1
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Lee SC, Huang CH, Oyang YJ, Huang HC, Juan HF. Macrophages as determinants and regulators of systemic sclerosis-related interstitial lung disease. J Transl Med 2024; 22:600. [PMID: 38937794 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the primary cause of mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc), an autoimmune disease characterized by tissue fibrosis. SSc-related ILD (SSc-ILD) occurs more frequently in females aged 30-55 years, whereas idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is more prevalent in males aged 60-75 years. SSc-ILD occurs earlier than IPF and progresses rapidly. FCN1, FABP4, and SPP1 macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis; SPP1 macrophages demonstrate upregulated expression in both SSc-ILD and IPF. To identify the differences between SSc-ILD and IPF using single-cell analysis, clarify their distinct pathogeneses, and propose directions for prevention and treatment. METHODS We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases GSE159354 and GSE212109, and analyzed lung tissue samples across healthy controls, IPF, and SSc-ILD. The primary measures were the filtered genes integrated with batch correction and annotated cell types for distinguishing patients with SSc-ILD from healthy controls. We proposed an SSc-ILD pathogenesis using cell-cell interaction inferences, and predicted transcription factors regulating target genes using SCENIC. Drug target prediction of the TF gene was performed using Drug Bank Online. RESULTS A subset of macrophages activates the MAPK signaling pathway under oxidative stress. Owing to the lack of inhibitory feedback from ANNEXIN and the autoimmune characteristics, this leads to an earlier onset of lung fibrosis compared to IPF. During initial lung injury, fibroblasts begin to activate the IL6 pathway under the influence of SPP1 alveolar macrophages, but IL6 appears unrelated to other inflammatory and immune cells. This may explain why tocilizumab (an anti-IL6-receptor antibody) only preserves lung function in patients with early SSc-ILD. Finally, we identified BCLAF1 and NFE2L2 as influencers of MAPK activation in macrophages. Metformin downregulates NFE2L2 and could serve as a repurposed drug candidate. CONCLUSIONS SPP1 alveolar macrophages play a role in the profibrotic activity of IPF and SSc-ILD. However, SSc-ILD is influenced by autoimmunity and oxidative stress, leading to the continuous activation of MAPK in macrophages. This may result in an earlier onset of lung fibrosis than in IPF. Such differences could serve as potential research directions for early prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ching Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hao Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Jen Oyang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Fen Juan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- Center for Computational and Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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2
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den Hartigh LJ, May KS, Zhang XS, Chait A, Blaser MJ. Serum amyloid A and metabolic disease: evidence for a critical role in chronic inflammatory conditions. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1197432. [PMID: 37396595 PMCID: PMC10311072 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1197432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) subtypes 1-3 are well-described acute phase reactants that are elevated in acute inflammatory conditions such as infection, tissue injury, and trauma, while SAA4 is constitutively expressed. SAA subtypes also have been implicated as playing roles in chronic metabolic diseases including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, and possibly in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Distinctions between the expression kinetics of SAA in acute inflammatory responses and chronic disease states suggest the potential for differentiating SAA functions. Although circulating SAA levels can rise up to 1,000-fold during an acute inflammatory event, elevations are more modest (∼5-fold) in chronic metabolic conditions. The majority of acute-phase SAA derives from the liver, while in chronic inflammatory conditions SAA also derives from adipose tissue, the intestine, and elsewhere. In this review, roles for SAA subtypes in chronic metabolic disease states are contrasted to current knowledge about acute phase SAA. Investigations show distinct differences between SAA expression and function in human and animal models of metabolic disease, as well as sexual dimorphism of SAA subtype responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. den Hartigh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Karolline S. May
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Xue-Song Zhang
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Alan Chait
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Martin J. Blaser
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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3
