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Liang S, Zhao J, Baker RK, Tran E, Zhan L, Kieffer TJ. Differentiation of stem cell-derived pancreatic progenitors into insulin-secreting islet clusters in a multiwell-based static 3D culture system. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100466. [PMID: 37323565 PMCID: PMC10261893 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Orbital shaker-based suspension culture systems have been in widespread use for differentiating human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived pancreatic progenitors toward islet-like clusters during endocrine induction stages. However, reproducibility between experiments is hampered by variable degrees of cell loss in shaking cultures, which contributes to variable differentiation efficiencies. Here, we describe a 96-well-based static suspension culture method for differentiation of pancreatic progenitors into hPSC-islets. Compared with shaking culture, this static 3D culture system induces similar islet gene expression profiles during differentiation processes but significantly reduces cell loss and improves cell viability of endocrine clusters. This static culture method results in more reproducible and efficient generation of glucose-responsive, insulin-secreting hPSC-islets. The successful differentiation and well-to-well consistency in 96-well plates also provides a proof of principle that the static 3D culture system can serve as a platform for small-scale compound screening experiments as well as facilitating further protocol development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Liang
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Robert K. Baker
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Elisa Tran
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lisa Zhan
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Timothy J. Kieffer
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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2
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Im G, Kim Y, Lee TI, Bhang SH. Subaqueous free-standing 3D cell culture system for ultrafast cell compaction, mechano-inductive immune control, and improving therapeutic angiogenesis. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10438. [PMID: 36925707 PMCID: PMC10013761 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional 3D cell culture methods require a comprehensive complement in labor-intensive and time-consuming processes along with in vivo circumstantial mimicking. Here, we describe a subaqueous free-standing 3D cell culture (FS) device that can induce the omnidirectional environment and generate ultrafast human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) that efficiently aggregate with compaction using acoustic pressure. The cell culture conditions were optimized using the FS device and identified the underlying molecular mechanisms. Unique phenomena in cell aggregation have led to extraordinary cellular behavior that can upregulate cell compaction, mechanosensitive immune control, and therapeutic angiogenesis. Therefore, we designated the resulting cell aggregates as "pressuroid." Notably, external acoustic stimulation produced by the FS device affected the pressuroids. Furthermore, the pressuroids exhibited upregulation in mechanosensitive genes and proteins, PIEZO1/2. CyclinD1 and PCNA, which are strongly associated with cell adhesion and proliferation, were elevated by PIEZO1/2. In addition, we found that pressuroids significantly increase angiogenic paracrine factor secretion, promote cell adhesion molecule expression, and enhance M2 immune modulation of Thp1 cells. Altogether, we have concluded that our pressuroid would suggest a more effective therapy method for future cell therapy than the conventional one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang‐Bum Im
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
- Present address:
Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yu‐Jin Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Tae Il Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringGachon UniversitySeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
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3
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Mohandas S, Gayatri V, Kumaran K, Gopinath V, Paulmurugan R, Ramkumar KM. New Frontiers in Three-Dimensional Culture Platforms to Improve Diabetes Research. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030725. [PMID: 36986591 PMCID: PMC10056755 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with defects in islet β-cell functioning and consequent hyperglycemia resulting in multi-organ damage. Physiologically relevant models that mimic human diabetic progression are urgently needed to identify new drug targets. Three-dimensional (3D) cell-culture systems are gaining a considerable interest in diabetic disease modelling and are being utilized as platforms for diabetic drug discovery and pancreatic tissue engineering. Three-dimensional models offer a marked advantage in obtaining physiologically relevant information and improve drug selectivity over conventional 2D (two-dimensional) cultures and rodent models. Indeed, recent evidence persuasively supports the adoption of appropriate 3D cell technology in β-cell cultivation. This review article provides a considerably updated view of the benefits of employing 3D models in the experimental workflow compared to conventional animal and 2D models. We compile the latest innovations in this field and discuss the various strategies used to generate 3D culture models in diabetic research. We also critically review the advantages and the limitations of each 3D technology, with particular attention to the maintenance of β-cell morphology, functionality, and intercellular crosstalk. Furthermore, we emphasize the scope of improvement needed in the 3D culture systems employed in diabetes research and the promises they hold as excellent research platforms in managing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundhar Mohandas
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijaya Gayatri
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kriya Kumaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vipin Gopinath
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Canary Centre for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Molecular Oncology Division, Malabar Cancer Centre, Moozhikkara P.O, Thalassery 670103, Kerala, India
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Canary Centre for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (K.M.R.)
