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Coronel R, García-Moreno E, Siendones E, Barrero MJ, Martínez-Delgado B, Santos-Ocaña C, Liste I, Cascajo-Almenara MV. Brain organoid as a model to study the role of mitochondria in neurodevelopmental disorders: achievements and weaknesses. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1403734. [PMID: 38978706 PMCID: PMC11228165 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1403734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of severe pathologies that cause complex neurodegenerative disorders for which, in most cases, no therapy or treatment is available. These organelles are critical regulators of both neurogenesis and homeostasis of the neurological system. Consequently, mitochondrial damage or dysfunction can occur as a cause or consequence of neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative diseases. As genetic knowledge of neurodevelopmental disorders advances, associations have been identified between genes that encode mitochondrial proteins and neurological symptoms, such as neuropathy, encephalomyopathy, ataxia, seizures, and developmental delays, among others. Understanding how mitochondrial dysfunction can alter these processes is essential in researching rare diseases. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, which self-assemble to form specialized structures composed of different cell types, represent an accessible manner to model organogenesis and neurodevelopmental disorders. In particular, brain organoids are revolutionizing the study of mitochondrial-based neurological diseases since they are organ-specific and model-generated from a patient's cell, thereby overcoming some of the limitations of traditional animal and cell models. In this review, we have collected which neurological structures and functions recapitulate in the different types of reported brain organoids, focusing on those generated as models of mitochondrial diseases. In addition to advancements in the generation of brain organoids, techniques, and approaches for studying neuronal structures and physiology, drug screening and drug repositioning studies performed in brain organoids with mitochondrial damage and neurodevelopmental disorders have also been reviewed. This scope review will summarize the evidence on limitations in studying the function and dynamics of mitochondria in brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Coronel
- Neural Regeneration Unit, Functional Unit for Research on Chronic Diseases (UFIEC), National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá (UAH), Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Enrique García-Moreno
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CIBERER, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Pablo de Olavide University-CSIC-JA, Seville, Spain
| | - Emilio Siendones
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CIBERER, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Pablo de Olavide University-CSIC-JA, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria J. Barrero
- Models and Mechanisms Unit, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Delgado
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Santos-Ocaña
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CIBERER, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Pablo de Olavide University-CSIC-JA, Seville, Spain
| | - Isabel Liste
- Neural Regeneration Unit, Functional Unit for Research on Chronic Diseases (UFIEC), National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. V. Cascajo-Almenara
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CIBERER, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Pablo de Olavide University-CSIC-JA, Seville, Spain
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Vihinen M. Individual Genetic Heterogeneity. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1626. [PMID: 36140794 PMCID: PMC9498725 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation has been widely covered in literature, however, not from the perspective of an individual in any species. Here, a synthesis of genetic concepts and variations relevant for individual genetic constitution is provided. All the different levels of genetic information and variation are covered, ranging from whether an organism is unmixed or hybrid, has variations in genome, chromosomes, and more locally in DNA regions, to epigenetic variants or alterations in selfish genetic elements. Genetic constitution and heterogeneity of microbiota are highly relevant for health and wellbeing of an individual. Mutation rates vary widely for variation types, e.g., due to the sequence context. Genetic information guides numerous aspects in organisms. Types of inheritance, whether Mendelian or non-Mendelian, zygosity, sexual reproduction, and sex determination are covered. Functions of DNA and functional effects of variations are introduced, along with mechanism that reduce and modulate functional effects, including TARAR countermeasures and intraindividual genetic conflict. TARAR countermeasures for tolerance, avoidance, repair, attenuation, and resistance are essential for life, integrity of genetic information, and gene expression. The genetic composition, effects of variations, and their expression are considered also in diseases and personalized medicine. The text synthesizes knowledge and insight on individual genetic heterogeneity and organizes and systematizes the central concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauno Vihinen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B13, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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Yuan J, Mo L, Mo Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Q. A protective role of autophagy in fine airborne particulate matter-induced apoptosis in LN-229 cells. Toxicology 2022; 477:153271. [PMID: 35872226 PMCID: PMC10825875 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a public