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Opdebeeck B, Huysmans I, Van den Branden A, Orriss IR, D'Haese PC, Verhulst A. Deletion of the P2Y 2 receptor aggravates internal elastic lamina calcification in chronic kidney disease mice through upregulation of alkaline phosphatase and lipocalin-2. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22701. [PMID: 36520031 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201044r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcification of the medial layer, inducing arterial stiffness, contributes significantly to cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Extracellular nucleotides block the mineralization of arteries by binding to purinergic receptors including the P2Y2 receptor. This study investigates whether deletion of the P2Y2 receptor influences the development of arterial media calcification in CKD mice. Animals were divided into: (i) wild type mice with normal renal function (control diet) (n = 8), (ii) P2Y2 R-/- mice with normal renal function (n = 8), (iii) wild type mice with CKD (n = 27), and (iv) P2Y2 R-/- mice with CKD (n = 22). To induce CKD, animals received an alternating (0.2-0.3%) adenine diet for 7 weeks. All CKD groups developed a similar degree of chronic renal failure as reflected by high serum creatinine and phosphorus levels. Also, the presence of CKD induced calcification in the heart and medial layer of the aortic wall. However, deletion of the P2Y2 receptor makes CKD mice more susceptible to the development of calcification in the heart and aorta (aortic calcium scores (median ± IQR), CKD-wild type: 0.34 ± 4.3 mg calcium/g wet tissue and CKD-P2Y2 R-/- : 4.0 ± 13.2 mg calcium/g wet tissue). As indicated by serum and aortic mRNA markers, this P2Y2 R-/- mediated increase in CKD-related arterial media calcification was associated with an elevation of calcification stimulators, including alkaline phosphatase and inflammatory molecules interleukin-6 and lipocalin 2. The P2Y2 receptor should be considered as an interesting therapeutic target for tackling CKD-related arterial media calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Opdebeeck
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ine Huysmans
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Astrid Van den Branden
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Patrick C D'Haese
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anja Verhulst
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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4
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du Plessis M, Davis TA, Olivier DW, de Villiers WJS, Engelbrecht AM. A functional role for Serum Amyloid A in the molecular regulation of autophagy in breast cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1000925. [PMID: 36248994 PMCID: PMC9562844 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been established that the acute phase protein, Serum amyloid A (SAA), which is usually synthesized by the liver, is also synthesized by cancer cells and cancer-associated cells in the tumor microenvironment. SAA also activates modulators of autophagy, such as the PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. However, the role of SAA in autophagy in breast cancer still remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of SAA in the regulation of signaling pathways and autophagy in in vitro and in vivo models of breast cancer. The MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cell lines were transiently transfected to overexpress SAA1. A tumor-bearing SAA1/2 knockout mouse model was also utilized in this study. SAA1 overexpression activated ERK signaling in the MDA-MB-231 cells, downregulated the PI3K pathway protein, PKB/Akt, in the MCF7 cell line, while SAA1/2 knockout also inhibited Akt. Furthermore, SAA1 overexpression in vitro downregulated autophagy, while the expression of SQSTM1/p62 was increased in the MCF7 cells, and SAA1/2 knockout induced autophagy in vivo. SAA overexpression in the MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells resulted in an increase in cell viability and increased the expression of the proliferation marker, MCM2, in the MCF7 cells. Furthermore, knockout of SAA1/2 resulted in an altered inflammatory profile, evident in the decrease of plasma IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10, while increasing the plasma levels of MCP-1 and TNF-α. Lastly, SAA1/2 knockout promoted resistance to apoptosis and necrosis through the regulation of autophagy. SAA thus regulates autophagy in breast cancer cells to promote tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha du Plessis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Manisha du Plessis,
| | - Tanja Andrea Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Daniel Wilhelm Olivier
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Willem Johan Simon de Villiers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- African Cancer Institute (ACI), Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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5
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He Y, Yi X, Zhang Z, Luo H, Li R, Feng X, Fang ZM, Zhu XH, Cheng W, Jiang DS, Zhao F, Wei X. JIB-04, a histone demethylase Jumonji C domain inhibitor, regulates phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:101. [PMID: 35964071 PMCID: PMC9375951 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype switching is critical for neointima formation, which is the major cause of restenosis after stenting or coronary artery bypass grafting. However, the epigenetic mechanisms regulating phenotype switching of VSMCs, especially histone methylation, are not well understood. As a main component of histone lysine demethylases, Jumonji demethylases might be involved in VSMC phenotype switching and neointima formation. Methods and results A mouse carotid injury model and VSMC proliferation model were constructed to investigate the relationship between histone methylation of H3K36 (downstream target molecule of Jumonji demethylase) and neointima formation. We found that the methylation levels of H3K36 negatively correlated with VSMC proliferation and neointima formation. Next, we revealed that JIB-04 (a pan-inhibitor of the Jumonji demethylase superfamily) could