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Casarrubias-Tabarez B, Rivera-Fernández N, Alarcón-Herrera N, Guerrero-Palomo G, Rojas-Lemus M, López-Valdez N, Anacleto-Santos J, Gonzalez-Villalva A, Ustarroz-Cano M, Fortoul TI. Evaluation of genotoxic damage, production reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in Plasmodium yoelii yoelii exposed to sodium metavanadate. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104465. [PMID: 38734396 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Malaria represents the greatest global health burden among all parasitic diseases, with drug resistance representing the primary obstacle to control efforts. Sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) exhibits antimalarial activity against the Plasmodium yoelii yoelii (Pyy), yet its precise antimalarial mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to assess the antimalarial potential of NaVO3, evaluate its genotoxicity, and determine the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in Pyy. CD-1 mice were infected and divided into two groups: one treated orally with NaVO3 (10 mg/kg/day for 4 days) and the other untreated. A 50% decrease in parasitemia was observed in treated mice. All experimental days demonstrated DNA damage in exposed parasites, along with an increase in ROS and RNS on the fifth day, suggesting a possible parasitostatic effect. The results indicate that DNA is a target of NaVO3, but further studies are necessary to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying its antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Casarrubias-Tabarez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico; Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Norma Rivera-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Norberto Alarcón-Herrera
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico; Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, México.
| | - Gabriela Guerrero-Palomo
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-IPN, Av. IPN No. 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Rojas-Lemus
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Nelly López-Valdez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Jhony Anacleto-Santos
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Adriana Gonzalez-Villalva
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Martha Ustarroz-Cano
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Teresa I Fortoul
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
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Machado I, Gambino D. Metallomics: An Essential Tool for the Study of Potential Antiparasitic Metallodrugs. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:15744-15752. [PMID: 38617611 PMCID: PMC11007724 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Metallomics is an emerging area of omics approaches that has grown enormously in the past few years. It integrates research related to metals in biological systems, in symbiosis with genomics and proteomics. These omics approaches can provide in-depth insights into the mechanisms of action of potential metallodrugs, including their physiological metabolism and their molecular targets. Herein, we review the most significant advances concerning cellular uptake and subcellular distribution assays of different potential metallodrugs with activity against Trypanosma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, a pressing health problem in high-poverty areas of Latin America. Furthermore, the first multiomics approaches including metallomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics for the comprehensive study of potential metallodrugs with anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Machado
- Área
Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Área Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Dinorah Gambino
- Área
Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Área Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
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3
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Brenda CT, Norma RF, P BN, E CR, Nelly LV, Marcela RL, Martha UC, I FT. Ultrastructural alterations due to sodium metavanadate treatment in the blood stages of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 80:127314. [PMID: 37778096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a potentially mortal disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium spp. It has a wide distribution in the world and unfortunately there are several factors that make its control difficult; among which the development of pharmacological resistance to the different drugs used to treat this disease stands out, which makes it necessary to design new compounds that have an antimalarial effect. Previous studies have shown that vanadium has a broad antiparasitic spectrum and is also safe for the host, so the objective of this research was to evaluate the antimalarial potential of sodium metavanadate (SM) and to analyze the ultrastructural changes in parasites exposed. The method consisted of inoculating CD-1 male mice with Plasmodium yoelii yoelii and administering a 10 mg/kg/day dose of SM orally for 4 days. On the fifth day, whole blood samples were obtained, processed for ultrastructural analysis, and the changes in the different parasite stages were compared against the control. Our results showed that SM decreased parasitemia compared to the group that did not receive treatment and modified the ultrastructure in all parasitic stages because it damaged the membranes, causing alterations mainly in the nucleus and in the mitochondria as well as the loss of cellular organization, which could affect the integrity of these parasites and decrease its viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casarrubias-Tabarez Brenda
- Department of Cellular and Tissular Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacan, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Rivera-Fernández Norma
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology. School of Medicine, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacan, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Bizarro-Nevares P
- Department of Cellular and Tissular Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacan, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Carrasco-Ramírez E
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology. School of Medicine, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacan, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico; Microscopy Unit, School of Medicine, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacan, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - López-Valdez Nelly
- Department of Cellular and Tissular Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacan, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Rojas-Lemus Marcela
- Department of Cellular and Tissular Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacan, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Ustarroz-Cano Martha
- Department of Cellular and Tissular Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacan, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Fortoul Teresa I
- Department of Cellular and Tissular Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacan, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico.