health threat and global epidemiological studies have shown that ambient air pollutants are closely related to various poor health conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we evaluated the toxic effects and the underlying mechanisms of fine airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) on human glioblastoma LN-229 cells. Our results showed that exposure of LN-229 cells to PM2.5 (≥ 200 μg/mL) significantly reduced cell viability. PM2.5 exposure increased autophagy, apoptosis, and ROS production in the cells. Pre-treatment with a ROS scavenger, catalase, or depletion of mtDNA (ρ0 cells) abolished PM2.5-induced autophagy and apoptosis. PM2.5 exposure also activated MAPK signals in cells, which were blocked by catalase pre-treatment or mtDNA depletion. Furthermore, inhibition of JNK, but not ERK1/2 or p38, attenuated PM2.5-induced autophagy and apoptosis in cells. Finally, suppression of autophagy with Bafilomycin A1 or Beclin 1 siRNA exacerbated PM2.5-induced apoptosis, indicating a protective role of autophagy against PM2.5-induced apoptosis. Our results demonstrated that exposure of LN-229 cells to PM2.5 caused autophagy and apoptosis through PM2.5-induced ROS generation, mainly by mitochondria, and JNK activation. Autophagy may have a transient protective response in PM2.5-induced apoptosis. These findings have important implications for understanding the potential neurotoxicity of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Luke Mo
- duPont Manual High School, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yiqun Mo
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yuanbao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Qunwei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Orekhov AN, Poznyak AV, Sobenin IA, Nikifirov NN, Ivanova EA. Mitochondrion as a Selective Target for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Role of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations and Defective Mitophagy in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Chronic Inflammation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:1064-1075. [PMID: 31744449 PMCID: PMC7709151 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191118125018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects different arteries in the human body and often leads to severe neurological complications, such as stroke and its sequelae. Affected blood vessels develop atherosclerotic lesions in the form of focal thickening of the intimal layer, so called atherosclerotic plaques. OBJECTIVES Despite the high priority of atherosclerosis research for global health and the numerous preclinical and clinical studies conducted, currently, there is no effective pharmacological treatment that directly impacts atherosclerotic plaques. Many knowledge gaps exist in our understanding of the mechanisms of plaque formation. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondria in different cell types involved in atherogenesis and provide information about mtDNA mutations associated with the disease. RESULTS Mitochondria of blood and arterial wall cells appear to be one of the important factors in disease initiation and development. Significant experimental evidence connects oxidative stress associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and vascular disease. Moreover, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions and mutations are being considered as potential disease markers. Further study of mtDNA damage and associated dysfunction may open new perspectives for atherosclerosis treatment. CONCLUSION Mitochondria can be considered as important disease-modifying factors in several chronic pathologies. Deletions and mutations of mtDNA may be used as potential disease markers. Mitochondria-targeting antioxidant therapies appear to be promising for the development of treatment of atherosclerosis and other diseases associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russian Federation,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian, Federation,Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow 117418, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia V Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russian Federation
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russian Federation,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian, Federation,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita N Nikifirov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian, Federation,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552 Moscow, Russia,Centre of Collective Usage, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
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Mitochondrial DNA from osteoarthritic patients drives functional impairment of mitochondrial activity: a study on transmitochondrial cybrids. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:399-410. [PMID: 33727013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With the redefinition of osteoarthritis (OA) and the understanding that the joint behaves as an organ, OA is now considered a systemic illness with a low grade of chronic inflammation. Mitochondrial dysfunction is well documented in OA and has the capacity to alter chondrocyte and synoviocyte function. Transmitochondrial cybrids are suggested as a useful cellular model to study mitochondrial biology in vitro, as they carry different mitochondrial variants with the same nuclear background. The aim of this work was to study mitochondrial and metabolic function of cybrids with mitochondrial DNA from healthy (N) and OA donors. In this work, the authors demonstrate that cybrids from OA patients behave differently from cybrids from N donors in several mitochondrial parameters. Furthermore, OA cybrids behave similarly to OA chondrocytes. These results enhance our understanding of the role of mitochondria in the degeneration process of OA and present cybrids as a useful model to study OA pathogenesis.