increase the methylation levels of H3K36. Furthermore, we found that JIB-04 obviously inhibited HASMC proliferation, and a cell cycle assay showed that JIB-04 caused G2/M phase arrest in HASMCs by inhibiting the phosphorylation of RB and CDC2 and promoting the phosphorylation of CHK1. Moreover, JIB-04 inhibited the expression of MMP2 to suppress the migration of HASMCs and repressed the expression of contraction-related genes. RNA sequencing analysis showed that the biological processes associated with the cell cycle and autophagy were enriched by using Gene Ontology analysis after HASMCs were treated with JIB-04. Furthermore, we demonstrated that JIB-04 impairs autophagic flux by downregulating STX17 and RAB7 expression to inhibit the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. Conclusion JIB-04 suppresses the proliferation, migration, and contractile phenotype of HASMCs by inhibiting autophagic flux, which indicates that JIB-04 is a promising reagent for the treatment of neointima formation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-022-01321-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Sino-Swiss Heart-Lung Transplantation Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Sino-Swiss Heart-Lung Transplantation Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hanshen Luo
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Sino-Swiss Heart-Lung Transplantation Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Li
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Sino-Swiss Heart-Lung Transplantation Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Sino-Swiss Heart-Lung Transplantation Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ze-Min Fang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Sino-Swiss Heart-Lung Transplantation Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xue-Hai Zhu
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Sino-Swiss Heart-Lung Transplantation Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenlin Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, East Lake Road 169, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Sino-Swiss Heart-Lung Transplantation Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, East Lake Road 169, Wuhan, Hubei, China. .,Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Sino-Swiss Heart-Lung Transplantation Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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6
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Yaker L, Tebani A, Lesueur C, Dias C, Jung V, Bekri S, Guerrera IC, Kamel S, Ausseil J, Boullier A. Extracellular Vesicles From LPS-Treated Macrophages Aggravate Smooth Muscle Cell Calcification by Propagating Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:823450. [PMID: 35356285 PMCID: PMC8959646 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.823450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vascular calcification (VC) is a cardiovascular complication associated with a high mortality rate among patients with diseases such as atherosclerosis and chronic kidney disease. During VC, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) undergo an osteogenic switch and secrete a heterogeneous population of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Recent studies have shown involvement of EVs in the inflammation and oxidative stress observed in VC. We aimed to decipher the role and mechanism of action of macrophage-derived EVs in the propagation of inflammation and oxidative stress on VSMCs during VC. Methods: The macrophage murine cell line RAW 264.7 treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS-EK) was used as a cellular model for inflammatory and oxidative stress. EVs secreted by these macrophages were collected by ultracentrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, cryo-electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and the analysis of acetylcholinesterase activity, as well as that of CD9 and CD81 protein expression by western blotting. These EVs were added to a murine VSMC cell line (MOVAS-1) under calcifying conditions (4 mM Pi—7 or 14 days) and calcification assessed by the o-cresolphthalein calcium assay. EV protein content was analyzed in a proteomic study and EV cytokine content assessed using an MSD multiplex immunoassay. Results: LPS-EK significantly decreased macrophage EV biogenesis. A 24-h treatment of VSMCs with these EVs induced both inflammatory and oxidative responses. LPS-EK-treated macrophage-derived EVs were enriched for pro-inflammatory cytokines and CAD, PAI-1, and Saa3 proteins, three molecules involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and VC. Under calcifying conditions, these EVs significantly increase the calcification of VSMCs by increasing osteogenic markers and decreasing contractile marker expression. Conclusion: Our results show that EVs derived from LPS-EK–treated-macrophages are able to induce pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative responses in surrounding cells, such as VSMCs, thus aggravating the VC process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Yaker
- MP3CV-UR7517, CURS-University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Abdellah Tebani
- INSERM U1245, CHU Rouen, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Céline Lesueur
- INSERM U1245, CHU Rouen, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Chloé Dias
- Infinity, INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Jung
- INSERM US24/CNRS UAR3633, Proteomic Platform Necker, University of Paris—Federative Research Structure Necker, Paris, France
| | - Soumeya Bekri
