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Hamed AR, Nabih HK, El-Rashedy AA, Mohamed TA, Mostafa OE, K. Ali S, Efferth T, Hegazy MEF. Salvimulticanol from Salvia multicaulis suppresses LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages: in vitro and in silico studies. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:144. [PMID: 38706927 PMCID: PMC11065832 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03987-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sustained inflammatory responses can badly affect several vital organs and lead to chronic inflammation-related disorders, such as atherosclerosis, pneumonia, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and cancers. Salvia multicaulis is one of the widely distributed plants that contains several biologically active phytochemicals and diterpenoids with anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, finding alternative and safer natural plant-extracted compounds with good curative anti-inflammatory efficiencies is an urgent need for the clinical treatment of inflammation-related diseases. In the current study, S. multicaulis Vahl was used to extract and isolate two compounds identified as salvimulticanol and candesalvone B methyl ester to examine their effects against inflammation in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells that were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Accordingly, after culturing RAW264.7 cells and induction of inflammation by LPS (100 ng/ml), cells were exposed to different concentrations (9, 18, 37.5, 75, and 150 µM) of each compound. Then, Griess assay for detection of nitric oxide (NO) levels and western blotting for the determination of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression were performed. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies were employed to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism. Our obtained results validated that the level of NO was significantly decreased in the macrophage cell suspensions as a response to salvimulticanol treatment in a dose-dependent manner (IC50: 25.1 ± 1.2 µM) as compared to the methyl ester of candesalvone B which exerted a weaker inhibition (IC50: 69.2 ± 3.0 µM). This decline in NO percentage was comparable with a down-regulation of iNOS expression by western blotting. Salvimulticanol strongly interacted with both the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) complex and the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) kinase subunit beta (IKKβ) to disrupt their inflammatory activation due to the significant hydrogen bonds and effective interactions with amino acid residues present in the target proteins' active sites. S.multicaulis is a rich natural source of the aromatic abietane diterpenoid, salvimulticanol, which exerted a strong anti-inflammatory effect through targeting iNOS and diminishing NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells in a mechanism that is dependent on the inhibition of TLR4-MD-2 and IKKβ as activators of the classical NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R. Hamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
- Biology Unit, Central Laboratory for Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba K. Nabih
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Medicine and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. El-Rashedy
- Molecular Dynamics Unit, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tarik A. Mohamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Olfat E. Mostafa
- Poison Control Center, Ain Shams University Hospitals, P.O. 1181, Abbasia, Cairo Egypt
| | - Sherine K. Ali
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohamed-Elamir F. Hegazy
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
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Otero C, Klagges C, Morales B, Sotomayor P, Escobar J, Fuentes JA, Moreno AA, Llancalahuen FM, Arratia-Perez R, Gordillo-Fuenzalida F, Herrera M, Martínez JL, Rodríguez-Díaz M. Anti-Inflammatory Chilean Endemic Plants. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030897. [PMID: 36986757 PMCID: PMC10051824 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used since prehistoric times and continue to treat several diseases as a fundamental part of the healing process. Inflammation is a condition characterized by redness, pain, and swelling. This process is a hard response by living tissue to any injury. Furthermore, inflammation is produced by various diseases such as rheumatic and immune-mediated conditions, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes. Hence, anti-inflammatory-based treatments could emerge as a novel and exciting approach to treating these diseases. Medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites are known for their anti-inflammatory properties, and this review introduces various native Chilean plants whose anti-inflammatory effects have been evaluated in experimental studies. Fragaria chiloensis, Ugni molinae, Buddleja globosa, Aristotelia chilensis, Berberis microphylla, and Quillaja saponaria are some native species analyzed in this review. Since inflammation treatment is not a one-dimensional solution, this review seeks a multidimensional therapeutic approach to inflammation with plant extracts based on scientific and ancestral knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Otero
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Carolina Klagges
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Biomédicas SEK, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad SEK, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Bernardo Morales
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Paula Sotomayor
- Departamento de Urología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Jorge Escobar
- Laboratorio de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
- Correspondence: (J.E.); (J.L.M.); (M.R.-D.)
