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Al-kuraishy HM, Jabir MS, Sulaiman GM, Mohammed HA, Al-Gareeb AI, Albuhadily AK, Jawad SF, Swelum AA, Abomughaid MM. The role of statins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: protective or not? Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1422912. [PMID: 38903602 PMCID: PMC11188367 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1422912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons characterized by muscle weakness, muscle twitching, and muscle wasting. ALS is regarded as the third-most frequent neurodegenerative disease, subsequent to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2007 declared that prolonged use of statins may induce development of ALS-like syndrome and may increase ALS risk. Subsequently, different studies have implicated statins in the pathogenesis of ALS. In contrast, results from preclinical and clinical studies highlighted the protective role of statins against ALS neuropathology. Recently, meta-analyses and systematic reviews illustrated no association between long-term use of statins and ALS risk. These findings highlighted controversial points regarding the effects of statins on ALS pathogenesis and risk. The neuroprotective effects of statins against the development and progression of ALS may be mediated by regulating dyslipidemia and inflammatory changes. However, the mechanism for induction of ALS neuropathology by statins may be related to the dysregulation of liver X receptor signaling (LXR) signaling in the motor neurons and reduction of cholesterol, which has a neuroprotective effect against ALS neuropathology. Nevertheless, the exact role of statins on the pathogenesis of ALS was not fully elucidated. Therefore, this narrative review aims to discuss the role of statins in ALS neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Majid S. Jabir
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Hamdoon A. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Jabir Ibn Hayyan Medical University, Kufa, Iraq
| | - Ali K. Albuhadily
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sabrean F. Jawad
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq
| | - Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mosleh M. Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
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Wei X, Wen Y, Hu Y, Guo X. Total Saponins of Panax Notoginseng Modulate the Astrocyte Inflammatory Signaling Pathway and Attenuate Inflammatory Injury Induced by Oxygen- Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury in Rat Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:267-276. [PMID: 37218204 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230509113912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reperfusion after cerebral ischemia causes brain injury. Total saponins of Panax notoginseng (PNS) have potential roles in protecting against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, whether PNS regulates astrocytes on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and its mechanism still need further clarification. METHODS Rat C6 glial cells were treated with PNS at different doses. Cell models were established by exposing C6 glial cells and BMECs to OGD/R. Cell viability was assessed, and levels of nitrite concentration, inflammatory factors (iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α), and oxidative stress-related factors (MDA, SOD, GSH-Px, T-AOC) were subsequently measured through CCK8, Grice analysis, Western blot, and ELISA, respectively. The co-cultured C6 and endothelial cells were treated with PNS for 24 hours before model establishment. Then transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) content, and mRNA and protein levels and positive rates of tight junction proteins [Claudin-5, Occludin, ZO-1] were measured by a cell resistance meter, corresponding kits, ELISA, RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS PNS had no cytotoxicity. PNS reduced iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels in astrocytes, promoted T-AOC level and SOD and GSH-Px activities, and inhibited MDA levels, thus inhibiting oxidative stress in astrocytes. In addition, PNS alleviated OGD/R injury, reduced Na-Flu permeability, and enhanced TEER, LDH activity, BDNF content, and levels of tight junction proteins Claudin-5, Occludin, ZO-1 in the culture system of astrocytes and rat BMECs after OGD/R. CONCLUSION PNS repressed astrocyte inflammation and attenuated OGD/R injury in rat BMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1 Xuebei Street, Huicheng District, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiqi Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1 Xuebei Street, Huicheng District, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongzhen Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1 Xuebei Street, Huicheng District, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuli Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, No. 41 Eleng North Road, Huicheng District, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
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De Giorgi R, Rizzo Pesci N, Rosso G, Maina G, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ. The pharmacological bases for repurposing statins in depression: a review of mechanistic studies. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:253. [PMID: 37438361 PMCID: PMC10338465 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are commonly prescribed medications widely investigated for their potential actions on the brain and mental health. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence suggests that statins may play a role in the treatment of depressive disorders, but only the latter has been systematically assessed. Thus, the physiopathological mechanisms underlying statins' putative antidepressant or depressogenic effects have not been established. This review aims to gather available evidence from mechanistic studies to strengthen the pharmacological basis for repurposing statins in depression. We used a broad, well-validated search strategy over three major databases (Pubmed/MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO) to retrieve any mechanistic study investigating statins' effects on depression. The systematic search yielded 8068 records, which were narrowed down to 77 relevant papers. The selected studies (some dealing with more than one bodily system) described several neuropsychopharmacological (44 studies), endocrine-metabolic (17 studies), cardiovascular (6 studies) and immunological (15 studies) mechanisms potentially contributing to the effects of statins on mood. Numerous articles highlighted the beneficial effect of statins on depression, particularly through positive actions on serotonergic neurotransmission, neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, hypothalamic-pituitary axis regulation and modulation of inflammation. The role of other mechanisms, especially the association between statins, lipid metabolism and worsening of depressive symptoms, appears more controversial. Overall, most mechanistic evidence supports an antidepressant activity for statins, likely mediated by a variety of intertwined processes involving several bodily systems. Further research in this area can benefit from measuring relevant biomarkers to inform the selection of patients most likely to respond to statins' antidepressant effects while also improving our understanding of the physiopathological basis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo De Giorgi
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom.