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An original biomarker for the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and their complications: Telomere length. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:499-504. [PMID: 33732625 PMCID: PMC7941069 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied a sample of patients with coronary heart disease. We analyzed the telomere length in this sample. We compared telomere length in patients and conventionally healthy study participants. Patients with coronary heart disease had shorter telomerestelomeres. These patients had an increased risk of cardiovascular complication.
Aim The aim of this work was to study the effect of telomere length in the chromosomes of nuclear blood cells in individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD) on the development of cardiovascular complications (CVC). Materials and methods DNA was isolated from nuclear blood cells of 498 study participants. The telomere length was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The investigation of each sample was repeated three times. Five years after the end of this study, a telephone survey of 119 patients with CHD was conducted in order to obtain data on the presence of CVC. Results According to the results obtained, a decrease in telomere length in patients with coronary heart disease increases the risk of subsequent development of cardiovascular complications. Conclusion Patients with coronary heart disease with shorter telomeres compared with conventionally healthy study participants had an increased risk of cardiovascular complications within 5 years after telomere analysis.
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Sazonova MA, Sinyov VV, Ryzhkova AI, Sazonova MD, Kirichenko TV, Khotina VA, Khasanova ZB, Doroschuk NA, Karagodin VP, Orekhov AN, Sobenin IA. Some Molecular and Cellular Stress Mechanisms Associated with Neurodegenerative Diseases and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E699. [PMID: 33445687 PMCID: PMC7828120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is a combination of nonspecific adaptive reactions of the body to the influence of various adverse stress factors which disrupt its homeostasis, and it is also a corresponding state of the organism's nervous system (or the body in general). We hypothesized that chronic stress may be one of the causes occurence of several molecular and cellular types of stress. We analyzed literary sources and considered most of these types of stress in our review article. We examined genes and mutations of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and also molecular variants which lead to various types of stress. The end result of chronic stress can be metabolic disturbance in humans and animals, leading to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, energy deficiency in cells (due to a decrease in ATP synthesis) and mitochondrial dysfunction. These changes can last for the lifetime and lead to severe pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases and atherosclerosis. The analysis of literature allowed us to conclude that under the influence of chronic stress, metabolism in the human body can be disrupted, mutations of the mitochondrial and nuclear genome and dysfunction of cells and their compartments can occur. As a result of these processes, oxidative, genotoxic, and cellular stress can occur. Therefore, chronic stress can be one of the causes forthe occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases and atherosclerosis. In particular, chronic stress can play a large role in the occurrence and development of oxidative, genotoxic, and cellular types of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita A. Sazonova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (Z.B.K.); (N.A.D.)
| | - Vasily V. Sinyov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (Z.B.K.); (N.A.D.)
| | - Anastasia I. Ryzhkova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Marina D. Sazonova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Tatiana V. Kirichenko
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (Z.B.K.); (N.A.D.)
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria A. Khotina
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zukhra B. Khasanova
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (Z.B.K.); (N.A.D.)
| | - Natalya A. Doroschuk
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (Z.B.K.); (N.A.D.)
