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Pastrick A, Diaz M, Adaya G, Montinola V, Arzbecker M, Joye DAM, Evans JA. Biological Sex Influences Daily Locomotor Rhythms in Mice Held Under Different Housing Conditions. J Biol Rhythms 2024:7487304241256004. [PMID: 38845380 DOI: 10.1177/07487304241256004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Daily rhythms are programmed by a central circadian clock that is modulated by photoperiod. Here, we recorded locomotor activity rhythms in C57Bl/6 or mPer2Luc mice of both sexes held under different housing conditions. First, we confirm that the structure of locomotor activity rhythms differs between male and female mice in both genetic backgrounds. Male mice exhibit a nightly "siesta," whereas female mice fluctuate between nights with and without a nightly siesta, which corresponds with changes in locomotor activity levels, circadian period, and vaginal cytology. The nightly siesta is modulated by the presence of a running wheel in both sexes but is not required for the infradian patterning of locomotor rhythms in females. Finally, photoperiodic changes in locomotor rhythms differed by sex, and females displayed phase-jumping responses earlier than males under a parametric photoentrainment assay simulating increasing day length. Collectively, these results highlight that sex and sex hormones influence daily locomotor rhythms under a variety of different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Pastrick
- Department of Biomedical Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthew Diaz
- Department of Biomedical Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Griffin Adaya
- Department of Biomedical Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Victoria Montinola
- Department of Biomedical Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Madeline Arzbecker
- Department of Biomedical Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Deborah A M Joye
- Department of Biomedical Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jennifer A Evans
- Department of Biomedical Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Liu-Fu S, Pan JQ, Sun JF, Shen X, Jiang DL, Ouyang HJ, Xu DN, Tian YB, Huang YM. Effect of immunization against OPN5 on the reproductive performance in Shan Partridge ducks under different photoperiods. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103413. [PMID: 38442558 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoperiod is an important environmental factor that influences seasonal reproduction behavior in birds. Birds translate photoperiodic information into neuroendocrine signals through deep brain photoreceptors (DBPs). OPN5 has been considered candidate DBPs involved in regulating seasonal reproduction in birds. We found that OPN5 could mediate light to regulate the follicle development in ducks. In this study, we further verified the effect of OPN5 on follicular development in Shan Partridge ducks by immunizing against the extracellular domain (ECD) of OPN5. We investigated the specific regulatory mechanism of photoperiod mediated by OPN5 on the reproductive activity of ducks. The trial randomly divided 120 Shan Partridge ducks into 3 groups with different treatments: the immunization of OPN5 group was done at d0, d15, d30, and d40 with 1 mL of vaccine containing OPN5 protein (thus containing 1, 1, 0.5, and 0.5 mg of OPN5-KLH protein), and the control group (CS and CL groups) was injected at the same time with the same dose of OPN5-uncontained blank vaccine. The group of CS (900 lux), OPN5 (600 lux), and CL (600 lux) lasted for 40 d in 12 L:12 D photoperiods, respectively. Then, the groups of CS, OPN5, and CL subsequently received 12 L:12 D, 12 L:12 D, and 17 L:7 D light treatments for 33 d, respectively. The ducks were caged in 3 constant rooms with the same feeding conditions for each group, free water, and limited feeding (150 g per duck each day). Duck serum and tissue samples were collected at d 40, d 62, and d 73 (n = 12). It was found that before prolonged light, the group of immunization (group OPN5) and the group of strong light intensity (group CS) were higher than the group of CL in egg production. Subsequent to prolonged light, the group CL in egg production rose about the same as the group immunization, while the strong light group (group CS) was lower. Group OPN5 increased the ovarian index of ducks, and both the immunization of group OPN5 and group CL (extended light) increased the thickness of the granular layer and promoted the secretion of E2, P4, LH, and PRL hormones. Compared with group CS, group CL and OPN5 increased the mRNA level and protein expression of OPN5 in the hypothalamus on d 62 and d 73 (P < 0.05). The gene or protein expression patterns of GnRH, TRH, TSHβ, DIO2, THRβ, VIP, and PRL were positively correlated with OPN5, whereas the gene expression patterns of GnIH and DIO3 were negatively correlated with OPN5. The results showed that immunization against OPN5 could activate the corresponding transmembrane receptors to promote the expression of OPN5, up-regulate the expression of TSHβ and DIO2, and then regulate the HPG axis-related genes to facilitate the follicular development of Shan Partridge ducks. In addition, in this experiment, prolonging the photoperiod or enhancing the light intensity could also enhance follicle development, but the effect was not as significant as immunizing against OPN5. Our results will offer beneficial data and more supportive shreds of evidence in favor of elucidating the role of OPN5 in relation to photoperiods and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Liu-Fu
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Jian-Qiu Pan
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Jun-Feng Sun
