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Alam MNE, Deowan SA, Efty SS, Chowdhury F, Haque Milon A, Nurnabi M. Fabrication and performance evaluation of polyethersulfone membranes with varying compositions of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol for textile wastewater treatment using MBR. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36215. [PMID: 39247311 PMCID: PMC11380171 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Various industries polluting the water bodies by discharging untreated wastewater directly into the environment and conventional wastewater treatments are often insufficient for effectively treating the pollutants. However, membrane bioreactors (MBRs) offer a promising solution for wastewater treatment where membrane serving as the heart of the system. In this study, polyethersulfone (PES) was used as the membrane material and hydrophilicity of the membranes were tuned up by mixing with hydrophilic additives such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and the membranes have shown promising results in treating wastewater, particularly in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and color removal. For example, PES-PEG membrane demonstrated COD, BOD, and color removal of 96 %, 94 %, and 92 %, respectively while those were 95 %, 94 %, and 92 %, respectively for PES-based commercial membrane. Although the performances of fabricated membranes were comparable to that of commercial membrane in COD, BOD, and color removal efficiencies, there is room for improvement in permeate yields. Notably, the average permeate efficiency for MBR modules produced with PES-3PEG and PES-5PVP membranes was recorded as 47 % (18 L/m2h) and 13 % (5 L/m2h) respectively of the commercial membrane (38 L/m2h). Despite the variance in permeate yields, the fabricated membranes also showcased significant efficacy in removing microorganisms, a crucial aspect of wastewater treatment. Their performance in this regard proved highly comparable to that of the commercial membrane, emphasizing the potential of these fabricated membranes in enhancing the wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nur-E Alam
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Leather Research Institute (LRI), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Savar, Dhaka, 1350, Bangladesh
| | - Shamim Ahmed Deowan
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shakil Shahriar Efty
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Fariha Chowdhury
- Biomedical and Toxicological Research Institute, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Ahsanul Haque Milon
- Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1209, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nurnabi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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Ramos-Villaseñor JM, Sotelo-Gil J, Rodil SE, Frontana-Uribe BA. Dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene™), a new possibility of an environmentally compatible solvent in synthetic organic electrochemistry. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:182-194. [PMID: 37551421 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00064h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrolevoglucosenone (DLG or Cyrene™) solvent is a green dipolar solvent produced from cellulose waste. Different studies have demonstrated that it can successfully replace dipolar solvents, such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) and N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), in a variety of chemical reactions. In this paper, the first application of DLG in organic electrosynthesis is described, with results of its use in the electrochemical reduction of benzophenone derivatives (ca. E = -1.75 V vs. Ag/AgCl), as a greener alternative to other dipolar solvents with environmental concerns. Conductivity measurements show that the solvent presents conductivity and viscosity limitations that can be overcome by using EtOH as a cosolvent. The DLG/EtOH mixture resulted in a convenient solvent to carry out galvanostatic electroreductions of starting materials that exhibit high potential value. Furthermore, the reaction pathway (1e- or 2e-) was found to be dependent on the supporting electrolyte used; TBABF4 favored 2e- reduction to the corresponding alcohol (52-85%), whereas LiClO4 promoted C-C pinacolic coupling (47-70%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Ramos-Villaseñor
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UNAEM-UNAM, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico.
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Jessica Sotelo-Gil
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UNAEM-UNAM, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Sandra E Rodil
- Instituto de Investigación en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Antonio Frontana-Uribe
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UNAEM-UNAM, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico.
