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Xiong D, Wei X, Huang W, Zheng J, Feng R. Prediction significance of autophagy-related genes in survival probability and drug resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:1049-1076. [PMID: 38240686 PMCID: PMC10866451 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, has significant prognostic heterogeneity. This study aimed to generate a prognostic prediction model based on autophagy-related genes for DLBCL patients. METHODS Utilizing bioinformatics techniques, we analyzed the clinical information and transcriptome data of DLBCL patients from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Through unsupervised clustering, we identified new autophagy-related molecular subtypes and pinpointed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these subtypes. Based on these DEGs, a prognostic model was constructed using Cox and Lasso regression. The effectiveness, accuracy, and clinical utility of this prognostic model were assessed using numerous independent validation cohorts, survival analyses, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, multivariate Cox regression analysis, nomograms, and calibration curves. Moreover, functional analysis, immune cell infiltration, and drug sensitivity analysis were performed. RESULTS DLBCL patients with different clinical characterizations (age, molecular subtypes, ECOG scores, and stages) showed different expression features of autophagy-related genes. The prediction model was constructed based on the eight autophagy-related genes (ADD3, IGFBP3, TPM1, LYZ, AFDN, DNAJC10, GLIS3, and CCDC102A). The prognostic nomogram for overall survival of DLBCL patients incorporated risk level, stage, ECOG scores, and molecular subtypes, showing excellent agreement between observed and predicted outcomes. Differences were noted in the proportions of immune cells (native B cells, Treg cells, CD8+ T cell, CD4+ memory activated T cells, gamma delta T cells, macrophages M1, and resting mast cells) between high-risk and low-risk groups. LYZ and ADD3 exhibited correlations with drug resistance to most chemotherapeutic drugs. CONCLUSIONS This study established a novel prognostic assessment model based on the expression profile of autophagy-related genes and clinical characteristics of DLBCL patients, explored immune infiltration and predicted drug resistance, which may guide precise and individualized immunochemotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiong
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University or the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Hematology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Foshan 528308, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolei Wei
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University or the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weiming Huang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University or the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jingxia Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University or the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ru Feng
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University or the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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2
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Mahapatra KK, Patra S, Mishra SR, Behera BP, Patil S, Bhutia SK. Autophagy for secretory protein: Therapeutic targets in cancer. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 133:159-180. [PMID: 36707200 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a classical cellular degradative catabolic process, also involves a functionally discrete non-degradative role in eukaryotic cells. It imparts critical regulatory function on conventional and unconventional protein secretion (degradative and secretory autophagy with distinct lysosomal degradation and extracellular expulsion, respectively) pathways. The N-amino terminal leader sequence containing proteins follows a conventional secretion pathway, while the leader-less proteins opt for secretory autophagy. The secretory autophagic process ensembles core autophagy machinery proteins, specifically ULK1/2, Beclin 1, LC3, and GABARAP, in coordination with Golgi re-assembly and stacking proteins (GRASPs). The secretory omegasomes fuse with the plasma membrane for the expulsion of cytosolic cargos to the extracellular environment. Alternatively, the secretory omegasomes also fuse with multi-vesicular bodies (MVBs) and harmonize ESCRTs (Complex I; TSG101) and Rab GTPase for their release to extracellular space. Autophagy has been associated with the secretion of diverse proteins involved in cellular signaling, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Secreted proteins play an essential role in cancer by sustaining cell proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, enhancing angiogenesis and metastasis, immune cell regulation, modulation of cellular energy metabolism, and resistance to anticancer drugs. The complexity of autophagy regulation during tumorigenesis is dependent on protein secretion pathways. Autophagy-regulated TOR-autophagy spatial coupling compartment complex energizes enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and leaderless proteins such as HMGB1. In conclusion, the chapter reviews the role of autophagy in regulating conventional and unconventional protein secretion pathways and its possible role in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewal Kumar Mahapatra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Srimanta Patra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mishra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Behera
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States.
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
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Rahman MA, Engelsen AST, Sarowar S, Bindesbøll C, Birkeland E, Goplen D, Lotsberg ML, Knappskog S, Simonsen A, Chekenya M. Bortezomib abrogates temozolomide-induced autophagic flux through an ATG5 dependent pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1022191. [PMID: 36619857 PMCID: PMC9814514 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1022191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Glioblastoma (GBM) is invariably resistant to temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy. Inhibiting the proteasomal pathway is an emerging strategy to accumulate damaged proteins and inhibit their lysosomal degradation. We hypothesized that pre-treatment of glioblastoma with bortezomib (BTZ) might sensitize glioblastoma to temozolomide by abolishing autophagy survival signals to augment DNA damage and apoptosis. Methods: P3 patient-derived glioblastoma cells, as well as the tumour cell lines U87, HF66, A172, and T98G were investigated for clonogenic survival after single or combined treatment with temozolomide and bortezomib in vitro. We investigated the requirement of functional autophagy machinery by utilizing pharmacological inhibitors or CRISPR-Cas9 knockout (KO) of autophagy-related genes -5 and -7 (ATG5 and ATG7) in glioblastoma cells and monitored changes in autophagic flux after temozolomide and/or bortezomib treatments. P3 wild-type and P3 ATG5-/- (ATG5 KO) cells were implanted orthotopically into NOD-SCID mice to assess the efficacy of bortezomib and temozolomide combination therapy with and without functional autophagy machinery. Results: The chemo-resistant glioblastoma cells increased autophagic flux during temozolomide treatment as indicated by increased degradation of long-lived proteins, diminished expression of autophagy markers LC3A/B-II and p62 (SQSTM1), increased co-localisation of LC3A/B-II with STX17, augmented and no induction of apoptosis. In contrast, bortezomib treatment abrogated autophagic flux indicated by the accumulation of LC3A/B-II and p62 (SQSTM1) positive autophagosomes that did not fuse with lysosomes and thus reduced the degradation of long-lived proteins. Bortezomib synergistically enhanced temozolomide efficacy by attenuating cell proliferation, increased DNA double-strand breaks, and apoptosis in an autophagy-dependent manner. Abolishing autophagy in ATG5 KOs reversed the bortezomib-induced toxicity, rescued glioblastoma cell death and reduced animal survival. Discussion: We conclude that bortezomib abrogates temozolomide induced autophagy flux through an ATG5 dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohummad Aminur Rahman
