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Reed DR, Tulpule A, Metts J, Trucco M, Robertson-Tessi M, O'Donohue TJ, Iglesias-Cardenas F, Isakoff MS, Mauguen A, Shukla N, Dela Cruz FS, Tap W, Kentsis A, Morris CD, Hameed M, Honeyman JN, Behr GG, Sulis ML, Ortiz MV, Slotkin E. Pediatric Leukemia Roadmaps Are a Guide for Positive Metastatic Bone Sarcoma Trials. J Clin Oncol 2024; 42:2955-2960. [PMID: 38843482 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024] Open
Abstract
ALL cures require many MRD therapies. This strategy should drive experiments and trials in metastatic bone sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon R Reed
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Asmin Tulpule
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jonathan Metts
- Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, FL
| | | | | | - Tara J O'Donohue
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Audrey Mauguen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Neerav Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Filemon S Dela Cruz
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - William Tap
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Carol D Morris
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Meera Hameed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Joshua N Honeyman
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Gerald G Behr
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Maria Luisa Sulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael V Ortiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Emily Slotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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2
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Ramos R, Vale N. Dual Drug Repurposing: The Example of Saracatinib. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4565. [PMID: 38674150 PMCID: PMC11050334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Saracatinib (AZD0530) is a dual Src/Abl inhibitor initially developed by AstraZeneca for cancer treatment; however, data from 2006 to 2024 reveal that this drug has been tested not only for cancer treatment, but also for the treatment of other diseases. Despite the promising pre-clinical results and the tolerability shown in phase I trials, where a maximum tolerated dose of 175 mg was defined, phase II clinical data demonstrated a low therapeutic action against several cancers and an elevated rate of adverse effects. Recently, pre-clinical research aimed at reducing the toxic effects and enhancing the therapeutic performance of saracatinib using nanoparticles and different pharmacological combinations has shown promising results. Concomitantly, saracatinib was repurposed to treat Alzheimer's disease, targeting Fyn. It showed great clinical results and required a lower daily dose than that defined for cancer treatment, 125 mg and 175 mg, respectively. In addition to Alzheimer's disease, this Src inhibitor has also been studied in relation to other health conditions such as pulmonary and liver fibrosis and even for analgesic and anti-allergic functions. Although saracatinib is still not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the large number of alternative uses for saracatinib and the elevated number of pre-clinical and clinical trials performed suggest the huge potential of this drug for the treatment of different kinds of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ramos
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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Hu Y, Dong Z, Liu K. Unraveling the complexity of STAT3 in cancer: molecular understanding and drug discovery. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:23. [PMID: 38245798 PMCID: PMC10799433 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-02949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcriptional factor involved in almost all cancer hallmark features including tumor proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, tumor inflammation, metabolism reprogramming, drug resistance, cancer stemness. Therefore, STAT3 has become a promising therapeutic target in a wide range of cancers. This review focuses on the up-to-date knowledge of STAT3 signaling in cancer. We summarize both the positive and negative modulators of STAT3 together with the cancer hallmarks involving activities regulated by STAT3 and highlight its extremely sophisticated regulation on immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment and metabolic reprogramming. Direct and indirect inhibitors of STAT3 in preclinical and clinical studies also have been summarized and discussed. Additionally, we highlight and propose new strategies of targeting STAT3 and STAT3-based combinations with established chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and combination therapy. These efforts may provide new perspectives for STAT3-based target therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Hu
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
- Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zigang Dong
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
- Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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4
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Raji L, Tetteh A, Amin ARMR. Role of c-Src in Carcinogenesis and Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:32. [PMID: 38201459 PMCID: PMC10778207 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aberrant transformation of normal cells into cancer cells, known as carcinogenesis, is a complex process involving numerous genetic and molecular alterations in response to innate and environmental stimuli. The Src family kinases (SFK) are key components of signaling pathways implicated in carcinogenesis, with c-Src and its oncogenic counterpart v-Src often playing a significant role. The discovery of c-Src represents a compelling narrative highlighting groundbreaking discoveries and valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis. Upon oncogenic activation, c-Src activates multiple downstream signaling pathways, including the PI3K-AKT pathway, the Ras-MAPK pathway, the JAK-STAT3 pathway, and the FAK/Paxillin pathway, which are important for cell proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. In this review, we delve into the discovery of c-Src and v-Src, the structure of c-Src, and the molecular mechanisms that activate c-Src. We also focus on the various signaling pathways that c-Src employs to promote oncogenesis and resistance to chemotherapy drugs as well as molecularly targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. R. M. Ruhul Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (L.R.); (A.T.)