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Dan-Li Jiang
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Hong-Jia Ouyang
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Dan-Ning Xu
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yun-Bo Tian
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yun-Mao Huang
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Zhou X, Jiang D, Xu Y, Pan J, Xu D, Tian Y, Shen X, Huang Y. Endocrine and molecular regulation mechanisms of follicular development and egg-laying in quails under different photoperiods. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4809-4818. [PMID: 37022011 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2196551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod is a key environmental factor in regulating bird reproduction and induces neuroendocrine changes through the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. OPN5, as a deep-brain photoreceptor, transmits light signals to regulate follicular development through TSH-DIO2/DIO3. However, the mechanism among OPN5, TSH-DIO2/DIO3, and VIP/PRL in the HPG axis underlying the photoperiodic regulation of bird reproduction is unclear. In this study, 72 laying quails with 8-week-old were randomly divided into the long-day (LD) group [16 light (L): 8 dark (D)] and the short-day (SD) group (8 L:16 D), and then samples were collected on d 1, d 11, d 22, and d 36 of the experiment. The results showed that compared with the LD group, the SD group significantly inhibited follicular development (P < 0.05), decreased the P4, E2, LH, and PRL in serum (P < 0.05), downregulated the expression of GnRHR, VIP, PRL, OPN5, DIO2, and LHβ (P < 0.05), reduced the expression of GnRH and TSHβ (P > 0.05), and promoted DIO3, GnIH gene expression (P < 0.01). The short photoperiod downregulates OPN5, TSHβ, and DIO2 and upregulates DIO3 expression to regulate the GnRH/GnIH system. The downregulation of GnRHR and upregulation of GnIH resulted in a decrease in LH secretion, which withdrew the gonadotropic effects on ovarian follicles development. Slow down of follicular development and egg laying may also arise from lack of PRL potentiation to small follicle development under short days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danli Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanglong Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiu Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danning Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunmao Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
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Wang W, Du X, Chu M, He X. Photoperiod Induces the Epigenetic Change of the GNAQ Gene in OVX+E 2 Ewes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16442. [PMID: 38003630 PMCID: PMC10671395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
GNAQ, a member of the alpha subunit encoding the q-like G protein, is a critical gene in cell signaling, and multiple studies have shown that upregulation of GNAQ gene expression ultimately inhibits the proliferation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and GnRH secretion, and ultimately affects mammalian reproduction. Photoperiod is a key inducer which plays an important role in gene expression regulation by affecting epigenetic modification. However, fewer studies have confirmed how photoperiod induces epigenetic modifications of the GNAQ gene. In this study, we examined the expression and epigenetic changes of GNAQ in the hypothalamus in ovariectomized and estradiol-treated (OVX+E2) sheep under three photoperiod treatments (short photoperiod treatment for 42 days, SP42; long photoperiod treatment for 42 days, LP42; 42 days of short photoperiod followed by 42 days of long photoperiod, SP-LP42). The results showed that the expression of GNAQ was significantly higher in SP-LP42 than in SP42 and LP42 (p < 0.05). Whole genome methylation sequencing (WGBS) results showed that there are multiple differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and loci between different groups of GNAQ. Among them, the DNA methylation level of DMRs at the CpG1 locus in SP42 was significantly higher than that of SP-LP42 (p < 0.01). Subsequently, we confirmed that the core promoter region of the GNAQ gene was located with 1100 to 1500 bp upstream, and the DNA methylation level of all eight CpG sites in SP42 was significantly higher than those in LP42 (p < 0.01), and significantly higher than those in SP-LP42 (p < 0.01), except site 2 and site 4 in the first sequencing fragment (p < 0.05) in the core promoter region. The expression of acetylated GNAQ histone H3 was significantly higher than that of the control group under three different photoperiods (p < 0.01); the acetylation level of sheep hypothalamic GNAQ genomic protein H3 was significantly lower under SP42 than under SP-LP42 (p < 0.05). This suggests that acetylated histone H3 binds to the core promoter region of the GNAQ gene, implying that GNAQ is epigenetically regulated by photoperiod through histone acetylation. In summary, the results suggest that photoperiod can induce DNA methylation in the core promoter region and histone acetylation in the promoter region of the GNAQ gene, and hypothesize that the two may be key factors in regulating the differential expression of GNAQ under different photoperiods, thus regulating the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) through the seasonal estrus in sheep. The results of this study will provide some new information to understand the function of epigenetic modifications in reproduction in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mingxing Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiaoyun He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (X.D.)
