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Seethaler B, Lehnert K, Yahiaoui-Doktor M, Basrai M, Vetter W, Kiechle M, Bischoff SC. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve intestinal barrier integrity-albeit to a lesser degree than short-chain fatty acids: an exploratory analysis of the randomized controlled LIBRE trial. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2779-2791. [PMID: 37318580 PMCID: PMC10468946 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with beneficial health effects, including gastrointestinal disorders. Preclinical studies suggest that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), found in Mediterranean foods like nuts and fish, improve intestinal barrier integrity. Here, we assessed possible effects of n-3 PUFAs on barrier integrity in a randomized controlled trial. METHODS We studied 68 women from the open-label LIBRE trial (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02087592) who followed either a Mediterranean diet (intervention group, IG) or a standard diet (control group, CG). Study visits comprised baseline, month 3, and month 12. Barrier integrity was assessed by plasma lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and fecal zonulin; fatty acids by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Median and interquartile ranges are shown. RESULTS Adherence to the Mediterranean diet increased the proportion of the n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (IG + 1.5% [0.9;2.5, p < 0.001]/ + 0.3% [- 0.1;0.9, p < 0.050] after 3/12 months; CG + 0.9% [0.5;1.6, p < 0.001]/ ± 0%) and decreased plasma LBP (IG - 0.3 µg/ml [- 0.6;0.1, p < 0.010]/ - 0.3 µg/ml [- 1.1; - 0.1, p < 0.001]; CG - 0.2 µg/ml [- 0.8; - 0.1, p < 0.001]/ ± 0 µg/ml) and fecal zonulin levels (IG - 76 ng/mg [- 164; - 12, p < 0.010]/ - 74 ng/mg [- 197;15, p < 0.001]; CG - 59 ng/mg [- 186;15, p < 0.050]/ + 10 ng/mg [- 117;24, p > 0.050]). Plasma DHA and LBP (R2: 0.14-0.42; all p < 0.070), as well as plasma DHA and fecal zonulin (R2: 0.18-0.48; all p < 0.050) were found to be inversely associated in bi- and multivariate analyses. Further multivariate analyses showed that the effect of DHA on barrier integrity was less pronounced than the effect of fecal short-chain fatty acids on barrier integrity. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that n-3 PUFAs can improve intestinal barrier integrity. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER The trial was registered prospectively at ClinicalTrials.gov (reference: NCT02087592).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Seethaler
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Lehnert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maryam Yahiaoui-Doktor
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maryam Basrai
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marion Kiechle
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich and Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Yang SC. A New Perspective on Fish Oil: The Prevention of Alcoholic Liver Disease. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1531-1538. [PMID: 34732632 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) are very complex and interrelated, including abnormal lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and gut-derived endotoxin pathway. On the other hand, fish oil is rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which decrease blood triglyceride concentration in hypertriglycemia patients and show protective effects against fatty liver. However, there is limited evidence from studies of the relationship between fish oil and ALD based on the viewpoint of the intestinal integrity and microflora. Therefore, this review discusses the mechanism of amelioration for ALD by fish oil. Based on our previous studies, partial replacement of olive oil by fish oil in alcohol-containing liquid diet ameliorated the liver damage including fatty liver and inflammation in rats. Based on these results, the mechanisms of hepatoprotective effects due to fish oil substitution were discussed in three parts, such as regulating lipid metabolism, decreasing oxidative stress and maintaining intestinal health. First of all, we found that fish oil substitution increased plasma adiponectin levels, and then increasing MCAD and CPT-1 mRNA levels to accelerate fatty acid oxidation in liver, then further prevent ethanol-induced hepatosteatosis in rats with chronic alcohol-feeding. Fish oil replacement also enhanced hepatic autophagy flux, which enhanced lipid degradation, then inhibited lipid accumulation in liver. Secondly, the appreciable proportion of fish oil decreased lipid peroxidation by reducing the protein expression of cytochrome p450 2E1 in chronic alcohol-feeding rats. We also speculated that the appropriate proportion of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs is very important for preventing alcoholic liver disease. At last, substituting fish oil for olive oil normalized the intestinal permeability and fecal microbiota composition, thus providing a low plasma endotoxin level and inflammatory responses, which exert ameliorative effects on ethanol-induced liver injuries in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suh-Ching Yang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University.,Research Center of Geriatric Nutrition, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University.,Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University.,School of Gerontology Health Management, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University.,Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital
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3
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Ahmed AS, Ibrahim HA, Hantash EM. Potential effect of fish oil to preserve expression of cell cycle and tight junction regulating genes in colon after di-isononyl phthalate ingestion in albino Wistar rats. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65:3232. [PMID: 34056894 PMCID: PMC8200840 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-isononyl phthalate (DIP) is considered a high molecular-weight subtype of phthalates that are commonly used and could easily affect the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the main active components of fish oil (FO), and their anti-inflammatory potential was previously documented. The current study was designed to investigate the protective potential of fish oil against the impacts of DIP exposure on the colon of albino Wistar rats. Sixty albino Wistar rats were divided into Control group received corn oil for ten days. Di-isononyl phthalate treated group received DIP. Di-isononyl phthalate + fish oil treated group received both DIP and FO. FO was found to preserve the histological architecture, tight junction and cell cycle of the colon. In conclusion, the current study provided an evidence that FO has a protective potential against DIP further examinations to be done to fully understand the molecular basis of this potential as a step for further clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Ahmed
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, College of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta.