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 CDMX, Mexico
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Rabiee N, Sharma R, Foorginezhad S, Jouyandeh M, Asadnia M, Rabiee M, Akhavan O, Lima EC, Formela K, Ashrafizadeh M, Fallah Z, Hassanpour M, Mohammadi A, Saeb MR. Green and Sustainable Membranes: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116133. [PMID: 37209981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Membranes are ubiquitous tools for modern water treatment technology that critically eliminate hazardous materials such as organic, inorganic, heavy metals, and biomedical pollutants. Nowadays, nano-membranes are of particular interest for myriad applications such as water treatment, desalination, ion exchange, ion concentration control, and several kinds of biomedical applications. However, this state-of-the-art technology suffers from some drawbacks, e.g., toxicity and fouling of contaminants, which makes the synthesis of green and sustainable membranes indeed safety-threatening. Typically, sustainability, non-toxicity, performance optimization, and commercialization are concerns centered on manufacturing green synthesized membranes. Thus, critical issues related to toxicity, biosafety, and mechanistic aspects of green-synthesized nano-membranes have to be systematically and comprehensively reviewed and discussed. Herein we evaluate various aspects of green nano-membranes in terms of their synthesis, characterization, recycling, and commercialization aspects. Nanomaterials intended for nano-membrane development are classified in view of their chemistry/synthesis, advantages, and limitations. Indeed, attaining prominent adsorption capacity and selectivity in green-synthesized nano-membranes requires multi-objective optimization of a number of materials and manufacturing parameters. In addition, the efficacy and removal performance of green nano-membranes are analyzed theoretically and experimentally to provide researchers and manufacturers with a comprehensive image of green nano-membrane efficiency under real environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rabiee
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia; Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Iran.
| | - Rajni Sharma
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Sahar Foorginezhad
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia; Lulea University of Technology, Department of Energy Science and Mathematics, Energy Science, 97187, Lulea, Sweden
| | - Maryam Jouyandeh
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterial Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Akhavan
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Iran
| | - Eder C Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdánsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdánsk, Poland
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zari Fallah
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, P. O. Box 47416, 95447, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Hassanpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Abbas Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdánsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdánsk, Poland
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4
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Bellmann T, Thamm J, Beekmann U, Kralisch D, Fischer D. In situ Formation of Polymer Microparticles in Bacterial Nanocellulose Using Alternative and Sustainable Solvents to Incorporate Lipophilic Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020559. [PMID: 36839881 PMCID: PMC9958971 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose has been widely investigated in drug delivery, but the incorporation of lipophilic drugs and controlling release kinetics still remain a challenge. The inclusion of polymer particles to encapsulate drugs could address both problems but is reported sparely. In the present study, a formulation approach based on in situ precipitation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) within bacterial nanocellulose was developed using and comparing the conventional solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and the alternative solvents poly(ethylene glycol), CyreneTM and ethyl lactate. Using the best-performing solvents N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and ethyl lactate, their fast diffusion during phase inversion led to the formation of homogenously distributed polymer microparticles with average diameters between 2.0 and 6.6 µm within the cellulose matrix. Despite polymer inclusion, the water absorption value of the material still remained at ~50% of the original value and the material was able to release 32 g/100 cm2 of the bound water. Mechanical characteristics were not impaired compared to the native material. The process was suitable for encapsulating the highly lipophilic drugs cannabidiol and 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid and enabled their sustained release with zero order kinetics over up to 10 days. Conclusively, controlled drug release for highly lipophilic compounds within bacterial nanocellulose could be achieved using sustainable solvents for preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bellmann
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Thamm
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Uwe Beekmann
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
- JeNaCell GmbH—An Evonik Company, Göschwitzer Straße 22, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Dana Kralisch
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
- JeNaCell GmbH—An Evonik Company, Göschwitzer Straße 22, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Evonik Industries AG, Rellinghauser Straße 1-11, 45128 Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Fischer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-29552
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Characterisation and modelling the mechanics of cellulose nanofibril added polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13086. [PMID: 36785816 PMCID: PMC9918776 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of the membranes can be improved by adding the appropriate amount of nanomaterials to the polymeric membranes that can be used for water/wastewater treatment. In this study, the effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), the impact of different amounts (0.5% and 1% wt.) of cellulose nanofibril (CNF), and the combined effects of PVP-CNF on the properties/performance of the polyethersulfone-based (PES-based) membrane are investigated. All PES-based ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are manufactured employing the phase inversion method and characterised via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the relevant techniques to determine the properties, including porosity, mean pore size, contact angle, water content, and pure water flux tests. Furthermore, the thermal properties of the prepared membranes are investigated using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. Experimental and numerical methods are applied for the mechanical characterisation of prepared membranes. For the experimental process, tensile tests under dry and wet conditions are conducted. The finite element (FE) method and Mori-Tanaka mean-field homogenisation are used as numerical methods to provide more detailed knowledge of membrane mechanics.
