Multifunctional engineering of Mangifera indica L. peel extract-modified bacterial cellulose hydrogel: Unveiling novel strategies for enhanced heavy metal sequestration and cytotoxicity evaluation

The escalating interest in bacterial cellulose (BC) confronts a substantial obstacle due to its biologically inert properties. Hence, BC was modified with ethanolic mango peel extract (EEMP) for various industrial and medical applications of the novel nanocomposite (BC/EEMP). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) delineated the phenolic composition of EEMP, revealing a repertoire of polyphenolic compounds, notably chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, catechin, and ellagic acid. EEMP exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC of 0.018 mg/mL and 0.009 mg/mL, respectively. The removal mechanism of Pb2+ and Ni2+ by BC/EEMP nanocomposite membrane via SEM, EDX, FT-IR, and XRD was characterized, indicating deposition and aggregation of heavy metals with diminished porosity. Heavy metal removal optimization using the Box-Behnken design achieved maximal removal of 95.5 % and 90 % for Pb2+ and Ni2+, respectively. Moreover, BC/EEMP nanocomposite demonstrated selective dose-dependent anticancer activity toward hepatoma (HepG-2, IC50 of 208.8 μg/mL), skin carcinoma (A431, IC50 of 216.7 μg/mL), and breast carcinoma (MDA, IC50 of 197.5 μg/mL), attributed to the enhanced availability of biologically active polyphenolic compounds and physical characteristics of BC. This study underscores the remarkable potential of BC/EEMP nanocomposite for multifaceted industrial and biomedical applications, marking a pioneering contribution to the field.

Film dressings from Thai mango seed kernel extracts versus nanocrystalline silver dressings in antibacterial properties

Introduction: The extract from the Mango Seed Kernel (MSK) has been documented to exhibit antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This suggests that biomaterials containing MSK extract could be a viable alternative to conventional wound treatments, such as nanocrystalline silver dressings. Despite this potential, there is a notable gap in the literature regarding comparing the antibacterial effectiveness of MSK film dressings with nanocrystalline silver dressings. This study aimed to develop film dressings containing MSK extract and evaluate their antibacterial properties compared to nanocrystalline silver dressings. Additionally, the study aimed to assess other vital physical properties of these dressings critical for effective wound care. Materials and methods: We prepared MSK film dressings from two cultivars of mango from Thailand, 'Chokanan' and 'Namdokmai'. The inhibition-zone method was employed to determine the antibacterial property. The morphology and chemical characterization of the prepared MSK film dressings were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The absorption of pseudo-wound exudate and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of film dressings were evaluated. Results: The results showed that 40% of MSKC film dressing had the highest inhibition zone (20.00 ± 0.00 mm against S. aureus and 17.00 ± 1.00 mm against P. aeruginosa) and 20%, 30%, and 40% of MSKC and MSKN film dressings had inhibition zones similar to nanocrystalline silver dressing for both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (p > 0.05). In addition, all concentrations of the MSK film dressings had low absorption capacity, and Chokanan MSK (MSKC) film dressings had a higher WVTR than Namdokmai MSK (MSKN) film dressings. Conclusion: 20%, 30%, and 40% of MSK film dressing is nearly as effective as nanocrystalline silver dressing. Therefore, it has the potential to be an alternative antibacterial dressing and is suitable for wounds with low exudate levels.

