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Aimaretti E, Chimienti G, Rubeo C, Di Lorenzo R, Trisolini L, Dal Bello F, Moradi A, Collino M, Lezza AMS, Aragno M, Pesce V. Different Effects of High-Fat/High-Sucrose and High-Fructose Diets on Advanced Glycation End-Product Accumulation and on Mitochondrial Involvement in Heart and Skeletal Muscle in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:4874. [PMID: 38068732 PMCID: PMC10708161 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets with an elevated content of fat, sucrose, or fructose are recognized models of diet-induced metabolic alterations, since they induce metabolic derangements, oxidative stress, and chronic low-grade inflammation associated with local and systemic accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). This study used four-week-old C57BL/6 male mice, randomly assigned to three experimental dietary regimens: standard diet (SD), high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHS), or high fructose diet (HFr), administered for 12 weeks. Plasma, heart, and tibialis anterior (TA) skeletal muscle were assayed for markers of metabolic conditions, inflammation, presence of AGEs, and mitochondrial involvement. The HFHS diet induced a tissue-specific differential response featuring (1) a remarkable adaptation of the heart to HFHS-induced heavy oxidative stress, demonstrated by an increased presence of AGEs and reduced mitochondrial biogenesis, and efficaciously counteracted by a conspicuous increase in mitochondrial fission and PRXIII expression; (2) the absence of TA adaptation to HFHS, revealed by a heavy reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis, not counteracted by an increase in fission and PRXIII expression. HFr-induced mild oxidative stress elicited tissue-specific responses, featuring (1) a decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis in the heart, likely counteracted by a tendency for increased fission and (2) a mild reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis in TA, likely counteracted by a tendency for increased fusion, showing the adaptability of both tissues to the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aimaretti
- Unit of Experimental Medicine & Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.A.); (C.R.); (A.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Guglielmina Chimienti
- Department of Biosciences Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (R.D.L.)
| | - Chiara Rubeo
- Unit of Experimental Medicine & Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.A.); (C.R.); (A.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Rosa Di Lorenzo
- Department of Biosciences Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (R.D.L.)
| | - Lucia Trisolini
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, CNR, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Federica Dal Bello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Atefeh Moradi
- Unit of Experimental Medicine & Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.A.); (C.R.); (A.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Angela Maria Serena Lezza
- Department of Biosciences Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (R.D.L.)
| | - Manuela Aragno
- Unit of Experimental Medicine & Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.A.); (C.R.); (A.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Vito Pesce
- Department of Biosciences Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (R.D.L.)
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Fauste E, Donis C, Pérez-Armas M, Rodríguez L, Rodrigo S, Álvarez-Millán JJ, Otero P, Panadero MI, Bocos C. Maternal fructose boosts the effects of a Western-type diet increasing SARS-COV-2 cell entry factors in male offspring. J Funct Foods 2023; 100:105366. [PMID: 36506002 PMCID: PMC9722681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructose-rich beverages and foods consumption correlates with the epidemic rise in cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. Severity of COVID-19 has been related to these metabolic diseases. Fructose-rich foods could place people at an increased risk for severe COVID-19. We investigated whether maternal fructose intake in offspring affects hepatic and ileal gene expression of proteins that permit SARS-CoV2 entry to the cell. Carbohydrates were supplied to pregnant rats in drinking water. Adult and young male descendants subjected to water, liquid fructose alone or as a part of a Western diet, were studied. Maternal fructose reduced hepatic SARS-CoV2 entry factors expression in older offspring. On the contrary, maternal fructose boosted the Western diet-induced increase in viral entry factors expression in ileum of young descendants. Maternal fructose intake produced a fetal programming that increases hepatic viral protection and, in contrast, exacerbates fructose plus cholesterol-induced diminution in SARS-CoV2 protection in small intestine of progeny.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ADAM17, ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17
- Cholesterol
- Fetal programming
- Fructose
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFCS, high fructose corn syrup
- Ileum
- Liver
- MetS, metabolic syndrome
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
- SRB1, HDL-scavenger receptor B type 1
- SSB, sugar-sweetened beverages
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fauste
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Donis
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Madelín Pérez-Armas
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rodríguez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Rodrigo
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paola Otero
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - María I. Panadero
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Bocos