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Kumar SA, Srinivasan G, Govindaradjane S. A novel synergistic effect of TiO 2 and ZnO incorporation in PES-based thin-film nanocomposite nanofiltration membrane for treatment of textile wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:848. [PMID: 36195805 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel synergistic effect of TiO2 and ZnO incorporation in the PES-based thin-film nanocomposite nanofiltration membranes was developed for the treatment of common effluent treatment plant (CETP) textile wastewater. PES@TiO2 membranes were developed by phase inversion via the immersion precipitation method followed by the addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared by the rapid microwave-assisted hydrothermal process via interfacial polymerization. p-Phenylenediamine was used as a monomer for the IP process that was coated on the PES@TiO2 support layer. Various techniques have been applied to characterize the developed thin-film nanocomposite membranes such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and contact angle measurement to examine the presence of vibrational modes, surface morphology, the crystal structure of nanoparticles, and hydrophilicity of the membrane, respectively. Membrane properties include porosity, salt rejection, mean pore radius, pure water flux, and industrial effluent rejection efficiency that were studied. The thin-film nanocomposite membrane T5-PES@TiO2(2%)-ZnO(0.3%) was prepared with a combination of 17 wt% PES, 78 wt% DMF, 3 wt% PVP K30, 2% TiO2, 2.5 wt% PPD, 0.3 wt% ZnO, and 1.0 wt% TMC that exhibited high water permeability, porosity, higher industrial effluent rejection, and salt rejection efficiency compared to the neat PES membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ashok Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Puducherry Technological University, Pillaichavady, Puducherry, India.
| | - G Srinivasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Puducherry Technological University, Pillaichavady, Puducherry, India
| | - S Govindaradjane
- Department of Civil Engineering, Puducherry Technological University, Pillaichavady, Puducherry, India
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8
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Nasr M, Alfryyan N, Ali SS, Abd El-Salam HM, Shaban M. Preparation, characterization, and performance of PES/GO woven mixed matrix nanocomposite forward osmosis membrane for water desalination. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25654-25668. [PMID: 36199339 PMCID: PMC9455770 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03832c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed matrix woven forward osmosis (MMWFO) membranes made of polyethersulfone (PES)/graphene oxide nanosheets (GO NSs) were made by inserting varying wt% ratios of GO NSs (zero to 0.1 wt%) into the PES matrix. A coated woven fabric material was used to cast the membrane polymer solution. The physical characteristics and chemical structures of the produced PES/GO MMWFO membranes were studied, including contact angle, hydrophilicity, porosity, tortuosity, function groups, chemical and crystallographic structures, nanomorphologies, and surface roughness. The performance of the prepared PES/GO FO membranes for water desalination was evaluated in terms of pure water flux (J w), reverse salt flux (J s), and salt rejection (SR). The hydrophilicity and porosity of the FO membrane improved with the addition of GO NSs, as did water permeability due to the development of multiple skin-layer structures with greater GO NS loading. These GO NSs establish shortcut pathways for water molecules to move through, reducing support layer tortuosity by three times, lowering support layer structural features, and minimizing internal concentration polarization (ICP). The PES/0.01 wt% GO MMWFO membrane with a total casting thickness of 215 μm and 1 M NaCl concentration had the best performance, with the highest J w (114.7 LMH), lowest J s (0.03 GMH), and lowest specific reverse solute flux (J s/J w = 0.00026 g L-1), as well as a more favorable structural parameter (S = 149 μm). The performance of our optimized membrane is significantly better than that of the control woven commercial cellulose triacetate (CTA) FO membrane under optimal FO conditions. As the NaCl concentration increased from 0.6 to 2 M, J w increased from 105 to 127 LMH which is much higher than the J w of the commercial one (7.2 to 15 LMH). Our FO membranes have an SR of 99.2%@0.65 M NaCl, which is significantly greater than that of the CTA membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat Nasr
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62514 Egypt
- Nanophotonics and Applications (NPA) Lab, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62514 Egypt
| | - Nada Alfryyan
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University P.O. Box 84428 Riyadh 11671 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar S Ali
- Chemical Engineering and Pilot-Plant Department, National Research Center P.O. Box 12622, Dokki Cairo Egypt
| | - Hanafy M Abd El-Salam
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62514 Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shaban
- Nanophotonics and Applications (NPA) Lab, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62514 Egypt
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 42351 Saudi Arabia
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Nikitin S, Lie Y, Diness F. Lignin‐inspired Polybenzylethersulfone Synthesis via S
N
Ar Reaction. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Nikitin
- University of Copenhagen Department of Chemistry Universitetsparken 5 Copenhagen 2100
| | - Yann Lie
- University of Copenhagen Department of Chemistry Universitetsparken 5 Copenhagen 2100
| | - Frederik Diness
- University of Copenhagen Department of Chemistry Universitetsparken 5 Copenhagen 2100
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11