| | - Juan A. Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Adrian A. Moreno
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Felipe M. Llancalahuen
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Ramiro Arratia-Perez
- Center for Applied Nanoscience, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Felipe Gordillo-Fuenzalida
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Michelle Herrera
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Jose L. Martínez
- Vicerrectoria de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo 13001, Peru
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo 13001, Peru
- Correspondence: (J.E.); (J.L.M.); (M.R.-D.)
| | - Maité Rodríguez-Díaz
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Correspondence: (J.E.); (J.L.M.); (M.R.-D.)
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3
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Constituent Composition and Biological Activity of Essential Oil from Kalimeris incisa. Chem Nat Compd 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-023-03948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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4
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Mi XJ, Le HM, Lee S, Park HR, Kim YJ. Silymarin-Functionalized Selenium Nanoparticles Prevent LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response in RAW264.7 Cells through Downregulation of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Pathway. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:42723-42732. [PMID: 36467957 PMCID: PMC9713780 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin exhibits an anti-inflammatory property in various cancers and inflammatory diseases. In our previous work, silymarin-mediated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) (Si-SeNPs) were developed using a green synthesis technique, and its potential as an anticancer agent was confirmed. In order to further examine the extended comprehensive potential of Si-SeNPs, this investigation focuses on studying the enhanced anti-inflammatory effect of Si-SeNPs in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were conducted to assess the protein expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-NF-κB, and p-IκBα. Compared to silymarin, Si-SeNPs exhibited a significantly increased inhibitory effect on LPS-induced release of nitric oxide and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in RAW264.7 cells. A western blot assay indicated that Si-SeNPs downregulated the PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways. The immunofluorescence assay suggested that Si-SeNPs inhibited the nuclear translocation and the activation of NF-κB. In addition, 740 Y-P (PI3K agonist) was used to demonstrate that activating the PI3K/Akt signal could partially reverse the inflammatory response, suggesting a causal role of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the anti-inflammatory effect of Si-SeNPs. Consequently, these findings indicate that Si-SeNPs could be a functional agent of the attenuation of LPS-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages through inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, biosynthesized Si-SeNPs could be more effective at reducing inflammation than only silymarin extracts. Thus, this study lays an experimental foundation for the clinical application of using biosynthesized SeNPs as a novel candidate in the field of inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jie Mi
- Graduate
School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Minh Le
- Graduate
School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department
of Plant Science and Technology, Chung Ang
University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Park
- Graduate
School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Graduate
School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Park HJ, Jang TW, Han SY, Oh SS, Lee JB, Myoung SM, Park JH. Anti‑inflammatory effects of Nypa fruticans Wurmb via NF‑κB and MAPK signaling pathways in macrophages. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:755. [PMID: 36545046 PMCID: PMC9751521 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory defense response of macrophages is a natural protective reaction in the immune system. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are closely related. In addition, the cell signaling pathway regulating inflammation is associated with MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway phosphorylation. The present study aimed to evaluate whether the ethyl acetate fraction from N. fruticans (ENF) has a modulatory role in the MAPK signaling pathway and inhibition of the IκB/NF-κB signaling pathways, including translocation of NF-κB p65. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are closely related. In addition, the cell signaling pathway regulating inflammation is associated with MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway phosphorylation. The results revealed that ENF exhibited antioxidant capacity, attenuated the cytokine levels and blocked nitric oxide production. ENF downregulated cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. We hypothesized that ENF treatment alleviated the various proinflammatory mediators via IκB phosphorylation and transcription of NF-κB compared with the untreated control. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of ENF treatment was attributed to the inhibition of MAPK and Akt/IκB/NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jeong Park
- Department of Medicinal Plant Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 28024, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Won Jang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 28024, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Han
- Department of Medicinal Plant Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 28024, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Soo Oh
- Research Center, Kiposs Co., Ltd., Seoul 08584, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Kyochon Research & Innovation Center, Kyochon F&B, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 27850, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Myoung