Effect of Addition of Mango Seed Extract on Storage Stability of Chevon Meatballs at Refrigeration Temperature

In this study, the addition of mango seed extract (MSE) in goat meatballs was assessed. The efficacy of three different levels of MSE extract, namely T1 = (2.5 mL/100 g of meat emulsion v/w), T2 = (5.0 mL/100 g of meat emulsion v/w), T3 = (7.5 mL/100 g of meat emulsion v/w), and T0 (control without mango seed extract), was conducted for evaluation of changes in water activity (aW), pH, total phenolic compounds, DPPH, peroxide value, TBARS, microbial quality, and sensory attributes of the goat meatballs stored at refrigerated temperature (4 ± 1 °C). Incorporation of the mango seed extract T3 (7.5 mL/100 g) showed that it can potentially better maintain change in pH and water activity. Total phenolic and DPPH activity decreased significantly (P0.05) among all samples throughout storage; however, the highest value was noted for T3 among all samples. The MSE-added goat meatballs (T3) group had lower significant (p < 0.05) peroxide values than the other samples. The T3 sample added with MSE exhibited significant (p < 0.05) lower TBRAS values as compared to other treatments. Comparatively lower microbial proliferation and better sensory attributes were maintained among the treated groups during the entire storage time. The results show that the inclusion of MSE extract T3 (7.5 mL/100 g) is a promising natural antioxidant that can maintain a better quality of goat meatballs at refrigerated temperature (4 ± 1 °C) under aerobic packaging conditions.

Mango Peels as an Industrial By-Product: A Sustainable Source of Compounds with Antioxidant, Enzymatic, and Antimicrobial Activity

Plant waste materials are important sources of bioactive compounds with remarkable health-promoting benefits. In particular, industrial by-products such as mango peels are sustainable sources of bioactive substances, with antioxidant, enzymatic, and antimicrobial activity. Appropriate processing is essential to obtain highly bioactive compounds for further use in generating value-added products for the food industry. The objective of the study was to investigate and compare the biological activity of compounds from fresh and dried mango peels obtained by different conventional methods and unconventional extraction methods using supercritical fluids (SFE). The highest total phenolic content (25.0 mg GAE/g DW) and the total content of eight phenolic compounds (829.92 µg/g DW) determined by LC-MS/MS were detected in dried mango peel extract obtained by the Soxhlet process (SE). SFE gave the highest content of proanthocyanidins (0.4 mg PAC/g DW). The ethanolic ultrasonic process (UAE) provided the highest antioxidant activity of the product (82.4%) using DPPH radical scavenging activity and total protein content (2.95 mg protein/g DW). Overall, the dried mango peels were richer in bioactive compounds (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, catechin, and hesperidin/neohesperidin), indicating successful preservation during air drying. Furthermore, outstanding polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lipase activities were detected in mango peel extracts. This is the first study in which remarkable antibacterial activities against the growth of Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) were evaluated by determining the microbial growth inhibition rate after 12 and 24 h incubation periods for mango peel extracts obtained by different methods. Ethanolic SE and UAE extracts from dried mango peels resulted in the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC90) for all bacterial species tested. Mango peels are remarkable waste products that could contribute to the sustainable development of exceptional products with high-added value for various applications, especially as dietary supplements.

Fruit waste: a current perspective for the sustainable production of pharmacological, nutraceutical, and bioactive resources

Fruits are crucial components of a balanced diet and a good source of natural antioxidants, that have proven efficacy in various chronic illnesses. Various kinds of waste generated from fruit industries are considered a global concern. By utilizing this fruit waste, the international goal of "zero waste" can be achieved by sustainable utilization of these waste materials as a rich source of secondary metabolites. Moreover, to overcome this waste burden, research have focused on recovering the bioactive compounds from fruit industries and obtaining a new strategy to combat certain chronic diseases. The separation of high-value substances from fruit waste, including phytochemicals, dietary fibers, and polysaccharides which can then be used as functional ingredients for long-term health benefits. Several novel extraction technologies like ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) could provide an alternative approach for successful extraction of the valuable bioactives from the fruit waste for their utilization as nutraceuticals, therapeutics, and value-added products. Most of these waste-derived secondary metabolites comprise polyphenols, which have been reported to have anti-inflammatory, insulin resistance-treating, cardiovascular disease-maintaining, probiotics-enhancing, or even anti-microbial and anti-viral capabilities. This review summarizes the current knowledge of fruit waste by-products in pharmacological, biological, and probiotic applications and highlights several methods for identifying efficacious bioactive compounds from fruit wastes.