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5
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Assi A, Farhat M, Hachem MCR, Zalaquett Z, Aoun M, Daher M, Sebaaly A, Kourie HR. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in osteosarcoma: Adapting treatment strategiesa. J Bone Oncol 2023; 43:100511. [PMID: 38058514 PMCID: PMC10696463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2023.100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive primary bone malignancy that metastasizes rapidly. The standard of care has changed little over the previous four decades, and survival rates have plateaued. In this context, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) emerge as potential treatments. A literature search was conducted to collect data related to receptor tyrosine kinase genetic alterations and expression in OS specimens. Gene amplification and protein expression of these receptors were linked to prognosis and tumor behavior. Relevant TKIs were evaluated as monotherapies and as parts of combination therapies. Certain TKIs, such as apatinib, regorafenib, and cabozantinib, present a potential therapeutic avenue for OS patients, especially when combined with chemotherapy. Producing long-lasting responses and enhancing quality of life remain key goals in OS treatment. To this effect, optimizing the use of TKIs by identifying biomarkers predictive of response and assessing promising TKIs in larger-scale trials to validate the efficacy and safety outcomes relative to these drugs reported in phase II clinical trials. To this effect, it is necessary to identify biomarkers predictive of response to TKIs in larger-scale trials and to validate the efficacy and safety of these drugs reported in phase II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Assi
- Hematology-Oncology Department, Hotel Dieu de France, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Farhat
- Hematology-Oncology Department, Hotel Dieu de France, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Ziad Zalaquett
- Hematology-Oncology Department, Hotel Dieu de France, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marven Aoun
- Orthopedics Department, Hotel Dieu de France, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Daher
- Orthopedics Department, Hotel Dieu de France, Beirut, Lebanon
- Orthopedics Department, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Amer Sebaaly
- Orthopedics Department, Hotel Dieu de France, Beirut, Lebanon
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Vasanthi SS, Massey N, Nair SN, Mochel JP, Showman L, Thippeswamy T. Exploring the benefits of in-diet versus repeated oral dosing of saracatinib (AZD0530) in chronic studies: insights into pharmacokinetics and animal welfare. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1297221. [PMID: 38026620 PMCID: PMC10666625 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1297221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Saracatinib/AZD0530 (SAR), a Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, mitigates seizure-induced brain pathology in epilepsy models upon repeated oral dosing. However, repeated dosing is stressful and can be challenging in some seizing animals. To overcome this issue, we have incorporated SAR-in-Diet and compared serum pharmacokinetics (PK) and brain concentrations with conventional repeated oral dosing. Saracatinib in solution or in-diet was stable at room temperature for >4 weeks (97 ± 1.56%). Adult Sprague Dawley rats on SAR-in-Diet consumed ~1.7 g/day less compared to regular diet (16.82 ± 0.6 vs. 18.50 ± 0.5 g/day), but the weight gain/day was unaffected (2.63 ± 0.5 g/day vs. 2.83 ± 0.2 g/day). Importantly, we achieved the anticipated SAR dose range from 2.5-18.7 mg/kg of rat in response to varying concentrations of SAR-in-Diet from 54 to 260 ppm of feed, respectively. There was a strong and significant correlation between SAR-in-Diet dose (mg/kg) and serum saracatinib concentrations (ng/ml). Serum concentrations also did not vary significantly between SAR-in-Diet and repeated oral dosing. The hippocampal saracatinib concentrations derived from SAR-in-Diet treatment were higher than those derived after repeated oral dosing (day 3, 546.8 ± 219.7 ng/g vs. 238.6 ± 143 ng/g; day 7, 300.7 ± 43.4 ng/g vs. 271.1 ± 62.33 ng/g). Saracatinib stability at room temperature and high serum and hippocampal concentrations in animals fed on SAR-in-Diet are useful to titer the saracatinib dose for future animal disease models. Overall, test drugs in the diet is an experimental approach that addresses issues related to handling stress-induced variables in animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj S. Vasanthi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nyzil Massey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Suresh N. Nair