| | - Kunka Mohanram Ramkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Canary Centre for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (K.M.R.)
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4
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Aguirre RS, Kulkarni A, Becker MW, Lei X, Sarkar S, Ramanadham S, Phelps EA, Nakayasu ES, Sims EK, Mirmira RG. Extracellular vesicles in β cell biology: Role of lipids in vesicle biogenesis, cargo, and intercellular signaling. Mol Metab 2022; 63:101545. [PMID: 35817393 PMCID: PMC9294332 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex autoimmune disorder whose pathogenesis involves an intricate interplay between β cells of the pancreatic islet, other islet cells, and cells of the immune system. Direct intercellular communication within the islet occurs via cell surface proteins and indirect intercellular communication has traditionally been seen as occurring via secreted proteins (e.g., endocrine hormones and cytokines). However, recent literature suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by β cells constitute an additional and biologically important mechanism for transmitting signals to within the islet. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the general mechanisms of EV formation, with a particular focus on how lipids and lipid signaling pathways influence their formation and cargo. We review the implications of EV release from β cells for T1D pathogenesis, how EVs and their cargo might be leveraged as biomarkers of this process, and how EVs might be engineered as a therapeutic candidate to counter T1D outcomes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Islet β cells have been viewed as initiators and propagators of the cellular circuit giving rise to autoimmunity in T1D. In this context, emerging literature suggests that EVs may represent a conduit for communication that holds more comprehensive messaging about the β cells from which they arise. As the field of EV biology advances, it opens the possibility that intervening with EV formation and cargo loading could be a novel disease-modifying approach in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhishek Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew W. Becker
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology & The Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Soumyadeep Sarkar
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology & The Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Edward A. Phelps
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ernesto S. Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Emily K. Sims
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Corresponding author. 900 E. 57th St., KCBD 8130, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Petry F, Salzig D. The cultivation conditions affect the aggregation and functionality of β-cell lines alone and in coculture with mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. Eng Life Sci 2022; 22:769-783. [PMID: 36514533 PMCID: PMC9731603 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The manufacturing of viable and functional β-cell spheroids is required for diabetes cell therapy and drug testing. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are known to improve β-cell viability and functionality. We therefore investigated the aggregation behavior of three different β-cell lines (rat insulinoma-1 cell line [INS-1], mouse insulinoma-6 cell line [MIN6], and a cell line formed by the electrofusion of primary human pancreatic islets and PANC-1 cells [1.1B4]), two MSC types, and mixtures of β-cells and MSCs under different conditions. We screened several static systems to produce uniform β-cell and MSC spheroids, finding cell-repellent plates the most suitable. The three different β-cell lines differed in their aggregation behavior, spheroid size, and growth in the same static environment. We found no major differences in spheroid formation between primary MSCs and an immortalized MSC line, although both differed with regard to the aggregation behavior of the β-cell lines. All spheroids showed a reduced viability due to mass transfer limitations under static conditions. We therefore investigated three dynamic systems (shaking multi-well plates, spinner flasks, and shaking flasks). In shaking flasks, there were no β-cell-line-dependent differences in aggregation behavior, resulting in uniform and highly viable spheroids. We found that the aggregation behavior of the β-cell lines changed in a static coculture with MSCs. The β-cell/MSC coculture conditions must be refined to avoid a rapid segregation into distinct populations under dynamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Petry
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences MittelhessenGiessenGermany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences MittelhessenGiessenGermany
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6