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Jordan A, Hall CGJ, Thorp LR, Sneddon HF. Replacement of Less-Preferred Dipolar Aprotic and Ethereal Solvents in Synthetic Organic Chemistry with More Sustainable Alternatives. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6749-6794. [PMID: 35201751 PMCID: PMC9098182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents comprise just over 40% of all organic solvents utilized in synthetic organic, medicinal, and process chemistry. Unfortunately, many of the common "go-to" solvents are considered to be "less-preferable" for a number of environmental, health, and safety (EHS) reasons such as toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or for practical handling reasons such as flammability and volatility. Recent legislative changes have initiated the implementation of restrictions on the use of many of the commonly employed dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and for ethers such as 1,4-dioxane. Thus, with growing legislative, EHS, and societal pressures, the need to identify and implement the use of alternative solvents that are greener, safer, and more sustainable has never been greater. Within this review, the ubiquitous nature of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed with respect to the physicochemical properties that have made them so appealing to synthetic chemists. An overview of the current legislative restrictions being imposed on the use of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed. A variety of alternative, safer, and more sustainable solvents that have garnered attention over the past decade are then examined, and case studies and examples where less-preferable solvents have been successfully replaced with a safer and more sustainable alternative are highlighted. Finally, a general overview and guidance for solvent selection and replacement are included in the Supporting Information of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jordan
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratory, 6 Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2GA, U.K
| | - Callum G J Hall
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G1 1XL, U.K.,GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Lee R Thorp
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Helen F Sneddon
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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Bridge AT, Pedretti BJ, Brennecke JF, Freeman BD. Preparation of defect-free asymmetric gas separation membranes with dihydrolevoglucosenone (CyreneTM) as a greener polar aprotic solvent. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Waheed H, Farrukh S, Hussain A, Mukhtar A, Mubashir M, Saqib S, Ullah S, Peter AP, Khoo KS, Show PL. Green synthesized nano-cellulose polyethylene imine-based biological membrane. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 160:112773. [PMID: 34953965 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In hemodialysis process, membrane serves as a barrier between blood and the dialysate. The barrier when contacted by blood accompanied activation of coagulation, immunity, and cellular passageways. In the recent years, hemodialysis membrane's biocompatibility has become a issue which leads to reduce the performance during the separation process. In previous work, we developed and evaluated a cellulose-based membrane blended with polyaziridine or polyetyleneimine in formic acid for hydrophilicity, pure water flux, surface morphology, and permeation efficiency. Biocompatibility was accessed, by conducting cellular viability and cellular attachments tests. In this study, the membrane compared to a non-treated control, and cell viability revealed active and growing cell cultures after 14 days. During the cellular attachment experiment, cell cultures attached to the fabricated membrane simulated the formation of cell junctions, proving that the membrane is non-toxic and biocompatible. CA + PEI + FA membrane tested with a blood mimic fluid having density identical to renal patient's blood. The BSA concentration in the feed solution was the same as that in the blood of the renal patient. The results revealed that the CA + PEI + FA membrane was able to reject 99% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 69.6% urea. Therefore, from biocompatibility and blood mimic fluid testing, it is confirmed that the CA + PEI + FA membrane is the finest implant for dialysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hizba Waheed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wah Engineering College, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Sarah Farrukh
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Arshad Hussain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule, IAST, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Amir Mukhtar
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sidra Saqib
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angela Paul Peter
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI Heights, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Fabrication of High Performance PVDF Hollow Fiber Membrane Using Less Toxic Solvent at Different Additive Loading and Air Gap. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110843. [PMID: 34832072 PMCID: PMC8622764 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Existing toxic solvents in the manufacturing of polymeric membranes have been raising concerns due to the risks of exposure to health and the environment. Furthermore, the lower tensile strength of the membrane renders these membranes unable to endure greater pressure during water treatment. To sustain a healthier ecosystem, fabrication of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membrane using a less toxic solvent, triethyl phosphate (TEP), with a lower molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) (0–3 wt.%) additive were experimentally demonstrated via a phase inversion-based spinning technique at various air gap (10, 20 and 30 cm). Membrane with 2 wt.% of PEG 400 exhibited the desired ultrafiltration asymmetric morphology, while 3 wt.% PEG 400 resulting microfiltration. The surface roughness, porosity, and water flux performance increased as the loading of PEG 400 increased. The mechanical properties and contact angle of the fabricated membrane were influenced by the air gap where 20 cm indicate 2.91 MPa and 84.72°, respectively, leading to a stronger tensile and hydrophilicity surface. Lower toxicity TEP as a solvent helped in increasing the tensile properties of the membrane as well as producing an eco-friendly membrane towards creating a sustainable environment. The comprehensive investigation in this study may present a novel composition for the robust structure of polymeric hollow fiber membrane that is suitable in membrane technology.