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,*Correspondence: Mohummad Aminur Rahman,
| | - Agnete S. T. Engelsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Clinical Medicine and Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Shahin Sarowar
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Bindesbøll
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Even Birkeland
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dorota Goplen
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria L. Lotsberg
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Clinical Medicine and Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stian Knappskog
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martha Chekenya
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Jahangiri B, Saei AK, Obi PO, Asghari N, Lorzadeh S, Hekmatirad S, Rahmati M, Velayatipour F, Asghari MH, Saleem A, Moosavi MA. Exosomes, autophagy and ER stress pathways in human diseases: Cross-regulation and therapeutic approaches. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166484. [PMID: 35811032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomal release pathway and autophagy together maintain homeostasis and survival of cells under stressful conditions. Autophagy is a catabolic process through which cell entities, such as malformed biomacromolecules and damaged organelles, are degraded and recycled via the lysosomal-dependent pathway. Exosomes, a sub-type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) formed by the inward budding of multivesicular bodies (MVBs), are mostly involved in mediating communication between cells. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive response that is activated to sustain survival in the cells faced with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through a complex network that involves protein synthesis, exosomes secretion and autophagy. Disruption of the critical crosstalk between EVs, UPR and autophagy may be implicated in various human diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, yet the molecular mechanism(s) behind the coordination of these communication pathways remains obscure. Here, we review the available information on the mechanisms that control autophagy, ER stress and EV pathways, with the view that a better understanding of their crosstalk and balance may improve our knowledge on the pathogenesis and treatment of human diseases, where these pathways are dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Jahangiri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran
| | - Ali Kian Saei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran
| | - Patience O Obi
- Applied Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Narjes Asghari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Shirin Hekmatirad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Velayatipour
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosseni Asghari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ayesha Saleem
- Applied Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran.
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Regulation of protein secretion through chemical regulation of endoplasmic reticulum retention signal cleavage. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1323. [PMID: 35260576 PMCID: PMC8904541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted proteins, such as hormones or cytokines, are key mediators in multicellular organisms. Response of protein secretion based on transcriptional control is rather slow, as it requires transcription, translation and transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the plasma membrane via the conventional protein secretion (CPS) pathway. An alternative regulation to provide faster response would be valuable. Here we present two genetically encoded orthogonal regulatory secretion systems, which rely on the retention of pre-synthesized proteins on the ER membrane (membER, released by a cytosolic protease) or inside the ER lumen (lumER, released by an ER-luminal protease), respectively, and their release by the chemical signal-regulated proteolytic removal of an ER-retention signal, without triggering ER stress due to protein aggregates. Design of orthogonal chemically-regulated split proteases enables the combination of signals into logic functions. Its application was demonstrated on a chemically regulated therapeutic protein secretion and regulated membrane translocation of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting cancer antigen. Regulation of the ER escape represents a platform for the design of fast-responsive and tightly-controlled modular and scalable protein secretion system for mammalian cells. Secreted proteins, such as hormones or cytokines, are key mediators in multicellular organisms. Here the authors present two genetically encoded orthogonal regulatory secretion systems that enables inducible protein release and construction of logic gates.
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6
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Kaokaen P, Chaicharoenaudomrung N, Kunhorm P, Mesil K, Binlateh T, Noisa P, Jitprasertwong P. Nanoencapsulation of Cordycepin Induces Switching from Necroptosis to Apoptosis in Human Oral Cancer Cells (HSC-4) Through Inhibition of Receptor-Interacting Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase 3 (RIPK3) and Autophagy Modulation. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221074838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human oral squamous carcinoma is considered the most common oral cancer; it imposes multiple oral and dental consequences as a result of oral cancer treatment. We previously found that the nanoencapsulation of cordycepin (CS) could inhibit oral cancer cells. However, the mechanism of action was not understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the signaling pathway by which CS and encapsulated nanoparticles (NPs) activate the inhibition of cancer cell growth. We demonstrated that human oral cancer (HSC-4) cells underwent necroptosis when incubated with high concentrations of CS, but not when incubated with either low concentrations of CS or encapsulated CS NPs. High concentrations of CS-induced necroptosis of HSC-4 cells, demonstrated by a reduction in apoptotic ( BAX, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9) and autophagic genes ( LC3, Atg5, and Atg12). However, low concentrations of CS significantly induced the expression of autophagic gene LC3. Interestingly, encapsulated CS NPs induced a significant increase in apoptotic genes ( P53, BAX, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9), but a significant decrease in autophagic ( P62, Atg5, and Atg12) and necroptotic genes ( receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 [RIPK3]) . We also found that encapsulated CS NPs enhanced the accumulation of cellular protein and decreased secreted supernatant protein levels. Moreover, encapsulated CS NPs had higher efficacy in terms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation-mediated inhibition of autophagy compared to nonencapsulated CS, suggesting that nanoencapsulation of CS can switch the program of HSC-4 cell death from necroptosis to apoptosis. In conclusion, HSC-4 cells have a defense strategy against CS-induced cell apoptosis, but this problem can be solved through the use of encapsulation combined with nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palakorn Kaokaen
- School of Geriatric Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Nipha Chaicharoenaudomrung
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Kunhorm
