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van Ryssen JBJ, Bath GF. Copper (Cu) metabolism in domestic herbivores as guide to criteria for predicting the Cu nutritional status of wild ruminants in southern Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2024; 95:26-34. [PMID: 38533812 DOI: 10.36303/jsava.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In southern Africa game farming has become an effective way of using underutilised resources and a valuable method of preserving and increasing wildlife numbers. However, little is known about the mineral requirements of wild animal species or the assessment of the mineral nutritional status of these species. To establish criteria for estimating the copper (Cu) nutritional status of wildlife, current knowledge about Cu metabolism and criteria for domestic animals has been used. Since the Cu metabolism of ruminants differs substantially from that of non-ruminants, Cu metabolism in domestic species such as cattle and sheep representing wild ruminants, and pigs and horses as non-ruminant species, has been scrutinised to propose criteria for wild bovids in southern Africa. In the adequate range of dietary Cu intakes, literature suggests that hepatic Cu concentrations in ruminants increase linearly with an increase in Cu intake, allowing a relatively reliable measure of sufficiency. In non-ruminants, hepatic Cu concentrations follow a lag phase during which hepatic Cu concentrations remain relatively constant with increasing dietary Cu intakes of more that 25 times their requirements. A consequence is that non-ruminants can tolerate much higher dietary levels of Cu compared to ruminants. It is proposed that at liver Cu concentrations of < 20 mg/kg dry matter (DM), a wild ruminant could benefit from Cu supplementation; liver Cu concentrations of between 20 and 300 mg Cu/kg DM suggest an adequate Cu intake; concentrations of 300 to 500 mg/kg DM indicate a potentially unhealthy accumulation of Cu, while liver Cu concentrations of > 500 mg/kg DM indicate that the animal probably consumed more Cu than required and might be at risk of developing Cu toxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B J van Ryssen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - G F Bath
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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van Ryssen JBJ, Webb EC, Myburgh JG. Liver moisture content in animals and possible causes of variations in hepatic dry matter content. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2023; 94:7-15. [PMID: 37358320 DOI: 10.36303/jsava.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The concentration of trace elements in the liver is used as an indicator of the mineral nutritional status of an animal, as a benchmark of environmental mineral exposure, to follow the metabolism of an element in the body and for various other purposes. Concentrations are expressed on a wet (fresh) liver basis or on a dry liver basis. From a literature search and evidence from an analytical laboratory, large variations (varying from < 20% to > 40%) have been recorded on the percentage of moisture in the livers of ruminants. Such variations potentially compromise the interpretation of results on mineral concentrations in livers, and preclude robust comparisons between studies. Among the factors that can affect the moisture content of livers are: inconsistencies in sampling and preparation of liver samples; exposure to toxic substances; ill-health of the animal; fat content of the liver; and age of the animal. It was estimated that the mean dry matter (DM) content of the livers of healthy ungulates containing less than 1% liver fat is between 27.5% and 28.5%, and on a fat-free basis 25-26% DM. For routine analyses of liver samples it is suggested that to limit variations owing to differences in liver moisture content, liver mineral concentrations should be expressed on a DM basis, and for in-depth scientific studies on mineral metabolism on a dry, fat-free basis. However, if mineral concentrations are expressed on a wet basis, it is advisable to supply the liver DM content as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B J van Ryssen
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - E C Webb
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J G Myburgh
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Daniel JB, Brugger D, van der Drift S, van der Merwe D, Kendall N, Windisch W, Doelman J, Martín-Tereso J. Zinc, Copper, and Manganese Homeostasis and Potential Trace Metal Accumulation in Dairy Cows: Longitudinal Study from Late Lactation to Subsequent Mid-Lactation. J Nutr 2023; 153:1008-1018. [PMID: 36813237 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trace metals are supplemented in cattle to prevent nutrient deficiencies. Levels supplemented to mitigate worst-case basal supply and availability scenarios can, however, result in trace metal intakes far above the nutritional requirements of dairy cows with high feed intakes. OBJECTIVES We evaluated Zn, Mn, and Cu balance in dairy cows from late lactation through the subsequent mid-lactation, a