M. Ribeiro
- Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center of the Federal District - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Maycon A. Silva
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Victória Lyssa
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center of the Federal District - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Henny K. Lima
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octavio L. Franco
- Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Biotechnology Program, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center of the Federal District - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences - University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Gastrointestinal Hormones, Morphological Characteristics, and Physical Performance in Elite Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1371-1381. [PMID: 35320775 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the relationship between gastrointestinal hormones (leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1), ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, morphological characteristics, and physical performances in elite soccer players. METHODS Q2 Twenty-two elite male soccer players (age = 23.1 [2.7] y, height = 177.0 [0.1] cm, weight = 70.2 [2.9] kg, body mass index = 22.1 [1.8] kg/m2) completed 3-day food records each week during the 5-week training period. Blood samples were drawn after an overnight fast before and after preseason training to assess gastrointestinal hormones (leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, and peptide YY). Continuous analysis of the training load was used during the training period. Preintervention and postintervention tests assessed jumping (countermovement jump), sprinting (10, 20, and 30 m), and endurance fitness (the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 [YYIRT1]) levels. RESULTS Preseason training decreased body mass index (P = .001; effect size [ES] = 0.183) and body fat percentage (P = .001; ES = 0.516). There were increases in countermovement jump (P = .032; ES = 0.215), 20- (P = .016; ES = 0.195) and 30-m sprints (P = .001; ES = 0.188), and YYIRT1 performance (P = .001; ES = 0.9). Levels of cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and ghrelin did not change during preseason training, although changes in leptin (P = .001; ES = 0.41) and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels (P = .039; ES = 0.606) were recorded. Leptinemia correlated with anthropometric parameters (body mass index, r = .77, P = .001; percentage of body fat,r = .67, P = .006) and the total distance covered during the YYIRT1 (r = -.54; P = .03). CONCLUSION Changes in morphological parameters and physical performance in elite-level male soccer players are related to variations in selected gastrointestinal hormones.
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Ataeinosrat A, Haghighi MM, Abednatanzi H, Soltani M, Ghanbari-Niaki A, Nouri-Habashi A, Amani-Shalamzari S, Mossayebi A, Khademosharie M, Johnson KE, VanDusseldorp TA, Saeidi A, Zouhal H. Effects of Three Different Modes of Resistance Training on Appetite Hormones in Males With Obesity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:827335. [PMID: 35264977 PMCID: PMC8900747 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.827335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study explored the effect of three different modes of resistance training on appetite hormones [leptin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide tyrosine–tyrosine (PYY)], cardiometabolic and anthropometric measures in males with obesity. Methods Forty-four males with obesity (age: 27.5 ± 9.4 yrs.; mean weight: 93.2 ± 2.2 kg, body mass index: 32.9 ± 1.2 kg/m2) were randomized to traditional resistance training (TRT, n = 11), circuit resistance training (CRT, n = 11), interval resistance training (IRT, n = 11) or control (C, n = 11) groups. All resistance training groups received 50 min of supervised training per session, three days per week, for 12 weeks. Measurements were taken at baseline and after 12 weeks of training. Results Plasma levels of leptin, ghrelin, CCK, and PYY decreased significantly in all three different modalities of resistance training groups when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). GLP-1 increased significantly in both CRT and IRT groups compared to TRT and C groups (p < 0.05). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide decreased significantly in CRT and IRT groups compared to the C group (p < 0.05). Adiponectin levels increased significantly in all resistance training groups compared to the C group (p < 0.05). Conclusion Overall, CRT and IRT protocols had the greatest impact on appetite hormones compared to individuals who engaged in TRT or did not exercise (C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ataeinosrat
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Abednatanzi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soltani
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbass Ghanbari-Niaki
- Exercise Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Akbar Nouri-Habashi
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Movements, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sadegh Amani-Shalamzari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mossayebi
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Mitra Khademosharie
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Literature, Kosar University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran
| | - Kelly E Johnson
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, United States
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé (M2S), University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), Iroduer, France