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Zhang X, Wang X, Zhu H, Zhang D, Chen J, Wen Y, Li Y, Jin L, Xie C, Guo D, Luo T, Tong J, Zhou Y, Shen Y. Short-wavelength artificial light affects visual neural pathway development in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115282. [PMID: 37494734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all modern life depends on artificial light; however, it does cause health problems. With certain restrictions of artificial light emitting technology, the influence of the light spectrum is inevitable. The most remarkable problem is its overload in the short wavelength component. Short wavelength artificial light has a wide range of influences from ocular development to mental problems. The visual neuronal pathway, as the primary light-sensing structure, may contain the fundamental mechanism of all light-induced abnormalities. However, how the artificial light spectrum shapes the visual neuronal pathway during development in mammals is poorly understood. We placed C57BL/6 mice in three different spectrum environments (full-spectrum white light: 400-750 nm; violet light: 400 ± 20 nm; green light: 510 ± 20 nm) beginning at eye opening, with a fixed light time of 7:00-19:00. During development, we assessed the ocular axial dimension, visual function and retinal neurons. After two weeks under short wavelength conditions, the ocular axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and length of lens thickness, real vitreous chamber depth and retinal thickness (LLVR) were shorter, visual acuity (VA) decreased, and retinal electrical activity was impaired. The density of S-cones in the dorsal and ventral retinas both decreased after one week under short wavelength conditions. In the ventral retina, it increased after three weeks. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density and axon thickness were not influenced; however, the axonal terminals in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) were less clustered and sparse. Amacrine cells (ACs) were significantly more activated. Green light has few effects. The KEGG and GO enrichment analyses showed that many genes related to neural circuitry, synaptic formation and neurotransmitter function were differentially expressed in the short wavelength light group. In conclusion, exposure to short wavelength artificial light in the early stage of vision-dependent development in mice delayed the development of the visual pathway. The axon terminus structure and neurotransmitter function may be the major suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312030, China
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yingying Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanqing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Le Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dongyu Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agroproduct Safety and Nutrition, China
| | - Jianping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Yudong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Göpel T, Burggren WW. Insufficient reporting of experimental variables as a cause for nonreproducibility in animal physiology? A case study. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R363-R374. [PMID: 35816721 PMCID: PMC9467468 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00026.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonreproducibility in scientific investigations has been explained by inadequately reporting methodology, honest error, and even misconduct. We hypothesized that, within the field of animal physiology, the most parsimonious explanation for nonreproducibility is inadequate reporting of key methodological details. We further hypothesized that implementation of relatively recently released reporting guidelines has positively impacted journal article quality, as measured by completeness of the methodology descriptions. We analyzed 84 research articles published in five primarily organismal animal physiology journals in 2008-2010 (generally before current guidelines) and 2018-2020. Compliance for reporting 34 variables referring to biology, experiments, and data collection was assessed. Reporting compliance was just ∼61% in 2008-2010, rising only slightly to 67.5% for 2018-2020. Only 21% of the reported variables showed significant differences across the period from 2008-2020. We conclude that, despite attempts by societies and journals to promote greater reporting compliance, such efforts have so far been relatively unsuccessful in the field of animal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Göpel
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
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After 55 Years of Neurorehabilitation, What Is the Plan? Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12080982. [PMID: 35892423 PMCID: PMC9330852 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12080982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders often cause severe long-term disabilities with substantial activity limitations and participation restrictions such as community integration, family functioning, employment, social interaction and participation. Increasing understanding of brain functioning has opened new perspectives for more integrative interventions, boosting the intrinsic central nervous system neuroplastic capabilities in order to achieve efficient behavioral restitution. Neurorehabilitation must take into account the many aspects of the individual through a comprehensive analysis of actual and potential cognitive, behavioral, emotional and physical skills, while increasing awareness and understanding of the new self of the person being dealt with. The exclusive adoption by the rehabilitator of objective functional measures often overlooks the values and goals of the disabled person. Indeed, each individual has their own rhythm, unique life history and personality construct. In this challenging context, it is essential to deepen the assessment through subjective measures, which more adequately reflect the patient’s perspective in order to shape genuinely tailored instead of standardized neurorehabilitation approaches. In this overly complex panorama, where confounding and prognostic factors also strongly influence potential functional recovery, the healthcare community needs to rethink neurorehabilitation formats.