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, India
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Precision One Health, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Lucas Showman
- W.M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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van Ewijk R, Cleirec M, Herold N, le Deley MC, van Eijkelenburg N, Boudou-Rouquette P, Risbourg S, Strauss SJ, Palmerini E, Boye K, Kager L, Hecker-Nolting S, Marchais A, Gaspar N. A systematic review of recent phase-II trials in refractory or recurrent osteosarcoma: Can we inform future trial design? Cancer Treat Rev 2023; 120:102625. [PMID: 37738712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2023.102625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE To analyze changes in recurrent/refractory osteosarcoma phase II trials over time to inform future trials in this population with poor prognosis. METHODS A systematic review of trials registered on trial registries between 01/01/2017-14/02/2022. Comparison of 98 trials identified between 2003 and 2016. Publication search/analysis for both periods, last update on 01/12/2022. RESULTS Between 2017 and 2022, 71 phase-II trials met our selection criteria (19 osteosarcoma-specific trials, 14 solid tumor trials with and 38 trials without an osteosarcoma-specific stratum). The trial number increased over time: 13.9 versus 7 trials/year (p = 0.06). Monotherapy remained the predominant treatment (62% vs. 62%, p = 1). Targeted therapies were increasingly evaluated (66% vs. 41%, P = 0.001). Heterogeneity persisted in the trial characteristics. The inclusion criteria were measurable disease (75%), evaluable disease (14%), and surgical remission (11%). 82% of the trials included pediatric or adolescent patients. Biomarker-driven trials accounted for 25% of the total trials. The survival endpoint use (rather than response) slightly increased (40% versus 31%), but the study H1/H0 hypotheses remained heterogeneous. Single-arm designs predominated over multiarm trials (n = 7). Available efficacy data on 1361 osteosarcoma patients in 58 trials remained disappointing, even though 21% of these trials were considered positive, predominantly those evaluating multi-targeted kinase inhibitors. CONCLUSION Despite observed changes in trial design and an increased number of trials investigating new therapies, high heterogeneity remained with respect to patient selection, study design, primary endpoints, and statistical hypotheses in recently registered phase II trials for osteosarcoma. Continued optimization of trial design informed by a deeper biological understanding should strengthen the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelof van Ewijk
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Morgane Cleirec
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Nikolas Herold
- Paediatric Oncology, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, and Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie-Cécile le Deley
- Unité de Méthodologie et Biostatistiques, Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, U1018 ONCOSTAT, F-94085 Villejuif, France
| | | | - Pascaline Boudou-Rouquette
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Cochin Institute, INSERMU1016, Paris Cancer Institute, CARPEM, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Risbourg
- Unité de Méthodologie et Biostatistiques, Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - Sandra J Strauss
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Emanuela Palmerini
- Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kjetil Boye
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Leo Kager
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Antonin Marchais
- Department of Oncology for Child and Adolescents, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France; National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1015, BiiOSTeam, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Gaspar
- Department of Oncology for Child and Adolescents, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France; National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1015, BiiOSTeam, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France.