| | - Vasily P. Karagodin
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
- Department of Commodity Science and Expertise, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 125993 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Centre, 143024 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor A. Sobenin
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (Z.B.K.); (N.A.D.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Sobenin
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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9
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Miranda S, Correia M, Dias AG, Pestana A, Soares P, Nunes J, Lima J, Máximo V, Boaventura P. Evaluation of the role of mitochondria in the non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation using cybrid cellular models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6131. [PMID: 32273537 PMCID: PMC7145863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiobiology is moving towards a better understanding of the intercellular signaling that occurs upon radiation and how its effects relate to the dose applied. The mitochondrial role in orchestrating this biological response needs to be further explored. Cybrids (cytoplasmic hybrids) are useful cell models for studying the involvement of mitochondria in cellular processes. In the present study we used cybrid cell lines to investigate the role of mitochondria in the response to radiation exposure. Cybrid cell lines, derived from the osteosarcoma human cell line 143B, harboring, either wild-type mitochondrial DNA (Cy143Bwt), cells with mitochondria with mutated DNA that causes mitochondrial dysfunction (Cy143Bmut), as well as cells without mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (143B-Rho0), were irradiated with 0.2 Gy and 2.0 Gy. Evaluation of the non-targeted (or bystander) effects in non-irradiated cells were assessed by using conditioned media from the irradiated cells. DNA double stranded breaks were assessed with the γH2AX assay. Both directly irradiated cells and cells treated with the conditioned media, showed increased DNA damage. The effect of the irradiated cells media was different according to the cell line it derived from: from Cy143Bwt cells irradiated with 0.2 Gy (low dose) and from Cy143Bmut irradiated with 2.0 Gy (high dose) induced highest DNA damage. Notably, media obtained from cells without mtDNA, the143B-Rho0 cell line, produced no effect in DNA damage. These results point to a possible role of mitochondria in the radiation-induced non-targeted effects. Furthermore, it indicates that cybrid models are valuable tools for radiobiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Miranda
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Radiotherapy Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Correia
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anabela G Dias
- Medical Physics Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Physics, Radiobiology and Radiation Protection Group. Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Pestana
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200 - 319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200 - 319, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200 - 319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Nunes
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Lima
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200 - 319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valdemar Máximo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200 - 319, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200 - 319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Boaventura
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200 - 319, Porto, Portugal.
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Fazzari M, Audano M, Lunghi G, Di Biase E, Loberto N, Mauri L, Mitro N, Sonnino S, Chiricozzi E. The oligosaccharide portion of ganglioside GM1 regulates mitochondrial function in neuroblastoma cells. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:293-306. [PMID: 32266604 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The crucial role of ganglioside GM1 in the regulation of neural homeostasis has been assessed by several studies. Recently we shed new light on the molecular basis underlying GM1 effects demonstrating that GM1 oligosaccharide directly binds TrkA receptor and triggers MAPK pathway activation leading to neuronal differentiation and protection. Following its exogenous administration, proteomic analysis revealed an increased expression of proteins involved in several biochemical mechanisms, including mitochondrial bioenergetics. Based on these data, we investigated the possible effect of GM1 oligosaccharide administration on mitochondrial function. We show that wild-type Neuro2a cells exposed to GM1 oligosaccharide displayed an increased mitochondrial density and an enhanced mitochondrial activity together with reduced reactive oxygen species levels. Interestingly, using a Neuro2a model of mitochondrial dysfunction, we found an increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate as well as increased complex I and II activities upon GM1 oligosaccharide administration. Taken together, our data identify GM1 oligosaccharide as a mitochondrial regulator that by acting at the plasma membrane level triggers biochemical signaling pathway inducing mitochondriogenesis and increasing mitochondrial activity. Although further studies are necessary, the capability to enhance the function of impaired mitochondria points to the therapeutic potential of the GM1 oligosaccharide for the treatment of pathologies where these organelles are compromised, including Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fazzari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan (MI), Italy
| | - Giulia Lunghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Erika Di Biase
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Nicoletta Loberto
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan (MI), Italy.
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Elena Chiricozzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy.