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13
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Vasto S, Amato A, Proia P, Baldassano S. Is the Secret in the Gut? SuperJump Activity Improves Bone Remodeling and Glucose Homeostasis by GLP-1 and GIP Peptides in Eumenorrheic Women. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:296. [PMID: 35205162 PMCID: PMC8869418 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We showed that twenty weeks of SuperJump activity, an innovative workout training performed on an elastic minitrampoline, reduced bone resorption and increased bone formation in eumenorrheic women acting on the key points of the regulation of bone metabolism. The present study analyzed whether the gastrointestinal hormones are involved in the mechanism of action and if it has an impact on glucose homeostasis. The control group was composed of twelve women, similar to the exercise group that performed SuperJump activity for twenty weeks. The analysis was performed on blood samples and investigated GLP-1, GIP, GLP-2, PYY, ghrelin, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, β-cell function, and insulin sensitivity. The results showed that the activity contributes to raising the GLP-1and GIP levels, and not on GLP-2, PYY, and ghrelin, which did not change. Moreover, SuperJump activity significantly reduced fasting insulin, glucose, insulin resistance, and increased insulin sensitivity but did not affect beta cell function. These data suggest that GLP-1, and GIP are involved in the mechanism of action that improves bone and glucose homeostasis following 20 weeks of SuperJump activity in eumenorrheic women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Vasto
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Amato
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Proia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
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14
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Landry T, Shookster D, Chaves A, Free K, Nguyen T, Huang H. Exercise increases NPY/AgRP and TH neuron activity in the hypothalamus of female mice. J Endocrinol 2022; 252:167-177. [PMID: 34854381 PMCID: PMC9039839 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence identifies a potent role for aerobic exercise to modulate the activity of hypothalamic neurons related to appetite; however, these studies have been primarily performed in male rodents. Since females have markedly different neuronal mechanisms regulating food intake, the current study aimed to determine the effects of acute treadmill exercise on hypothalamic neuron populations involved in regulating appetite in female mice. Mature, untrained female mice were exposed to acute sedentary, low- (10 m/min), moderate- (14 m/min), and high (18 m/min)-intensity treadmill exercise in a randomized crossover design. Mice were fasted 10 h before exercise, and food intake was monitored for 48 h after bouts. Immunohistochemical detection of cFOS was performed 3 h post-exercise to determine the changes in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and SIM1-expressing neuron activity concurrent with the changes in food intake. Additionally, stains for pSTAT3tyr705 and pERKthr202/tyr204 were performed to detect exercise-mediated changes in intracellular signaling. Briefly, moderate- and high-intensity exercises increased 24-h food intake by 5.9 and 19%, respectively, while low-intensity exercise had no effects. Furthermore, increases in NPY/AgRPARC, SIM1PVN, and TH neuron activity were observed 3 h after high-intensity exercise, with no effects on POMCARC neurons. While no effects of exercise on pERKthr202/tyr204 were observed, pSTAT3tyr705 was elevated specifically in NPY/AgRP neurons 3 h post-exercise. Overall, aerobic exercise increased the activity of several appetite-stimulating neuron populations in the hypothalamus of female mice, which may provide insight into previously reported sexual dimorphisms in post-exercise feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Landry
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Shookster
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alec Chaves
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katrina Free
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tony Nguyen
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hu Huang
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Kamemoto K, Yamada M, Matsuda T, Ogata H, Ishikawa A, Kanno M, Miyashita M, Sakamaki-Sunaga M. Effects of menstrual cycle on appetite-regulating hormones and energy intake in response to cycling exercise in physically active women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 132:224-235. [PMID: 34882026 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01117.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ample evidence supports the notion that an acute bout of endurance exercise performed at or greater than 70% of maximum oxygen uptake suppresses appetite partly through changes in appetite-regulating hormones, no study has directly compared the influence between the phases of the menstrual cycle in women. The present study compared the effects of an acute bout of exercise on orexigenic hormone (acylated ghrelin) and anorexigenic hormones (peptide YY and cholecystokinin) between the early follicular phase (FP) and the mid luteal phase (LP) of the menstrual cycle in physically active women. Ten healthy women (age, 20.6 ± 0.7 years) completed two 3.5-h trials in each menstrual phase. In both trials, participants performed cycling exercises at 70% of heart rate reserve (at a corresponding intensity to 70% of maximum oxygen uptake) for 60 min followed by 90 min of rest. Following 90 min of rest, participants were provided with an ad libitum meal for a fixed duration of 30 min. Blood samples and subjective appetite were collected and assessed before, during, immediately post-, 45 min post-, and 90 min post-exercise. The exercise increased estradiol (327 %) and progesterone (681 %) in the LP more than the FP respectively (P < 0.001, f = 1.33; P < 0.001,f = 1.20). There were no between-trial differences in appetite-regulating hormones, subjective appetite, or energy intake of ad libitum meal. These findings indicate that exercise-induced increases in ovarian hormones in the LP may not influence appetite-regulating hormones in physically active women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Kamemoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamada