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Kedkanya Mesil
- School of Geriatric Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Thunwa Binlateh
- School of Geriatric Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Parinya Noisa
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Jitprasertwong
- School of Geriatric Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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Fan LX, Tao L, Lai YC, Cai SY, Zhao ZY, Yang F, Su RY, Wang Q. Cx32 promotes autophagy and produces resistance to SN‑induced apoptosis via activation of AMPK signalling in cervical cancer. Int J Oncol 2022; 60:10. [PMID: 34970699 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of gap junctions (GJs) and its components, connexins, in the autophagy of cervical cancer cells have been rarely investigated. Our previous study demonstrated that connexin 32 (Cx32) exerted an anti‑apoptotic effect on cervical cancer. However, as an important regulator of apoptosis, whether the autophagy is involved in the function of Cx32 on cervical cancer cells is not well defined. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Cx32 on autophagy and apoptosis inhibition in cervical cancer cells. The expression levels of Cx32 and the autophagy‑associated protein LC3‑Ⅱ in paracancerous cervical tissues (n=30) and cervical cancer (n=50) tissues were determined via western blotting. In total, 45 cervical cancer specimens were used to evaluate the clinical relevance of Cx32 and LC3‑Ⅱ. It was found that both Cx32 and LC3‑Ⅱ were upregulated in cervical cancer tissues compared with those in paracancerous cervical tissues. The effect of Cx32 on autophagy was examined by detecting the change of LC3‑Ⅱ using western blotting, transfection with enhanced green fluorescent protein‑LC3 plasmid and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Overexpression of Cx32 significantly enhanced autophagy in HeLa‑Cx32 cells, whereas knockdown of Cx32 suppressed autophagy in C‑33A cells. The flow cytometry results demonstrated that Cx32 inhibited the apoptosis of cervical cancer cells by promoting autophagy. Moreover, Cx32 triggered autophagy via the activation of the AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling, regardless of the presence or absence of GJs. Collectively, it was identified that Cx32 exerted its anti‑apoptotic effect by activating autophagy via the AMPK pathway in cervical cancer, which demonstrates a novel mechanism for Cx32 in human cervical cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Chang Lai
- Department of Urology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Yi Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ri-Ya Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Rojas-Sanchez G, García-Miranda A, Montes-Alvarado JB, Cotzomi-Ortega I, Sarmiento-Salinas FL, Jimenez-Ignacio EE, Ramírez-Ramírez D, Romo-Rodríguez RE, Reyes-Leyva J, Vallejo-Ruiz V, Pazos-Salazar NG, Maycotte P. Chloroquine Induces ROS-mediated Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Secretion and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in ER-positive Breast Cancer Cell Lines. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:341-355. [PMID: 34813005 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women in the world. Since tumor cells employ autophagy as a survival pathway, it has been proposed that autophagy inhibition could be beneficial for cancer treatment. There are several onging clinical trials where autophagy is being inhibited (using chloroquine, CQ or hydroxychloroquine, HCQ) along with chemotherapy with promising results. However, there is also in vitro evidence in which autophagy inhibition can induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells, indicating that, at least in some cases, this strategy could be detrimental for cancer patients. In this study, we found that the genetic inhibition of autophagy primed cells for EMT by inducing a decrease in E-cadherin protein levels, while CQ treatment decreased E-cadherin levels, induced morphological changes related to EMT, increased EMT-related transcription factor (EMT-TF) expression and migration in estrogen receptor positive (ER +) BC cell lines. Importantly, CQ treatment increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) which induced the secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine related to malignancy. Both ROS production and MIF secretion were responsible for the mesenchymal morphology and increased migratory capacity induced by CQ. Our results indicate that CQ treatment increased malignancy by inducing ROS production, MIF secretion and EMT and suggest that autophagy inhibition in ER + BC patients might have detrimental effects. Our data indicates that a careful selection of patients should be performed in order to determine who will benefit the most from autophagy inhibition with available pharmacological agents for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Rojas-Sanchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, 72570, Mexico
| | - Alin García-Miranda
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, 39090, Mexico
| | - José Benito Montes-Alvarado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
| | - Israel Cotzomi-Ortega
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, 72570, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Lilí Sarmiento-Salinas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, 72570, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Eleazar Jimenez-Ignacio
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Coatzacoalcos, Coatzacoalcos, 96536, Mexico
| | - Dalia Ramírez-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
| | - Rubí Esmeralda Romo-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
| | - Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico
| | - Nidia Gary Pazos-Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, 72570, Mexico
| | - Paola Maycotte
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla, 74360, Mexico.
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9
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Autophagic secretion of HMGB1 from cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes metastatic potential of non-small cell lung cancer cells via NFκB signaling. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:858. [PMID: 34552063 PMCID: PMC8458391 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor progression requires the communication between tumor cells and tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are major components of stromal cells. CAFs contribute to metastasis process through direct or indirect interaction with tumor cells; however, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we reported that autophagy was upregulated in lung cancer-associated CAFs compared to normal fibroblasts (NFs), and autophagy was responsible for the promoting effect of CAFs on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell migration and invasion. Inhibition of CAFs autophagy attenuated their regulation on epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis-related genes of NSCLC cells. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) secreted by CAFs mediated CAFs’ effect on lung cancer cell invasion, demonstrated by using recombinant HMGB1, HMGB1 neutralizing antibody, and HMGB1 inhibitor glycyrrhizin (GA). Importantly, the autophagy blockade of CAFs revealed that HMGB1 release was dependent on autophagy. We also found HMGB1 was responsible, at least in part, for autophagy activation of CAFs, suggesting CAFs remain active through an autocrine HMGB1 loop. Further study demonstrated that HMGB1 facilitated lung cancer cell invasion by activating the NFκB pathway. In a mouse xenograft model, the autophagy specific inhibitor chloroquine abolished the stimulating effect of CAFs on tumor growth. These results elucidated an oncogenic function for secretory autophagy in lung cancer-associated CAFs that promotes metastasis potential, and suggested HMGB1 as a novel therapeutic target.