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain,Corresponding author at: Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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Smith A, Avery A, Ford R, Yang Q, Goux A, Mukherjee I, Neville DCA, Jethwa P. Rare sugars: metabolic impacts and mechanisms of action: a scoping review. Br J Nutr 2021; 128:1-18. [PMID: 34505561 PMCID: PMC9343225 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521003524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Food manufacturers are under increasing pressure to limit the amount of free sugars in their products. Many have reformulated products to replace sucrose, glucose and fructose with alternative sweeteners, but some of these have been associated with additional health concerns. Rare sugars are 'monosaccharides and their derivatives that hardly exist in nature', and there is increasing evidence that they could have health benefits. This review aimed to scope the existing literature in order to identify the most commonly researched rare sugars, to ascertain their proposed health benefits, mechanisms of action and potential uses and to highlight knowledge gaps. A process of iterative database searching identified fifty-five relevant articles. The reported effects of rare sugars were noted, along with details of the research methodologies conducted. Our results indicated that the most common rare sugars investigated are d-psicose and d-tagatose, with the potential health benefits divided into three topics: glycaemic control, body composition and CVD. All the rare sugars investigated have the potential to suppress postprandial elevation of blood glucose and improve glycaemic control in both human and animal models. Some animal studies have suggested that certain rare sugars may also improve lipid profiles, alter the gut microbiome and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. The present review demonstrates that rare sugars could play a role in reducing the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes and/or CVD. However, understanding of the mechanisms by which rare sugars may exert their effects is limited, and their effectiveness when used in reformulated products is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Smith
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLE12 5RD, UK
| | - Amanda Avery
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLE12 5RD, UK
| | - Rebecca Ford
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLE12 5RD, UK
| | - Qian Yang
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLE12 5RD, UK
| | - Aurélie Goux
- Mondelēz International, Nutrition Research, 91400Saclay, France
| | | | | | - Preeti Jethwa
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLE12 5RD, UK
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Durante M, Sgambellone S, Lucarini L, Failli P, Laurino A, Collotta D, Provensi G, Masini E, Collino M. D-Tagatose Feeding Reduces the Risk of Sugar-Induced Exacerbation of Myocardial I/R Injury When Compared to Its Isomer Fructose. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:650962. [PMID: 33928123 PMCID: PMC8076855 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.650962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that fructose may contribute to myocardial vulnerability to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. D-tagatose is a fructose isomer with less caloric value and used as low-calorie sweetener. Here we compared the metabolic impact of fructose or D-tagatose enriched diets on potential exacerbation of myocardial I/R injury. Wistar rats were randomizedly allocated in the experimental groups and fed with one of the following diets: control (CTRL), 30% fructose-enriched (FRU 30%) or 30% D-tagatose-enriched (TAG 30%). After 24 weeks of dietary manipulation, rats underwent myocardial injury caused by 30 min ligature of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery followed by 24 h′ reperfusion. Fructose consumption resulted in body weight increase (49%) as well as altered glucose, insulin and lipid profiles. These effects were associated with increased I/R-induced myocardial damage, oxidative stress (36.5%) and inflammation marker expression. TAG 30%-fed rats showed lower oxidative stress (21%) and inflammation in comparison with FRU-fed rats. Besides, TAG diet significantly reduced plasmatic inflammatory cytokines and GDF8 expression (50%), while increased myocardial endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression (59%). Overall, we demonstrated that D-tagatose represents an interesting sugar alternative when compared to its isomer fructose with reduced deleterious impact not only on the metabolic profile but also on the related heart susceptibility to I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaconcetta Durante
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Sgambellone
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Failli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annunziatina Laurino
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Debora Collotta
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gustavo Provensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Emanuela Masini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Felicetti F, Cento AS, Fornengo P, Cassader M, Mastrocola R, D'Ascenzo F, Settanni F, Benso A, Arvat E, Collino M, Fagioli F, Aragno M, Brignardello E. Advanced glycation end products and chronic inflammation in adult survivors of childhood leukemia treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28106. [PMID: 31820553 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), those who received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) conditioned with total-body irradiation (TBI) show the highest risk of late complications, including cardiovascular (CV) disease. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been associated with CV disease in diabetes mellitus and other clinical conditions. This study explores AGEs plasma levels, inflammatory status, and lipid profile in survivors of pediatric ALL who received HSCT conditioned with TBI. PROCEDURE Inclusion criteria were (a) previous diagnosis of ALL at age < 18 years, treated with HSCT conditioned with TBI; (b) age > 18 at the time of the study enrollment; (c) off-therapy for at least five years. Radiotherapy other than TBI, preexisting heart disease, glucose metabolism impairment, body mass index > 25, active graft versus host disease (GvHD), smoking, or treatment with cholesterol lowering medications were exclusion criteria. Eighteen survivors and 30 age-matched healthy controls were enrolled. RESULTS AGEs plasma levels were markedly higher in ALL survivors than in healthy subjects (2.15 ± 2.21 vs 0.29 ± 0.15 pg/mL, P < 0.01). Survivors also showed higher levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (2.32 ± 1.70 vs 0.88 ± 1.09 mg/dL, P < 0.05), IL-1β (7.04 ± 1.52 vs 4.64 ± 2.02 pg/mL, P < 0.001), IL17 (37.44 ± 3.51 vs 25.19 ± 6.34 pg/mL, P < 0.001), an increased glutathione/reduced glutathione ratio (0.085 ± 0.07 vs 0.041 ± 0.036, P < 0.05) and slight alterations in their lipid profile. CONCLUSIONS Our data show AGEs accumulation and chronic inflammation in ALL survivors who received HSCT conditioned with TBI. These alterations may contribute to the increased risk of CV disease reported in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Felicetti
