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Goranov AI, Tadini AM, Martin-Neto L, Bernardi ACC, Oliveira PPA, Pezzopane JRM, Milori DMBP, Mounier S, Hatcher PG. Comparison of Sample Preparation Techniques for the (-)ESI-FT-ICR-MS Analysis of Humic and Fulvic Acids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12688-12701. [PMID: 35969691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a key role in the global carbon and nitrogen cycles. Soil biogeochemistry is regularly studied by extracting the base-soluble fractions of SOM: acid-insoluble humic acid (HA) and acid-soluble fulvic acid (FA). Electrospray ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MS) is commonly utilized for molecularly characterizing these fractions. Different sample preparation techniques exist for the analysis of HA and FA though questions remain regarding data comparability following different preparations. Comparisons of different sample preparation techniques here revealed that the negative-mode ESI-FT-ICR-MS analytical window can be skewed to detect different groups of molecules, with primary differences in oxygenation, aromaticity, and molecular weight. It was also observed that HA and FA from soils versus an aquatic matrix behaved very differently. Thus, we conclude that sample preparation techniques determined to be "most optimal" in our study are in no way universal. We recommend that future studies of HA and FA involve similar comparative studies for determining the most suitable sample preparation technique for their particular type of HA or FA matrices. This will enhance data comparability among different studies and environmental systems and ultimately allow us to better understand the complex composition of environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar I Goranov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4501 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Amanda M Tadini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4501 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
- Embrapa Instrumentação, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa, Street XV de Novembro, 1452, São Carlos, São Paulo 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Ladislau Martin-Neto
- Embrapa Instrumentação, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa, Street XV de Novembro, 1452, São Carlos, São Paulo 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Alberto C C Bernardi
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n°, Fazenda Canchim São Carlos, São Paulo 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Patricia P A Oliveira
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n°, Fazenda Canchim São Carlos, São Paulo 13560-970, Brazil
| | - José R M Pezzopane
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n°, Fazenda Canchim São Carlos, São Paulo 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Débora M B P Milori
- Embrapa Instrumentação, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa, Street XV de Novembro, 1452, São Carlos, São Paulo 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Stéphane Mounier
- Unité mixte 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Université de Toulon, Avenue de l'Université - Bat. R, Toulon 83041, France
- Unité mixte 110, MIO, Aix Marseille Université, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Marseille 13288, France
- Unité mixte 110, MIO, Institut de la Recherche et du Développement, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Marseille 13288, France
- Unité mixte 110, MIO, Institut des Sciences de l'Univers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Patrick G Hatcher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4501 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
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Popa DG, Lupu C, Constantinescu-Aruxandei D, Oancea F. Humic Substances as Microalgal Biostimulants—Implications for Microalgal Biotechnology. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050327. [PMID: 35621978 PMCID: PMC9143693 DOI: 10.3390/md20050327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Humic substances (HS) act as biostimulants for terrestrial photosynthetic organisms. Their effects on plants are related to specific HS features: pH and redox buffering activities, (pseudo)emulsifying and surfactant characteristics, capacity to bind metallic ions and to encapsulate labile hydrophobic molecules, ability to adsorb to the wall structures of cells. The specific properties of HS result from the complexity of their supramolecular structure. This structure is more dynamic in aqueous solutions/suspensions than in soil, which enhances the specific characteristics of HS. Therefore, HS effects on microalgae are more pronounced than on terrestrial plants. The reported HS effects on microalgae include increased ionic nutrient availability, improved protection against abiotic stress, including against various chemical pollutants and ionic species of potentially toxic elements, higher accumulation of value-added ingredients, and enhanced bio-flocculation. These HS effects are similar to those on terrestrial plants and could be considered microalgal biostimulant effects. Such biostimulant effects are underutilized in current microalgal biotechnology. This review presents knowledge related to interactions between microalgae and humic substances and analyzes the potential of HS to enhance the productivity and profitability of microalgal biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Gabriela Popa
- Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Mărăști Blv, No. 59, Sector 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania;
- Bioproducts Team, Bioresources Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței No. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Carmen Lupu
- Bioproducts Team, Bioresources Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței No. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Diana Constantinescu-Aruxandei
- Bioproducts Team, Bioresources Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței No. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (D.C.-A.); (F.O.)
| | - Florin Oancea
- Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Mărăști Blv, No. 59, Sector 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania;
- Bioproducts Team, Bioresources Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței No. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (D.C.-A.); (F.O.)
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Shen Z, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Sun J, Zeng Y, Xu H, Wang Q, Hang Ho SS, Cao J. Source profiles of molecular structure and light absorption of PM 2.5 brown carbon from residential coal combustion emission in Northwestern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118866. [PMID: 35077839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Residential coal combustion is a prominent source of brown carbon (BrC) aerosols, but knowledge of their molecular structures and optical absorption were limited, which have notable used in ambient BrC source identification and radiative forcing calculation. In this study, the Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry combined with partial least squares regression analysis as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis were used to insight the molecular compounds and structures of BrC from anthracite and bituminous coal combustions between traditional and improved stoves. The absorption Ångström exponents (AAE) and mass absorption efficiency (MAE) values for the BrC emitted from the combinations of bituminous were both 1.2-2.5 times lower than those of anthracite, interpreting that the BrC from the anthracite emissions had greater light-absorbing capacity. In contrast, the emission factor of light absorption (EFAbs) at 365 nm for the bituminous coal combusted in the traditional stove was the highest among all the tested scenarios, which revealed that the incomplete combustion of bituminous coal could emit more BrC. It was noted that primary BrC emitted from the coal combustion with traditional stoves contains higher aromaticity groups of C-C and C=O and higher S containing organics, whereas more aliphatic groups were found in BrC using the improved stoves. N-containing (CHON and CHONS) compounds were dominated in the total molecular formula of BrC, whereas the sum of CHON and CHO groups had high double-bond equivalent (DBE) values contributed 53.5%-87.1% to the total BrC absorption. Moreover, for CHOS, the lowest of estimated molecular absorption, DBE, and DBE/C should attribute to the non-chromophoric or weak absorptive S-containing compounds. This study supplied an effective evaluation method to compare BrC emissions and their absorption for coal combustion on regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yaling Zeng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV89512, United States
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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