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Anti-Foulant Ultrafiltration Polymer Composite Membranes Incorporated with Composite Activated Carbon/Chitosan and Activated Carbon/Thiolated Chitosan with Enhanced Hydrophilicity. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110827. [PMID: 34832056 PMCID: PMC8618285 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A rapid increase in population worldwide is giving rise to the severe problem of safe drinking water availability, necessitating the search for solutions that are effective and economical. For this purpose, membrane technology has shown a lot of promise but faces the challenge of fouling, leading to a reduction in its lifetime. In this study, ultrafiltration polyethersulfone membranes were synthesized in two different concentrations, 16% wt. and 20% wt., using the phase inversion method. Chitosan and activated carbon were incorporated as individual fillers and then as composites in both the concentrations. A novel thiolated chitosan/activated carbon composite was introduced into a polyethersulfone membrane matrix. The membranes were then analyzed using Attenuated Total Reflection–Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), optical profilometry, gravimetric analysis, water retention, mechanical testing and contact angle. For membranes with the novel thiolated chitosan/activated carbon composite, Scanning Electron Microscopy micrographs showed better channels, indicating a better permeability possibility, reiterated by the flux rate results. The flux rate and bovine serum albumin flux were also assessed, and the results showed an increase from 105 L/m2h to 114 L/m2h for water flux and the antifouling determined by bovine serum albumin flux increased from 23 L/m2h to 51 L/m2h. The increase in values of water uptake from 22.84% to 76.5% and decrease in contact angle from 64.5 to 55.7 showed a significant increase in the hydrophilic character of the membrane.
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16
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Said N, Lau WJ, Ho YC, Lim SK, Zainol Abidin MN, Ismail AF. A Review of Commercial Developments and Recent Laboratory Research of Dialyzers and Membranes for Hemodialysis Application. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:767. [PMID: 34677533 PMCID: PMC8540739 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dialyzers have been commercially used for hemodialysis application since the 1950s, but progress in improving their efficiencies has never stopped over the decades. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review on the commercial developments and recent laboratory research of dialyzers for hemodialysis application and to discuss the technical aspects of dialyzer development, including hollow fiber membrane materials, dialyzer design, sterilization processes and flow simulation. The technical challenges of dialyzers are also highlighted in this review, which discusses the research areas that need to be prioritized to further improve the properties of dialyzers, such as flux, biocompatibility, flow distribution and urea clearance rate. We hope this review article can provide insights to researchers in developing/designing an ideal dialyzer that can bring the best hemodialysis treatment outcomes to kidney disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noresah Said
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (N.S.); (M.N.Z.A.); (A.F.I.)
| | - Woei Jye Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (N.S.); (M.N.Z.A.); (A.F.I.)
| | - Yeek-Chia Ho
- Centre of Urban Resource Sustainability, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
| | - Soo Kun Lim
- University Malaya Primary Care Research Group (UMPCRG), Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Nidzhom Zainol Abidin
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (N.S.); (M.N.Z.A.); (A.F.I.)
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (N.S.); (M.N.Z.A.); (A.F.I.)