An Insight into In Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Apoptosis Induction Potential of Mangiferin, a Bioactive Compound Derived from Mangifera indica

Due to their low cost, toxicity, and health risks, medicinal plants have come to be seen as useful products and sources of biologically active compounds. Mangifera indica L., a medicinal plant with a long history, has a high bioactive metabolites content. Mangiferin (C₁₉H₁₈O₁₁) is primary isolated from M. indica's leaves, which has many pharmacological benefits. In this investigation, ultrasonic-assisted extraction with ethanol as the extraction solvent was applied to obtain mangiferin from a local type of M. indica leaves. HPLC was performed after a dichloromethane-ethyl acetate liquid-liquid fractionation method. Further, UV-vis, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy were utilized to elucidate the structure. Interestingly, purified mangiferin displayed promising antimicrobial efficacy against a diverse variety of fungal and bacterial pathogens with MICs of 1.95-62.5 and 1.95-31.25 µg/mL, respectively. Time-kill patterns also showed that mangiferin had both bactericidal and fungicidal action. Furthermore, it exhibited strong radical dosage-dependent scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 17.6 μg/mL) compared to vitamin C (Vc, IC₅₀ = 11.9 μg/mL), suggesting it could be developed into a viable antioxidant agent. To our delight, the IC₅₀ values of mangiferin for the MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines were 41.2 and 44.7 μg/mL, respectively, from MTT cell viability testing, and it was less harmful when tested against the noncancerous cell line. Notably, it significantly induced cell apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by 62.2-83.4% using annexin V-FITC/PI labeling. Hence, our findings suggest that mangiferin can be used in the medical industry to create therapeutic interventions and medication delivery systems for society.

Value added bioactive compounds from fruits & vegetables waste for assessing their antimicrobial activity

Since ancient time, plants and there parts have been used widely against dreadful pathogens due to ability of killing microbes. Waste from fruits and vegetables are pulling in more interest in exploration due to their therapeutic properties such as anti-pathogenic activity. In the present study antimicrobial and cytotoxicity properties of herbal combination prepared from peels of Allium cepa, Cucumis sativus, Citrus reticulata, and Mangifera indica were investigated. The herbal combination was tested for broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Citrobacter freundii. The presence of phytochemical markers such as phenolics and flavanoids were also investigated. The results revealed that the herbal combination exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, B. licheniformis, L. plantarum, E. coli and moderate against P. aeruginosa and C. freundii. The presence of phenolics (798 ± 1.52 µg/g) and flavanoids (355.3 ± 2.081 µg/g) was also detected. Also, the herbal combination contains flavanoids such as quercetin and rutin was confirmed with the help of column chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) analysis. The herbal combination helps in the proliferation of L929 cells without affecting their viability was confirmed by MTT assay. The results of the present research suggests the possibility to use herbal combination as source for plausible antibacterial agent which could be isolated and used as a lead candidate for the development of antibacterial drug that help to limit or stop infectious illnesses caused by different pathogenic microbes.

Interactive deciphering electron-shuttling characteristics of agricultural wastes with potential bioenergy-steered anti-COVID-19 activity via microbial fuel cells

Background

This first-attempt study explored indigenous herbs from agricultural waste with bioenergy and biorefinery-stimulating potentials for possible anti-COVID-19 drug development. As prior novel study revealed, medicinal herbs abundant in ortho-dihydroxyl substituents and flavonoid-bearing chemicals were likely not only electron shuttle (ES)-steered, but also virus transmission-resisted.

Methods

Herbal extract preparation from agricultural wastes were implemented via traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoction pot. After filtration and evaporation, a crude extract obtained was used for evaluation of bioenergy-stimulating and electron-mediating characteristics via microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Combined with cyclic voltammetric analysis, MFCs provided a novel platform to distinguish electron shuttles from antioxidants with electron-transfer steered antiviral potentials of herbal extracts.