| | - Hoda A Ibrahim
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, College of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta.
| | - Ehab M Hantash
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, College of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta.
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Durkin LA, Childs CE, Calder PC. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and the Intestinal Epithelium-A Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010199. [PMID: 33478161 PMCID: PMC7835870 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells (enterocytes) form part of the intestinal barrier, the largest human interface between the internal and external environments, and responsible for maintaining regulated intestinal absorption and immunological control. Under inflammatory conditions, the intestinal barrier and its component enterocytes become inflamed, leading to changes in barrier histology, permeability, and chemical mediator production. Omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can influence the inflammatory state of a range of cell types, including endothelial cells, monocytes, and macrophages. This review aims to assess the current literature detailing the effects of ω-3 PUFAs on epithelial cells. Marine-derived ω-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, as well as plant-derived alpha-linolenic acid, are incorporated into intestinal epithelial cell membranes, prevent changes to epithelial permeability, inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and eicosanoids and induce the production of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids and docosanoids. Altered inflammatory markers have been attributed to changes in activity and/or expression of proteins involved in inflammatory signalling including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) α and γ, G-protein coupled receptor (GPR) 120 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Effective doses for each ω-3 PUFA are difficult to determine due to inconsistencies in dose and time of exposure between different in vitro models and between in vivo and in vitro models. Further research is needed to determine the anti-inflammatory potential of less-studied ω-3 PUFAs, including docosapentaenoic acid and stearidonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Durkin
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (C.E.C.); (P.C.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Caroline E. Childs
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (C.E.C.); (P.C.C.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (C.E.C.); (P.C.C.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Chen YL, Shirakawa H, Lu NS, Peng HC, Xiao Q, Yang SC. Impacts of fish oil on the gut microbiota of rats with alcoholic liver damage. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 86:108491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Jia YM, Zhou H, Tai T, Gu TT, Ji JZ, Mi QY, Huang BB, Li YF, Zhu T, Xie HG. Enhanced responsiveness of platelets to vicagrel in IL-10-deficient mice through STAT3-dependent up-regulation of the hydrolase arylacetamide deacetylase in the intestine. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1717-1727. [PMID: 30825385 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vicagrel is a novel promising antiplatelet drug designed for overcoming clopidogrel resistance. There is limited evidence indicating that exogenous IL-10 suppresses CYP3A4 activity in healthy subjects and that IL-10 knockout (KO) mice exhibit increased clopidogrel bioactivation compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In this study, we sought to determine whether IL-10 could play an important role in the metabolism of and platelet response to vicagrel in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH IL-10 KO and WT mice were administered vicagrel, then their plasma H4 (active metabolite of vicagrel) concentrations were determined by LC-MS/MS, and inhibition of ADP-induced whole-blood platelet aggregation by vicagrel was assessed with an aggregometer. The mRNA and protein levels of several relevant genes between IL-10 KO and WT mice were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blots, respectively. Intestinal Aadac protein levels were measured in IL-10 WT mice injected i.p. with vehicle control, Stattic, or BAY 11-7082. KEY RESULTS Compared with WT mice, IL-10 KO mice exhibited significantly increased plasma levels of H4 and enhanced platelet responses to vicagrel, as well as significantly higher mRNA and protein levels of arylacetamide deacetylase (Aadac) in the intestine. In WT mice, STAT3, not NF-κB, mediated Aadac expression in the intestine. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS IL-10 suppresses metabolic activation of vicagrel through down-regulation of Aadac in mouse intestine in a STAT3-dependent manner and, consequently, attenuates platelet responses to vicagrel, suggesting that the antiplatelet effect of vicagrel may be modulated by changes in plasma IL-10 levels in relevant clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Meng Jia
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Tai
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong-Tong Gu
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Zi Ji
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong-Yu Mi
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei-Bei Huang
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xie
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
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