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoka Matsuda
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hazuki Ogata
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Kanno
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Nejati R, Bijeh N, Rad MM, Hosseini SRA. The impact of different modes of exercise training on GLP-1: a systematic review and meta-analysis research. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-021-00950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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17
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Hindsø M, Kuhlman AB, Dohlmann TL, Lund MT, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Larsen S, Helge JW. Effect of 6 weeks of very low-volume high-intensity interval training on oral glucose-stimulated incretin hormone response. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:381-389. [PMID: 33461430 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1877830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Decreased fasting and oral glucose-stimulated incretin hormone concentrations following moderate-intensity continuous endurance training interventions have been reported in glucose-tolerant people, however results are conflicting. The effect of more time-efficient, very low-volume, high-intensity interval training (HIT) on circulating incretin hormone levels has never been studied.Materials and methods: Ten sedentary and overweight-to-obese participants (4 women and 6 men; age 43 ± 6 years (mean ± SD); BMI 30.2 ± 3.2 kg∙m-2; HbA1c 35 ± 5.1 mmol∙mol-1 (5.3 ± 0.3%); VO2max 30 ± 5 ml∙min-1∙kg-1) from the Copenhagen cohort of the METAPREDICT trial underwent 6 weeks of supervised low-volume HIT (3 sessions per week: 7 × 1 min at ∼100% VO2max separated by 1 min of active recovery). We measured glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP concentrations during a frequently sampled 75 g oral glucose tolerance test as well as VO2max and body composition before and after the intervention.Results: Training compliance was 100%. Relative VO2max improved after the intervention (median 2.69 ml∙min-1∙kg-1, IQR [0.43; 3.14], p = 0.037) while there were no significant effects on body weight and composition. No significant effects on oral glucose-stimulated glucose and hormone responses or estimates of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were observed.Conclusion: Low-volume HIT improved aerobic fitness, but neither affected glucose tolerance nor oral glucose-stimulated incretin hormone responses in sedentary and overweight-to-obese people.Highlights Ten sedentary, overweight-to-obese, glucose-tolerant participants underwent 6 weeks of supervised, very low-volume HIT.Aerobic fitness improved.Fasting and oral glucose-stimulated incretin hormone concentrations were not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hindsø
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anja Birk Kuhlman
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Tine Lovsø Dohlmann
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Michael Taulo Lund
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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18
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Vanderheyden LW, McKie GL, Howe GJ, Hazell TJ. Greater lactate accumulation following an acute bout of high-intensity exercise in males suppresses acylated ghrelin and appetite postexercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1321-1328. [PMID: 32240018 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00081.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity exercise inhibits appetite, in part, via alterations in the peripheral concentrations of the appetite-regulating hormones acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and active peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY). Given lactate may mediate these effects, we used sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design to investigate lactate's purported role in exercise-induced appetite suppression. Eleven males completed two identical high-intensity interval training sessions (10 × 1 min cycling bouts at ~90% heart rate maximum interspersed with 1-min recovery), where they ingested either NaHCO3 (BICARB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) as a placebo (PLACEBO) preexercise. Blood lactate, acylated ghrelin, GLP-1, and PYY concentrations, as well as overall appetite were assessed preexercise and 0, 30, 60, and 90 min postexercise. Blood lactate was greater immediately (P < 0.001) and 30 min postexercise (P = 0.049) in the BICARB session with an increased (P = 0.009) area under the curve (AUC). The BICARB session had lower acylated ghrelin at 60 (P = 0.014) and 90 min postexercise (P = 0.016), with a decreased AUC (P = 0.039). The BICARB session had increased PYY (P = 0.034) with an increased AUC (P = 0.031). The BICARB session also tended (P = 0.060) to have