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Zhao D, Xiao J, Qiang L, Deng X, An J, Zhang Q, Zhao F, Ma J, Fang C, Guan G, Wu Y, Xie Y. Walnut ointment promotes full-thickness burning wound healing: role of linoleic acid. Acta Cir Bras 2022; 37:e370902. [PMID: 36449813 PMCID: PMC9710187 DOI: 10.1590/acb370902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the active ingredients of walnut ointment (WO) and its mechanism in repairing wounds. METHODS The ingredients of WO were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effect of linoleic acid (LA) was tested by in vitro Alamar Blue (AB) reagent. Image J software, histological and immunohistochemical analysis were used to confirm the healing effect of LA in the porcine skin model. The animals were euthanized after the experiment by injection of pentobarbital sodium. RESULTS LA, 24% in WO, promotes keratinocytes and fibroblasts proliferation, which were 50.09% and 15.07% respectively higher than control (p < 0.05). The healing rate of the LA group (96.02% ± 2%, 98.58% ± 0.78%) was higher than the saline group (82.11% ± 3.37%, 88.72% ± 1.73%) at week 3 and week 4 (p < 0.05). The epidermal thickness of the LA was 0.16 ± 0.04 mm greater and the expression of the P63 and CK10 proteins was stronger in the LA group than the control (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS LA, which is the main components in WO can promote full-thickness burning wounds (FBWs) by stimulating cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Research Assistant. Ningxia Medical University General Hospital –Tissue and Organ Bank – Ningxia, China
| | - Jinli Xiao
- Graduate student. Ningxia Medical University – School of Clinical Medicine – Ningxia, China
| | - Lijuan Qiang
- Surgeon-in-charge. People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region – Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery – Ningxia, China
| | - Xingwang Deng
- Associate Professor of Surgery. The First People’s Hospital of Shizuishan – Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery – Ningxia, China
| | - Jingjing An
- Technologist-in-charge. Ningxia Center for Diseases Prevention and Control – Department of Physical and Chemical Examination – Ningxia, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Research Assistant. Ningxia Medical University General Hospital –Tissue and Organ Bank – Ningxia, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Research Assistant. Ningxia Medical University General Hospital –Tissue and Organ Bank – Ningxia, China
| | - Jiaxiang Ma
- Technologist. Ningxia Medical University General Hospital – Tissue and Organ Bank – Ningxia, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Surgeon-in-charge. Ningxia Medical University General Hospital – Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery – Ningxia, China
| | - Guangyu Guan
- Senior Technologist. Ningxia Center for Diseases Prevention and Control – Department of Physical and Chemical Examination – Ningxia, China
| | - Yinsheng Wu
- Professor of Surgery. Ningxia Medical University General Hospital – Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery – Ningxia, China
| | - Yan Xie
- Professor. Ningxia Center for Diseases Prevention and Control –Tissue and Organ Bank – Ningxia, China.,PhD. Queensland University of Technology – Faculty of Health – Brisbane, Australia.,Corresponding author:
- (86) 0951-6746240
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2
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Azari Z, Nazarnezhad S, Webster TJ, Hoseini SJ, Brouki Milan P, Baino F, Kargozar S. Stem Cell-Mediated Angiogenesis in Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing. Wound Repair Regen 2022; 30:421-435. [PMID: 35638710 PMCID: PMC9543648 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The timely management of skin wounds has been an unmet clinical need for centuries. While there have been several attempts to accelerate wound healing and reduce the cost of hospitalisation and the healthcare burden, there remains a lack of efficient and effective wound healing approaches. In this regard, stem cell‐based therapies have garnered an outstanding position for the treatment of both acute and chronic skin wounds. Stem cells of different origins (e.g., embryo‐derived stem cells) have been utilised for managing cutaneous lesions; specifically, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from foetal (umbilical cord) and adult (bone marrow) tissues paved the way to more satisfactory outcomes. Since angiogenesis plays a critical role in all four stages of normal wound healing, recent therapeutic approaches have focused on utilising stem cells for inducing neovascularisation. In fact, stem cells can promote angiogenesis via either differentiation into endothelial lineages or secreting pro‐angiogenic exosomes. Furthermore, particular conditions (e.g., hypoxic environments) can be applied in order to boost the pro‐angiogenic capability of stem cells before transplantation. For tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, stem cells can be combined with specific types of pro‐angiogenic biocompatible materials (e.g., bioactive glasses) to enhance the neovascularisation process and subsequently accelerate wound healing. As such, this review article summarises such efforts emphasising the bright future that is conceivable when using pro‐angiogenic stem cells for treating acute and chronic skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoleikha Azari
- Department of Anatomy and cell Biology, School of Medicine, MashhadUniversity of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Simin Nazarnezhad
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Javad Hoseini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Peiman Brouki Milan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Francesco Baino
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, Italy
| | - Saeid Kargozar
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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3