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Brenda CT, Norma RF, Marcela RL, Nelly LV, Teresa F. Vanadium compounds as antiparasitic agents: An approach to their mechanisms of action. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 78:127201. [PMID: 37210920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic infections are a public health problem since they have high morbidity and mortality worldwide. In parasitosis such as malaria, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis it is necessary to develop new compounds for their treatment since an increase in drug resistance and toxic effects have been observed. Therefore, the use of different compounds that couple vanadium in their structure and that have a broad spectrum against different parasites have been proposed experimentally. OBJECTIVE Report the mechanisms of action exerted by vanadium in different parasites. CONCLUSION In this review, some of the targets that vanadium compounds have were identified and it was observed that they have a broad spectrum against different parasites, which represents an advance to continue investigating therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casarrubias-Tabarez Brenda
- Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rivera-Fernández Norma
- Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology. School of Medicine, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rojas-Lemus Marcela
- Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - López-Valdez Nelly
- Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fortoul Teresa
- Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Do bioactive 8-hydroxyquinolines oxidovanadium(IV) and (V) complexes inhibit the growth of M. smegmatis? J Inorg Biochem 2022; 237:111984. [PMID: 36152468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The antiproliferative effects of four series of VIVO- and VVO-based compounds containing 8-hydroxyquinoline ligands on the bacterium Mycolicibacterium smegmatis (M. smeg) were investigated. The effects on M. smeg were compared to the antiproliferative effects on the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), the causative agent for Chagas disease. In this study, we investigate the speciation of these compounds under physiological conditions as well as the antiproliferative effects on the bacterium M. smeg. We find that the complexes are more stable the less H2O is present, and that the stability increases in lipid-like environments. Only one heteroleptic complex and two homoleptic complexes were found to show similar antiproliferative effects on M. smeg as reported for T. cruzi so the responses generally observed by M.smeg. is less than observed by the pathogen. In summary, we find that M. smeg is more sensitive to the detailed structure of the V-complex but overall these complexes are less effective against M. smeg compared to T. cruzi.
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Gene expression study to elucidate the anti-trypanosomal activity of quinapyramine methyl sulphate (QPS). Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102632. [PMID: 35870741 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The kinetoplastid protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma evansi causes a fatal disease condition known as Surra in equines throughout the globe. Disease condition being acute in nature, entrust a huge economic and health impact on the equine industry. Till date, quinapyramine methyl sulphate (QPS) is the first line of treatment and a panacea for the T. evansi infection in equines. Still after the >70 years of its discovery, there is no clue about the mode of action of QPS in T. evansi. The establishment of in vitro cultivation of T. evansi in HMI-9 media has provided opportunity to study the alteration in mRNA expression of parasite on exposure to the drug. With this research gap, the present study aimed to investigate the relative mRNA expression of 13 important drug target genes to elucidate the anti-trypanosomal activity of QPS against T. evansi. The IC50 of QPS against a pony isolate of T. evansi was determined as 276.4 nM(147.21 ng/ mL) in the growth inhibitory assay. The in vitro cultured T. evansi population were further exposed to IC50 of QPS and their relative mRNA expression was studied at 12 h, 24 h and 48 h interval.The mRNA expression of several genes such as hexokinase, trypanothione reductase, aurora kinase, oligopeptidase B and ribonucleotide reductase II were found refractory (non-significant, p > 0.1234) to the exposure of QPS. Significant up-regulation of trans-sialidase (p < 0.0001), ESAG8 (p < 0.0021), ribonucleotide reductase I (p < 0.0001), ornithine decarboxylase (p < 0.0001), topoisomerase II (p < 0.0021) and casein kinase I (p < 0.0021) were recorded after exposure with QPS. The arginine kinase 1 and calcium ATPase I showed highly significant (p < 0.0001) down-regulation in the drug kinetics. Therefore, the arginine kinase 1 and calcium ATPase I can be explored further to elucidate the trypanocidal activity of QPS. The preliminary data generated provide the potential of arginine kinase 1 and calcium ATPase I mRNA mediated pathway of trypanocidal action of QPS. Further, transcriptomics approach is required to investigate the possible mechanism of action of drugs at molecular level against the targeted organism.