increased GLP-1 at 30 (P = 0.003) and 60 min postexercise (P < 0.001), with an increased AUC (P = 0.030). The BICARB session tended (P = 0.059) to reduce overall appetite, although there was no difference in AUC (P = 0.149). These findings support a potential role for lactate in the high-intensity exercise-induced appetite-suppression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used sodium bicarbonate to increase lactate accumulation or sodium chloride as a placebo. Our findings further implicate lactate as a mediator of exercise-induced appetite suppression, given exercise-induced increases in lactate during the sodium bicarbonate session altered peripheral concentrations of appetite-regulating hormones, culminating in a reduction of appetite. This supports a lactate-dependent mechanism of appetite suppression following high-intensity exercise and highlights the potential of using lactate as a means of inducing a caloric deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Vanderheyden
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg J Howe
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Moniz SC, Islam H, Hazell TJ. Mechanistic and methodological perspectives on the impact of intense interval training on post-exercise metabolism. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:638-651. [PMID: 31830334 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The post-exercise recovery period is associated with an elevated metabolism known as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). The relationship between exercise duration and EPOC magnitude is thought to be linear whereas the relationship between EPOC magnitude and exercise intensity is thought to be exponential. Accordingly, near-maximal and supramaximal protocols such as high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) protocols have been hypothesized to produce greater EPOC magnitudes than submaximal moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). This review updates previous reviews by focusing on the impact of HIIT and SIT on EPOC. Research to date suggests small differences in EPOC post-HIIT compared to MICT in the immediate (<1 hour) recovery period, but greater EPOC values post-HIIT when examined over 24 hours. Conversely, differences in EPOC post-SIT are more pronounced, as SIT tends to produce a larger EPOC vs MICT at all time points. We discuss potential mechanisms that may drive the EPOC response to interval training (eg, glycogen resynthesis, mitochondrial uncoupling, and protein turnover among others) and also consider the role of EPOC as one of the potential contributors to fat loss following HIIT/SIT interventions. Lastly, we highlight a number of methodological shortcomings related to the measurement of EPOC following HIIT and SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Moniz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Faculty of Science, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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20
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Nadermann N, Volkoff H. Effects of short-term exercise on food intake and the expression of appetite-regulating factors in goldfish. Peptides 2020; 123:170182. [PMID: 31678371 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, growing evidence indicates that exercise affects food intake, metabolism and the expression and blood levels of appetite regulators. In this study, we examined the effects of short-term (30 min, at low and high water flow) exercise on food intake, glucose levels and the expressions of appetite regulators in goldfish hypothalamus (irisin, orexin, CART, leptin), intestine (CCK, PYY, proglucagon/GLP-1), muscle (irisin) and liver (leptin), of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in brain, interleukin-6 (IL6) in muscle and hypothalamus, and major metabolic enzymes, the glycolytic enzyme glucokinase (GCK) and its regulatory protein (GCKR) in liver, the lipolytic enzyme lipoprotein lipase in intestine and muscle, and trypsin in intestine. Fish submitted to high flow exercise had a lower post-exercise food intake compared to control fish but no differences were seen in glucose levels between groups. Exercise induced an increase in hypothalamic expression levels of CART, IL6 and BDNF, but not orexin, irisin, CRF, leptin and NPY. High flow exercise induced an increase in intestine CCK, PYY and GLP-1, and muscle irisin and IL-6 expression levels. Exercise had no effects on expression levels of hepatic leptin or any of the metabolic enzymes examined. Our results suggest that, in goldfish, short-term exercise might decrease feeding in part by affecting the expressions of myokines and peripheral, but not central appetite regulators or metabolic enzyme/hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Nadermann
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada; Hochschule Mannheim University, Mannheim, 68163, Germany
| | - Hélène Volkoff
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
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21