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Dalmao-Fernández A, Lund J, Hermida-Gómez T, Vazquez-Mosquera ME, Rego-Pérez I, Blanco FJ, Fernández-Moreno M. Impaired Metabolic Flexibility in the Osteoarthritis Process: A Study on Transmitochondrial Cybrids. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040809. [PMID: 32230786 PMCID: PMC7226768 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most frequent joint disease; however, the etiopathogenesis is still unclear. Chondrocytes rely primarily on glycolysis to meet cellular energy demand, but studies implicate impaired mitochondrial function in OA pathogenesis. The relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and OA has been established. The aim of the study was to examine the differences in glucose and Fatty Acids (FA) metabolism, especially with regards to metabolic flexibility, in cybrids from healthy (N) or OA donors. Glucose and FA metabolism were studied using D-[14C(U)]glucose and [1-14C]oleic acid, respectively. There were no differences in glucose metabolism among the cybrids. Osteoarthritis cybrids had lower acid-soluble metabolites, reflecting incomplete FA β-oxidation but higher incorporation of oleic acid into triacylglycerol. Co-incubation with glucose and oleic acid showed that N but not OA cybrids increased their glucose metabolism. When treating with the mitochondrial inhibitor etomoxir, N cybrids still maintained higher glucose oxidation. Furthermore, OA cybrids had higher oxidative stress response. Combined, this indicated that N cybrids had higher metabolic flexibility than OA cybrids. Healthy donors maintained the glycolytic phenotype, whereas OA donors showed a preference towards oleic acid metabolism. Interestingly, the results indicated that cybrids from OA patients had mitochondrial impairments and reduced metabolic flexibility compared to N cybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dalmao-Fernández
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas. Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.D.-F.); (T.H.-G.); (M.E.V.-M.); (I.R.-P.)
| | - Jenny Lund
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0363 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Tamara Hermida-Gómez
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas. Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.D.-F.); (T.H.-G.); (M.E.V.-M.); (I.R.-P.)
| | - María E Vazquez-Mosquera
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas. Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.D.-F.); (T.H.-G.); (M.E.V.-M.); (I.R.-P.)
| | - Ignacio Rego-Pérez
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas. Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.D.-F.); (T.H.-G.); (M.E.V.-M.); (I.R.-P.)
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas. Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.D.-F.); (T.H.-G.); (M.E.V.-M.); (I.R.-P.)
- Correspondence: (F.J.B.); (M.F.-M.)
| | - Mercedes Fernández-Moreno
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas. Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.D.-F.); (T.H.-G.); (M.E.V.-M.); (I.R.-P.)
- Centro de investigación biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.J.B.); (M.F.-M.)
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12
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Dolinko AH, Chwa M, Atilano SR, Kenney MC. African and Asian Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups Confer Resistance Against Diabetic Stresses on Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cybrid Cells In Vitro. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:1636-1655. [PMID: 31811564 PMCID: PMC7123578 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common cause of blindness for individuals under the age of 65. This loss of vision can be due to ischemia, neovascularization, and/or diabetic macular edema, which are caused by breakdown of the blood-retina barrier at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and inner retinal vasculature. The prevalence of diabetes and its complications differ between Caucasian-Americans and certain minority populations, such as African-Americans and Asian-Americans. Individuals can be classified by their mitochondrial haplogroups, which are collections of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) representing ancient geographic origins of populations. In this study, we compared the responses of diabetic human RPE cybrids, cell lines containing identical nuclei but mitochondria from either European (maternal European) or maternal African or Asian individuals, to hypoxia and high glucose levels. The African and Asian diabetic ([Afr+Asi]/DM) cybrids showed (1) resistance to both hyperglycemic and hypoxic stresses; (2) downregulation of pro-apoptotic indicator BAX; (3) upregulation of DNA methylation genes, such as DNMT3A and DNMT3B; and (4) resistance to DNA demethylation by the methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) compared to European diabetic (Euro/DM) cybrids. Our findings suggest that mitochondria from African and Asian diabetic subjects possess a "metabolic memory" that confers resistance against hyperglycemia, hypoxia, and demethylation, and that this "metabolic memory" can be transferred into the RPE cybrid cell lines in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Dolinko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2028, 843 Health Science Road, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Shari R Atilano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2028, 843 Health Science Road, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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13