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Li Y, Fraser D, Mereness J, Van Hove A, Basu S, Newman M, Benoit DSW. Tissue Engineered Neurovascularization Strategies for Craniofacial Tissue Regeneration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:20-39. [PMID: 35014834 PMCID: PMC9016342 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial tissue injuries, diseases, and defects, including those within bone, dental, and periodontal tissues and salivary glands, impact an estimated 1 billion patients globally. Craniofacial tissue dysfunction significantly reduces quality of life, and successful repair of damaged tissues remains a significant challenge. Blood vessels and nerves are colocalized within craniofacial tissues and act synergistically during tissue regeneration. Therefore, the success of craniofacial regenerative approaches is predicated on successful recruitment, regeneration, or integration of both vascularization and innervation. Tissue engineering strategies have been widely used to encourage vascularization and, more recently, to improve innervation through host tissue recruitment or prevascularization/innervation of engineered tissues. However, current scaffold designs and cell or growth factor delivery approaches often fail to synergistically coordinate both vascularization and innervation to orchestrate successful tissue regeneration. Additionally, tissue engineering approaches are typically investigated separately for vascularization and innervation. Since both tissues act in concert to improve craniofacial tissue regeneration outcomes, a revised approach for development of engineered materials is required. This review aims to provide an overview of neurovascularization in craniofacial tissues and strategies to target either process thus far. Finally, key design principles are described for engineering approaches that will support both vascularization and innervation for successful craniofacial tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Department of Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - David Fraser
- Department of Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States.,Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14620, United States.,Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Jared Mereness
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Department of Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States.,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Amy Van Hove
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Department of Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Sayantani Basu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Department of Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Maureen Newman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Department of Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Department of Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States.,Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14620, United States.,Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States.,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States.,Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Department of Biomedical Genetics and Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
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4
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Application of 3D Bioprinters for Dental Pulp Regeneration and Tissue Engineering (Porous architecture). Transp Porous Media 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-021-01618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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An update on stem cells applications in burn wound healing. Tissue Cell 2021; 72:101527. [PMID: 33756272 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Burn wounds have proven to be capable of having a long lasting devastating effects on human body. Conventional therapeutic approaches are not up to the mark as they are unable to completely heal the burn wound easily and effectively. Major pitfalls of these treatments include hypertrophic scarring, contracture and necrosis. Presence of these limitations in the current therapies necessitate the search for a better and more efficient cure. Regenerative potency of stem cells in burn wound healing outweigh the traditional treatment procedures. The use of multiple kinds of stem cells are gaining interest due to their enhanced healing efficiency. Distinctions of stem cells include better and faster burn wound healing, decreased inflammation levels, less scar progression and fibrosis on site. In this review, we have discussed the wound-healing process, present methods used for stem cells administration, methods of enhancing stem cells potency and human studies. Pre-clinical and the clinical studies focused on the treatment of thermal and radiation burns using stem cells from 2003 till the present time have been enlisted. Studies shows that the use of stem cells on burn wounds, whether alone or by the help of a scaffold significantly improves healing. Homing of the stem cells at the wound site results in the re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, granulation, inhibition of apoptosis, and regeneration of skin appendages together with reduced infection rate in the human studies. Several studies on animals have shown that stem cells can effectively promote wound healing. Although more research is needed to find out the effectiveness of this treatment in patients with severe burn wounds.
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6
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Priester C, MacDonald A, Dhar M, Bow A. Examining the Characteristics and Applications of Mesenchymal, Induced Pluripotent, and Embryonic Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering Approaches across the Germ Layers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E344. [PMID: 33114710 PMCID: PMC7692540 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine utilizes a wide array of technologies and techniques for repairing and restoring function to damaged tissues. Among these, stem cells offer one of the most potent and promising biological tools to facilitate such goals. Implementation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) offer varying advantages based on availability and efficacy in the target tissue. The focus of this review is to discuss characteristics of these three subset stem cell populations and examine their utility in tissue engineering. In particular, the development of therapeutics that utilize cell-based approaches, divided by germinal layer to further assess research targeting specific tissues of the mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm. The combinatorial application of MSCs, iPSCs, and ESCs with natural and synthetic scaffold technologies can enhance the reparative capacity and survival of implanted cells. Continued efforts to generate more standardized approaches for these cells may provide improved study-to-study variations on implementation, thereby increasing the clinical translatability of cell-based therapeutics. Coupling clinically translatable research with commercially oriented methods offers the potential to drastically advance medical treatments for multiple diseases and injuries, improving the quality of life for many individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Priester
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37998, USA;
| | - Amber MacDonald
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (A.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Madhu Dhar
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (A.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Austin Bow
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (A.M.); (M.D.)