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Afrasyabi S, Marandi SM, Kargarfard M. The effects of high intensity interval training on appetite management in individuals with type 2 diabetes: influenced by participants weight. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2019; 18:107-117. [PMID: 31275881 PMCID: PMC6582123 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-019-00396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose The connection between exercise and appetite has ramifications for acute energy balance and weight-management. Research would suggest that exercise training can transiently suppress appetite, particularly in overweight and T2D, healthy-weight individuals. However, the effect of such a transient appetite suppression on subsequent food intake may be restricted. The aim of this thesis was to investigate appetite responses to HIIT in obesity with T2D and to assess the effect of other exercise characteristics, as well as exercise intensity, in mediating these responses especially appetite hormones. Materials and methods Eighty individuals with type 2 diabetes (forty normal and forty obesity weight) performed HIIT trials, all in arandomly divided, in 8 groups (10 in each group) which included, obesity non-diabetic control, obesity diabetic control, normal weight diabetic control, obesity non-diabetic training, obesity diabetic training, normal weight, non-diabetic training, and normal weight diabetic training. Twelve-weeks HIIT sessions (each session of an interval training includes 60 s of high intensity training (85-95% of reserve heart rate)) + running for 60 s at low intensity (55-60% of reserve heart rate) were applied. Blood samples were taken at the beginning and after the fourth, eighth and twelfth week of the training. Data were analyzed using repeated variance analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results The results showed that training reduced ghrelin plasma levels in obese diabetic subjects (P < 0.05). Training has reduced PYY plasma in healthy subjects (non-diabetic) with normal weight (P < 0.05). Training reduced plasma levels of PYY in diabetic patients with normal weight and increased it in obese diabetic and healthy subjects (P < 0.05). Training has increased GLP-1 plasma in obese diabetic and diabetic with normal weight groups (P < 0.05). Training reduced TNF-α in normal (non-diabetic) subjects with normal weight and diabetic and non-diabetic obese subjects. Conclusion Collectively, the studies reported here suggest that appetite hormones differ between lean and obesity participants. The finding also suggested HIIT is more likely to elicit appetite hormones responses in obesity than in lean individuals with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, with caution, it is recommended that the high intensity interval training can be beneficial for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Afrasyabi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Street, P.O. Box 81746-7344, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Syed Mohamad Marandi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Street, P.O. Box 81746-7344, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kargarfard
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Street, P.O. Box 81746-7344, Isfahan, Iran
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22
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Zouhal H, Sellami M, Saeidi A, Slimani M, Abbassi-Daloii A, Khodamoradi A, El Hage R, Hackney AC, Ben Abderrahman A. Effect of physical exercise and training on gastrointestinal hormones in populations with different weight statuses. Nutr Rev 2019; 77:455-477. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Maha Sellami
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maamer Slimani
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Asieh Abbassi-Daloii
- Department of Sport Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Arash Khodamoradi
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rawad El Hage
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Carthage, Tunisia
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Fofonka A, Bock PM, Casali KR, da Silveira AD, da Rosa FM, Berlanda G, Schaan BD. Impact of treatment with glibenclamide or vildagliptin on glucose variability after aerobic exercise in type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 143:184-193. [PMID: 29990565 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the glucose variability, oxidative stress, metabolic and cardiovascular responses after an aerobic exercise session in diabetic patients on treatment with metformin plus vildagliptin or glibenclamide. METHODS Parallel clinical trial including patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin plus vildagliptin or glibenclamide for 12 weeks. Glucose variability, oxidative stress, metabolic (plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon-like-peptide-1) and cardiovascular responses were evaluated at rest, during and after a 30 min aerobic exercise session (70% of the peak heart rate). RESULTS Thirteen patients were included, seven in vildagliptin group (METV) and six in glibenclamide group (METG), baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 8.8 ± 0.3%. Treatment reduced HbA1c (1.2% and 1.5% for METV and METG, respectively). The aerobic exercise session did not change glucose variability in both groups. A decrease in glucose during exercise recovery was found, with area under the curve lower in the METG vs. METV (p = 0.04). After the intervention, systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased in both groups. Patients treated with vildagliptin showed lower SBP variability compared to those treated with glibenclamide. CONCLUSIONS Besides improvement in glucose control and reduction of SBP obtained by both treatments, lower blood pressure variability was observed in patients receiving vildagliptin. Glucose variability remained unaffected by both interventions and the exercise session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Fofonka
- Post-Graduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Avenida Itacolomi, 3600 Gravataí, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Martins Bock
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment (IATS) - CNPq/Brazil, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Faculdades Integradas de Taquara, Avenida Oscar Martins Rangel, 4500 Taquara, RS, Brazil.
