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Antileukaemic Cell Proliferation and Cytotoxic Activity of Edible Golden Cordyceps ( Cordyceps militaris) Extracts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5347718. [PMID: 35497915 PMCID: PMC9054435 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5347718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Golden cordyceps (Cordyceps militaris) is a mushroom of the genus Cordyceps. It has been used as a food supplement for both healthy and ill people. In this study, the antileukaemic cell proliferation activities of golden cordyceps extracts were examined and compared with standard cordycepin (CDCP) in EoL-1, U937, and KG-1a cells. Wilms' tumour 1 (WT1) protein was used as a biomarker of leukaemic cell proliferation. The cytotoxicity of the extracts on leukaemic cells was determined using the MTT assay. Their inhibitory effects on WT1 protein expression and cell cycle progression of EoL-1 cells were investigated using Western blotting and flow cytometry, respectively. Induction of KG-1a cell differentiation (using CD11b as a marker) was determined using flow cytometry. The golden cordyceps extracts exhibited cytotoxic effects on leukaemic cells with the highest IC50 value of 16.5 ± 3.9 µg/mL, while there was no effect on normal blood cells. The expression levels of WT1 protein in EoL-1 cells were decreased after treatment with the extracts. Moreover, cell cycle progression and cell proliferation were inhibited. The levels of CD11b increased slightly following the treatment. All these findings confirm the antileukaemic proliferation activity of golden cordyceps.
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Chen J, Zhuang YD, Zhang Q, Liu S, Zhuang BB, Wang CH, Liang RS. Exploring the mechanism of cordycepin combined with doxorubicin in treating glioblastoma based on network pharmacology and biological verification. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12942. [PMID: 35186504 PMCID: PMC8855715 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is the most common and fatal primary malignant tumor in the central nervous system, and the prognosis is poor. Currently, there are no effective treatments for glioblastoma. Cordycepin is a natural active substance with significant anticancer activity and doxorubicin is a broad-spectrum anticancer drug. Cordycepin administered with doxorubicin is a potential drug combination for the treatment of glioblastoma. However, the mechanism of action for this drug combination has not yet been elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the complex mechanism of cordycepin combined with doxorubicin against glioblastoma using network pharmacology and biological verification. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used an MTT assay, colony formation assay, and scratch healing to detect the growth, proliferation, and migration of LN-229, U251 and T98G cells. Putative targets and the potential mechanism of action for the drug combination in glioblastoma were obtained through online databases, network construction, and enrichment analyses. We verified the expression of EMT-related genes and identified important therapeutic targets by western blot. RESULTS In this study, the combination of doxorubicin and cordycepin was found to significantly inhibit cell proliferation and migration and can induce apoptosis. These effects are better together than with either drug alone. The drug combination inhibited EMT by upregulating the expression of E-cadherin protein and downregulating the expression of N-cadherin, ZEB1, and Twist1 proteins. There were 71 potential targets for the drug combination in glioblastoma, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome analysis suggested that the anticancer process may be mediated by proteoglycans in cancer, the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, microRNA in cancer, pathways in cancer, and other pathways. To study the molecular mechanism of anticancer activity, we detected the expression of target proteins with downregulated expression of NFKB1, MAPK8, MYC, and MMP-9 proteins and upregulated expression of cleaved caspase 3 that promoted the apoptosis of LN-229 cells. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the drug combination of doxorubicin and cordycepin effectively inhibits the growth and proliferation of LN-229 cells through multiple targets and multiple pathways, and the combination inhibits cell invasion and migration by regulating the EMT switch of tumor cells. Our findings provide new ideas about, and a theoretical basis for, the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | | | - Qiang Zhang
- Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Phull AR, Ahmed M, Park HJ. Cordyceps militaris as a Bio Functional Food Source: Pharmacological Potential, Anti-Inflammatory Actions and Related Molecular Mechanisms. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020405. [PMID: 35208860 PMCID: PMC8875674 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) is a medicinal mushroom possessing a variety of biofunctionalities. It has several biologically important components such as polysaccharides and others. The diverse pharmacological potential of C. militaris has generated interest in reviewing the current scientific literature, with a particular focus on prevention and associated molecular mechanisms in inflammatory diseases. Due to rising global demand, research on C. militaris has continued to increase in recent years. C. militaris has shown the potential for inhibiting inflammation-related events, both in in vivo and in vitro experiments. Inflammation is a multifaceted biological process that contributes to the development and severity of diseases, including cancer, colitis, and allergies. These functions make C. militaris a suitable functional food for inhibiting inflammatory responses such as the regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, on the basis of existing information, the current study provides insights towards the understanding of anti-inflammatory activity-related mechanisms. This article presents a foundation for clinical use, and analyzes the roadmap for future studies concerning the medical use of C. militaris and its constituents in the next generation of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Rehman Phull
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Jo E, Jang HJ, Shen L, Yang KE, Jang MS, Huh YH, Yoo HS, Park J, Jang IS, Park SJ. Cordyceps militaris Exerts Anticancer Effect on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Inhibiting Hedgehog Signaling via Suppression of TCTN3. Integr Cancer Ther 2021; 19:1534735420923756. [PMID: 32456485 PMCID: PMC7265736 DOI: 10.1177/1534735420923756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Cordyceps