- INSERM U1245, CHU Rouen, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- INSERM US24/CNRS UAR3633, Proteomic Platform Necker, University of Paris—Federative Research Structure Necker, Paris, France
| | - Saïd Kamel
- MP3CV-UR7517, CURS-University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Ausseil
- Infinity, INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
- Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Boullier
- MP3CV-UR7517, CURS-University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
- *Correspondence: Agnès Boullier,
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7
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Zhang J, Starkuviene V, Erfle H, Wang Z, Gunkel M, Zeng Z, Sticht C, Kan K, Rahbari N, Keese M. High-content analysis of microRNAs involved in the phenotype regulation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3498. [PMID: 35241704 PMCID: PMC8894385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to vascular injury vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) alternate between a differentiated (contractile) and a dedifferentiated (synthetic) state or phenotype. Although parts of the signaling cascade regulating the phenotypic switch have been described, the role of miRNAs is still incompletely understood. To systematically address this issue, we have established a microscopy-based quantitative assay and identified 23 miRNAs that induced contractile phenotypes when over-expressed. These were then correlated to miRNAs identified from RNA-sequencing when comparing cells in the contractile and synthetic states. Using both approaches, six miRNAs (miR-132-3p, miR-138-5p, miR-141-3p, miR-145-5p, miR-150-5p, and miR-22-3p) were filtered as candidates that induce the phenotypic switch from synthetic to contractile. To identify potentially common regulatory mechanisms of these six miRNAs, their predicted targets were compared with five miRNAs sharing ZBTB20, ZNF704, and EIF4EBP2 as common potential targets and four miRNAs sharing 16 common potential targets. The interaction network consisting of these 19 targets and additional 18 hub targets were created to facilitate validation of miRNA-mRNA interactions by suggesting the most plausible pairs. Furthermore, the information on drug candidates was integrated into the network to predict novel combinatorial therapies that encompass the complexity of miRNAs-mediated regulation. This is the first study that combines a phenotypic screening approach with RNA sequencing and bioinformatics to systematically identify miRNA-mediated pathways and to detect potential drug candidates to positively influence the phenotypic switch of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Chirurgische Klinik and European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vytaute Starkuviene
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University Life Sciences Center, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Holger Erfle
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Chirurgische Klinik and European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Gunkel
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ziwei Zeng
- Chirurgische Klinik and European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kejia Kan
- Chirurgische Klinik and European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nuh Rahbari
- Chirurgische Klinik and European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Keese
- Chirurgische Klinik and European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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8
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Hartmann F, Gorski DJ, Newman AAC, Homann S, Petz A, Owsiany KM, Serbulea V, Zhou YQ, Deaton RA, Bendeck M, Owens GK, Fischer JW. SMC-Derived Hyaluronan Modulates Vascular SMC Phenotype in Murine Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2021; 129:992-1005. [PMID: 34615369 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Hartmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany (F.H., D.J.G., S.H., A.P., J.W.F.)
| | - Daniel J Gorski
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany (F.H., D.J.G., S.H., A.P., J.W.F.)
| | - Alexandra A C Newman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (A.A.C.N., K.M.O., V.S., R.A.D., G.K.O), University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (A.A.C.N., K.M.O.), University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville.,Cardiovascular Research Center in the Department of Medicine, New York University (A.A.C.N.)
| | - Susanne Homann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany (F.H., D.J.G., S.H., A.P., J.W.F.)
| | - Anne Petz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany (F.H., D.J.G., S.H., A.P., J.W.F.)
| | - Katherine M Owsiany
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (A.A.C.N., K.M.O., V.S., R.A.D., G.K.O), University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (A.A.C.N., K.M.O.), University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Vlad Serbulea
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (A.A.C.N., K.M.O., V.S., R.A.D., G.K.O), University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Yu-Qing Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Y.Q.-Z., M.B.)
| | - Rebecca A Deaton
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (A.A.C.N., K.M.O., V.S., R.A.D., G.K.O), University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Michelle Bendeck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Y.Q.-Z., M.B.)
| | - Gary K Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (A.A.C.N., K.M.O., V.S., R.A.D., G.K.O), University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Jens W Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany (F.H., D.J.G., S.H., A.P., J.W.F.)