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Liufu S, Pan J, Sun J, Shen X, Jiang D, Ouyang H, Xu D, Tian Y, Huang Y. OPN5 Regulating Mechanism of Follicle Development Through the TSH-DIO2/DIO3 Pathway in Mountain Ducks Under Different Photoperiods. Front Physiol 2022; 13:813881. [PMID: 35733985 PMCID: PMC9208676 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.813881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Photoperiod is an important environmental factor that influence seasonal reproduction behavior in bird. Birds translates photoperiodic information into neuroendocrine signals through deep brain photoreceptors (DBPs). OPN5 has been considered as candidate DBPs involving in regulation of seasonal reproduction in birds. However, little is known about the effect of OPN5 in non-seasonal breeding birds. Thus, we pondered on whether OPN5 regulating follicular development through TSH-DIO2/DIO3 system responds to different photoperiods in non-seasonal laying ducks. As an ideal non-seasonal breeding bird, a total of 120 mountain ducks were randomly divided into three groups and treated respectively to a different photoperiod: group S (8 L:16D), group C (17 L:7D), and group L (24 L:0D). The ducks were caged in a fully enclosed shelter with the same feeding conditions for each group, free water and limited feeding (150 g per duck each day). Samples were collected from each group at d 0, d 5, d 8, d 20, and d 35 (n = 8). The ducks in 24 h photoperiod had the highest laying rate and the lowest feed-to-egg ratio, while the ducks in 8 h photoperiod had the lowest laying rate and the highest feed-to-egg ratio. Long-day photoperiod for 24 h significantly increased the ovarian index and GnRH, LH, E2, and P4 levels in serum; short-day photoperiod for 8 h increased testosterone levels in serum. Compared with 8 h photoperiod, long-day photoperiod significantly or highly significantly increased the mRNA level and protein expression of OPN5 in the hypothalamus of long-day photoperiod on d 35 (p < 0.05). The gene or protein expression patterns of GnRH, TRH, TSHβ, DIO2, THRβ, VIP, and PRL were positively correlated with OPN5, whereas the gene expression patterns of GnIH and DI O 3 were negatively correlated with OPN5. The results revealed that OPN5 mediated the effect of light on follicular development through the TSH-DIO2/DIO3 pathway, the expression of OPN5 increased with light duration and improved the efficiency of the HPG axis to promote follicular development in mountain ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Liufu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiu Pan
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Shen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danli Jiang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjia Ouyang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danning Xu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Tian
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yunbo Tian, ; Yunmao Huang,
| | - Yunmao Huang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yunbo Tian, ; Yunmao Huang,
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9
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McCarthy MJ, Gottlieb JF, Gonzalez R, McClung CA, Alloy LB, Cain S, Dulcis D, Etain B, Frey BN, Garbazza C, Ketchesin KD, Landgraf D, Lee H, Marie‐Claire C, Nusslock R, Porcu A, Porter R, Ritter P, Scott J, Smith D, Swartz HA, Murray G. Neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms of circadian rhythm disruption in bipolar disorder: A critical multi-disciplinary literature review and agenda for future research from the ISBD task force on chronobiology. Bipolar Disord 2022; 24:232-263. [PMID: 34850507 PMCID: PMC9149148 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Symptoms of bipolar disorder (BD) include changes in mood, activity, energy, sleep, and appetite. Since many of these processes are regulated by circadian function, circadian rhythm disturbance has been examined as a biological feature underlying BD. The International Society for Bipolar Disorders Chronobiology Task Force (CTF) was commissioned to review evidence for neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms pertinent to BD. METHOD Drawing upon expertise in animal models, biomarkers, physiology, and behavior, CTF analyzed the relevant cross-disciplinary literature to precisely frame the discussion around circadian rhythm disruption in BD, highlight key findings, and for the first time integrate findings across levels of analysis to develop an internally consistent, coherent theoretical framework. RESULTS Evidence from multiple sources implicates the circadian system in mood regulation, with corresponding associations with BD diagnoses and mood-related traits reported across genetic, cellular, physiological, and behavioral domains. However, circadian disruption does not appear to be specific to BD and is present across a variety of high-risk, prodromal, and syndromic psychiatric disorders. Substantial variability and ambiguity among the definitions, concepts and assumptions underlying the research have limited replication and the emergence of consensus findings. CONCLUSIONS Future research in circadian rhythms and its role in BD is warranted. Well-powered studies that carefully define associations between BD-related and chronobiologically-related constructs, and integrate across levels of analysis will be most illuminating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. McCarthy
- UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry & Center for Circadian BiologyLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- VA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - John F. Gottlieb
- Department of PsychiatryFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Robert Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral HealthPennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Colleen A. McClung
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lauren B. Alloy
- Department of PsychologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sean Cain
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental HealthMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Davide Dulcis
- UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry & Center for Circadian BiologyLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bruno Etain
- Université de ParisINSERM UMR‐S 1144ParisFrance
| | - Benicio N. Frey
- Department Psychiatry and Behavioral NeuroscienceMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Corrado Garbazza
- Centre for ChronobiologyPsychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel and Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive NeurosciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Kyle D. Ketchesin
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Dominic Landgraf
- Circadian Biology GroupDepartment of Molecular NeurobiologyClinic of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity HospitalLudwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Heon‐Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Chronobiology InstituteKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | | | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy ResearchNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Alessandra Porcu
- UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry & Center for Circadian BiologyLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Philipp Ritter
- Clinic for Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCarl Gustav Carus University Hospital and Technical University of DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Jan Scott
- Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUK
| | - Daniel Smith
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Holly A. Swartz
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Greg Murray
- Centre for Mental HealthSwinburne University of TechnologyMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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10
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Xu Y, Jiang D, Liu J, Fu Y, Song Y, Fan D, Huang X, Liufu S, Pan J, Ouyang H, Tian Y, Shen X, Huang Y. Photoperiodic Changes in Both Hypothalamus Neurotransmitters and Circulating Gonadal Steroids Metabolomic Profiles in Relation to Seasonal Reproduction in Male Quail. Front Physiol 2022; 13:824228. [PMID: 35399254 PMCID: PMC8993408 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.824228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both hypothalamic neurotransmitters and serum steroid hormones are impacted by photoperiod and have effects on physiology and seasonal reproductive. However, the relationship between circulating gonadal steroids and hypothalamic neurotransmitters underlying different photoperiod is still unclear. To further understand the crosstalk of neurotransmitters and steroids in seasonal reproduction, metabolic changes of 27 neurotransmitters concentrated in hypothalamus tissues and 42 steroids hormones in serum were assessed during two artificial photoperiodic programs. The results showed that photoperiod induce testicular atrophy and recrudescence. In L-to-S groups, significantly decreased levels of testosterone concentration were found in serum (P < 0.001) and increased 11-Dehydrocorticosterone (P < 0.05); Testosterone were almost undetectable at SD_14d. In addition, the hypothalamus exhibited significantly increased arginine and 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration and decreased serotonin and epinephrine content (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Accordingly, serum testosterone and androstenedione became detectable at LD_3d in the S-to-L group and were markedly increase at LD_7d. Furthermore, Serum androstenedione showed a significant increase with long light expose (P < 0.01). Additionally, the hypothalamus exhibited both significantly increased L.Tryptophan and phenylalanine concentration, as well as decreased L-glutamine and L-glutamine.acid content (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Serotonin metabolism showed significant differences between L-to-S group and S-to-L group. Furthermore, in the correlation analysis, serum testosterone had a positive correlation with 5-Hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), while Androstenedione was significantly negative with L.Tryptophan in L-to-S (P < 0.05). However, in S-to-L group, serum testosterone showed strong negative correlation with both serotonin and 5-HIAA (P < 0.05), but positive correlation with L.Tryptophan (P < 0.01), while Androstenedione was significantly negative correlation with both serotonin (P < 0.05) and L-Glutamine (P < 0.01). Photoperiod also had significant effects on the mRNA expression. We found significant differences in gene expression patterns of both serotonin signaling and steroid biosynthesis, while MAOB, NR5A1, and 3β-HSD showed an opposite tendency between two groups. Taken together, our results revealed that circulating gonadal steroids and hypothalamic neurotransmitters were significantly impact quail’s seasonal reproduction. Circulating gonadal steroids have different effects on neurotransmitter at different photoperiodism, which may coordinately influence the seasonal reproduction of quails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglong Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danli Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefei Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sui Liufu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiu Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjia Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunmao Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Dim light in the evening causes coordinated realignment of circadian rhythms, sleep, and short-term memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2101591118. [PMID: 34556572 PMCID: PMC8488663 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101591118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern societies, people are regularly exposed to artificial light (e.g., light-emitting electronic devices). Dim light in the evening (DLE) imposes an artificial extension of the solar day, increasing our alertness before bedtime, delaying melatonin timing and sleep onset, and increasing sleepiness in the next morning. Using laboratory mice as a model organism, we show that 2 wk of 4-h, 20-lux DLE postpones rest–activity rhythms, delays molecular rhythms in the brain and body, and reverses the diurnal pattern of short-term memory performance. These results highlight the biological impact of DLE and emphasize the need to optimize our evening light exposure if we are to avoid shifting our biological clocks. Light provides the primary signal for entraining circadian rhythms to the day/night cycle. In addition to rods and cones, the retina contains a small population of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs) expressing the photopigment melanopsin (OPN4). Concerns have been raised that exposure to dim artificial lighting in the evening (DLE) may perturb circadian rhythms and sleep patterns, and OPN4 is presumed to mediate these effects. Here, we examine the effects of 4-h, 20-lux DLE on circadian physiology and behavior in mice and the role of OPN4 in these responses. We show that 2 wk of DLE induces a phase delay of ∼2 to 3 h in mice, comparable to that reported in humans. DLE-induced phase shifts are unaffected in Opn4−/− mice, indicating that rods and cones are capable of driving these responses in the absence of melanopsin. DLE delays molecular clock rhythms in the heart, liver, adrenal gland, and dorsal hippocampus. It also reverses short-term recognition memory performance, which is associated with changes in preceding sleep history. In addition, DLE modifies patterns of hypothalamic and cortical cFos signals, a molecular correlate of recent neuronal activity. Together, our data show that DLE causes coordinated realignment of circadian rhythms, sleep patterns, and short-term memory process in mice. These effects are particularly relevant as DLE conditions―due to artificial light exposure―are experienced by the majority of the populace on a daily basis.