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Large-Scale Production of Size-Adjusted β-Cell Spheroids in a Fully Controlled Stirred-Tank Reactor. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For β-cell replacement therapies, one challenge is the manufacturing of enough β-cells (Edmonton protocol for islet transplantation requires 0.5–1 × 106 islet equivalents). To maintain their functionality, β-cells should be manufactured as 3D constructs, known as spheroids. In this study, we investigated whether β-cell spheroid manufacturing can be addressed by a stirred-tank bioreactor (STR) process. STRs are fully controlled bioreactor systems, which allow the establishment of robust, larger-scale manufacturing processes. Using the INS-1 β-cell line as a model for process development, we investigated the dynamic agglomeration of β-cells to determine minimal seeding densities, spheroid strength, and the influence of turbulent shear stress. We established a correlation to exploit shear forces within the turbulent flow regime, in order to generate spheroids of a defined size, and to predict the spheroid size in an STR by using the determined spheroid strength. Finally, we transferred the dynamic agglomeration process from shaking flasks to a fully controlled and monitored STR, and tested the influence of three different stirrer types on spheroid formation. We achieved the shear stress-guided production of up to 22 × 106 ± 2 × 106 viable and functional β-cell spheroids per liter of culture medium, which is sufficient for β-cell therapy applications.
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Koduru SV, Leberfinger AN, Ozbolat IT, Ravnic DJ. Navigating the Genomic Landscape of Human Adipose Stem Cell-Derived β-Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:1153-1170. [PMID: 34514867 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a pandemic manifested through glucose dysregulation mediated by inadequate insulin secretion by beta cells. A beta cell replacement strategy would transform the treatment paradigm from pharmacologic glucose modulation to a genuine cure. Stem cells have emerged as a potential source for beta cell (β-cell) engineering. The detailed generation of functional β-cells from both embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells has recently been described. Adult stem cells, including adipose derived, may also offer a therapeutic approach, but remain ill defined. In our study, we performed an in-depth assessment of insulin-producing beta cells generated from human adipose, irrespective of donor patient age, gender, and health status. Cellular transformation was confirmed using flow cytometry and single-cell imaging. Insulin secretion was observed with glucose stimulation and abrogated following palmitate exposure, a common free fatty acid implicated in human beta cell dysfunction. We used next-generation sequencing to explore gene expression changes before and after differentiation of patient-matched samples, which revealed more than 5,000 genes enriched. Adipose-derived beta cells displayed comparable gene expression to native β-cells. Pathway analysis demonstrated relevance to stem cell differentiation and pancreatic developmental processes, which are vital to cellular function, structural development, and regulation. We conclude that the functions associated with adipose derived beta cells are mediated through relevant changes in the transcriptome, which resemble those seen in native β-cell morphogenesis and maturation. Therefore, they may represent a viable option for the clinical translation of stem cell-based therapies in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas V Koduru
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley N Leberfinger
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dino J Ravnic
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Petry F, Salzig D. Impact of Bioreactor Geometry on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Production in Stirred‐Tank Bioreactors. CHEM-ING-TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Petry
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology Wiesenstraße 14 35390 Giessen Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology Wiesenstraße 14 35390 Giessen Germany
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9
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Pössl A, Hartzke D, Schlupp P, Runkel FE. Calculation of Mass Transfer and Cell-Specific Consumption Rates to Improve Cell Viability in Bioink Tissue Constructs. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164387. [PMID: 34442913 PMCID: PMC8401414 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biofabrication methods such as extrusion-based bioprinting allow the manufacture of cell-laden structures for cell therapy, but it is important to provide a sufficient number of embedded cells for the replacement of lost functional tissues. To address this issue, we investigated mass transfer rates across a bioink hydrogel for the essential nutrients glucose and glutamine, their metabolites lactate and ammonia, the electron acceptor oxygen, and the model protein bovine serum albumin. Diffusion coefficients were calculated for these substances at two temperatures. We could confirm that diffusion depends on the molecular volume of the substances if the bioink has a high content of polymers. The analysis of pancreatic 1.1B4 β-cells revealed that the nitrogen source glutamine is a limiting nutrient for homeostasis during cultivation. Taking the consumption rates of 1.1B4 β-cells into account during cultivation, we were able to calculate the cell numbers that can be adequately supplied by the cell culture medium and nutrients in the blood using a model tissue construct. For blood-like conditions, a maximum of ~106 cells·mL−1 was suitable for the cell-laden construct, as a function of the diffused substrate and cell consumption rate for a given geometry. We found that oxygen and glutamine were the limiting nutrients in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Pössl
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen—University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (A.P.); (D.H.)