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7
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Sweat gland regeneration: Current strategies and future opportunities. Biomaterials 2020; 255:120201. [PMID: 32592872 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For patients with extensive skin defects, loss of sweat glands (SwGs) greatly decreases their quality of life. Indeed, difficulties in thermoregulation, ion reabsorption, and maintaining fluid balance might render them susceptible to hyperthermia, heatstroke, or even death. Despite extensive studies on the stem cell biology of the skin in recent years, in-situ regeneration of SwGs with both structural and functional fidelity is still challenging because of the limited regenerative capacity and cell fate control of resident progenitors. To overcome these challenges, one must consider both the intrinsic factors relevant to genetic and epigenetic regulation and cues from the cellular microenvironment. Here, we describe recent progress in molecular biology, developmental pathways, and cellular evolution associated with SwGdevelopment and maturation. This is followed by a summary of the current strategies used for cell-fate modulation, transmembrane drug delivery, and scaffold design associated with SwGregeneration. Finally, we offer perspectives for creating more sophisticated systems to accelerate patients' innate healing capacity and developing engineered skin constructs to treat or replace damaged tissues structurally and functionally.
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8
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Lin W, Chen M, Qu T, Li J, Man Y. Three‐dimensional electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:1311-1321. [PMID: 31436374 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Tao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jidong Li
- Research Center for Nano‐Biomaterials, Analytical and Testing CenterSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yi Man
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Chengdu China
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9
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Levin D. Bench to Bedside: Approaches for Engineered Intestine, Esophagus, and Colon. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2019; 48:607-623. [PMID: 31668186 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The generation of tissue engineered organs from autologous cells will allow replacement of diseased or absent organs without the need for immunosuppression. Common steps of tissue engineering include isolation of pluripotent or multipotent stem cells, preparation of synthetic or biologic scaffold, and implantation into a host to support the proliferation of engineered tissue. Some organs have been successfully transplanted in human patients; gastrointestinal tract tissues are nearing clinical introduction. The state of the science has progressed rapidly and providers and researchers alike must take appropriate steps to ensure strict adherence to ethical standards before introduction to human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Levin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, PO BOX 800709, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0709, USA.
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10
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Xie Y, Chen M, Chen Y, Xu Y, Sun Y, Liang J, Fan Y, Zhang X. Effects of PRP and LyPRP on osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 108:116-126. [PMID: 31498962 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is rich in a variety of growth factors and plays an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). It has been reported that the preparation of freeze-dried platelets (lyophilized platelets [LyPRP]) from platelets could be an effective strategy to preserve the bioactivity of platelets for a long time. In this study, the osteogenic induction effects of PRP and LyPRP on MSCs were evaluated. The rabbit arterial blood was drawing to preparation of PRP by secondary centrifugation. Whole blood was prepared by lyophilization buffer to prepare LyPRP, which were activated by chloride and their surface morphology was observed. It was observed using a scanning electron microscope that platelets were evenly distributed on the surface of PRP and LyPRP. Growth factors were slowly released from PRP and LyPRP during the first 7 days and detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Cell proliferation assays and fluoresceindiacetate/propidium iodide (FDA/PI) staining demonstrated that PRP and LyPRP could promote cell proliferation. PRP and LyPRP were also shown to promote osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in vitro by osteogenesis characteristic staining and qPCR quantitative detection of osteogenic related gene expression. Both PRP and LyPRP could promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs effectively. Moreover, PRP exhibited a better osteogenic induction effect on MSC than LyPRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Xie
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manyu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yafang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujiang Fan
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Romanazzo S, Nemec S, Roohani I. iPSC Bioprinting: Where are We at? MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2453. [PMID: 31374871 PMCID: PMC6696162 DOI: 10.3390/ma12152453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a concise review of current 3D bioprinting technologies applied to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). iPSC have recently received a great deal of attention from the scientific and clinical communities for their unique properties, which include abundant adult cell sources, ability to indefinitely self-renew and differentiate into any tissue of the body. Bioprinting of iPSC and iPSC derived cells combined with natural or synthetic biomaterials to fabricate tissue mimicked constructs, has emerged as a technology that might revolutionize regenerative medicine and patient-specific treatment. This review covers the advantages and disadvantages of bioprinting techniques, influence of bioprinting parameters and printing condition on cell viability, and commonly used iPSC sources, and bioinks. A clear distinction is made for bioprinting techniques used for iPSC at their undifferentiated stage or when used as adult stem cells or terminally differentiated cells. This review presents state of the art data obtained from major searching engines, including Pubmed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Scopus, concerning iPSC generation, undifferentiated iPSC, iPSC bioprinting, bioprinting techniques, cartilage, bone, heart, neural tissue, skin, and hepatic tissue cells derived from iPSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Romanazzo
- Biomaterials Design and Tissue Engineering Lab, School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stephanie Nemec
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Iman Roohani
- Biomaterials Design and Tissue Engineering Lab, School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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