- Transition Unit for Childhood Cancer Survivors, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy.,Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Sofia Cento
- General Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornengo
- Department of Medicine, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Mastrocola
- General Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio D'Ascenzo
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Division of Cardiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Settanni
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Benso
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Arvat
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Division of Oncological Endocrinology, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Franca Fagioli
- Division of Paediatric Onco-Haematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy.,Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Aragno
- General Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Brignardello
- Transition Unit for Childhood Cancer Survivors, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Creus A, Chicco A, Álvarez SM, Giménez MS, de Lombardo YB. Dietary Salvia hispanica L. reduces cardiac oxidative stress of dyslipidemic insulin-resistant rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:761-768. [PMID: 31935117 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Salvia hispanica L., commonly known as chia seed, has beneficial effects upon some signs of metabolic syndrome (MS), such as dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. However, its action on cardiac oxidative stress associated with MS remains unknown. The goal of this study was to analyze the possible beneficial effects of chia seed (variety Salba) upon the oxidative stress of left ventricle heart muscle (LV) of a well-established dyslipidemic insulin-resistant rat model induced by feeding them a sucrose-rich diet (SRD). Male Wistar rats received an SRD for 3 months. After that, for 3 additional months, half of the animals continued with the SRD, while the other half received the SRD containing chia as the source of dietary fat instead corn oil (SRD+chia). In the LV of SRD-fed rats, chia seed improved/reverted the depleted activity of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase, and ameliorated manganese superoxide dismutase messenger RNA (mRNA) levels increasing the expression of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Improved the glutathione redox estate, reactive oxygen species, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances contents normalizing the p47NOX subunit mRNA level. Furthermore, chia normalized hypertension and plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress biomarkers. The findings show that chia seed intake impacts positively upon oxidative imbalance of LV of dyslipidemic insulin-resistant rats. Novelty Healthy effects of chia seed involve an improvement of cardiac antioxidant defenses through Nrf2 induction. Chia seed intake reduces cardiac oxidative stress markers of dyslipidemic insulin-resistant rats. Dietary chia seed restores cardiac unbalanced redox state of dyslipidemic insulin-resistant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Creus
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CC 242, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Adriana Chicco
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CC 242, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Silvina M Álvarez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, Avenida Ejercito de Los Andes 950, and IMIBIO-SL CONICET, San Luis, Argentina
| | - María S Giménez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, Avenida Ejercito de Los Andes 950, and IMIBIO-SL CONICET, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Yolanda Bolzón de Lombardo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CC 242, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
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KRIT1 Deficiency Promotes Aortic Endothelial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194930. [PMID: 31590384 PMCID: PMC6801783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of the gene encoding Krev interaction trapped protein 1 (KRIT1) are associated with the pathogenesis of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM), a major cerebrovascular disease characterized by abnormally enlarged and leaky capillaries and affecting 0.5% of the human population. However, growing evidence demonstrates that KRIT1 is implicated in the modulation of major redox-sensitive signaling pathways and mechanisms involved in adaptive responses to oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting that its loss-of-function mutations may have pathological effects not limited to CCM disease. The aim of this study was to address whether KRIT1 loss-of-function predisposes to the development of pathological conditions associated with enhanced endothelial cell susceptibility to oxidative stress and inflammation, such as arterial endothelial dysfunction (ED) and atherosclerosis. Silencing of KRIT1 in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) resulted in increased expression of endothelial proinflammatory adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and in enhanced susceptibility to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced apoptosis. These effects were associated with a downregulation of Notch1 activation that could be rescued by antioxidant treatment, suggesting that they are consequent to altered intracellular redox homeostasis induced by KRIT1 loss-of-function. Furthermore, analysis of the aorta of heterozygous KRIT1+/- mice fed a high-fructose diet to induce systemic oxidative stress and inflammation demonstrated a 1.6-fold increased expression of VCAM-1 and an approximately 2-fold enhanced fat accumulation (7.5% vs 3.6%) in atherosclerosis-prone regions, including the aortic arch and aortic root, as compared to corresponding wild-type littermates. In conclusion, we found that KRIT1 deficiency promotes ED, suggesting that, besides CCM, KRIT1 may be implicated in genetic susceptibility to the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
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