| | - David Hartzke
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen—University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (A.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Peggy Schlupp
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen—University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (A.P.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (F.E.R.)
| | - Frank E. Runkel
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen—University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (A.P.); (D.H.)
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Ludwigstrasse 23, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (F.E.R.)
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10
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A fully automated bioreactor system for precise control of stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Navarro-Tableros V, Gomez Y, Brizzi MF, Camussi G. Generation of Human Stem Cell-Derived Pancreatic Organoids (POs) for Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1212:179-220. [PMID: 31025308 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an auto-immune condition characterized by the loss of pancreatic β-cells. The curative approach for highly selected patients is the pancreas or the pancreatic islet transplantation. Nevertheless, these options are limited by a growing shortage of donor organs and by the requirement of immunosuppression.Xenotransplantation of porcine islets has been extensively investigated. Nevertheless, the strong xenoimmunity and the risk of transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses, have limited their application in clinic. Generation of β-like cells from stem cells is one of the most promising strategies in regenerative medicine. Embryonic, and more recently, adult stem cells are currently the most promising cell sources exploited to generate functional β-cells in vitro. A number of studies demonstrated that stem cells could generate functional pancreatic organoids (POs), able to restore normoglycemia when implanted in different preclinical diabetic models. Nevertheless, a gradual loss of function and cell dead are commonly detected when POs are transplanted in immunocompetent animals. So far, the main issue to be solved is the post-transplanted islet loss, due to the host immune attack. To avoid this hurdle, nanotechnology has provided a number of polymers currently under investigation for islet micro and macro-encapsulation. These new approaches, besides conferring PO immune protection, are able to supply oxygen and nutrients and to preserve PO morphology and long-term viability.Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on bioengineered POs and the stem cell differentiation platforms. We also discuss the in vitro strategies used to generate functional POs, and the protocols currently used to confer immune-protection against the host immune attack (micro- and macro-encapsulation). In addition, the most relevant ongoing clinical trials, and the most relevant hurdles met to move towards clinical application are revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Navarro-Tableros
- 2i3T Società per la gestione dell'incubatore di imprese e per il trasferimento tecnologico Scarl, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Yonathan Gomez
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
- Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica-ONLUS, Turin, Italy.
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12
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Yousefi F, Lavi Arab F, Saeidi K, Amiri H, Mahmoudi M. Various strategies to improve efficacy of stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: Focus on mesenchymal stem cells and neuroprotection. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 328:20-34. [PMID: 30557687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) which predominantly affect young adults and undergo heavy socioeconomic burdens. Conventional therapeutic modalities for MS mostly downregulate aggressive immune responses and are almost insufficient for management of progressive course of the disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), due to both immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties have been known as practical cells for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like MS. However, clinical translation of MSCs is associated with some limitations such as short-life engraftment duration, little in vivo trans-differentiation and restricted accessibility into damaged sites. Therefore, laboratory manipulation of MSCs can improve efficacy of MSCs transplantation in MS patients. In this review, we discuss several novel approaches, which can potentially enhance MSCs capabilities for treating MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Lavi Arab
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kolsoum Saeidi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Houshang Amiri
- Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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