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10
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Cotzomi-Ortega I, Nieto-Yañez O, Juárez-Avelar I, Rojas-Sanchez G, Montes-Alvarado JB, Reyes-Leyva J, Aguilar-Alonso P, Rodriguez-Sosa M, Maycotte P. Autophagy inhibition in breast cancer cells induces ROS-mediated MIF expression and M1 macrophage polarization. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110075. [PMID: 34229086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy can function as a survival mechanism for cancer cells and therefore, its inhibition is currently being explored as a therapy for different cancer types. For breast cancer, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the subtype most sensitive to the inhibition of autophagy; but its inhibition has also been shown to promote ROS-dependent secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro-tumorigenic cytokine. In this work, we explore the role of MIF in breast cancer, the mechanism by which autophagy inhibition promotes MIF secretion and its effects on neighboring cancer cell signaling and macrophage polarization. We analyzed MIF mRNA expression levels in tumors from breast cancer patients from different subtypes and found that Luminal B, HER2 and Basal subtypes, which are associated to high proliferation, displayed high MIF levels. However, MIF expression had no prognostic relevance in any breast cancer subtype. In addition, we found that autophagy inhibition in 66cl4 TNBC cells increased intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels, which increased MIF expression and secretion. MIF secreted from 66cl4 TNBC cells induced the activation of MIF-regulated pathways in syngeneic cell lines, increasing Akt phosphorylation in 4T1 cells and ERK phosphorylation in 67NR cells. Regarding MIF/ chemokine receptors, higher levels of CD74 and CXCR2 were found in TNBC tumor cell lines when compared to non-tumorigenic cells and CXCR7 was elevated in the highly metastatic 4T1 cell line. Finally, secreted MIF from autophagy deficient 66cl4 cells induced macrophage polarization towards the M1 subtype. Together, our results indicate an important role for the inhibition of autophagy in the regulation of ROS-mediated MIF gene expression and secretion, with paracrine effects on cancer cell signaling and pro-inflammatory repercussions in macrophage M1 polarization. This data should be considered when considering the inhibition of autophagy as a therapy for different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Cotzomi-Ortega
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Oscar Nieto-Yañez
- Unidad de Biomedicina (UBIMED), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FES-I), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlanepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Imelda Juárez-Avelar
- Unidad de Biomedicina (UBIMED), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FES-I), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlanepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Rojas-Sanchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - José Benito Montes-Alvarado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Patricia Aguilar-Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina (UBIMED), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FES-I), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlanepantla 54090, Mexico.
| | - Paola Maycotte
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico.
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11
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Faqihi F, Stoodley MA, McRobb LS. Endothelial surface translocation of mitochondrial PDCE2 involves the non-canonical secretory autophagy pathway: Putative molecular target for radiation-guided drug delivery. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112688. [PMID: 34097858 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiation has been proposed as a priming agent to induce discriminatory luminal biomarkers for vascular targeting and drug delivery in disorders such as brain arteriovenous malformations and cancers. We previously observed ectopic expression of intracellular proteins such as mitochondrial PDCE2 on irradiated endothelium in animal models. In this study we examined the mechanism of PDCE2 trafficking in human endothelial cells to better understand its suitability as a vascular target. Ionizing radiation induced PDCE2 surface localization in association with accumulation of autophagosome markers (L3CB and p62) indicative of late-stage inhibition of autophagic flux. This effect was abolished in the presence of Rapamycin, an autophagy-inducer, but replicated in the presence of Bafilomycin A, an autophagy blocker. PDCE2 co-localized with lysosomal markers of the canonical degradative autophagy pathway in response to radiation but also with recycling endosomes and SNARE proteins responsible for autophagosome-plasma membrane fusion. These findings demonstrate that radiation-induced blockade of autophagic flux stimulates redirection of intracellular molecules such as PDCE2 to the cell surface via a non-canonical secretory autophagy pathway. Intracellular membrane proteins trafficked in this way could provide a unique pool of radiation biomarkers for therapeutic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Faqihi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M A Stoodley
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - L S McRobb
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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12
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Colletti M, Ceglie D, Di Giannatale A, Nazio F. Autophagy and Exosomes Relationship in Cancer: Friends or Foes? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:614178. [PMID: 33511121 PMCID: PMC7835528 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.614178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process involved in the removal of proteins and damaged organelles by the formation of a double-membrane vesicle named autophagosome and degraded through fusion with lysosomes. An intricate relationship between autophagy and the endosomal and exosomal pathways can occur at different stages with important implications for normal physiology and human diseases. Recent researches have revealed that extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, could have a cytoprotective role by inducing intracellular autophagy; on the other hand, autophagy plays a crucial role in the biogenesis and degradation of exosomes. Although the importance of these processes in cancer is well established, their interplay in tumor is only beginning to be documented. In some tumor contexts (1) autophagy and exosome-mediated release are coordinately activated, sharing the molecular machinery and regulatory mechanisms; (2) cancer cell-released exosomes impact on autophagy in recipient cells through mechanisms yet to be determined; (3) exosome-autophagy relationship could affect drug resistance and tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we survey emerging discoveries relevant to the exosomes and autophagy crosstalk in the context of cancer initiation, progression and recurrence. Consequently, we discuss clinical implications by targeting autophagy-exosomal pathway interaction and how this could lay a basis for the purpose of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Colletti
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Ceglie
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Di Giannatale
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Nazio
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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13
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Padmanabhan S, Manjithaya R. Facets of Autophagy Based Unconventional Protein Secretion-The Road Less Traveled. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:586483. [PMID: 33363205 PMCID: PMC7755989 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.586483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconventional protein secretion (UCPS) of leaderless proteins bypasses the conventional endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi route. The proportion of UCPS in the secretome varies tremendously across eukaryotes. Interestingly, macroautophagy, an intracellular recycling process that is generally involved in cargo degradation, also participates in UCPS. This emerging field of secretory mode of autophagy is underexplored and has several unanswered questions regarding the composition of players, cargo, and the mechanisms that drive it. As secretomes vary considerably across cell types and physiological conditions, the contribution of secretory autophagy in healthy and pathophysiological states remain to be elucidated. Recent studies have begun to shed light on this enigmatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedevi Padmanabhan