militaris extract on the proliferation and apoptosis of non–small
cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and determine the underlying mechanisms. We
performed a CCK-8 assay to detect cell proliferation, detection of morphological
changes through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), annexin V–FITC/PI double
staining to analyze apoptosis, and immunoblotting to measure the protein
expression of apoptosis and hedgehog signaling–related proteins, with C
militaris treated NSCLC cells. In this study, we first found that
C militaris reduced the viability and induced morphological
disruption in NSCLC cells. The gene expression profiles indicated a
reprogramming pattern of genes and transcription factors associated with the
action of TCTN3 on NSCLC cells. We also confirmed that the C
militaris–induced inhibition of TCTN3 expression affected the
hedgehog signaling pathway. Immunoblotting indicated that C
militaris–mediated TCTN3 downregulation induced apoptosis in NSCLC
cells, involved in the serial activation of caspases. Moreover, we demonstrated
that the C militaris negatively modulated GLI1 transcriptional
activity by suppressing SMO/PTCH1 signaling, which affects the intrinsic
apoptotic pathway. When hedgehog binds to the PTCH1, SMO dissociates from PTCH1
inhibition at cilia. As a result, the active GLI1 translocates to the nucleus.
C militaris clearly suppressed GLI1 nuclear translocation,
leading to Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL down-regulation. These results suggested that
C militaris induced NSCLC cell apoptosis, possibly through
the downregulation of SMO/PTCH1 signaling and GLI1 activation via inhibition of
TCTN3. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the treatment of
NSCLC using C militaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunbi Jo
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon,
Republic of Korea
- Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Jang
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon,
Republic of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic
of Korea
| | - Lei Shen
- Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of
Korea
| | | | | | - Yang Hoon Huh
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju,
Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Ik Soon Jang
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon,
Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology,
Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Ik Soon Jang, Division of Bioconvergence
Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwahangno 113, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon
305-333, Republic of Korea.
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Liu Y, Xiao K, Wang Z, Wang S, Xu F. Comparison of metabolism substances in Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris cultivated with tussah pupa based on LC-MS. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13735. [PMID: 33890309 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to compare the chemical composition of Cordyceps sinensis (C. sinensis) and Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) cultivated with tussah pupa by using metabonomics technology in order to clarify the similarity and difference of the two medicinal materials from the whole metabolite level. The results showed that there were 25 different metabolites among the 69 metabolites that were highly expressed in C. militaris cultivated with tussah pupa compared with C. sinensis in both positive and negative ion modes. Analysis results of partial differential metabolites pathways indicated that 16 differential metabolites were involved in multiple pathways, such as histidine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, pyruvate metabolism, etc. Therefore, the composition of C. militaris cultivated with tussah pupa had significant advantage comparing with C. sinensis, which demonstrated that high-priced C. sinensis could be substituted with C. militaris cultivated with tussah pupa to some extent. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study comprehensively compared the chemical composition of Cordyceps sinensis (C. sinensis) and Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) cultivated with tussah pupa by using metabonomics technology in order to clarify the similarity and difference of the two medicinal materials from the whole metabolite level. The experimental results provide a theoretical basis and scientific support for whether C. sinensis can be substituted with C. militaris cultivated with tussah pupa in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefei Liu
- Experimental Teaching Center, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Xiao
- Fushun Food Inspection and Testing Center, Fushun, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze Wang
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghou Wang
- Experimental Teaching Center, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangxu Xu
- Experimental Teaching Center, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Das G, Shin HS, Leyva-Gómez G, Prado-Audelo MLD, Cortes H, Singh YD, Panda MK, Mishra AP, Nigam M, Saklani S, Chaturi PK, Martorell M, Cruz-Martins N, Sharma V, Garg N, Sharma R, Patra JK. Cordyceps spp.: A Review on Its Immune-Stimulatory and Other Biological Potentials. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:602364. [PMID: 33628175 PMCID: PMC7898063 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.602364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, interest in the Cordyceps genus has amplified due to its immunostimulatory potential. Cordyceps species, its extracts, and bioactive constituents have been related with cytokine production such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, phagocytosis stimulation of immune cells, nitric oxide production by increasing inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, and stimulation of inflammatory response via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Other pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-cancer, antihyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, vasorelaxation, anti-depressant, aphrodisiac, and kidney protection, has been reported in pre-clinical studies. These biological activities are correlated with the bioactive compounds present in Cordyceps