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Yan Q, Yang J, Yao Y, Jia Z, Wang Y, Cheng M, Yan X, Xu Y. Research of the Active Components and Potential Mechanisms of Qingfei Gujin Decoction in the Treatment of Osteosarcoma Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Technology. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7994425. [PMID: 36466554 PMCID: PMC9713469 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7994425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Aim Qingfei Gujin Decoction (QGD) has been shown to be effective against osteosarcoma. This research was aimed at investigating the main active ingredients and potential mechanisms of QGD acting on osteosarcoma through network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques. Methods The active ingredients and targets of QGD were screened from the TCMSP database, and the predicted targets were obtained from the PharmMapper database. Meanwhile, the targets of osteosarcoma were collected using OMIM, PharmGKB, and DisGeNET databases. Then, GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed by RStudio. PPI and drug-ingredient-target networks were constructed using Cytoscape 3.2.1 to screen the major active ingredients, key networks, and targets. Finally, molecular docking of key genes and their regulatory active ingredients was performed using AutoDockTools 1.5.6 software. Results 38 active ingredients were collected, generating 89 cross-targets; quercetin, luteolin, β-sitosterol, and kaempferol were the main active ingredients of QGD acting on osteosarcoma, and major signaling pathways such as PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and IL-17 signaling pathway were observed. TP53, SRC, and ESR1 were identified as key proteins that docked well with their regulated compounds. Conclusion QGD is effective against osteosarcoma through multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway. This study was helpful for finding effective targets and compounds for osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingying Yan
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiewen Yang
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongwei Yao
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Jia
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yefeng Xu
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Origin and Therapies of Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143503. [PMID: 35884563 PMCID: PMC9322921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children, with a 5-year survival rate ranging from 70% to 20% depending on the aggressiveness of the disease. The current treatments have not evolved over the past four decades due in part to the genetic complexity of the disease and its heterogeneity. This review will summarize the current knowledge of OS origin, diagnosis and therapies. Abstract Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary bone tumor, mainly affecting children and young adults. Despite therapeutic advances, the 5-year survival rate is 70% but drastically decreases to 20–30% for poor responders to therapies or for patients with metastasis. No real evolution of the survival rates has been observed for four decades, explained by poor knowledge of the origin, difficulties related to diagnosis and the lack of targeted therapies for this pediatric tumor. This review will describe a non-exhaustive overview of osteosarcoma disease from a clinical and biological point of view, describing the origin, diagnosis and therapies.
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Gage M, Putra M, Wachter L, Dishman K, Gard M, Gomez-Estrada C, Thippeswamy T. Saracatinib, a Src Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, as a Disease Modifier in the Rat DFP Model: Sex Differences, Neurobehavior, Gliosis, Neurodegeneration, and Nitro-Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:61. [PMID: 35052568 PMCID: PMC8773289 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), an organophosphate nerve agent (OPNA), exposure causes status epilepticus (SE) and epileptogenesis. In this study, we tested the protective effects of saracatinib (AZD0530), a Src kinase inhibitor, in mixed-sex or male-only Sprague Dawley rats exposed to 4-5 mg/kg DFP followed by 2 mg/kg atropine and 25 mg/kg 2-pralidoxime. Midazolam (3 mg/kg) was given to the mixed-sex cohort (1 h post-DFP) and male-only cohort (~30 min post-DFP). Saracatinib (20 mg/kg, oral, daily for 7 days) or vehicle was given two hours later and euthanized eight days or ten weeks post-DFP. Brain immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed increased microgliosis, astrogliosis, and neurodegeneration in DFP-treated animals. In the 10-week post-DFP male-only group, there were no significant differences between groups in the novel object recognition, Morris water maze, rotarod, or forced swim test. Brain IHC revealed significant mitigation by saracatinib in contrast to vehicle-treated DFP animals in microgliosis, astrogliosis, neurodegeneration, and nitro-oxidative stressors, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, GP91phox, and 3-Nitrotyrosine. These findings suggest the protective effects of saracatinib on brain pathology seem to depend on the initial SE severity. Further studies on dose optimization, including extended treatment regimen depending on the SE severity, are required to determine its disease-modifying potential in OPNA models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.G.); (M.P.); (L.W.); (K.D.); (M.G.); (C.G.-E.)