Significant findings

After 50 serial cyclic voltammogram traces, considerable ES activities of herbal extracts still stably remained, indicating that possible medication-associated capabilities could be persistent. This work also extended to explore bioenergy-stimulating herbs from agricultural waste recycling for bioenergy and biorefinery applications. Water extract of Coffea arabica was more biotoxic than ethanolic extract, resulting in its lower power-generating capability. The findings revealed that water extract of Trichodesma khasianum and Euphorbia hirta could exhibit considerable bioenergy-enhancing effects. For cradle-to-cradle circular economy, agricultural waste could be specifically screened for possible regeneration of value-added anti-COVID-19 drugs via bioenergy selection.

Genetic diversity among local mango (Mangifera indica L.) germplasm using morphological, biochemical and chloroplast DNA barcodes analyses

BACKGROUND

In this study, the genetic diversity of local mango (Mangifera indica L.) germplasm including 14 genotypes were evaluated by using morphological, biochemical markers and DNA barcoding technique. Morphological characterization is the first step towards utilizing these germplasm in crop improvement studies. The advanced chloroplast based DNA barcode method can be utilized to assess the genetic diversity and phylogenetic structure in such populations.

METHODS

The study was carried out during 2018-2019 years to evaluate local mango germplasm including 14 diverse genotypes based on a number of morphological and biochemical traits and chloroplast DNA barcoding as well. The experiment was laid out in one way ANOVA design with fourteen germplasm indicated with indigenous collection number.

RESULTS

Among local mango germplasm, IC 589756 was found to be the most promising with respect to high magnitudes of fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, pulp weight, soluble solid content (SSC)/Acidity ratio, pH and low acidity followed by IC 589746 exhibiting the highest pulp percentage and SSC accompanied with lowest stone weight and stone percent as compared to the other genotypes. Further, the dendrogram and cluster analyses based on sequencing of chloroplast marker i.e., trnH- psbA and trnCD depicted the relationship among mango genotypes and clearly clustered them into two main clusters at a similarity coefficient 0.035 and 0.150, respectively. The first cluster includes only one genotype and cluster-II contains 13 genotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

Particularly results revealed that DNA barcoding of local mango germplasm can assist not only in molecular identification but also help in elucidation of their phylogenetic relationship and thus important in maintaining biodiversity inventories.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Peel and Pulp

The potential of supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂) for the extraction of bioactive compounds from mango by-products was assessed. Carotenoid extraction was optimized using a design of experiments based on temperature (35, 55 and 70 °C), pressure (10 and 35 MPa) and co-solvent addition (0%, 10% and 20% of ethanol or acetone). Moreover, the co-extraction of phenolic acids, flavonoids and xanthonoids was evaluated in a subset of parameters. Finally, a comparison was made between SC-CO₂ and a two-step organic solvent extraction of the bioactive compounds from the pulp and peel fractions of two Ecuadorian varieties. The optimal extraction temperature was found to be dependent on the bioactive type, with phenolics requiring higher temperature than carotenoids. The optimal overall conditions, focused on maximal carotenoids recovery, were found to be 55 °C, 35 MPa and 20% of ethanol. The main carotenoid was β-carotene, while phenolics differed among the varieties. The bioactive content of the peel was up to 4.1-fold higher than in the pulp fraction. Higher antioxidant activity was found in the extracts obtained with organic solvents. SC-CO₂ is a promising technology for the isolation of valuable compounds from mango by-products.