period of 24 wk characterized by large changes in dry matter intake. METHODS Twelve Holstein dairy cows were housed in a tie-stall from 10 wk before to 16 wk after parturition and fed 1 unique lactation diet when lactating and a dry cow diet otherwise. After 2 wk of adaptation to the facility and diet, Zn, Mn, and Cu balances were determined at weekly intervals, by calculating the difference between total intakes and complete fecal, urinary, and milk outputs, with the latter 3 fluxes quantified over a 48-h period. Repeated measure mixed models were used to evaluate the effects on trace mineral balances over time. RESULTS The Mn and Cu balances of cows were not significantly different from 0 mg/d between 8 wk prepartum and calving (P ≥ 0.54), when dietary intake was the lowest of the period evaluated. However, when dietary intake was highest, between wk 6 and 16 postpartum, positive Mn and Cu balances were observed (80 and 20 mg/d, respectively, P ≤ 0.05). Cows were in positive Zn balance throughout the study except during the first 3 wk after calving during which the Zn balance was negative. CONCLUSIONS Large adaptations occur in trace metal homeostasis in transition cows in response to changes in dietary intake. High dry matter intakes, associated with high milk production of dairy cows, combined with current Zn, Mn, and Cu supplementation practices may exceed regulatory homeostatic mechanisms resulting in potential body accumulation of Zn, Mn, and Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Brugger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Deon van der Merwe
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nigel Kendall
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Wilhelm Windisch
- Animal Nutrition, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - John Doelman
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
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Clarkson A, Angell J, Kendall N. Working with farmers to optimise mineral balance in grazing sheep. IN PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sizova EA, Miroshnikov SA, Notova SV, Marshinskaya OV, Kazakova TV, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV. Serum and Hair Trace Element and Mineral Levels in Dairy Cows in Relation to Daily Milk Yield. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2709-2715. [PMID: 34476676 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess hair and serum trace element and mineral levels in dairy cows in relation to daily milk yield. A total of 70 healthy 5-6-year-old Simmental cows were divided into two groups (n = 35) with high and low daily milk yield using median as a cut-off value. Hair and serum trace element and mineral content was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. A nearly twofold difference in daily milk yield (43.8 ± 9.7 vs 21.3 ± 7.1 L/day, p < 0.001) was significantly associated with 11% lower hair Cu (p = 0.043) and 35% higher Se levels (p = 0.058) content when compared animals with lower daily milk yield. Serum trace element levels were found to be more tightly associated with milk productivity in dairy cows. Particularly, serum levels of Se and Zn were found to be 73 and 35% higher in cows with higher milk productivity in comparison to animals with lower milk production, respectively. Serum Co levels also tended to increase with higher milk productivity. Serum minerals including Ca, Mg, and P were also found to be higher in highly productive cows by 6%, 14%, and 71%, respectively. The overall regression model based on serum trace element and mineral levels accounted for 38% of daily milk production variability. Generally, improvement of essential trace element and mineral supply, as well as prevention of copper overload in dairy cows, may be considered the potential tool for modulation of milk productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Sizova
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Yanvarya St., 29, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Sergey A Miroshnikov
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Yanvarya St., 29, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
- Orenburg State University, Pobedy Ave., 13, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Notova
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Yanvarya St., 29, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
- Orenburg State University, Pobedy Ave., 13, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Olga V Marshinskaya
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Yanvarya St., 29, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Kazakova
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Yanvarya St., 29, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Yanvarya St., 29, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., 2-4, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Yanvarya St., 29, Orenburg, 460000, Russia.
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., 2-4, Moscow, 119146, Russia.
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management, Zemlyanoi Val St., 73, Moscow, 109004, Russia.