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Assessing a Novel 3D Assay System for Drug Screening against OS Metastasis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14100971. [PMID: 34681195 PMCID: PMC8540451 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive mesenchymal cell tumor that carries a poor long-term prognosis. Despite definitive surgery for the primary tumor and adjuvant chemotherapy, pulmonary metastasis is common and is the primary cause of morbidity. To improve outcomes for patients, we have developed and optimized a phenotypic screen for drugs that may target OS disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) and inhibit their metastatic outbreak rather than merely screening for cytotoxic activity against proliferating cells, as is commonly conducted in conventional drug discovery approaches. We report on the validation of a previously described 3D reconstituted basement membrane extract (3D BME) model system for tumor dormancy and metastatic outgrowth adapted to clonal pairs of high and low metastatic OS cells. A post-hoc validation of the assay was possible by comparing the activity of a drug in our assay with early evidence of activity in human OS clinical trials (regorafenib and saracatinib). In this validation, we found concordance between our assay and human clinical trial experience We then explored an approved veterinary small molecule inhibitor of Janus kinase-1 (oclacitinib) as a potential drug candidate to take advantage of the high prevalence of OS in pet dogs and its translational value to humans. Despite the biological rationale, we found no evidence to support the use of oclacitinib as an antimetastatic agent in OS. The findings support our 3D BME assay as a highly efficient method to examine drugs for activity in targeting OS DTCs.
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Yun HS, Lee J, Kil WJ, Kramp TR, Tofilon PJ, Camphausen K. The Radiosensitizing Effect of AZD0530 in Glioblastoma and Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1672-1679. [PMID: 34158343 PMCID: PMC8419151 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AZD0530, a potent small-molecule inhibitor of the Src kinase family, is an anticancer drug used in the treatment of various cancers. In the case of glioblastoma (GBM), where resistance to radiotherapy frequently occurs, Src kinase is known as one of the molecules responsible for imparting radioresistance to GBM. Thus, we evaluated the effect of AZD0530 on the radiosensitivity of human GBM cells and human glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs). We show that Src activity of GBM and GSC is increased by radiation and inhibited by AZD0530, and using clonogenic assays, AZD0530 enhances the radiosensitivity of GBM and GSCs. Also, AZD0530 induced a prolongation of radiation-induced γH2AX without specific cell cycle and mitotic index changes, suggesting that AZD0530-induced radiosensitization in GBM cells and GSCs results from the inhibition of DNA repair. In addition, AZD0530 was shown to inhibit the radiation-induced EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway, which is known to promote and regulate radioresistance and survival of GBM cells by radiation. Finally, mice bearing orthotopic xenografts initiated from GBM cells were then used to evaluate the in vivo response to AZD0530 and radiation. The combination of AZD0530 and radiation showed the longest median survival compared with any single modality. Thus, these results show that AZD0530 enhances the radiosensitivity of GBM cells and GSCs and suggest the possibility of AZD0530 as a clinical radiosensitizer for treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shik Yun
- Radiation Oncology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Radiation Oncology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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13
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Just MA, Van Mater D, Wagner LM. Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29084. [PMID: 33894051 PMCID: PMC8238849 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvant chemotherapy for osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma consists of conventional cytotoxic regimens that have changed little over the past decades. There is an urgent need for agents that are more effective and have less long-term toxicity. Receptor tyrosine kinases regulate cell growth and proliferation of these tumors, and small-molecule inhibitors for many of these kinases are now available. In this article, we review published phase II trials for patients with recurrent disease and highlight the pathways targeted by available agents, as well as the toxicity and efficacy results seen to date. We also discuss the difficulties in identifying biomarkers to facilitate rational patient selection, as well as published and proposed strategies for how these inhibitors can be combined with conventional chemotherapy or other targeted agents. It is hoped future trials can capitalize on this growing experience to optimize the use of this exciting class of agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Just
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Lars M Wagner
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Abstract
Improving the survival of patients with osteosarcoma has long proved challenging, although the treatment of this disease is on the precipice of advancement. The increasing feasibility of molecular profiling together with the creation of both robust model systems and large, well-annotated tissue banks has led to an increased understanding of osteosarcoma biology. The historical invariability of survival outcomes and the limited number of agents known to be active in the treatment of this disease facilitate clinical trials designed to identify efficacious novel therapies using small cohorts of patients. In addition, trial designs will increasingly consider the genetic background of the tumour through biomarker-based patient selection, thereby enriching for clinical activity. Indeed, osteosarcoma cells are known to express a number of surface proteins that might be of therapeutic relevance, including B7-H3, GD2 and HER2, which can be targeted using antibody-drug conjugates and/or adoptive cell therapies. In addition, immune-checkpoint inhibition might augment the latter approach by helping to overcome the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. In this Review, we provide a brief overview of current osteosarcoma therapy before focusing on the biological insights from the molecular profiling and preclinical modelling studies that have opened new therapeutic opportunities in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gill
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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15
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Fernandes I, Melo-Alvim C, Lopes-Brás R, Esperança-Martins M, Costa L. Osteosarcoma Pathogenesis Leads the Way to New Target Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E813. [PMID: 33467481 PMCID: PMC7831017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare condition with very poor prognosis in a metastatic setting. Basic research has enabled a better understanding of OS pathogenesis and the discovery of new potential therapeutic targets. Phase I and II clinical trials are already ongoing, with some promising results for these patients. This article reviews OS pathogenesis and new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fernandes
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, 1600 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.M.-A.); (R.L.-B.); (M.E.-M.); (L.C.)