Supercritical Impregnation of PLA Filaments with Mango Leaf Extract to Manufacture Functionalized Biomedical Devices by 3D Printing

Polylactic Acid (PLA) filaments impregnated with ethanolic mango leaves extract (MLE) with pharmacological properties were obtained by supercritical impregnation. The effects of pressure, temperature and amount of extract on the response variables, i.e., swelling, extract loading and bioactivity of the PLA filaments, were determined. The analysis of the filaments biocapacities revealed that impregnated PLA filaments showed 11.07% antidenaturant capacity and 88.13% antioxidant activity, which after a 9-day incubation shifted to 30.10% and 9.90%, respectively. Subsequently, the same tests were conducted on printed samples. Before their incubation, the printed samples showed 79.09% antioxidant activity and no antidenaturant capacity was detected. However, after their incubation, the antioxidant activity went down to only 2.50%, while the antidenaturant capacity raised up to 23.50%. The persistence of the bioactive properties after printing opens the possibility of using the functionalized PLA filaments as the feed for a three-dimensional (3D) printer.

Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Gelatin and Gelatin Hydrolysates Obtained from Extrusion-Pretreated Fish (Oreochromis sp.) Scales

Fish gelatin and its hydrolysates exhibit a variety of biological characteristics, which include antihypertensive and antioxidant properties. In this study, fish gelatins were extracted from extrusion-pretreated tilapia scales, and then subjected to analyses to determine the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of the extracted gelatins. Our findings indicate that TSG2 (preconditioned with 1.26% citric acid) possessed the greatest extraction yield, as well as higher antioxidant activities compared with the other extracted gelatins. Hence, TSG2 was subjected to further hydrolyzation using different proteases and ultrafiltration conditions, which yielded four gelatin hydrolysates: TSGH1, TSGH2, TSGH3, and TSGH4. The results showed that TSGH4 (Pepsin + Pancreatin and ultrafiltration < 3000 Da) had a higher yield and greater antioxidant activity in comparison with the other gelatin hydrolysates. As such, TSGH4 was subjected to further fractionation using a Superdex peptide column and two-stage reverse-phase column HPLC chromatography, yielding a subfraction TSGH4-6-2-b, which possessed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity compared with the other fractions. Further LC-ESI/MS/MS analysis of TSGH4-6-2-b suggested two novel peptides (GYDEY and EPGKSGEQGAPGEAGAP), which could have potential as naturally-occurring peptides with antioxidant properties. These promising results suggest that these antioxidant peptides could have applications in food products, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics.

Extraction of Tropical Fruit Peels and Development of HPMC Film Containing the Extracts as an Active Antibacterial Packaging Material

In recent years, instead of the use of chemical substances, alternative substances, especially plant extracts, have been characterized for an active packaging of antibacterial elements. In this study, the peels of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), and mango (Mangifera indica) were extracted to obtain bioactive compound by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and maceration with water, ethanol 95% and water–ethanol (40:60%). All extracts contained phenolics and flavonoids. However, mangosteen peel extracted by MAE and maceration with water/ethanol (MT-MAE-W/E and MT-Ma-W/E, respectively) contained higher phenolic and flavonoid contents, and exhibited greater antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Thus, both extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) analysis, α-mangostin conferring antibacterial property was found in both extracts. The MT-MAE-W/E and MT-Ma-W/E films exhibited 30.22 ± 2.14 and 30.60 ± 2.83 mm of growth inhibition zones against S. aureus and 26.50 ± 1.60 and 26.93 ± 3.92 mm of growth inhibition zones against E. coli. These clear zones were wider than its crude extract approximately 3 times, possibly because the film formulation enhanced antibacterial activity with sustained release of active compound. Thus, the mangosteen extracts have potential to be used as an antibacterial compound in active packaging.