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Yamkate P, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Giaretta PR. Immunohistochemical Expression of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Markers in Archived Liver Specimens from Dogs with Chronic Hepatitis. J Comp Pathol 2022; 193:25-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Yamkate P, Gold RM, Xenoulis PG, Steiger K, Twedt DC, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Lidbury JA. Assessment of copper accumulation in archived liver specimens from cats. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:526-533. [PMID: 33026278 PMCID: PMC10741295 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20961350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess hepatic copper concentrations and zonal distribution in cat liver specimens. METHODS For this study, 121 archived, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver specimens from cats were used. Tissue sections were stained for copper with rhodanine and scored from 0 (no copper accumulation) to 5 (panlobular copper accumulation). The tissue specimens were then deparaffinized and hepatic copper concentrations were measured using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS Tissue samples were categorized into four groups based on histopathologic findings: (1) no significant histopathologic hepatic changes (n = 66); (2) hepatic steatosis (n = 18); (3) inflammatory or infectious disease (n = 24); and (4) neoplasia (n = 13). Of the 121 specimens, 13 (11%) stained positive for copper, with three having a score ⩾3. Thirty-seven specimens (31%) had copper concentrations above the reference interval ([RI] <180 µg/g dry weight liver). Copper concentrations in cats with hepatic inflammatory or infectious disease were significantly higher than cats with hepatic steatosis (P = 0.03). Copper-staining score and concentration were positively correlated (rs = 0.46, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Despite the fact that 31% of specimens had copper concentrations above the RI, only 11% showed positive copper staining and only 2.5% had a score ⩾3. Our findings suggest that hepatic copper concentrations greater than the upper limit of the RI are relatively common in cats. Further studies to determine the factors that influence hepatic copper staining in cats and to establish contemporary RIs for hepatic copper in healthy cats are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyamanee Yamkate
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department
of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
USA
| | - Randi M Gold
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department
of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
USA
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department
of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
USA
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of
Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of
Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David C Twedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College
of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department
of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department
of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
USA
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department
of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
USA
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Ma Z, Li Y, Han Z, Liu Z, Wang H, Meng F, Liu S, Chen D, Liu M. Excessive copper in feed not merely undermines animal health but affects food safety. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e31. [PMID: 33908205 PMCID: PMC8170218 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blackened intestines in slaughtered pigs have been commonly observed in China in recent years. However, no cause has been reported. OBJECTIVES We attempted to determine whether the blackening of the pig intestine was related to an excess of copper (Cu) in their feed. METHODS In this study, we observed and collected porcine intestines in small- and large-scale pig slaughterhouses in Shandong province from May to October 2018. Twelve types of metal ions were detected in the black intestinal samples. RESULTS The Cu level in the intestine samples was mostly higher than the Chinese national limit for food. Further study showed that Cu supplementation in most commercial porcine feed also exceeded the national standard. An animal model (mouse) that could mimic the intestinal blackening in pigs was established. Compared to control mice, Cu accumulated in the liver and intestines of mice fed an excessive Cu level, confirming the excessive Cu in the feed may be considered the major cause of blackened porcine intestines. Microscopic examination revealed that black intestines had many particles containing Cu in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa, and the intestinal mucosal epithelial cells showed degeneration and necrosis. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, overuse of Cu in animal feed can lead to animal poisoning and Cu accumulation in animal products. Such overuse not only harms the health of livestock but can also affect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Zifeng Han
- Emergency Centre for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Beijing 100600, China
| | - Zhaohu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Fanliang Meng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225125, China.
| | - Mengda Liu
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China.
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López-Alonso M, Miranda M. Copper Supplementation, A Challenge in Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101890. [PMID: 33076570 PMCID: PMC7602799 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring adequate copper supplementation in ruminants is a challenging task due to the complexity of copper metabolism in these animals. The three-way interaction between copper, molybdenum and sulphur (Cu-Mo-S) in the rumen makes ruminants, particularly cattle, very susceptible to suffering from secondary copper deficiency. Paradoxically, excessive copper storage in the liver to prevent deficiency becomes a hazard when ruminants are fed copper-supplemented diets even slightly above requirements. While cattle were traditionally thought to be relatively tolerant of copper accumulation, and reports of copper poisoning were until recently somewhat rare, in recent years an increased number of episodes/outbreaks of copper toxicity in cattle, particularly in dairy cattle, have been reported worldwide. The growing number of lethal cases reported seems to indicate that copper intoxication is spreading silently in dairy herds, urging the development of strategies to monitor herd copper status and improve farmers' awareness of copper toxicity. In fact, monitoring studies carried out on numerous samples collected from culled animals in slaughterhouses and/or diagnostic laboratories have demonstrated that large numbers of animals have hepatic copper concentrations well above adequate levels in many different countries. These trends are undoubtedly due to copper supplementation aimed at preventing copper deficiency, as dietary copper intake from pasture alone is unlikely to cause such high levels of accumulation in liver tissue. The reasons behind the copper overfeeding in cattle are related both to a poor understanding of copper metabolism and the theory of "if adding a little produces a response, then adding a lot will produce a better response". Contrary to most trace elements, copper in ruminants has narrow margins of safety, which must also be formulated considering the concentrations of copper antagonists in the diet. This review paper aims to provide nutritionists/veterinary practitioners with the key points about copper metabolism in cattle to guarantee an adequate copper supply while preventing excessive hepatic copper loading, which requires à la carte copper supplementation for each herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta López-Alonso
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Marta Miranda
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-982-822-615
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