| | - Karina Rabello Casali
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Department of Science and Technology, Rua Talim, 330 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Donelli da Silveira
- Post-Graduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Gabriela Berlanda
- Post-Graduate Program in Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz D Schaan
- Post-Graduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment (IATS) - CNPq/Brazil, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise on Appetite, Energy Intake, and Appetite-Related Hormones: The Modulating Effect of Adiposity, Sex, and Habitual Physical Activity. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091140. [PMID: 30131457 PMCID: PMC6164815 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise facilitates weight control, partly through effects on appetite regulation. Single bouts of exercise induce a short-term energy deficit without stimulating compensatory effects on appetite, whilst limited evidence suggests that exercise training may modify subjective and homeostatic mediators of appetite in directions associated with enhanced meal-induced satiety. However, a large variability in responses exists between individuals. This article reviews the evidence relating to how adiposity, sex, and habitual physical activity modulate exercise-induced appetite, energy intake, and appetite-related hormone responses. The balance of evidence suggests that adiposity and sex do not modify appetite or energy intake responses to acute or chronic exercise interventions, but individuals with higher habitual physical activity levels may better adjust energy intake in response to energy balance perturbations. The effect of these individual characteristics and behaviours on appetite-related hormone responses to exercise remains equivocal. These findings support the continued promotion of exercise as a strategy for inducing short-term energy deficits irrespective of adiposity and sex, as well as the ability of exercise to positively influence energy balance over the longer term. Future well-controlled studies are required to further ascertain the potential mediators of appetite responses to exercise.
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Paternoster S, Falasca M. Dissecting the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:584. [PMID: 30364192 PMCID: PMC6193070 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An aging world population exposed to a sedentary life style is currently plagued by chronic metabolic diseases, such as type-2 diabetes, that are spreading worldwide at an unprecedented rate. One of the most promising pharmacological approaches for the management of type 2 diabetes takes advantage of the peptide hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) under the form of protease resistant mimetics, and DPP-IV inhibitors. Despite the improved quality of life, long-term treatments with these new classes of drugs are riddled with serious and life-threatening side-effects, with no overall cure of the disease. New evidence is shedding more light over the complex physiology of GLP-1 in health and metabolic diseases. Herein, we discuss the most recent advancements in the biology of gut receptors known to induce the secretion of GLP-1, to bridge the multiple gaps into our understanding of its physiology and pathology.
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Sex differences in the response of total PYY and GLP-1 to moderate-intensity continuous and sprint interval cycling exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:431-440. [PMID: 28154977 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise interventions are often less effective at improving body composition for females than males, potentially due to post-exercise hormonal responses that increase energy intake in females. Recently, sprint interval training was shown to effectively reduce body fat in females despite being relatively low during exercise energy expenditure. PURPOSE To determine whether any sex difference in total PYY, GLP-1 or perceived hunger exists following moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICT) and sprint interval exercise (SIT) METHODS: Twenty-one active participants (11 females) participated in three sessions in a randomized crossover design: (1) MICT, 30-min cycling at 65% VO2max; (2) SIT, 6 × 30 s "all-out" sprints with 4-min recovery periods; (3) control (CTRL; no exercise). Blood samples were collected pre-exercise, immediately and 90 min post-exercise for the measurement of total PYY and GLP-1. Subjective perceptions of hunger were assessed using a visual analogue scale pre-breakfast and before all blood samples. RESULTS Concentrations of total PYY and GLP-1 were greater during MICT (P = 0.05) and SIT (P = 0.005) compared to CTRL. Total PYY increased more immediately post-exercise in males than females (P = 0.030). GLP-1 only increased in females following MICT (P = 0.034) and SIT (P = 0.024) compared to CTRL. Perceived hunger was lower immediately post-MICT (P = 0.016) and SIT (P = 0.006) compared to CTRL. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that total PYY and GLP-1 respond differently to exercise in males and females over 90 min following various exercise intensities. The observed post-exercise hormonal response would not be expected to create a compensatory increase in energy intake in females.
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