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12
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Sueviriyapan N, Granados-Fuentes D, Simon T, Herzog ED, Henson MA. Modelling the functional roles of synaptic and extra-synaptic γ-aminobutyric acid receptor dynamics in circadian timekeeping. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210454. [PMID: 34520693 PMCID: PMC8440032 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a primary neurotransmitter. GABA can signal through two types of GABAA receptor subunits, often referred to as synaptic GABAA (gamma subunit) and extra-synaptic GABAA (delta subunit). To test the functional roles of these distinct GABAA in regulating circadian rhythms, we developed a multicellular SCN model where we could separately compare the effects of manipulating GABA neurotransmitter or receptor dynamics. Our model predicted that blocking GABA signalling modestly increased synchrony among circadian cells, consistent with published SCN pharmacology. Conversely, the model predicted that lowering GABAA receptor density reduced firing rate, circadian cell fraction, amplitude and synchrony among individual neurons. When we tested these predictions, we found that the knockdown of delta GABAA reduced the amplitude and synchrony of clock gene expression among cells in SCN explants. The model further predicted that increasing gamma GABAA densities could enhance synchrony, as opposed to increasing delta GABAA densities. Overall, our model reveals how blocking GABAA receptors can modestly increase synchrony, while increasing the relative density of gamma over delta subunits can dramatically increase synchrony. We hypothesize that increased gamma GABAA density in the winter could underlie the tighter phase relationships among SCN cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthapong Sueviriyapan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Tatiana Simon
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erik D. Herzog
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael A. Henson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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13
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Leclercq B, Hicks D, Laurent V. Photoperiod integration in C3H rd1 mice. J Pineal Res 2021; 71:e12711. [PMID: 33326640 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) constitute the main circadian clock, receiving input from the retina which allows synchronization of endogenous biological rhythms with the daily light/dark cycle. Over the year, the SCN encodes photoperiodic variations through duration of melatonin secretion, with abundant nocturnal levels in winter and lower levels in summer. Thus, light information is critical to regulate seasonal reproduction in many species and is part of the central photoperiodic integration. Since intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are vital for circadian photoentrainment and other nonvisual functions, we studied the contribution of ipRGCs in photoperiod integration in C3H retinal degeneration 1 (rd1) mice. We assessed locomotor activity and melatonin secretion in mice exposed to short or long photoperiods. Our results showed that rd1 mice are still responsive to photoperiod variations in term of locomotor activity, melatonin secretion, and regulation of the reproductive axis. In addition, retinas of animals exposed to short photoperiod exhibit higher melanopsin labeling intensity compared with the long photoperiod condition, suggesting seasonal-dependent changes within this photoreceptive system. These results show that ipRGCs in rd1 mice can still measure photoperiod and suggest a key role of melanopsin cells in photoperiod integration and the regulation of seasonal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Leclercq
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - David Hicks
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Virginie Laurent
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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14
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Yamazaki EM, Goel N. Robust stability of trait-like vulnerability or resilience to common types of sleep deprivation in a large sample of adults. Sleep 2021; 43:5648124. [PMID: 31784748 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep loss produces large individual differences in neurobehavioral responses, with marked vulnerability or resilience among individuals. Such differences are stable with repeated exposures to acute total sleep deprivation (TSD) or chronic sleep restriction (SR) within short (weeks) and long (years) intervals. Whether trait-like responses are observed to commonly experienced types of sleep loss and across various demographically defined groups remains unknown. METHODS Eighty-three adults completed two baseline nights (10 h-12 h time-in-bed, TIB) followed by five 4 h TIB SR nights or 36 h TSD. Participants then received four 12-h TIB recovery nights followed by five SR nights or 36 h TSD, in counterbalanced order to the first sleep loss sequence. Neurobehavioral tests were completed every 2 h during wakefulness. RESULTS Participants who displayed neurobehavioral vulnerability to TSD displayed vulnerability to SR, evidenced by substantial to near perfect intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs; 78%-91% across measures). Sex, race, age, body mass index (BMI), season, and sleep loss order did not impact ICCs significantly. Individuals exhibited significant consistency of responses within, but not between, performance and self-reported domains. CONCLUSIONS Using the largest, most diverse sample to date, we demonstrate for the first time the remarkable stability of phenotypic neurobehavioral responses to commonly experienced sleep loss types, across demographic variables and different performance and self-reported measures. Since sex, race, age, BMI, and season did not affect ICCs, these variables are not useful for determining stability of responses to sleep loss, underscoring the criticality of biological predictors. Our findings inform mathematical models and are relevant for the general population and military and health professions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Yamazaki
- Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Namni Goel
- Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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15
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Lorsung E, Karthikeyan R, Cao R. Biological Timing and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Role for Circadian Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:642745. [PMID: 33776640 PMCID: PMC7994532 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.642745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, as well as stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. ASDs affect nearly 2% of the United States child population and the worldwide prevalence has dramatically increased in recent years. The etiology is not clear but ASD is thought to be caused by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Circadian rhythms are the ∼24 h rhythms driven by the endogenous biological clock, and they are found in a variety of physiological processes. Growing evidence from basic and clinical studies suggest that the dysfunction of the circadian timing system may be associated with ASD and its pathogenesis. Here we review the findings that link circadian dysfunctions to ASD in both experimental and clinical studies. We first introduce the organization of the circadian system and ASD. Next, we review physiological indicators of circadian rhythms that are found disrupted in ASD individuals, including sleep-wake cycles, melatonin, cortisol, and serotonin. Finally, we review evidence in epidemiology, human genetics, and biochemistry that indicates underlying associations between circadian regulation and the pathogenesis of ASD. In conclusion, we propose that understanding the functional importance of the circadian clock in normal and aberrant neurodevelopmental processes may provide a novel perspective to tackle ASD, and clinical treatments for ASD individuals should comprise an integrative approach considering the dynamics of daily rhythms in physical, mental, and social processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Lorsung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Ramanujam Karthikeyan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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16
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Modulation of recognition memory performance by light and its relationship with cortical EEG theta and gamma activities. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 191:114404. [PMID: 33412102 PMCID: PMC8363935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure to light exerts widespread effects on physiology, in addition to its key role in photoentrainment. Although the modulatory effect of light on physiological arousal is well demonstrated in mice, its effect on memory performance is inconclusive, as the direction of the effect depends on the nature of the behavioural task employed and/or the type of stimulus utilised. Moreover, in all rodent studies that reported significant effects of light on performance, brain activity was not assessed during the task and thus it is unclear how brain activity was modulated by light or the exact relationship between light-modulated brain activity and performance. Here we examine the modulatory effects of light of varying intensities on recognition memory performance and frontoparietal waking electroencephalography (EEG) in mice using the spontaneous recognition memory task. We report a light-intensity-dependent disruptive effect on recognition memory performance at the group level, but inspection of individual-level data indicates that light-intensity-dependent facilitation is observed in some cases. Using linear mixed-effects models, we then demonstrate that EEG fast theta (θ) activity at the time of encoding negatively predicts recognition memory performance, whereas slow gamma (γ) activity at the time of retrieval positively predicts performance. These relationships between θ/γ activity and performance are strengthened by increasing light intensity. Thus, light modulates θ and γ band activities involved in attentional and mnemonic processes, thereby affecting recognition memory performance. However, extraneous factors including the phase of the internal clock at which light is presented and homeostatic sleep pressure may determine how photic input is translated into behavioural performance.