including nucleosides, sterols, flavonoids, cyclic peptides, phenolic, bioxanthracenes, polyketides, and alkaloids, being the cyclic peptides compounds the most studied. An organized review of the existing literature was executed by surveying several databanks like PubMed, Scopus, etc. using keywords like Cordyceps, cordycepin, immune system, immunostimulation, immunomodulatory, pharmacology, anti-cancer, anti-viral, clinical trials, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, phytochemical analysis, and different species names. This review collects and analyzes state-of-the-art about the properties of Cordyceps species along with ethnopharmacological properties, application in food, chemical compounds, extraction of bioactive compounds, and various pharmacological properties with a special focus on the stimulatory properties of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María L. Del Prado-Audelo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Hernán Cortes
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yengkhom Disco Singh
- Department of Post-Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, India
| | - Manasa Kumar Panda
- Environment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Sarla Saklani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | | | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vineet Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
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Choi E, Oh J, Sung GH. Beneficial Effect of Cordyceps militaris on Exercise Performance via Promoting Cellular Energy Production. MYCOBIOLOGY 2020; 48:512-517. [PMID: 33312018 PMCID: PMC7717596 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2020.1831135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris has been reported to the diverse pharmaceutical effects including cancer, inflammatory diseases, and bacteria or virus infection. However, the effect of C. militaris on exercise performance has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effect of C. militaris on exercise performance. To evaluate exercise performance, we prepared C. militaris ethyl acetate extract (CMEE) and conducted grip strength tests every week after administration. Additionally, blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment for biochemical analysis. The administration of CMEE slightly increased grip strength, and this result was similar to the red ginseng treated group. According to the result of biochemical analysis, CMEE had an effect on the biomarkers related to ATP generation pathway but had little influence on the muscle fatigue related biomarkers. Therefore, C. militaris has the possibility of improving exercise performance, which could be associated with the increase in ATP production rather than the decrease in muscle fatigue during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhyun Choi
- Translational Research Division, Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary’s Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsang Oh
- Translational Research Division, Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary’s Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Translational Research Division, Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary’s Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Oh J, Choi E, Kim J, Kim H, Lee S, Sung GH. Efficacy of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Cordyceps militaris for Cancer-Related Fatigue in Blood Biochemical and 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Analyses. Integr Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1534735420932635. [PMID: 32571104 PMCID: PMC7313340 DOI: 10.1177/1534735420932635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the adjuvant effects for anticancer and antifatigue of the combination of Cordyceps militaris extract with sorafenib. The 5 extracts of C militaris were obtained through hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water and were evaluated for anticancer growth activity. Among these extracts, ethyl acetate extract of C militaris showed the best tumor growth inhibitory activity and the adjuvant effects in combination with sorafenib. As a result of biochemical analysis with serum, the combination of ethyl acetate extract of C militaris with sorafenib showed the adjuvant effects both improving hepatic function and relieving cancer-related fatigue. In addition, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance–based metabolic profiling in liver tissues showed that the change of metabolism by ethyl acetate extract of C militaris with sorafenib was related with serum fatigue biomarkers. Therefore, the combination strategy such as ethyl acetate extraction of C militaris with sorafenib constitutes a promising therapeutic strategy in hepatocellular carcinoma, via the inhibition of cancer growth, the enhancement of liver function, as well as the alleviation of cancer-related fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsang Oh
- Translational Research Division, Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhyun Choi
- Translational Research Division, Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayoung Kim
- College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesu Kim
- College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea.,Department of Dermatology, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangheun Lee
- College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Translational Research Division, Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
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Jo E, Jang HJ, Yang KE, Jang MS, Huh YH, Yoo HS, Park JS, Jang IS, Park SJ. Cordyceps militaris induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells through TNF-α/TNFR1-mediated inhibition of NF-κB phosphorylation. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:1. [PMID: 32020859 PMCID: PMC7076896 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2780-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cordyceps militaris (L.) Fr. (C. militaris) exhibits pharmacological activities, including antitumor properties, through the regulation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and TNF-α modulates cell survival and apoptosis through NF- κB signaling. However, the mechanism underlying its mode of action on the NF-κB pathway is unclear. METHODS Here, we analyzed the effect of C. militaris extract (CME) on the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells by confirming viability, morphological changes, migration assay. Additionally, CME induced apoptosis was determined by apoptosis assay and apoptotic body formation under TEM. The mechanisms of CME were determined through microarray, immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS CME reduced the viability of cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced morphological changes. We confirmed the decrease in the migration activity of SKOV-3 cells after treatment with CME and the consequent induction of apoptosis. Immunoblotting results showed that the CME-mediated upregulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) expression induced apoptosis of SKOV-3 cells via the serial activation of caspases. Moreover, CME negatively modulated NF-κB activation via TNFR expression, suggestive of the activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. The binding of TNF-α to TNFR results in the disassociation of IκB from NF-κB and the subsequent translocation of the active NF-κB to the nucleus. CME clearly suppressed NF-κB translocation induced by interleukin (IL-1β) from the cytosol into the nucleus. The decrease in the expression levels of B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-xL and Bcl-2 led to a marked increase in cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION These results suggest that C. militaris inhibited ovarian cancer cell proliferation, survival, and migration, possibly through the coordination between TNF-α/TNFR1 signaling and NF-κB activation. Taken together, our findings provide a new insight into a novel treatment strategy for ovarian cancer using C. militaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunbi Jo
- Division of Analytical Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwahangno 113, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Jang
- Division of Analytical Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwahangno 113, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Eun Yang
- Division of Analytical Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwahangno 113, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Jang
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 220-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Hoon Huh
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Seung Yoo
- East-West Cancer Center, Daejeon University, Daejeon, 302-120, South Korea
| | - Jun Soo Park
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 220-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Soon Jang
- Division of Analytical Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwahangno 113, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo Jung Park
- Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Wanju, Jeonbuk, 55338, Republic of Korea.
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AKT1-targeted proapoptotic activity of compound K in human breast cancer cells. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:692-698. [PMID: 31695573 PMCID: PMC6823769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is a severe disease and the second leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. To surmount this, various diagnosis and treatment options for breast cancer have been developed. One of the most effective strategies for cancer treatment is to induce apoptosis using naturally occurring compounds. Compound K (CK) is a ginseng saponin metabolite generated by human intestinal bacteria. CK has been studied for its cardioprotective, antiinflammatory, and liver-protective effects; however, the role of CK in breast cancer is not fully understood. Methods To investigate the anticancer effects of CK in SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231 cells, cell viability assays and flow cytometry analysis were used. In addition, the direct targets of CK anticancer activity were identified using immunoblotting analysis and overexpression experiments. Invasion, migration, and clonogenic assays were carried out to determine the effects of CK on cancer metastasis. Results CK-induced cell apoptosis in SKBR3 cells as determined through 3-(4-5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays, propidium iodide (PI) and annexin V staining, and morphological changes. CK increased the cleaved forms of caspase-7, caspase-8, and caspase-9, whereas the expression of Bcl-2 was reduced by CK. In assays probing the cell survival pathway, CK activated only AKT1 and not AKT2. Moreover, CK inhibited breast cancer cell invasion, migration, and colony formation. Through regulation of AKT1 activity, CK exerts anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis. Conclusion Our results suggest that CK could be used as a therapeutic compound for breast cancer.
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Byeon SE, Yi YS, Lee J, Yang WS, Kim JH, Kim J, Hong S, Kim JH, Cho JY. Hydroquinone Exhibits In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Cancer Activity in Cancer Cells and Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030903. [PMID: 29562668 PMCID: PMC5877764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroquinone (HQ, 1,4-benzenediol) is a hydroxylated benzene metabolite with various biological activities, including anti-oxidative, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory functions. However, the anti-cancer activity of HQ is not well understood. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activity of HQ was investigated in various cancer cells and tumor-bearing mouse models. HQ significantly induced the death of A431, SYF, B16F10, and MDA-MB-231 cells and also showed a synergistic effect on A431 cell death with other anti-cancer agents, such as adenosine-2′,3′-dialdehyde and buthionine sulfoximine. In addition, HQ suppressed angiogenesis in fertilized chicken embryos. Moreover, HQ prevented lung metastasis of melanoma cells in mice in a dose-dependent manner without toxicity and adverse effects. HQ (10 mg/kg) also suppressed the generation of colon and reduced the thickness of colon tissues in azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-injected mice. This study strongly suggests that HQ possesses in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activity and provides evidence that HQ could be developed as an effective and safe anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Eun Byeon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28503, Korea.
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Jooyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.
| | - Suntaek Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
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