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Sazonova MA, Ryzhkova AI, Sinyov VV, Sazonova MD, Khasanova ZB, Nikitina NA, Karagodin VP, Orekhov AN, Sobenin IA. Creation of Cultures Containing Mutations Linked with Cardiovascular Diseases using Transfection and Genome Editing. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:693-699. [PMID: 30931844 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190329121532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this review article, we analyzed the literature on the creation of cultures containing mutations associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) using transfection, transduction and editing of the human genome. METHODS We described different methods of transfection, transduction and editing of the human genome, used in the literature. RESULTS We reviewed the researches in which the creation of сell cultures containing mutations was described. According to the literature, system CRISPR/Cas9 proved to be the most preferred method for editing the genome. We found rather promising and interesting a practically undeveloped direction of mitochondria transfection using a gene gun. Such a gun can direct a genetically-engineered construct containing human DNA mutations to the mitochondria using heavy metal particles. However, in human molecular genetics, the transfection method using a gene gun is unfairly forgotten and is almost never used. Ethical problems arising from editing the human genome were also discussed in our review. We came to a conclusion that it is impossible to stop scientific and technical progress. It is important that the editing of the genome takes place under the strict control of society and does not bear dangerous consequences for humanity. To achieve this, the constant interaction of science with society, culture and business is necessary. CONCLUSION The most promising methods for the creation of cell cultures containing mutations linked with cardiovascular diseases, were system CRISPR/Cas9 and the gene gun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita A Sazonova
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia I Ryzhkova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vasily V Sinyov
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina D Sazonova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Zukhra B Khasanova
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda A Nikitina
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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14
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Sobenin IA, Zhelankin AV, Khasanova ZB, Sinyov VV, Medvedeva LV, Sagaidak MO, Makeev VJ, Kolmychkova KI, Smirnova AS, Sukhorukov VN, Postnov AY, Grechko AV, Orekhov AN. Heteroplasmic Variants of Mitochondrial DNA in Atherosclerotic Lesions of Human Aortic Intima. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090455. [PMID: 31500189 PMCID: PMC6770808 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are likely involved in atherogenesis. Since the mitochondrial genome variation can alter functional activity of cells, it is necessary to assess the presence in atherosclerotic lesions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmic mutations known to be associated with different pathological processes and ageing. In this study, mtDNA heteroplasmy and copy number (mtCN) were evaluated in the autopsy-derived samples of aortic intima differing by the type of atherosclerotic lesions. To detect mtDNA heteroplasmic variants, next generation sequencing was used, and mtCN measurement was performed by qPCR. It was shown that mtDNA heteroplasmic mutations are characteristic for particular areas of intimal tissue; in 83 intimal samples 55 heteroplasmic variants were found; mean minor allele frequencies level accounted for 0.09, with 12% mean heteroplasmy level. The mtCN variance measured in adjacent areas of intima was high, but atherosclerotic lesions and unaffected intima did not differ significantly in mtCN values. Basing on the ratio of minor and major nucleotide mtDNA variants, we can conclude that there exists the increase in the number of heteroplasmic mtDNA variants, which corresponds to the extent of atherosclerotic morphologic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Sobenin
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia.
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia.
- Research Institute of Threpsology and Healthy Longevity, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 115093 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Zhelankin
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Zukhra B Khasanova
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vasily V Sinyov
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia.
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Lyudmila V Medvedeva
- Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, 123182 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Maria O Sagaidak
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, 117971 Moscow, Russia.
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141701 Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Vsevolod J Makeev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, 117971 Moscow, Russia.
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141701 Moscow Region, Russia.
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Kira I Kolmychkova
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 143026 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Anna S Smirnova
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 143026 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vasily N Sukhorukov
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia.
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Anton Y Postnov
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia.
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Grechko
- Federal Scientific Clinical Center for Resuscitation and Rehabilitation, 141534 Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 143026 Moscow, Russia.
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia.
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