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Para I, Albu A, Porojan MD. Adipokines and Arterial Stiffness in Obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57070653. [PMID: 34202323 PMCID: PMC8305474 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57070653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adipokines are active molecules with pleiotropic effects produced by adipose tissue and involved in obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Arterial stiffness, which is a consequence of arteriosclerosis, has been shown to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of arterial stiffness is complex but incompletely understood. Adipokines dysregulation may induce, by various mechanisms, vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular remodeling, leading to increased arterial stiffness. This article summarizes literature data regarding adipokine-related pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the development of arterial stiffness, particularly in obesity, as well as the results of clinical and epidemiological studies which investigated the relationship between adipokines and arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Para
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Albu
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mihai D. Porojan
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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10
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Marked Increased Production of Acute Phase Reactants by Skeletal Muscle during Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113221. [PMID: 33142864 PMCID: PMC7693727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Muscle wasting during cancer is recognized as an independent predictor of mortality. The aim of this study was to characterize the changes in the muscle secretome associated with cancer cachexia to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved and to identify secreted proteins which may reflect this wasting process. Our study demonstrated that skeletal muscle is a source of several acute phase reactants during cancer cachexia that may hold the key to a cachexia-specific signature. Future work will have to determine whether some of these acute phase reactants contribute to and/or reflect the muscle atrophy caused by cancer, therefore representing potential therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers of cancer cachexia. Abstract Loss of skeletal muscle mass in cancer cachexia is recognized as a predictor of mortality. This study aimed to characterize the changes in the muscle secretome associated with cancer cachexia to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved and to identify secreted proteins which may reflect this wasting process. The changes in the muscle proteome of the C26 model were investigated by label-free proteomic analysis followed by a bioinformatic analysis in order to identify potentially secreted proteins. Multiple reaction monitoring and Western blotting were used to verify the presence of candidate proteins in the circulation. Our results revealed a marked increased muscular production of several acute phase reactants (APR: Haptoglobin, Serine protease inhibitor A3N, Complement C3, Serum amyloid A-1 protein) which are released in the circulation during C26 cancer cachexia. This was confirmed in other models of cancer cachexia as well as in cancer patients. Glucocorticoids and proinflammatory cytokines are responsible for an increased production of APR by muscle cells. Finally, their muscular expressions are strongly positively correlated with body weight loss as well as the muscular induction of atrogens. Our study demonstrates therefore a marked increased production of APR by the muscle in cancer cachexia.
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11
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Asiri MMH, Engelsman S, Eijkelkamp N, Höppener JWM. Amyloid Proteins and Peripheral Neuropathy. Cells 2020; 9:E1553. [PMID: 32604774 PMCID: PMC7349787 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Painful peripheral neuropathy affects millions of people worldwide. Peripheral neuropathy develops in patients with various diseases, including rare familial or acquired amyloid polyneuropathies, as well as some common diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and several chronic inflammatory diseases. Intriguingly, these diseases share a histopathological feature-deposits of amyloid-forming proteins in tissues. Amyloid-forming proteins may cause tissue dysregulation and damage, including damage to nerves, and may be a common cause of neuropathy in these, and potentially other, diseases. Here, we will discuss how amyloid proteins contribute to peripheral neuropathy by reviewing the current understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in known inherited and acquired (usually rare) amyloid neuropathies. In addition, we will discuss the potential role of amyloid proteins in peripheral neuropathy in some common diseases, which are not (yet) considered as amyloid neuropathies. We conclude that there are many similarities in the molecular and cell biological defects caused by aggregation of the various amyloid proteins in these different diseases and propose a common pathogenic pathway for "peripheral amyloid neuropathies".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. H. Asiri
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.H.A.); (S.E.); (J.W.M.H.)
- The National Centre for Genomic Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, 11461 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sjoukje Engelsman
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.H.A.); (S.E.); (J.W.M.H.)
| | - Niels Eijkelkamp
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.H.A.); (S.E.); (J.W.M.H.)
| | - Jo W. M. Höppener
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.H.A.); (S.E.); (J.W.M.H.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Opdebeeck B, D’Haese PC, Verhulst A. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms that Induce Arterial Calcification by Indoxyl Sulfate and P-Cresyl Sulfate. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12010058. [PMID: 31963891 PMCID: PMC7020422 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein-bound uremic toxins, indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), are considered to be harmful vascular toxins. Arterial media calcification, or the deposition of calcium phosphate crystals in the arteries, contributes significantly to cardiovascular complications, including left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertension, and impaired coronary perfusion in the elderly and patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes. Recently, we reported that both IS and PCS trigger moderate to severe calcification in the aorta and peripheral vessels of CKD rats. This review describes the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which these uremic toxins induce arterial media calcification. A complex interplay between inflammation, coagulation, and lipid metabolism pathways, influenced by epigenetic factors, is crucial in IS/PCS-induced arterial media calcification. High levels of glucose are linked to these events, suggesting that a good balance between glucose and lipid levels might be important. On the cellular level, effects on endothelial cells, which act as the primary sensors of circulating pathological triggers, might be as important as those on vascular smooth muscle cells. Endothelial dysfunction, provoked by IS and PCS triggered oxidative stress, may be considered a key event in the onset and development of arterial media calcification. In this review a number of important outstanding questions such as the role of miRNA’s, phenotypic switching of both endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells and new types of programmed cell death in arterial media calcification related to protein-bound uremic toxins are put forward and discussed.