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India.,Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
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14
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Ferraresi A, Girone C, Esposito A, Vidoni C, Vallino L, Secomandi E, Dhanasekaran DN, Isidoro C. How Autophagy Shapes the Tumor Microenvironment in Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:599915. [PMID: 33364196 PMCID: PMC7753622 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.599915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is characterized by a high mortality rate due to the late diagnosis and the elevated metastatic potential. Autophagy, a lysosomal-driven catabolic process, contributes to the macromolecular turnover, cell homeostasis, and survival, and as such, it represents a pathway targetable for anti-cancer therapies. It is now recognized that the vascularization and the cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment influence the development and progression of OC by controlling the availability of nutrients, oxygen, growth factors, and inflammatory and immune-regulatory soluble factors that ultimately impinge on autophagy regulation in cancer cells. An increasing body of evidence indicates that OC carcinogenesis is associated, at least in the early stages, to insufficient autophagy. On the other hand, when the tumor is already established, autophagy activation provides a survival advantage to the cancer cells that face metabolic stress and protects from the macromolecules and organelles damages induced by chemo- and radiotherapy. Additionally, upregulation of autophagy may lead cancer cells to a non-proliferative dormant state that protects the cells from toxic injuries while preserving their stem-like properties. Further to complicate the picture, autophagy is deregulated also in stromal cells. Thus, changes in the tumor microenvironment reflect on the metabolic crosstalk between cancer and stromal cells impacting on their autophagy levels and, consequently, on cancer progression. Here, we present a brief overview of the role of autophagy in OC hallmarks, including tumor dormancy, chemoresistance, metastasis, and cell metabolism, with an emphasis on the bidirectional metabolic crosstalk between cancer cells and stromal cells in shaping the OC microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ferraresi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Carlo Girone
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Esposito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Vidoni
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Letizia Vallino
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Secomandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Danny N Dhanasekaran
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
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15
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Bustos SO, Antunes F, Rangel MC, Chammas R. Emerging Autophagy Functions Shape the Tumor Microenvironment and Play a Role in Cancer Progression - Implications for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:606436. [PMID: 33324568 PMCID: PMC7724038 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.606436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex environment where cancer cells reside and interact with different types of cells, secreted factors, and the extracellular matrix. Additionally, TME is shaped by several processes, such as autophagy. Autophagy has emerged as a conserved intracellular degradation pathway for clearance of damaged organelles or aberrant proteins. With its central role, autophagy maintains the cellular homeostasis and orchestrates stress responses, playing opposite roles in tumorigenesis. During tumor development, autophagy also mediates autophagy-independent functions associated with several hallmarks of cancer, and therefore exerting several effects on tumor suppression and/or tumor promotion mechanisms. Beyond the concept of degradation, new different forms of autophagy have been described as modulators of cancer progression, such as secretory autophagy enabling intercellular communication in the TME by cargo release. In this context, the synthesis of senescence-associated secretory proteins by autophagy lead to a senescent phenotype. Besides disturbing tumor treatment responses, autophagy also participates in innate and adaptive immune signaling. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated intricate crosstalk between autophagy and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), by which cancer cells obtain an invasive phenotype and metastatic potential. Thus, autophagy in the cancer context is far broader and complex than just a cell energy sensing mechanism. In this scenario, we will discuss the key roles of autophagy in the TME and surrounding cells, contributing to cancer development and progression/EMT. Finally, the potential intervention in autophagy processes as a strategy for cancer therapy will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Odete Bustos
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Rangel
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Peng X, Yang L, Ma Y, Li Y, Li H. Focus on the morphogenesis, fate and the role in tumor progression of multivesicular bodies. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:122. [PMID: 32771015 PMCID: PMC7414566 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are endosome organelles that are gradually attracting research attention. Initially, MVBs were considered as important components of the endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway. In recent years, with an increase in extracellular vesicle (EV) research, the biogenesis, fate, and pathological effects of MVBs have been increasingly studied. However, the mechanisms by which MVBs are sorted to the lysosome and plasma membrane remain unclear. In addition, whether the trafficking of MVBs can determine whether exosomes are released from cells, the factors are involved in cargo loading and regulating the fate of MVBs, and the roles that MVBs play in the development of disease are unknown. Consequently, this review focuses on the mechanism of MVB biogenesis, intraluminal vesicle formation, sorting of different cargoes, and regulation of their fate. We also discuss the mechanisms of emerging amphisome-dependent secretion and degradation. In addition, we highlight the contributions of MVBs to the heterogeneity of EVs, and their important roles in cancer. Thus, we attempt to unravel the various functions of MVBs in the cell and their multiple roles in tumor progression. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Yingbo Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
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17
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Du H, Chen L, Luo F, Chen X, Li Y, Cheng Q. Beclin-1 expression is associated with prognosis in a Bcl-2-dependent manner in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:9. [PMID: 32802158 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 expression abnormalities have been confirmed in different types of cancer. As important regulators of autophagy and apoptosis, respectively, these molecules serve a complex role in tumorigenesis. However, limited information is currently available regarding the association between Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 in (NSCLC). In the present study, the expression levels of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 were detected in lung cancer tissues, and their prognostic significance was analyzed for NSCLC. A total of 120 patients with lung cancer who underwent surgical resection were included in the present study. Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry and their associations with the overall survival (OS) in patients with NSCLC was examined. The expression rate of Beclin-1 was significantly lower in NSCLC tissues compared with that in adjacent tissues, whereas the expression rate of Bcl-2 was significantly higher in lung cancer tissues compared with that in adjacent tissues. Additionally, Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 protein expression was strongly associated (P<0.05) in NSCLC. Patients with NSCLC with low Beclin-1 expression were in more advanced stages, with more lymph node metastasis and more poorly differentiated tumors. Similarly, patients with NSCLC with high Bcl-2 expression were also in a more advanced stage and had more lymph node metastasis. Cox regression analysis revealed that the association between Bcl-2 expression and survival was not significant, while a multivariate analysis revealed that Beclin-1 expression was significantly associated with OS. Notably, Beclin-1 expression was significantly associated with OS only in patients with high Bcl-2 expression. In conclusion, the present data indicated that the autophagy activity is decreased in NSCLC. Beclin-1 expression was downregulated, while Bcl-2 expression was upregulated in NSCLC tissues compared with that in adjacent tissues. Additionally, these two proteins were associated with the occurrence and progression of NSCLC. Beclin-1 may be a promising prognostic marker for patients with NSCLC with high Bcl-2 expression. The present findings provided a more accurate prognostic assessment for patients with NSCLC. Furthermore, they may be used to actively follow-up and promptly treat patients with a poor prognosis, which may benefit a greater number of patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailei Du
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201821, P.R. China
| | - Fangxiu Luo
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201821, P.R. China
| | - Xueyu Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201821, P.R. China
| | - Qijian Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201821, P.R. China
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18
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Camuzard O, Santucci-Darmanin S, Carle GF, Pierrefite-Carle V. Autophagy in the crosstalk between tumor and microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2020; 490:143-153. [PMID: 32634449 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is the major catabolic process in eukaryotic cells for the degradation and recycling of damaged macromolecules and organelles. It plays a crucial role in cell quality control and nutrient supply under stress conditions. Although autophagy is classically described as a degradative mechanism, it can also be involved in some secretion pathways, leading to the extracellular release of proteins, aggregates, or organelles. The role of autophagy in cancer is complex and depends on tumor development stage. While autophagy limits cancer development in the early stages of tumorigenesis, it can also have a protumoral role in more advanced cancers, promoting primary tumor growth and metastatic spread. In addition to its pro-survival role in established tumors, autophagy recently emerged as an active player in the crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells. The aim of this review is to analyze the impact of tumoral autophagy on the microenvironment and conversely the effect of stromal cell autophagy on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Camuzard
- UMR E-4320 TIRO-MATOs CEA/DRF/Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, Université Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France; Service de Chirurgie Réparatrice et de la Main, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Sabine Santucci-Darmanin
- UMR E-4320 TIRO-MATOs CEA/DRF/Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, Université Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Georges F Carle
- UMR E-4320 TIRO-MATOs CEA/DRF/Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, Université Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Valérie Pierrefite-Carle
- UMR E-4320 TIRO-MATOs CEA/DRF/Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, Université Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.
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Lakshmi Narayan PK, Kajon AE. Human mastadenovirus-B (HAdV-B)-specific E3-CR1β and E3-CR1γ glycoproteins interact with each other and localize at the plasma membrane of non-polarized airway epithelial cells. Virology 2020; 546:67-78. [PMID: 32452418 PMCID: PMC7158847 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The E3 region of all simian and human types classified within species Human mastadenovirus B (HAdV-B) encodes two unique highly conserved ORFs of unknown function designated E3-CR1β and E3-CR1γ. We generated a HAdV-3 mutant encoding small epitope tags at the N-termini of both E3-CR1β and E3-CR1γ (HAdV-3 N-tag wt) and a double knock out (HAdV-3 N-tag DKO) mutant virus that does not express either protein. Our studies show that HAdV-3 E3-CR1β and E3-CR1γ are type I transmembrane proteins that are produced predominantly at late times post infection, are glycosylated, co-localize at the plasma membrane of non-polarized epithelial cells, and interact with each other. At their extreme C-termini HAdV-B E3-CR1β and E3-CR1γ possess a conserved di-leucine motif followed by a class II PDZ domain binding motif (PBM). HAdV-3 E3-CR1β and E3-CR1γ are dispensable for virus growth, progeny release, spread, and plaque formation in A549 cells. HAdV-B E3-CR1β and E3-CR1γ are type I transmembrane proteins. HAdV-B E3-CR1β and E3-CR1γ possess a C-terminal class II PDZ binding motif. HAdV-3 E3-CR1β and E3-CR1γ interact and co-localize at the plasma membrane. HAdV-3 E3-CR1β and E3-CR1γ are dispensable for virus progeny release and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana E Kajon
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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20
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Qiu J, Sun M, Wang Y, Chen B. Identification and validation of an individualized autophagy-clinical prognostic index in gastric cancer patients. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:178. [PMID: 32477008 PMCID: PMC7240997 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study is to perform bioinformatics analysis of autophagy-related genes in gastric cancer, and to construct a multi-gene joint signature for predicting the prognosis of gastric cancer. Methods GO and KEGG analysis were applied for differentially expressed autophagy-related genes in gastric cancer, and PPI network was constructed in Cytoscape software. In order to optimize the prognosis evaluation system of gastric cancer, we established a prognosis model integrating autophagy-related genes. We used single factor Cox proportional risk regression analysis to screen genes related to prognosis from 204 autophagy-related genes in The Atlas Cancer Genome (TCGA) gastric cancer cohort. Then, the generated genes were applied to the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO). Finally, the selected genes were further included in the multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to establish the prognosis model. According to the median risk score, patients were divided into high-risk group and low-risk group, and survival analysis was conducted to evaluate the prognostic value of risk score. Finally, by combining clinic-pathological features and prognostic gene signatures, a nomogram was established to predict individual survival probability. Results GO analysis showed that the 28 differently expressed autophagy-related genes was enriched in cell growth, neuron death, and regulation of cell growth. KEGG analysis showed that the 28 differently expressed autophagy-related genes were related to platinum drug resistance, apoptosis and p53 signaling pathway. The risk score was constructed based on 4 genes (GRID2, ATG4D,GABARAPL2, CXCR4), and gastric cancer patients were significantly divided into high-risk and low-risk groups according to overall survival. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, risk score was still an independent prognostic factor (HR = 1.922, 95% CI = 1.573–2.349, P < 0.001). Cumulative curve showed that the survival time of patients with low-risk score was significantly longer than that of patients with high-risk score (P < 0.001). The external data GSE62254 proved that nomograph had a great ability to evaluate the prognosis of individual gastric cancer patients. Conclusions This study provides a potential prognostic marker for predicting the prognosis of GC patients and the molecular biology of GC autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Qiu
- 1Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengyu Sun
- 1Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yaoqun Wang