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17
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Milescu RA, Zhenova A, Vastano M, Gammons R, Lin S, Lau CH, Clark JH, McElroy CR, Pellis A. Polymer Chemistry Applications of Cyrene and its Derivative Cygnet 0.0 as Safer Replacements for Polar Aprotic Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3367-3381. [PMID: 34219405 PMCID: PMC8457101 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study explores a binary solvent system composed of biobased Cyrene and its derivative Cygnet 0.0 for application in membrane technology and in biocatalytic synthesis of polyesters. Cygnet-Cyrene blends could represent viable replacements for toxic polar aprotic solvents. The use of a 50 wt % Cygnet-Cyrene mixture makes a practical difference in the production of flat sheet membranes by nonsolvent-induced phase separation. New polymeric membranes from cellulose acetate, polysulfone, and polyimide are manufactured by using Cyrene, Cygnet 0.0, and their blend. The resultant membranes have different morphology when the solvent/mixture and temperature of the casting solution change. Moreover, Cyrene, Cygnet 0.0, and Cygnet-Cyrene are also explored for substituting diphenyl ether for the biocatalytic synthesis of polyesters. The results indicate that Cygnet 0.0 is a very promising candidate for the enzymatic synthesis of high molecular weight polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana A. Milescu
- Department of ChemistryGreen Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Zhenova
- Department of ChemistryGreen Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUnited Kingdom
- Green Rose, The CatalystBaird Lane, HeslingtonYorkYO10 5GAUnited Kingdom
| | - Marco Vastano
- Department of ChemistryGreen Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard Gammons
- Department of ChemistryGreen Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUnited Kingdom
| | - Shiliang Lin
- School of EngineeringThe University of EdinburghRobert Stevenson RoadEdinburghEH9 3JLUnited Kingdom
| | - Cher Hon Lau
- School of EngineeringThe University of EdinburghRobert Stevenson RoadEdinburghEH9 3JLUnited Kingdom
| | - James H. Clark
- Department of ChemistryGreen Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUnited Kingdom
| | - Con R. McElroy
- Department of ChemistryGreen Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUnited Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Pellis
- Department of ChemistryGreen Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUnited Kingdom
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environmental BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesKonrad Lorenz Strasse 203430Tulln an der DonauAustria
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18
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Grylewicz A, Szymański K, Darowna D, Mozia S. Influence of Polymer Solvents on the Properties of Halloysite-Modified Polyethersulfone Membranes Prepared by Wet Phase Inversion. Molecules 2021; 26:2768. [PMID: 34066689 PMCID: PMC8125839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafiltration polyethersulfone (PES) membranes were prepared by wet phase inversion. Commercial halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) in the quantities of 0.5 wt% vs. PES (15 wt%) were introduced into the casting solution containing the polymer and different solvents: N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), or 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). The type of solvent influenced the membranes' morphology and topography, as well as permeability, separation characteristics, and antifouling and antibacterial properties. The membranes prepared using DMA exhibited the loosest cross-section structure with the thinnest skin and the roughest surface, while the densest and smoothest were the DMF-based membranes. The advanced contact angles were visibly lower in the case of the membranes prepared using DMF compared to the other solvents. The highest water permeability was observed for the DMA-based membranes, however, the most significant effect of the modification with HNTs was found for the NMP-based series. Regardless of the solvent, the introduction of HNTs resulted in an improvement of the separation properties of membranes. A noticeable enhancement of antifouling performance upon application of HNTs was found only in the case of DMF-based membranes. The study of the antibacterial properties showed that the increase in surface roughness had a positive effect on the inhibition of E. coli growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sylwia Mozia
- Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, ul. Pułaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland; (A.G.); (K.S.); (D.D.)
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19
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Nivedita S, Joseph S. Performance of polycaprolactone/TiO 2 composite membrane for the effective treatment of dairy effluents. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:2477-2485. [PMID: 34032624 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to use polycaprolactone (PCL)-based membrane for the treatment of dairy wastewater. PCL is a biodegradable polymer with high biocompatibility and good oil resistance. The chlorine tolerance analysis of PCL-based membranes exhibited a good tolerance against chlorine. The PCL/TiO2 nanocomposite membrane with the addition of polyethylene glycol was prepared and tested for protein separation. The dependency of contact angle with time was analysed for the membrane, and the contact angle value reduced from 74.5 ± 2° to a steady value of 65 ± 2° in 120 s. The proteins were removed using a cross-flow filtration unit at an operating pressure of 0.4 MPa at room temperature with permeate flux of 10 L/m2 h and a relative permeate flux of about 0.10. The removal of proteins was measured qualitatively using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and quantitatively using Lowry's test. A percentage rejection of 97.6 was obtained and the native PAGE showed the complete removal of all the major proteins present in the milk sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Nivedita
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, Kerala, India E-mail:
| | - Shiny Joseph
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, Kerala, India E-mail:
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20
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Sustainable Fabrication of Organic Solvent Nanofiltration Membranes. MEMBRANES 2020; 11:membranes11010019. [PMID: 33379224 PMCID: PMC7824500 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) has been considered as one of the key technologies to improve the sustainability of separation processes. Recently, apart from enhancing the membrane performance, greener fabricate on of OSN membranes has been set as a strategic objective. Considerable efforts have been made aiming to improve the sustainability in membrane fabrication, such as replacing membrane materials with biodegradable alternatives, substituting toxic solvents with greener solvents, and minimizing waste generation with material recycling. In addition, new promising fabrication and post-modification methods of solvent-stable membranes have been developed exploiting the concept of interpenetrating polymer networks, spray coating, and facile interfacial polymerization. This review compiles the recent progress and advances for sustainable fabrication in the field of polymeric OSN membranes.