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13
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Kuret T, Sodin-Šemrl S, Mrak-Poljšak K, Čučnik S, Lakota K, Erman A. Interleukin-1β Induces Intracellular Serum Amyloid A1 Expression in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells and Promotes its Intercellular Exchange. Inflammation 2020; 42:1413-1425. [PMID: 31011929 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase protein with important, pathogenic role in the development of atherosclerosis. Since dysfunctional endothelium represents a key early step in atherogenesis, we aimed to determine whether induced human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) modulate SAA1/2/4 expression and influence intracellular location and intercellular transport of SAA1. HCAEC were stimulated with 1 ng/ml IL-1β, 10 ng/ml IL-6, and/or 1 μM dexamethasone for 24 h. QPCR, Western blots, ELISA, and immunofluorescent labeling were performed for detection of SAA1/2/4 mRNA and protein levels, respectively. In SAA1 transport experiments, FITC- or Cy3-labeled SAA1 were added to HCAEC separately, for 24 h, followed by a combined incubation of SAA1-FITC and SAA1-Cy3 positive cells, with IL-1β and analysis by flow cytometry. IL-1β upregulated SAA1 (119.9-fold, p < 0.01) and SAA2 (9.3-fold; p < 0.05) mRNA expression levels, while mRNA expression of SAA4 was not affected. Intracellular SAA1 was found mainly as a monomer, while SAA2 and SAA4 formed octamers as analyzed by Western blots. Within HCAEC, SAA1/2/4 located mostly to the perinuclear area and tunneling membrane nanotubes. Co-culturing of SAA1-FITC and SAA1-Cy3 positive cells for 48 h showed a significantly higher percentage of double positive cells in IL-1β-stimulated (mean ± SD; 60 ± 4%) vs. non-stimulated cells (48 ± 2%; p < 0.05). IL-1β induces SAA1 expression in HCAEC and promotes its intercellular exchange, suggesting that direct communication between cells in inflammatory conditions could ultimately lead to faster development of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Kuret
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Vodnikova 62, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Snežna Sodin-Šemrl
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Vodnikova 62, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Katjuša Mrak-Poljšak
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Vodnikova 62, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Čučnik
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Vodnikova 62, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Lakota
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Vodnikova 62, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Erman
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Yu J, Zhang Y, Zeng F, Shi L. Role of the Balance of Akt and MAPK Pathways in the Exercise-Regulated Phenotype Switching in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225690. [PMID: 31766280 PMCID: PMC6888552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype switching and the critical signal modulation affecting the VSMCs remain controversial. Physical exercise acts as an effective drug in preventing elevated blood pressure and improving vascular function. This study was designed to explore the influence of aerobic exercise on the suppression of VSMC phenotype switching by balancing of the Akt, also known as PKB (protein kinase B) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive rats were subjected to exercise treatment before measuring the vascular morphological and structural performances. Exercise induced reverse expression of VSMC protein markers (α-SM-actin, calponin, and osteopontin (OPN)) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. It is noteworthy that the low expression of phosphorylated Akt significantly decreased the expression of VSMC contractile phenotype markers (α-SM-actin and calponin) and increased the expression of the VSMC synthetic phenotype marker (OPN). However, the MAPK signal pathway exerts an opposite effect. VSMCs and whole vessels were treated by inhibitors, namely the p-Akt inhibitor, p-ERK inhibitor, and p-p38 MAPK inhibitors. VSMC phenotype markers were reversed. It is important to note that a significant reverse regulatory relationship was observed between the expression levels of MAPK and the contractile markers in both normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. We demonstrate that aerobic exercise regulates the VSMC phenotype switching by balancing the Akt and MAPK signaling pathways in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jingjing Yu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Fanxing Zeng
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lijun Shi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6298-9582
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15