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Antitumor Properties of a New Macrocyclic Tetranuclear Oxidovanadium(V) Complex with 3-Methoxysalicylidenvaline Ligand. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061217. [PMID: 35740239 PMCID: PMC9220379 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of metal-based compounds have been obtained and studied for their antitumor activity since the intensely used cytostatic drugs (e.g., cisplatin) failed to accomplish their expected pharmacological properties. Thus, we aimed to develop a new vanadium-based drug and assess its antitumor properties using the human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cell line. The compound was synthesized from vanadyl sulfate, DL-valine, and o-vanillin and was spectrally and structurally characterized (UV-Vis, IR, CD, and single-crystal/powder-XRD). Compound stability in biological media, cell uptake, and the interaction with albumin were assessed. The mechanisms of its antitumor activity were determined compared to cisplatin by performing cytotoxicity, oxidative and mitochondrial status, DNA fragmentation, β-Tubulin synthesis investigation, and cell cycle studies. Herein, we developed a macrocyclic tetranuclear oxidovanadium(V) compound, [(VVO)(L)(CH3O)]4, having coordinated four Schiff base (H2L) ligands, 3-methoxysalicylidenvaline. We showed that [(VVO)(L)(CH3O)]4: (i) has pH-dependent stability in biological media, (ii) binds to albumin in a dose-dependent manner, (iii) is taken up by cells in a time-dependent way, (iv) has a higher capacity to induce cell death compared to cisplatin (IC50 = 6 μM vs. 10 μM), by altering the oxidative and mitochondrial status in HepG2 cells. Unlike cisplatin, which blocks the cell cycle in the S-phase, the new vanadium-based compound arrests it in S and G2/M-phase, whereas no differences in the induction of DNA fragmentation and reduction of β-Tubulin synthesis between the two were determined. Thus, the [(VVO)(L)(CH3O)]4 antitumor mechanism involved corroboration between the generation of oxidative species, mitochondrial dysfunction, degradation of DNA, cell cycle arrest in the S and G2/M-phase, and β-Tubulin synthesis reduction. Our studies demonstrate the potent antitumor activity of [(VVO)(L)(CH3O)]4 and propose it as an attractive candidate for anticancer therapy.
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Abstract
A major problem with patient treatments using anticancer compounds is accompanying bacterial infections, which makes more information on how such compounds impact bacterial growth desirable. In the following study, we investigated the growth effects of an anticancerous non-toxic Schiff base oxidovanadium(V) complex (N-(salicylideneaminato)-N′-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine) coordinated to the 3,5-di-tert-butylcatecholato ligand on a representative bacterium, Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smeg). We prepared the Schiff base V-complexes as reported previously and selected a few complexes to develop a V-complex series. Biological studies of M. smeg growth inhibition were complemented by spectroscopic studies using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and NMR spectroscopy to determine which complexes were intact under biologically relevant conditions. We specifically chose to examine (1) the growth effects of Schiff base oxidovanadium complexes coordinated to a catechol, (2) the growth effects of respective free catecholates on M. smeg, and (3) to identify complexes where the metal coordination complex was more potent than the ligand alone under biological conditions. Results from these studies showed that the observed effects of Schiff base V-catecholate complex are a combination of catechol properties including toxicity, hydrophobicity, and sterics.