- Department of Public Health Administration, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 28024, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 28024, Republic of Korea,Correspondence to: Professor Jae Ho Park, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Jungwon University, 85 Munmu-ro, Goesan, Chungcheongbuk-do 28024, Republic of Korea
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Wu JY, Xie JH, Chen YJ, Fu XQ, Wang RJ, Deng YY, Wang S, Yu HX, Liang C, Yu ZL. Amelioration of TPA-induced skin inflammation by the leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina involves ERK/STAT3 (Ser727) signaling inhibition. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 102:154194. [PMID: 35660348 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncontrolled inflammation causes health problems. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) at Ser727, resulting in inflammation. The leaf of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) is a medicinal herb for managing inflammation-associated diseases. Oral administration or topical application of VA leaf extract exerts anti-inflammatory effects in rat models. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the herb are not fully understood. PURPOSE In this study, we aimed to investigate the involvement of ERK/STAT3 (Ser727) signaling in the anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanolic extract of VA leaves. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Extracts of VA leaves were prepared with different concentrations of ethanol. A LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cell model was used for in vitro assays, and a TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)-induced ear edema mouse model was employed for in vivo assays. The 95% ethanol extract of VA leaves (VAE) exerted the strongest inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated macrophages; thus it was selected for use in this study. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to examine pathological conditions of mouse ear tissues. Griess reagent was employed to examine NO generation in cell cultures. Immunoblotting and ELISA were used to examine protein levels, and RT-qPCR was employed to examine mRNA levels. RESULTS Topical application of VAE ameliorated mouse ear edema induced by TPA. VAE suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK (Thr202/Tyr204) and STAT3 (Ser727); and decreased protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the mouse ear tissues and in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. VAE also inhibited NO production, and lowered mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in the macrophages. CONCLUSIONS VAE ameliorates TPA-induced mouse ear edema. Suppression of ERK/STAT3 (Ser727) signaling is involved in VAE's anti-inflammatory effects. These novel data provide further pharmacological justifications for the medicinal use of VA in treating inflammation-associated diseases, and lay the groundwork for developing VAE into a new anti-inflammatory agent.
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Key Words
- Acute inflammation
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- ERK
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- IL, interleukin
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NO, nitric oxide
- STAT3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TPA
- VA, Vernonia amygdalina Del.
- VAE, the 95% ethanol extract of VA leaves
- Vernonia amygdalina
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Wu
- Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Hua Xie
- Department of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, China
| | - Ying-Jie Chen
- Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiu-Qiong Fu
- Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui-Jun Wang
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Yi Deng
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Dalian Fusheng Natural Medicine Research Institute, China
| | - Hai-Xia Yu
- Jilin Yatai Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Institute, China
| | - Chun Liang
- Division of Life Science and State Key Lab of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Huang WY, Jeong I, Han BK, Kim MJ, Hong J, Ahn SII, Heo W, Pan JH, Kim JK, Shin EC, Kim YJ. Chrysanthemum Zawadskii Herbich var. latilobum (Maxim.) Kitamura water extract prevents BALB/c mice lung injury from particulate matter 10 toxicity. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2022.2064435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yan Huang
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Research Education Team for Omics-based Bio-health in Food Industry, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhye Jeong
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Research Education Team for Omics-based Bio-health in Food Industry, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Bok Kyung Han
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Hong
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-I. I. Ahn
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Heo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Convergence Bioscience and Technology, Seowon University, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Pan
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jae Kyeom Kim
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Research Education Team for Omics-based Bio-health in Food Industry, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
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8