Study of two isoforms of lipoxygenase by kinetic assays, docking and molecular dynamics of a specialised metabolite isolated from the aerial portion of Lithrea caustica (Anacardiaceae) and its synthetic analogs

Our investigation focused on the characterization and study of epicuticular leaf extracts (dichloromethane extract) and certain derivatives of Lithrea caustica (Molina) Hook and Arn. (Anacardiaceae) as inhibitors of 15 soybean and 5 human lipoxygenases (15-sLOX and 5-hLOX). From the epicuticular extract of leaves, the compound (Z)-3-(pentadec-10'-enyl)-catechol (Litreol) was isolated, and three hemisynthetic derivatives were prepared, as they are 3-pentadecylcatechol, (Z)-1,2-diacetyl-3-(pentadec-10'-enyl)-benzene and 1,2-diacetyl-3-pentadecylbenzene. The inhibitory activities for the four compounds against 15-sLOX and 5-hLOX were determined, being (Z)-3-(pentadec-10'-enyl)-catechol (IC₅₀ 54.77 μM and 2.09 μM, respectively) and 3-pentadecylcatechol (IC₅₀ 55.28 μM and 2.74 μM, respectively), the most interesting compounds assayed. The kinetic studies for (Z)-3-(pentadec-10'-enyl)-catechol and 3-pentadecylcatechol showed a mixed inhibition mechanism to 5-LOX. Finally, docking and molecular dynamics studies were performed to characterize and describe how the chemical structures could be correlated to the decreased 5-hLOX activity observed in the in vitro studies.

Diversity of a Large Collection of Natural Populations of Mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) Revealed by Agro-Morphological and Quality Traits

Collection, characterization and utilization of genetic resources are crucial for developing varieties to meet current and future needs. Although mango is an economically important fruit tree, its genetic resources are still undocumented and are threatened in their natural habits. In this study, the variability of 452 mango accessions from three regions in China (Nujiang, Lancang river and Honghe) was assessed using 41 descriptors including qualitative and quantitative traits, with the aim to identify mango accessions with excellent agronomic and quality traits. To this end, descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed. Based on Shannon–Weaver diversity index, qualitative traits including pericarp color, fruit aroma, flesh color, and fruit flavor recorded the highest variability in the germplasm. Fruit related traits including pulp weight, peel weight, and fruit weight were the most diverse traits in the germplasm with a high coefficient of variation (CV > 40%). Significant differences (MANOVA test, p < 0.000) were observed among the three regions for most of the quantitative traits. Biologically significant and positive correlations were found among agronomically important traits such as fruit weight and pulp weight, fruit weight and edible rate. The hierarchical cluster analysis revealed tree clusters, indicating a low diversity in the germplasm. The majority of the descriptors contributed to the differentiation of the accessions. Accessions with good fruits quality (high fruit weight, pulp weight, and edible rate) were found in Cluster 2. Accessions in this cluster could be used for fruit quality improvement in mango breeding programs. Our study sheds light on the diversity of a large collection of natural mango population in China and provides relevant information for efficient conservation and harnessing of mango genetic resources.

Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from the Agroindustrial Waste of Colombian Mango Cultivars 'Sugar Mango' and 'Tommy Atkins'-An Alternative for Their Use and Valorization

The aim of this study was to explore the potential of the agroindustrial waste from two Colombian mango cultivars as sources of bioactive phenolic compounds. Phenolic extracts from mango waste (peels, seed coats, and seed kernels) of 'sugar mango' and 'Tommy Atkins' cultivars were obtained. The bioactive properties of the phenolic extracts were accessed by measuring their free radical scavenging activity and antioxidant effects against lipid oxidation in food products; moreover, their antiproliferative effects against some cell lines of human cancer were explored. It is observed that the agroindustrial waste studied provides promising sources of bioactive phenolics. 'Sugar mango' waste provided extracts with the highest antioxidant effect in food products and antiproliferative activity; these extracts reduced lipid oxidation and cell growth by more than 57% and 75%, respectively. The seed kernel from 'sugar mango' supplied the extract with the best bioactive qualities; in addition, some recognized bioactive phenolics (such as mangiferin and several galloyl glucosides) were observed in this extract and related with its properties. The results obtained suggest that 'sugar mango' waste may be considered a source of bioactive phenolics, with promising uses in food and pharmaceutical products. Thus, a suitable alternative for the use and valorization of agroindustrial waste from Colombian mango cultivars is presented.