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Scalese G, Kostenkova K, Crans DC, Gambino D. Metallomics and other omics approaches in antiparasitic metal-based drug research. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 67:102127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Food’s Waste Water Biosolid Assessment against Toxic Element Absorbability of Food’s Cropping Soil Plant by Dominance Theory. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/7945807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The blending of the Food’s Waste Water Biosolid (FWWB) fertilizer with Food’s Cropping Soil (FsCS) results the absorption of the toxic macromicroorganisms from FsCS (is known as absorbability index). It is observed that such as blending not only increase the fertility and productivity of FsCS by neutralizing or absorbing the macromicroorganisms but also catering the necessary nutrition to plants. The authors sensed that a few research works are conducted recently in the dimension of evaluating the best FWWB among available FWWBs under
-(objective) FWWB’s parameter models. On potential analysis of published research works, the authors claimed that there is yet no research document, which can evaluate the best FWWB among available FWWBs or assess the best absorbability index of
-(objective) as well as
-(subjective) FWWB’s model corresponding to evaluated FWWBs or alternative points. It is accepted as a first research challenge. On extensive review, the authors determined that published FWWB’s parameter models are simulated by only single or nondynamic multivariable optimization techniques, which is accepted as a second research challenge. To address both research challenges, preliminary, the authors developed and proposed FWWB’s parameter model, consisted of physical, chemical, and biological parameters corresponding to
and
in nature via auditing a real case of FWWB alternative points such as Narendr Rice Mill-
, Liese Mahamaya Rice Mill-
, Vijay Rice Mill-
, Mahim Rice Mill-
, and Dhansingh Rice Mill-
and their characteristics vs. parameters. Next, the authors framed the FWWB parameter model by acquiring
and
information against
-physical, chemical, and
-biological parameters corresponding to FWWB alternative points. To evaluate the results, the authors applied the robust multiparameter optimization “RMPO” (crisp VIKOR “VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje” and FMF “Full Multiplicative Form technique with dominance theory”) approach on defuzzified
-data and
-data to evaluate the best FWWB point among available based on absorbability index assessment. The results are described in summary part.
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Scalese G, Machado I, Salinas G, Pérez-Díaz L, Gambino D. Heteroleptic Oxidovanadium(V) Complexes with Activity against Infective and Non-Infective Stages of Trypanosoma cruzi. Molecules 2021; 26:5375. [PMID: 34500808 PMCID: PMC8433833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Five heteroleptic compounds, [VVO(IN-2H)(L-H)], where L are 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives and IN is a Schiff base ligand, were synthesized and characterized in both the solid and solution state. The compounds were evaluated on epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi as well as on VERO cells, as a mammalian cell model. Compounds showed activity against trypomastigotes with IC50 values of 0.29-3.02 μM. IN ligand and the new [VVO2(IN-H)] complex showed negligible activity. The most active compound [VVO(IN-2H)(L2-H)], with L2 = 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline, showed good selectivity towards the parasite and was selected to carry out further biological studies. Stability studies suggested a partial decomposition in solution. [VVO(IN-2H)(L2-H)] affects the infection potential of cell-derived trypomastigotes. Low total vanadium uptake by parasites and preferential accumulation in the soluble proteins fraction were determined. A trypanocide effect was observed when incubating epimastigotes with 10 × IC50 values of [VVO(IN-2H)(L2-H)] and the generation of ROS after treatments was suggested. Fluorescence competition measurements with DNA:ethidium bromide adduct showed a moderate DNA interaction of the complexes. In vivo toxicity study on C. elegans model showed no toxicity up to a 100 μM concentration of [VVO(IN-2H)(L2-H)]. This compound could be considered a prospective anti-T. cruzi agent that deserves further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Scalese
- Área Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
- Programa de Posgrados de la Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Ignacio Machado
- Área Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Gustavo Salinas
- Worm Biology Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Leticia Pérez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
| | - Dinorah Gambino
- Área Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
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Acrylonitrile Derivatives against Trypanosoma cruzi: In Vitro Activity and Programmed Cell Death Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060552. [PMID: 34207767 PMCID: PMC8228537 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The neglected infection known as Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, results in more than 7000 deaths per year, with an increasing number of cases in non-endemic areas such as Europe or the United States. Moreover, with the current available therapy, only two compounds which are active against the acute phase of the disease are readily available. In addition, these therapeutic agents display multiple undesired side effects such as high toxicity, they are expensive, the treatment is lengthy and the resistant strain has emerged. Therefore, there is a need to find new compounds against Chagas disease which should be active against the parasite but also cause low toxicity to the patients. In the present work, the activity of novel acrylonitriles against Trypanosoma cruzi was evaluated as well as the analysis of the physiological events induced in the treated parasites related to the cell death process. Hence, the characteristic features of an apoptosis-like process such as chromatin condensation and mitochondrial membrane potential, among others, were studied. From the 32 compounds tested against the epimastigote stage of T. cruzi, 11 were selected based on their selectivity index to determine if these compounds were able to induce programmed cell death (PCD) in the treated parasites. Furthermore, acrylonitriles Q5, Q7, Q19, Q27 and Q29 were shown to trigger physiological events related in the PCD. Therefore, this study highlights the therapeutic potential of acrylonitriles as novel trypanocidal agents.