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Camponogara C, Oliveira SM. Are TRPA1 and TRPV1 channel-mediated signalling cascades involved in UVB radiation-induced sunburn? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 92:103836. [PMID: 35248760 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Burn injuries are underappreciated injuries associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation has dramatic clinical effects in humans and is a significant public health concern. Although the mechanisms underlying UVB exposure are not fully understood, many studies have made substantial progress in the pathophysiology of sunburn in terms of its molecular aspects in the last few years. It is well established that the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), and vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels modulate the inflammatory, oxidative, and proliferative processes underlying UVB radiation exposure. However, it is still unknown which mechanisms underlying TRPV1/A1 channel activation are elicited in sunburn induced by UVB radiation. Therefore, in this review, we give an overview of the TRPV1/A1 channel-mediated signalling cascades that may be involved in the pathophysiology of sunburn induced by UVB radiation. These data will undoubtedly help to explain the various features of sunburn and contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to better treat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Camponogara
- Graduated Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sara Marchesan Oliveira
- Graduated Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Anti-neuroinflammatory effect of oxaline, isorhodoptilometrin, and 5-hydroxy-7-(2′-hydroxypropyl)-2-methyl-chromone obtained from the marine fungal strain Penicillium oxalicum CLC-MF05. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:90-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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10
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Merecz-Sadowska A, Sitarek P, Śliwiński T, Zajdel R. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Extracts and Pure Compounds Derived from Plants via Modulation of Signaling Pathways, Especially PI3K/AKT in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249605. [PMID: 33339446 PMCID: PMC7766727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant kingdom is a source of important therapeutic agents. Therefore, in this review, we focus on natural compounds that exhibit efficient anti-inflammatory activity via modulation signaling transduction pathways in macrophage cells. Both extracts and pure chemicals from different species and parts of plants such as leaves, roots, flowers, barks, rhizomes, and seeds rich in secondary metabolites from various groups such as terpenes or polyphenols were included. Selected extracts and phytochemicals control macrophages biology via modulation signaling molecules including NF-κB, MAPKs, AP-1, STAT1, STAT6, IRF-4, IRF-5, PPARγ, KLF4 and especially PI3K/AKT. Macrophages are important immune effector cells that take part in antigen presentation, phagocytosis, and immunomodulation. The M1 and M2 phenotypes are related to the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory agents, respectively. The successful resolution of inflammation mediated by M2, or failed resolution mediated by M1, may lead to tissue repair or chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is strictly related to several disorders. Thus, compounds of plant origin targeting inflammatory response may constitute promising therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merecz-Sadowska
- Department of Computer Science in Economics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.M.-S.); (T.Ś.)
| | - Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Śliwiński
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.M.-S.); (T.Ś.)
| | - Radosław Zajdel
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-645 Lodz, Poland;
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11
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Liu Y, Wu X, Wang Y, Jin W, Guo Y. The immunoenhancement effects of starfish Asterias rollestoni polysaccharides in macrophages and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression mouse models. Food Funct 2020; 11:10700-10708. [PMID: 33220676 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01488e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The water-soluble polysaccharide, SF-2, obtained from starfish (Asterias rollestoni), belongs to the group of polysaccharides known as mannoglucan sulfate. It is composed of mannose as well as glucose and contains 13.85% SO42-. We aimed to detect the immunoenhancement effects of SF-2 in macrophages and cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced immunosuppression mouse models. RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were treated with SF-2 for different periods of time (0 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 9 h) and the results showed that SF-2 promoted the production of nitric oxide and up-regulated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and related proteins, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, MMP-9, and iNOS in a time-dependent manner. In addition, SF-2 activated NLRP3 inflammasome and the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, thus promoting its immunoenhancement effects. Moreover, we co-cultured the primary peritoneal macrophages with SF-2 for 6 h and found that SF-2 enhanced the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and the release of cytokines. Furthermore, SF-2 significantly increased the body weight, spleen index, thymus index, and inflammatory cell counts in CYP-induced immunosuppression mouse models. These results indicate that SF-2 is a potential immunoenhancement mediator that acts by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome and MAPK/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Liu
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
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12