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicola Rizzo Pesci
- University of Turin, Department of Neurosciences "Rita Levi Montalcini", Via Cherasco 15, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Gianluca Rosso
- University of Turin, Department of Neurosciences "Rita Levi Montalcini", Via Cherasco 15, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maina
- University of Turin, Department of Neurosciences "Rita Levi Montalcini", Via Cherasco 15, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Philip J Cowen
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
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Chang MC, Kwak SG, Park JS, Park D. Relationship between statins and the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26751. [PMID: 34397718 PMCID: PMC8322535 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies on overlapping surveillance databases have suggested that statin use was associated with the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-like syndrome. However, the association between statin use and ALS incidence has not been clearly elucidated. To further explore this issue, we performed a systemic review and meta-analysis of all available clinical studies on the association between statin use and ALS incidence. METHODS A comprehensive database search on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS was conducted. We included studies up to January 31, 2020 that fulfilled our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statin use between the ALS and control groups was collected for the meta-analysis. RESULTS Three case-control studies and 1 cohort study, that related the risk of ALS to statin use, satisfied the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. There was no statistically significant difference in statin use between the ALS and control groups (odds ratio, 0.75 [95% confidence interval, 0.53-1.08]). CONCLUSION No definite association was found between statin use and the development of ALS. Further large-scale prospective randomized control studies are necessary to draw definite conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheol Chang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Kwak
- Department of Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwi Park
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Agharahimi M, Badisa RB, Mazzio E, Soliman KF, Goodman CB. Cocaine potentiates an inflammatory response in C6 astroglia-like cells. Biomed Rep 2021; 14:45. [PMID: 33786174 PMCID: PMC7995314 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is a highly addictive drug that mediates its effect through altering dopamine metabolism in the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in a feeling of euphoria. Owing to its high lipophilicity, cocaine easily crosses the blood brain barrier of the CNS and reaches various domains of the brain, where it can trigger cellular damage. Cocaine-induced CNS damage may arise due to increased levels of free radicals and nitric oxide (NO) in immunecompetent astroglial cells. In the present study, the potential ability of cocaine to exacerbate the production of inflammatory products, primarily superoxide free radicals (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and NO/nitrite (NO2-) was examined in rat C6 astroglia-like cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin, and interferon gamma (IFNγ), a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Furthermore, the role of cocaine in increasing the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cells was also determined. First, the viability of the cells was assessed when treated with cocaine (0.5-7 mM) for 24 and 48 h. The results showed that cocaine toxicity was both time and dose-dependent. In subsequent studies, cells were challenged with or without LPS and IFNγ, followed by co-treatment with cocaine (1-4 mM) for 24 h. Cocaine treatment did not increase O2- or H2O2 production in the challenged or unchallenged cells. Similarly, cocaine treatment did not increase NO/NO2- production in the unchallenged cells; however, NO/NO2- levels in the challenged cells was increased 40-50-fold upon cocaine treatment compared with the corresponding unchallenged group. The HIF-1α and VEGF levels were significantly increased in the challenged cells at higher cocaine doses compared with the unchallenged cells. Since high concentrations of NO are associated with inflammation, the high levels of NO production observed in the present study suggested that cocaine may have potentiated the inflammatory response in the challenged C6 astroglia-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Agharahimi
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Ramesh B Badisa
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Karam F Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Carl B Goodman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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Simvastatin Prevents Long-Term Cognitive Deficits in Sepsis Survivor Rats by Reducing Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:871-886. [PMID: 32524380 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy causes brain dysfunction that can result in cognitive impairments in sepsis survivor patients. In previous work, we showed that simvastatin attenuated oxidative stress in brain structures related to memory in septic rats. However, there is still a need to evaluate the long-term impact of simvastatin administration on brain neurodegenerative processes and cognitive damage in sepsis survivors. Here, we investigated the possible neuroprotective role of simvastatin in neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration conditions of brain structures related to memory in rats at 10 days after sepsis survival. Male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were submitted to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP, n = 42) or remained as non-manipulated (naïve, n = 30). Both groups were treated (before and after the surgery) by gavage with simvastatin (20 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of saline and observed for 10 days. Simvastatin-treated rats that survived to sepsis showed a reduction in the levels of nitrate, IL1-β, and IL-6 and an increase in Bcl-2 protein expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and synaptophysin only in the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence revealed a reduction of glial activation, neurodegeneration, apoptosis, and amyloid aggregates confirmed by quantification of GFAP, Iba-1, phospho Ser396-tau, total tau, cleaved caspase-3, and thioflavin-S in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In addition, treated animals presented better performance in tasks involving habituation memory, discriminative, and aversive memory. These results suggest that statins exert a neuroprotective role by upregulation of the Bcl-2 and gliosis reduction, which may prevent the cognitive deficit observed in sepsis survivor animals.
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