- 1Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Chen
- 2Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, NO. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000 China
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21
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Wong SQ, Kumar AV, Mills J, Lapierre LR. Autophagy in aging and longevity. Hum Genet 2020; 139:277-290. [PMID: 31144030 PMCID: PMC6884674 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the process of autophagy and its role in health and diseases has grown remarkably in the last two decades. Early work established autophagy as a general bulk recycling process which involves the sequestration and transport of intracellular material to the lysosome for degradation. Currently, autophagy is viewed as a nexus of metabolic and proteostatic signalling that can determine key physiological decisions from cell fate to organismal lifespan. Here, we review the latest literature on the role of autophagy and lysosomes in stress response and longevity. We highlight the connections between autophagy and metabolic processes, the network associated with its regulation, and the links between autophagic dysfunction, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Q Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anita V Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Joslyn Mills
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Louis R Lapierre
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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22
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Chen C, Chen S, Hu X, Wang J, Wen T, Fu J, Li H. Effects of autophagy-associated genes on the prognosis for lung adenocarcinoma. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:1947-1959. [PMID: 35117541 PMCID: PMC8798140 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2020.02.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Several studies show that autophagy plays an important part in the biological processes of lung adenocarcinoma. Therefore, this work aimed to establish one scoring system on the basis of the expression profiles of differentially expressed autophagy-related genes (DEARGs) in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was applied to retrieve lung adenocarcinoma data. The overall survival (OS)-associated DEARGs were selected for the DEARG scoring scale. Moreover, the online database Kaplan-Meier Plotter (www.Kmplot.com) was employed to verify the accuracy of our results. Results The expression patterns of DEARG were detected in lung adenocarcinoma as well as normal lung tissues. A gene set related to autophagy was identified, along with 9 genes that showed marked significance in predicting the lung adenocarcinoma prognosis. According to the cox regression results, DEARGs (including ITGB4, BIRC5, ERO1A, and NLRC4) were applied to calculate the DEARGs risk score. Patients with lower DEARGs risk scores were associated with better OS. Moreover, based on analysis with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, DEARGs accurately distinguished the healthy tissues from lung adenocarcinoma tissues [area under the curve (AUC) value of >0.6]. Conclusions A scoring system is constructed based on the primary DEARGs, which accurately predicts the outcomes of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxiang Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Siliang Chen
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaochun Hu
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital of Fujian, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350008, China
| | - Tianmeng Wen
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Juan Fu
- Department of Ultrasound and Electrocardiogram, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
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23
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Cavalli G, Cenci S. Autophagy and Protein Secretion. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2525-2545. [PMID: 31972172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy - conventional for macroautophagy - is a major recycling strategy that ensures cellular homeostasis through the selective engulfment of cytoplasmic supramolecular cargos in double membrane vesicles and their rapid dispatch to the lysosome for digestion. As autophagy operates in the cytoplasm, its interference with secretory proteins, that is, proteins destined to the plasma membrane or the extracellular space, generally synthesized and routed within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), has been relatively overlooked in the past. However, mounting evidence reveals that autophagy in fact heavily regulates protein secretion through diverse mechanisms. First, autophagy is closely involved in the unconventional secretion of leaderless proteins, a pool of proteins destined extracellularly, but lacking an ER-targeted leader sequence, and thus manufactured in the cytosol. Autophagy-related (ATG) genes now appear instrumental to the underlying pathways, hence the recently coined concept of secretory autophagy, or better ATG gene-dependent secretion. Indeed, ATG genes regulate unconventional protein secretion at multiple levels, ranging from intracellular inflammatory signaling, for example, through the control of mitochondrial health and inflammasome activity, to trafficking of leaderless proteins. Moreover, perhaps less expectedly, autophagy also participates in the control of conventional secretion, intersecting the secretory apparatus at multiple points, though with surprising differences among professional secretory cell types that disclose remarkable and unpredicted specificity. This review synopsizes the multiple mechanisms whereby autophagy interfaces with conventional and unconventional protein secretory pathways and discusses the relative teleology. Altogether, the diverse controls exerted on protein secretion broaden and deepen the homeostatic significance of autophagy within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cavalli
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Cenci
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy; Unit of Age Related Diseases, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
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Cotzomi-Ortega I, Rosas-Cruz A, Ramírez-Ramírez D, Reyes-Leyva J, Rodriguez-Sosa M, Aguilar-Alonso P, Maycotte P. Autophagy Inhibition Induces the Secretion of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) with Autocrine and Paracrine Effects on the Promotion of Malignancy in Breast Cancer. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E20. [PMID: 31963754 PMCID: PMC7169388 DOI: 10.3390/biology9010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the main cause of cancer-related death in women in the world. Because autophagy is a known survival pathway for cancer cells, its inhibition is currently being explored in clinical trials for treating several types of malignancies. In breast cancer, autophagy has been shown to be necessary for the survival of cancer cells from the triple negative subtype (TNBC), which has the worst prognosis among breast cancers and currently has limited therapeutic options. Autophagy has also been involved in the regulation of protein secretion and, of importance for this work, the inhibition of autophagy is known to promote the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from distinct cell types. We found that the inhibition of autophagy in TNBC cell lines induced the secretion of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro-tumorigenic cytokine involved in breast cancer invasion and immunomodulation. MIF secretion was dependent on an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by the inhibition of autophagy. Importantly, MIF secreted from autophagy-deficient cells increased the migration of cells not treated with autophagy inhibitors, indicating that autophagy inhibition in cancer cells promoted malignancy in neighboring cells through the release of secreted factors, and that a combinatorial approach should be evaluated for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Cotzomi-Ortega
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico; (I.C.-O.); (A.R.-C.); (D.R.-R.); (J.R.-L.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
| | - Arely Rosas-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico; (I.C.-O.); (A.R.-C.); (D.R.-R.); (J.R.-L.)
| | - Dalia Ramírez-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico; (I.C.-O.); (A.R.-C.); (D.R.-R.); (J.R.-L.)