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17
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Santos RC, Silva ACPE, José Dos Santos M, Barbosa MR, Coimbra DG, Gitaí DLG, de Andrade TG. Environmental temperature as a mediator on the association between photoperiod at birth and chronotype. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:1662-1668. [PMID: 32573265 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1773843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The association between chronotypes and season of birth (SOB) remains an inconclusive issue due, in some extension, to the lack of investigations of mediation mechanisms. We evaluated the association of photoperiod at birth (PAB) with chronotypes and sleep duration in Brazil (n = 810), and the mediating effect of meteorological factors, sex, age and rs4753426 polymorphism in the melatonin receptor MTNR1B. Longer PAB was associated with a delayed mid-sleep phase with a suppressive effect of maximum environmental temperature. No significant interactions were identified for the other variables. These findings suggest that photoperiod and environmental temperature modulate chronotype development at early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Costa Santos
- Circadian Medicine Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas , Maceió, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Gomes Coimbra
- Circadian Medicine Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas , Maceió, Brazil
| | - Daniel Leite Góes Gitaí
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Feferal University of Alagoas , Maceió, Brazil
| | - Tiago Gomes de Andrade
- Circadian Medicine Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas , Maceió, Brazil
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18
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19
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Sun H, Cui Z, Zhang Y, Pan D, Wang Z. Expression patterns of clock genes in the hypothalamus and eye of two Lasiopodomys species. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:327-338. [PMID: 32308052 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1730881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between light sensing systems in the eye and circadian oscillators in the hypothalamus of subterranean rodents, we studied subterranean Mandarin voles (Lasiopodomys mandarinus) that spend their entire lives under dark conditions with degenerated eyes, and compared oscillatory expression patterns of clock genes in the hypothalamus and eye between Mandarin voles and their aboveground relatives, Brandt's voles (L. brandtii). Individuals of both vole species were kept under a 12-h light/12-h dark condition or continuous dark condition for 4 weeks. In both species, the expressions of most genes showed significant cosine rhythmicity in the hypothalamus but relatively weak rhythmicity in the eye. The number of rhythmic genes in the eye of Mandarin voles increased under the dark condition, but the opposite trend was observed in the eye of Brandt's voles. The expression levels of most clock genes in the hypothalamus of both vole species did not significantly differ between the two conditions, but unlike in Mandarin voles, these expression levels significantly decreased in the eye of Brandt's voles kept under the dark condition. In both vole species, the peak phase of most clock genes exhibited advanced or invariant change in the hypothalamus under the dark condition, and the peak phase of most clock genes showed consistent changes between the eye and hypothalamus of Mandarin voles. However, most clock genes in the eye showed a delayed phase in Brandt's voles kept under the dark condition. In conclusion, the hypothalamus plays an important role in both vole species irrespective of the light condition. However, the expression patterns of clock genes in the eye differed between the vole species, indicating that each species adapted differently to their environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, P.R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhenwei Cui
- School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, P.R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, P.R. China
| | - Dan Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, P.R. China
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20
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Buijink MR, Olde Engberink AHO, Wit CB, Almog A, Meijer JH, Rohling JHT, Michel S. Aging Affects the Capacity of Photoperiodic Adaptation Downstream from the Central Molecular Clock. J Biol Rhythms 2020; 35:167-179. [PMID: 31983261 PMCID: PMC7134598 DOI: 10.1177/0748730419900867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aging impairs circadian clock function, leading to disrupted sleep-wake patterns and a reduced capability to adapt to changes in environmental light conditions. This makes shift work or the changing of time zones challenging for the elderly and, importantly, is associated with the development of age-related diseases. However, it is unclear what levels of the clock machinery are affected by aging, which is relevant for the development of targeted interventions. We found that naturally aged mice of >24 months had a reduced rhythm amplitude in behavior compared with young controls (3-6 months). Moreover, the old animals had a strongly reduced ability to adapt to short photoperiods. Recording PER2::LUC protein expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus revealed no impairment of the rhythms in PER2 protein under the 3 different photoperiods tested (LD: 8:16, 12:12, and 16:8). Thus, we observed a discrepancy between the behavioral phenotype and the molecular clock, and we conclude that the aging-related deficits emerge downstream of the core molecular clock. Since it is known that aging affects several intracellular and membrane components of the central clock cells, it is likely that an impairment of the interaction between the molecular clock and these components is contributing to the deficits in photoperiod adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Renate Buijink
- Department of Cellular and Chemical Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke H O Olde Engberink
- Department of Cellular and Chemical Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte B Wit