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Abstract
Traditional organic antimicrobials mainly act on specific biochemical processes such as replication, transcription and translation. However, the emergence and wide spread of microbial resistance is a growing threat for human beings. Therefore, it is highly necessary to design strategies for the development of new drugs in order to target multiple cellular processes that should improve their efficiency against several microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses or fungi. The present review is focused on recent advances and findings of new antimicrobial strategies based on metal complexes. Recent studies indicate that some metal ions cause different types of damages to microbial cells as a result of membrane degradation, protein dysfunction and oxidative stress. These unique modes of action, combined with the wide range of three-dimensional geometries that metal complexes can adopt, make them suitable for the development of new antimicrobial drugs.
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Determination of Physicochemical Parameters and Levels of Heavy Metals in Food Waste Water with Environmental Effects. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2020; 2020:8886093. [PMID: 32884567 PMCID: PMC7455830 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8886093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinorganic chemistry is found as a sizzling field in today's era. It deals with chemistry amongst the heavy metals with natural resources, i.e., air, soil, water, plant byproducts (foods), and environmental essences. The aim of this research is to determine the concentration of heavy metals present in the food waste water sample and to study the environmental effects of metal ion concentration. To conduct the research work, the physicochemical parameters and levels of five heavy metals of food waste water samples were collected from five sampling points of renowned hotels, restaurants, canteens, and confectionaries of a state of India and assessed using the standard analytical procedure. Sampling was carried out from January 2017 up to December 2017. The physicochemical parameters were determined such as pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, total alkalinity, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon, sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate. The heavy metal concentration was determined by using the UV-spectrophotometer, and the results were compared with the standards prescribed by the WHO, BIS, ICMR, and municipal authorities. The results obtained in the physicochemical analysis revealed that a few parameters were found beyond limits, and the metal ion concentration (iron and zinc) results were found above the permissible limits set by the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board), ICMR, BIS, and World Health Organization (WHO), most especially, effluent from point P1. It was concluded that all the effluents required further treatment before releasing them into the water body or land to prevent pollution. The obtained results reveal that waste water used for irrigation and farming of nearby areas and water drained from restaurant kitchens were considerably polluted and not suitable for aquatic organisms, irrigation, and agricultural purposes.
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Van den Kerkhof M, Sterckx YGJ, Leprohon P, Maes L, Caljon G. Experimental Strategies to Explore Drug Action and Resistance in Kinetoplastid Parasites. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E950. [PMID: 32599761 PMCID: PMC7356981 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetoplastids are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, human African trypanosomiasis, and American trypanosomiasis. They are responsible for high mortality and morbidity in (sub)tropical regions. Adequate treatment options are limited and have several drawbacks, such as toxicity, need for parenteral administration, and occurrence of treatment failure and drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgency for the development of new drugs. Phenotypic screening already allowed the identification of promising new chemical entities with anti-kinetoplastid activity potential, but knowledge on their mode-of-action (MoA) is lacking due to the generally applied whole-cell based approach. However, identification of the drug target is essential to steer further drug discovery and development. Multiple complementary techniques have indeed been used for MoA elucidation. In this review, the different 'omics' approaches employed to define the MoA or mode-of-resistance of current reference drugs and some new anti-kinetoplastid compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Van den Kerkhof
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.V.d.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Yann G.-J. Sterckx
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry (LMB), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Philippe Leprohon
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.V.d.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.V.d.K.); (L.M.)
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