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21
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Hernández E, Mosiewicki MA, Marcovich NE. Bio‐Based Polymers Obtained from Modified Fatty Acids and Soybean Oil with Tailorable Physical and Mechanical Performance. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Mar del Plata B7608FDQ Argentina
| | - Mirna. A. Mosiewicki
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Mar del Plata B7608FDQ Argentina
| | - Norma. E. Marcovich
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Mar del Plata B7608FDQ Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y en Alimentos – Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) Mar del Plata B7608FDQ Argentina
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22
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Byrne FP, Nussbaumer CM, Savin EJ, Milescu RA, McElroy CR, Clark JH, van Vugt‐Lussenburg BMA, van der Burg B, Meima MY, Buist HE, Kroese ED, Hunt AJ, Farmer TJ. A Family of Water-Immiscible, Dipolar Aprotic, Diamide Solvents from Succinic Acid. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3212-3221. [PMID: 32220058 PMCID: PMC7318222 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three dipolar aprotic solvents were designed to possess high dipolarity and low toxicity: N,N,N',N'-tetrabutylsuccindiamide (TBSA), N,N'-diethyl-N,N'-dibutylsuccindiamide (EBSA), and N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dibutylsuccindiamide (MBSA). They were synthesized catalytically by using a K60 silica catalyst in a solventless system. Their water immiscibility stands out as an unusual and useful property for dipolar aprotic solvents. They were tested in a model Heck reaction, metal-organic framework syntheses, and a selection of polymer solubility experiments in which their performances were found to be comparable to traditional solvents. Furthermore, MBSA was found to be suitable for the production of an industrially relevant membrane from polyethersulfone. An integrated approach involving in silico analysis based on available experimental information, prediction model outcomes and read across data, as well as a panel of in vitro reporter gene assays covering a broad range of toxicological endpoints was used to assess toxicity. These in silico and in vitro tests suggested no alarming indications of toxicity in the new solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bart van der Burg
- BioDetection Systems BVScience Park 4061098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Andrew J. Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in ChemistryKhon Kaen UniversityKhon Kaen40002Thailand
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Cannabinoids and Terpenes as an Antibacterial and Antibiofouling Promotor for PES Water Filtration Membranes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030691. [PMID: 32041149 PMCID: PMC7037186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant phytochemicals have potential decontaminating properties, however, their role in the amelioration of hydrophobic water filtration membranes have not been elucidated yet. In this work, phytochemicals (i.e., cannabinoids (C) and terpenes (T) from C. sativa) were revealed for their antibacterial activity against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. As such, a synergistic relationship was observed between the two against all strains. These phytochemicals individually and in combination were used to prepare polyethersulfone (PES) hybrid membranes. Membrane characterizations were carried out using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Moreover, contact angle, water retention, surface roughness, mechanical testing, and X-ray florescence analysis were also carried out. According to results, the CT-PES hybrid membrane exhibited the lowest contact angle (40°), the highest water retention (70%), and smallest average pore size (0.04 µm). The hybrid membrane also exhibited improved water flux with no surface leaching. Quantitative bacterial decline analysis of the CT-PES hybrid membranes confirmed an effective antibacterial performance against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results of this study established cannabinoids and terpenes as an inexpensive solution for PES membrane surface modification. These hybrid membranes can be easily deployed at an industrial scale for water filtration purposes.
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