- Luís Costa Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1600 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília Melo-Alvim
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, 1600 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.M.-A.); (R.L.-B.); (M.E.-M.); (L.C.)
| | - Raquel Lopes-Brás
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, 1600 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.M.-A.); (R.L.-B.); (M.E.-M.); (L.C.)
| | - Miguel Esperança-Martins
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, 1600 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.M.-A.); (R.L.-B.); (M.E.-M.); (L.C.)
- Luís Costa Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1600 Lisbon, Portugal
- Sérgio Dias Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1600 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Costa
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, 1600 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.M.-A.); (R.L.-B.); (M.E.-M.); (L.C.)
- Luís Costa Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1600 Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Smrke A, Anderson PM, Gulia A, Gennatas S, Huang PH, Jones RL. Future Directions in the Treatment of Osteosarcoma. Cells 2021; 10:172. [PMID: 33467756 PMCID: PMC7829872 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone sarcoma and is often diagnosed in the 2nd-3rd decades of life. Response to the aggressive and highly toxic neoadjuvant methotrexate-doxorubicin-cisplatin (MAP) chemotherapy schedule is strongly predictive of outcome. Outcomes for patients with osteosarcoma have not significantly changed for over thirty years. There is a need for more effective treatment for patients with high risk features but also reduced treatment-related toxicity for all patients. Predictive biomarkers are needed to help inform clinicians to de-escalate or add therapy, including immune therapies, and to contribute to future clinical trial designs. Here, we review a variety of approaches to improve outcomes and quality of life for patients with osteosarcoma with a focus on incorporating toxicity reduction, immune therapy and molecular analysis to provide the most effective and least toxic osteosarcoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alannah Smrke
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, 203 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK; (A.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Peter M. Anderson
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cleveland Clinic R3 Main Campus, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Ashish Gulia
- Orthopedic Oncology Services, Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, HBNI, Mumbai 400012, India;
| | - Spyridon Gennatas
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, 203 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK; (A.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Paul H. Huang
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK;
| | - Robin L. Jones
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, 203 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK; (A.S.); (S.G.)
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK;
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17
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El Bairi K, Trapani D, Petrillo A, Le Page C, Zbakh H, Daniele B, Belbaraka R, Curigliano G, Afqir S. Repurposing anticancer drugs for the management of COVID-19. Eur J Cancer 2020; 141:40-61. [PMID: 33125946 PMCID: PMC7508523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since its outbreak in the last December, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread worldwide at a pandemic proportion and thus is regarded as a global public health emergency. The existing therapeutic options for COVID-19 beyond the intensive supportive care are limited, with an undefined or modest efficacy reported so far. Drug repurposing represents an enthusiastic mechanism to use approved drugs outside the scope of their original indication and accelerate the discovery of new therapeutic options. With the emergence of COVID-19, drug repurposing has been largely applied for early clinical testing. In this review, we discuss some repurposed anticancer drugs for the treatment of COVID-19, which are under investigation in clinical trials or proposed for the clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid El Bairi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, Morocco.
| | | | - Angelica Petrillo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, Naples, Italy; University of Study of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Cécile Le Page
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hanaa Zbakh
- Center of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Daniele
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, Naples, Italy
| | - Rhizlane Belbaraka
- Department of Medical Oncology, "Bioscience et Santé" Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Cadi Ayad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; University of Milan, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Milan, Italy
| | - Said Afqir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, Morocco
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