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico; (I.C.-O.); (A.R.-C.); (D.R.-R.); (J.R.-L.)
| | - Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina (UBIMED), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FES-I), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlanepantla 54090, Mexico;
| | - Patricia Aguilar-Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
| | - Paola Maycotte
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)—Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Puebla 74360, Mexico
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25
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Huang X, Wu L, Kuang Y, Li X, Deng X, Liang X, Li L, Yang H, Huang Z, Lu D, Luo Z. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid mediates endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6475-6482. [PMID: 31814847 PMCID: PMC6888259 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an invasive tumor that occurs in the endocrine system. Increasing evidence has shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy play an important role in tumor formation. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an ER chemical chaperone that can alleviate ER stress. In the present study, TUDCA promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of ACC SW-13 and NCI-H295R cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis showed that the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78, a promoter of ER stress, was decreased. The expression levels of protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase and activating transcription factor 6 were correspondingly decreased, and the downstream proteins, C/EBP homologous protein and JNK, were also decreased. The expression levels of the autophagy factor microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II/I and the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 increased following TUDCA treatment, while the expression of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax decreased. TUDCA alleviated ER stress in ACC SW-13 and NCI-H295R cells and induced autophagy, thereby inhibiting ACC cell apoptosis. ER stress- and autophagy-related signaling pathways are involved in the occurrence of ACC, which may provide potential therapeutic targets for ACC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Lili Wu
- Department of Integrated Medicine, The Affiliated Tumour Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yaqi Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiujun Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xinghuan Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxing Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Decheng Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zuojie Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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26
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Ning J, Lin Z, Zhao X, Zhao B, Miao J. Inhibiting lysine 353 oxidation of GRP78 by a hypochlorous probe targeting endoplasmic reticulum promotes autophagy in cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:858. [PMID: 31719525 PMCID: PMC6851114 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The level of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in cancer cells is higher than that in non-cancer cells. HOCl is an essential signal for the regulation of cell fate and works mainly through the protein post-translational modifications in cancer cells. However, the mechanism of HOCl regulating autophagy has not been clarified. Here we reported that a HOCl probe named ZBM-H targeted endoplasmic reticulum and induced an intact autophagy flux in lung cancer cells. Furthermore, ZBM-H promoted the binding of GRP78 to AMPK and increased the phosphorylation of AMPK in a dose- and time-dependent manner. GRP78 knockdown inhibited ZBM-H-induced AMPK phosphorylation and ZBM-H-stimulated autophagy. In addition, mass spectrometry combined with point mutation experiments revealed that ZBM-H increased GRP78 activity by inhibiting HOCl-induced lysine 353 oxidation of GRP78. Following ZBM-H treatment in vitro and in vivo, cell growth was significantly inhibited while apoptosis was induced. Nevertheless, exogenous HOCl partially reversed ZBM-H-inhibited cell growth and ZBM-H-induced GRP78 activation. In brief, we found that an endoplasmic reticulum-targeted HOCl probe named ZBM-H, acting through attenuating HOCl-induced GRP78 oxidation, inhibited tumor cell survival by promoting autophagy and apoptosis. Overall, these data demonstrated a novel mechanism of hypochlorous acid regulating autophagy by promoting the oxidation modification of GRP78.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Ning
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Zhaomin Lin
- Central Research Laboratory, the Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, PR China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Baoxiang Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
| | - Junying Miao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, 250012, PR China.
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27
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Rojas-Sanchez G, Cotzomi-Ortega I, Pazos-Salazar NG, Reyes-Leyva J, Maycotte P. Autophagy and Its Relationship to Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition: When Autophagy Inhibition for Cancer Therapy Turns Counterproductive. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8040071. [PMID: 31554173 PMCID: PMC6956138 DOI: 10.3390/biology8040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of autophagy for cancer therapy has gained recent interest in clinical settings. Although inhibition of autophagy is currently being used in clinical trials for the treatment of several malignancies, autophagy has been shown to have diverse implications for normal cell homeostasis, cancer cell survival, and signaling to cells in the tumor microenvironment. Among these implications and of relevance for cancer therapy, the autophagic process is known to be involved in the regulation of protein secretion, in tumor cell immunogenicity, and in the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a critical step in the process of cancer cell invasion. In this work, we have reviewed recent evidence linking autophagy to the regulation of EMT in cancer and normal epithelial cells, and have discussed important implications for the manipulation of autophagy during cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Rojas-Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico.
| | - Israel Cotzomi-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico.
| | - Nidia G Pazos-Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico.
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico.
| | - Paola Maycotte
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)-CIBIOR, IMSS, Puebla 74360, Mexico.
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PARP1 and Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation Signaling during Autophagy in Response to Nutrient Deprivation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2641712. [PMID: 31281570 PMCID: PMC6590576 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2641712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is considered to be the primary degradative pathway that takes place in all eukaryotic cells. Morphologically, the autophagy pathway refers to a process by which cytoplasmic portions are delivered to double-membrane organelles, called autophagosomes, to fuse with lysosomes for bulk degradation. Autophagy, as a prosurvival mechanism, can be stimulated by different types of cellular stress such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, ROS, pH, DNA damage, or ER stress, promoting adaptation of the cell to the changing and hostile environment. The functional relevance of autophagy in many diseases such as cancer or neurodegenerative diseases remains controversial, preserving organelle function and detoxification and promoting cell growth, although in other contexts, autophagy could suppress cell expansion. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is a covalent and reversible posttranslational modification (PTM) of proteins mediated by Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) with well-described functions in DNA repair, replication, genome integrity, cell cycle, and metabolism. Herein, we review the current state of PARP1 activation and PARylation in starvation-induced autophagy.
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