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Ko W, Kim KW, Quang TH, Yoon CS, Kim N, Lee H, Kim SC, Woo ER, Kim YC, Oh H, Lee DS. Cudraflavanone B Isolated from the Root Bark of Cudrania tricuspidata Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Downregulating NF-κB and ERK MAPK Signaling Pathways in RAW264.7 Macrophages and BV2 Microglia. Inflammation 2020; 44:104-115. [PMID: 32766955 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A prenylated flavonoid, cudraflavanone B, is isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata. In this study, we investigated its anti-inflammatory and anti-neuroinflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. In our initial study of the anti-inflammatory effects of cudraflavanone B the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 was attenuated in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. These inhibitory effects were related to the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, cudraflavanone B suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in LPS-induced RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. Moreover, the evaluation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of cudraflavanone B revealed that the compound attenuated the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway in LPS-induced RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. In addition, cudraflavanone B inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in these LPS-stimulated cells. Thus, cudraflavanone B suppressed nuclear factor-κB, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase mediated inflammatory pathways, demonstrating its potential in the treatment of neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonmin Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Woo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Hong Quang
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chi-Su Yoon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam-Cheol Kim
- Department of Family Practice and Community Medicine, Chosun University College of Medicine, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Rhan Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Chul Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuncheol Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.
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Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in RAW 264.7 cells by polysaccharides extracted from Grateloupia livida (Harv.) Yamada. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106630. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Liu Y, Wu X, Jin W, Guo Y. Immunomodulatory Effects of a Low-Molecular Weight Polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera on RAW 264.7 Macrophages and Cyclophosphamide- Induced Immunosuppression Mouse Models. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18070340. [PMID: 32605327 PMCID: PMC7401259 DOI: 10.3390/md18070340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The water-soluble polysaccharide EP2, from Enteromorpha prolifera, belongs to the group of polysaccharides known as glucuronoxylorhamnan, which mainly contains glucuronic acid (GlcA), xylose (Xyl), and rhamnose (Rha). The aim of this study was to detect the immunomodulatory effects of EP2 on RAW 264.7 macrophages and cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced immunosuppression mouse models. The cells were treated with EP2 for different time periods (0, 0.5, 1, 3, and 6 h). The results showed that EP2 promoted nitric oxide production and up-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that EP2-activated iNOS, COX2, and NLRP3 inflammasomes, and the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway played an important role. Moreover, EP2 significantly increased the body weight, spleen index, thymus index, inflammatory cell counts, and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in CYP-induced immunosuppression mouse models. These results indicate that EP2 might be a potential immunomodulatory drug and provide the scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization and evaluation of E. prolifera in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Liu
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Weihua Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (W.J.); (Y.G.); Tel.: +86-532-8299-1711 (Y.G.)
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (W.J.); (Y.G.); Tel.: +86-532-8299-1711 (Y.G.)
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15
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Vasarri M, Leri M, Barletta E, Ramazzotti M, Marzocchini R, Degl'Innocenti D. Anti-inflammatory properties of the marine plant Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 247:112252. [PMID: 31562953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile is an endemic seagrass of the Mediterranean Sea whose use has been documented as a traditional herbal remedy for diabetes and hypertension. Our recently described Posidonia oceanica leaves extract is a phytocomplex endowed with interesting bioactivities, including the inibitory property on human cancer cell migration. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of P. oceanica extract underlying its mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS We explored the anti-inflammatory effects of P. oceanica extract on RAW264.7 murine macrophages activated by LPS. We investigated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Then, we examined P. oceanica extract role on the regulation of NF-κB signaling pathway. RESULTS P. oceanica phytocomplex exhibited a strong ability to inhibit oxidative stress by affecting the production of both ROS and NO and to reduce iNOS and COX-2 levels. In addition, it was evidenced its anti-inflammatory role via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway through modulation of ERK1/2 and Akt intracellular cascades. CONCLUSIONS Our results recognize an anti-inflammatory role of P. oceanica phytocomplex particularly emphasizing its cell safe mechanism of action. In conclusion, the marine plant P. oceanica may be of great interest for scientific research as a source of promising molecules for designing alternative strategies to the conventional treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Vasarri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
| | - Manuela Leri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
| | - Emanuela Barletta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
| | - Matteo Ramazzotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marzocchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
| | - Donatella Degl'Innocenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci", Viale N. Sauro, 4, 57128, Livorno, Italy.