- Department of Cellular and Chemical Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Assaf Almog
- Lorentz Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna H Meijer
- Department of Cellular and Chemical Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jos H T Rohling
- Department of Cellular and Chemical Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan Michel
- Department of Cellular and Chemical Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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21
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Bullock B. An Interdisciplinary Perspective on the Association Between Chronotype and Well-being. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:359-364. [PMID: 31249496 PMCID: PMC6585516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with a circadian preference for mental and physical activity later in the day ("Evening types") are consistently found to fare worse on most facets of well-being than individuals with a circadian preference for mental and physical activity earlier in the day ("Morning types"). Several explanatory hypotheses of this association between chronotype and well-being have been proposed, including shared genetic, biological, developmental, and psychosocial mechanisms. This paper presents a critical summary of these explanatory mechanisms and offers suggestions for their integration in an interdisciplinary biopsychosocial framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Bullock
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Ben Bullock, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Mail No. H99, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia; Tel: +61 3 9214 4358,
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22
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Tokuda IT, Ono D, Honma S, Honma KI, Herzel H. Coherency of circadian rhythms in the SCN is governed by the interplay of two coupling factors. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006607. [PMID: 30532130 PMCID: PMC6301697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are autonomous oscillators driving daily rhythms in physiology and behavior. In mammals, a network of coupled neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is entrained to environmental light-dark cycles and orchestrates the timing of peripheral organs. In each neuron, transcriptional feedbacks generate noisy oscillations. Coupling mediated by neuropeptides such as VIP and AVP lends precision and robustness to circadian rhythms. The detailed coupling mechanisms between SCN neurons are debated. We analyze organotypic SCN slices from neonatal and adult mice in wild-type and multiple knockout conditions. Different degrees of rhythmicity are quantified by pixel-level analysis of bioluminescence data. We use empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) to characterize spatio-temporal patterns. Simulations of coupled stochastic single cell oscillators can reproduce the diversity of observed patterns. Our combination of data analysis and modeling provides deeper insight into the enormous complexity of the data: (1) Neonatal slices are typically stronger oscillators than adult slices pointing to developmental changes of coupling. (2) Wild-type slices are completely synchronized and exhibit specific spatio-temporal patterns of phases. (3) Some slices of Cry double knockouts obey impaired synchrony that can lead to co–existing rhythms (“splitting”). (4) The loss of VIP-coupling leads to desynchronized rhythms with few residual local clusters. Additional information was extracted from co–culturing slices with rhythmic neonatal wild-type SCNs. These co–culturing experiments were simulated using external forcing terms representing VIP and AVP signaling. The rescue of rhythmicity via co–culturing lead to surprising results, since a cocktail of AVP-antagonists improved synchrony. Our modeling suggests that these counter-intuitive observations are pointing to an antagonistic action of VIP and AVP coupling. Our systematic theoretical and experimental study shows that dual coupling mechanisms can explain the astonishing complexity of spatio-temporal patterns in SCN slices. The mammalian circadian clock is orchestrated by a network of coupled neurons. Brain slice preparations allow the analysis of coupling mechanisms mediated by neuropeptides. From bioluminescence recordings, we extract single cell characteristics such as period, amplitude and damping rate. Our data-based stochastic network model involves local coupling between cells and additional external forcing. Available experimental data guide our simulations with two distinct coupling and forcing mechanisms representing the neuropeptides VIP and AVP. We compare our simulations with experiments from neonatal and adult wild-type brain slices and multiple knockouts. Furthermore, we study co–culturing of slices with synchronized neonatal wild-type slices. The extreme complexity of the spatio-temporal patterns is quantified using empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). The experimental reduction of AVP coupling leads to surprising observations. In double knockouts, inhibition of AVP signaling can improve synchrony, whereas, in triple knockouts, coherency is reduced. Our network modeling shows that these counter-intuitive observations can be explained by an antagonistic action of VIP and AVP signaling. The agreement of experiments and simulations suggests that quite complex spatio-temporal patterns can appear as emergent properties of oscillator networks with dual coupling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao T. Tokuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail: (ITT); (HH)
| | - Daisuke Ono
- Photonic Bioimaging Section, Research Center for Cooperative Projects, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sato Honma
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Honma
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hanspeter Herzel
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité and Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (ITT); (HH)
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Collins B, Brown SA. Beyond the molecular clock. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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