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Ashammakhi N, Kim HJ, Ehsanipour A, Bierman RD, Kaarela O, Xue C, Khademhosseini A, Seidlits SK. Regenerative Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2019; 25:471-491. [PMID: 31452463 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious problem that primarily affects younger and middle-aged adults at its onset. To date, no effective regenerative treatment has been developed. Over the last decade, researchers have made significant advances in stem cell technology, biomaterials, nanotechnology, and immune engineering, which may be applied as regenerative therapies for the spinal cord. Although the results of clinical trials using specific cell-based therapies have proven safe, their efficacy has not yet been demonstrated. The pathophysiology of SCI is multifaceted, complex and yet to be fully understood. Thus, combinatorial therapies that simultaneously leverage multiple approaches will likely be required to achieve satisfactory outcomes. Although combinations of biomaterials with pharmacologic agents or cells have been explored, few studies have combined these modalities in a systematic way. For most strategies, clinical translation will be facilitated by the use of minimally invasive therapies, which are the focus of this review. In addition, this review discusses previously explored therapies designed to promote neuroregeneration and neuroprotection after SCI, while highlighting present challenges and future directions. Impact Statement To date there are no effective treatments that can regenerate the spinal cord after injury. Although there have been significant preclinical advances in bioengineering and regenerative medicine over the last decade, these have not translated into effective clinical therapies for spinal cord injury. This review focuses on minimally invasive therapies, providing extensive background as well as updates on recent technological developments and current clinical trials. This review is a comprehensive resource for researchers working towards regenerative therapies for spinal cord injury that will help guide future innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), Los Angeles, California.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), Los Angeles, California.,Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), Los Angeles, California.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), Los Angeles, California.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Outi Kaarela
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland
| | - Chengbin Xue
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), Los Angeles, California.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), Los Angeles, California.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), Los Angeles, California.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), Los Angeles, California.,Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephanie K Seidlits
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), Los Angeles, California.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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16
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Chen S, Huang X, Kong X, Sun Z, Zhao F, Huang W, Ye M, Ma K, Tao T, Lv B. Hypoxia-Induced Phenotypic Transformation of Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle Cells After Cavernous Nerve Crush Injury by Down-Regulating P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Expression. Sex Med 2019; 7:433-440. [PMID: 31540881 PMCID: PMC6963120 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cavernosal nerve (CN) injury is commonly caused by radical prostatectomy surgery, and it might directly lead to erectile dysfunction (ED). Currently, the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family proteins in phenotypic transformation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cell (CCSMC) after CNs injury is poorly understood. AIM To investigate the role of p38 MAPK in hypoxia-induced phenotypic transformation of CCSMCs after CN injury. METHODS In total, 20 Sprague-Dawley rats (male and 8 weeks of age) were randomly divided into 2 groups, including a sham group and CNCI group. In the sham group, rats were sham-operated by identifying 2 CNs without causing direct damage to the CNs. In the CNCI group, rats were subjected to bilateral CN crush injury. CCSMCs were isolated from the normal corpus cavernosum tissues of the Sprague-Dawley rat and then cultured in 21% or 1% O2 concentration context for 48 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intracavernous pressure/mean arterial pressure were analyzed to measure erectile response. The impact of hypoxia on penile pathology, as well as the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK, were analyzed. RESULTS Compared with the sham group, the intracavernous pressure/mean arterial pressure rate and α-smooth muscle actin expression of CNCI group were decreased significantly (P = .0001; P = .016, respectively), but vimentin expression was significantly increased (P = .023). Phosphorylated p38 level in CNCI group was decreased significantly (P = .017; sham: 0.17 ± 0.005; CNCI: 0.14 ± 0.02). The CCSMCs in the normoxia group were long fusiform, whereas the morphology of CCSMCs in the hypoxia group became hypertrophic. After hypoxia for 48 hours, the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and phosphorylated p38 MAPK was decreased significantly (P = .01; P = .024, normoxia: 0.66 ± 0.18, hypoxia: 0.26 ± 0.08, respectively), and the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and collagen I was increased significantly in hypoxia group (P = .04; P = .012, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia induced the phenotypic transformation of CCSMCs after CNCI might be associated with the downregulation of phosphorylated p38 MAPK. Chen S, Huang X, Kong X, et al. Hypoxia-Induced Phenotypic Transformation of Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle Cells After Cavernous Nerve Crush Injury by Down-Regulating p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Expression. Sex Med 2019;7:433-440.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixiang Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Andrology Laboratory on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xianghui Kong
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Sun
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaoyong Ye
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Ma