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Baicalin protects against ethanol-induced chronic gastritis in rats by inhibiting Akt/NF-κB pathway. Life Sci 2019; 239:117064. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tao F, Zhu J, Duan L, Wu J, Zhang J, Yao K, Bo J, Zu H. Anti-inflammatory effects of doxepin hydrochloride against LPS-induced C6-glioma cell inflammatory reaction by PI3K-mediated Akt signaling. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 34:e22424. [PMID: 31743544 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) may have anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant effects in addition to its antidepressant effects. So far, the nonantidepressant effects of TCAs and their molecular pharmacological mechanisms remain completely unclear. Chronic inflammation in the brain parenchyma may be related to the pathogenesis and progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. As a common antidepressant and anti-insomnia drug, doxepin also may be a potential anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant drug, so the study on the anti-inflammatory protective effect of doxepin and its molecular mechanism has become a very important issue in pharmacology and clinical medicine. Further elucidating the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of doxepin and its molecular mechanism may provide the important theoretical and clinical basis for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disease. This study was designed to understand the glio-protective mechanism of doxepin against the inflammatory damage induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in C6-glioma cells. We found the treatment of C6-glioma cells with LPS results in deleterious effects, including the augmentation of inflammatory cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β), and suppresses the Akt phosphorylation. Furthermore, our outcomes demonstrated that doxepin was able to suppress these effects induced by LPS, through activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-mediated protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. To sum up, these results highlight the potential role of doxepin against neuroinflammatory-related disease in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijie Duan
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yao
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jimei Bo
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengbing Zu
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Liu J, Guo S, Jiang K, Zhang T, Zhiming W, Yaping Y, Jing Y, Shaukat A, Deng G. miR-488 mediates negative regulation of the AKT/NF-κB pathway by targeting Rac1 in LPS-induced inflammation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4766-4777. [PMID: 31674024 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endometritis is an inflammatory change in the structure of the endometrium due to various causes and is a common cause of infertility. Studies have confirmed that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a key regulatory role in various inflammatory diseases. However, the miRNA-mediated mechanism of endometrial inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) remains unclear. In this study, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence and Rac family small GTPase 1 (Rac1) interference were used to reveal the overexpression of miR-488 in the LPS-induced bovine uterus, and the effect of protein kinase B κ-light chain enhancement of the nuclear factor-activated B cells (AKT/NF-κB) pathway in intimal epithelial cells. The results showed that the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group when miR-488 was overexpressed. Similar results were observed in the expression levels of p-AKT, p-IKK, and p-p65 proteins. In addition, the dual-luciferase reporter system confirmed that miRNA-488 may directly target the 3'-untranslated region of Rac1. In turn, the expression of Rac1 was inhibited. Moreover, the nuclear translocation of NF-κB was inhibited, and meanwhile, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells was reduced. Thus, we provide basic data for the negative regulation of miR-488 in LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting ROS production and the AKT/NF-kB pathway in intimal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kangfeng Jiang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wu Zhiming
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yaping
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Jing
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aftab Shaukat
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ganzhen Deng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Chithra MA, Ijinu TP, Kharkwal H, Sharma RK, Pushpangadan P, George V. Phenolic rich Cocos nucifera inflorescence extract ameliorates inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and toxin-induced murine models. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 28:1073-1089. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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