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Tao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bodong Lv
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Andrology Laboratory on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute phase serum amyloid A (SAA) is persistently elevated in chronic inflammatory conditions, and elevated levels predict cardiovascular risk in humans. More recently, murine studies have demonstrated that over-expression of SAA increases and deficiency/suppression of SAA attenuates atherosclerosis. Thus, beyond being a biomarker, SAA appears to play a causal role in atherogenesis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the data supporting SAA as a key player in atherosclerosis development. RECENT FINDINGS A number of pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic activities have been ascribed to SAA. However, the literature is conflicted, as recombinant SAA, and/or lipid-free SAA, used in many of the earlier studies, do not reflect the activity of native human or murine SAA, which exists largely lipid-associated. Recent literatures demonstrate that SAA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, alters vascular function, affects HDL function, and increases thrombosis. Importantly, SAA activity appears to be regulated by its lipid association, and HDL may serve to sequester and limit SAA activity. SUMMARY SAA has many pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic activities, is clearly demonstrated to affect atherosclerosis development, and may be a candidate target for clinical trials in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Shridas
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center and University of Kentucky
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center and University of Kentucky
- Veterans Affairs Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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18
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SAA1 increases NOX4/ROS production to promote LPS-induced inflammation in vascular smooth muscle cells through activating p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:15. [PMID: 31216990 PMCID: PMC6582534 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the effects of serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced inflammation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). SAA1 expression was detected in LPS induced VSMCs at different concentrations for different time by using Western blotting. After pre-incubation with recombinant SAA1 protein, VSMCs were treated with 1 μg/ml LPS for 24 h. The VSMCs were then divided into Control, SAA1 siRNA, Nox4 siRNA, LPS, LPS + SAA1 siRNA, LPS + Nox4 siRNA and LPS + SAA1 siRNA + Nox4 groups. MTT was performed to observe the toxicity of VSMCs. Lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence method was used to detect superoxide anion (O2−) production and NADPH oxidase activity. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to determine expressions of inflammatory factors. Western blotting was used to determine expressions of NOX-4 and p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway related proteins. Results LPS promoted SAA1 protein expression in a concentration−/time-dependent manner. Recombinant SAA1 protein could increase NOX4/ROS production and promote the release of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, TNF-α and MCP-1) in LPS (1 μg/ml) - induced VSMCs. Besides, both SAA1 siRNA and NOX-4 siRNA could not only enhance the O2− production and NADPH oxidase activity, but also up-regulate the protein expression of NOX4, the release of inflammatory factors, and the levels of p-p38 and p-NF-κB p65 in LPS-induced VSMCs. However, no significant differences in each index were observed between LPS group and LPS + SAA1 siRNA + Nox4 group. Conclusion SAA1-mediated NOX4/ROS pathway could activate p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway, thereby contributing to the release of inflammatory factors in LPS-induced VSMCs.
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19
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Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins were isolated and named over 50 years ago. They are small (104 amino acids) and have a striking relationship to the acute phase response with serum levels rising as much as 1000-fold in 24 hours. SAA proteins are encoded in a family of closely-related genes and have been remarkably conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. Amino-terminal fragments of SAA can form highly organized, insoluble fibrils that accumulate in “secondary” amyloid disease. Despite their evolutionary preservation and dynamic synthesis pattern SAA proteins have lacked well-defined physiologic roles. However, considering an array of many, often unrelated, reports now permits a more coordinated perspective. Protein studies have elucidated basic SAA structure and fibril formation. Appreciating SAA’s lipophilicity helps relate it to lipid transport and metabolism as well as atherosclerosis. SAA’s function as a cytokine-like protein has become recognized in cell-cell communication as well as feedback in inflammatory, immunologic, neoplastic and protective pathways. SAA likely has a critical role in control and possibly propagation of the primordial acute phase response. Appreciating the many cellular and molecular interactions for SAA suggests possibilities for improved understanding of pathophysiology as well as treatment and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- George H Sack
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Physiology 615, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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