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Savigamin C, Khositharattanakool P, Somwang P, Wacharapluesadee S, Siriyasatien P, Preativatanyou K. Identification of common human infectious and potentially zoonotic novel genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cavernicolous bats in Thailand. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:233. [PMID: 38850488 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common cause of human microsporidiosis and can infect a variety of animal hosts worldwide. In Thailand, previous studies have shown that this parasite is common in domestic animals. However, information on the prevalence and genotypes of this parasite in other synanthropic wildlife, including bats, remains limited. Several pathogens have been previously detected in bats, suggesting that bats may serve as a reservoir for this parasite. In this study, a total of 105 bat guano samples were collected from six different sites throughout Thailand. Of these, 16 from Chonburi (eastern), Ratchaburi (western), and Chiang Rai (northern) provinces tested positive for E. bieneusi, representing an overall prevalence of 15.2%. Based on ITS1 sequence analysis, 12 genotypes were identified, including two known genotypes (D and type IV) frequently detected in humans and ten novel potentially zoonotic genotypes (TBAT01-TBAT10), all belonging to zoonotic group 1. Lyle's flying fox (Pteropus lylei), commonly found in Southeast Asia, was identified as the host in one sample that was also positive for E. bieneusi. Network analysis of E. bieneusi sequences detected in this study and those previously reported in Thailand also revealed intraspecific divergence and recent population expansion, possibly due to adaptive evolution associated with host range expansion. Our data revealed, for the first time, multiple E. bieneusi genotypes of zoonotic significance circulating in Thai bats and demonstrated that bat guano fertilizer may be a vehicle for disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatuthanai Savigamin
- Medical Science Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pathamet Khositharattanakool
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Biomedical Technology Research Group for Vulnerable Populations, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Puckavadee Somwang
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Biomedical Technology Research Group for Vulnerable Populations, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector-Borne Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kanok Preativatanyou
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector-Borne Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Dhivahar J, Parthasarathy A, Krishnan K, Kovi BS, Pandian GN. Bat-associated microbes: Opportunities and perils, an overview. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22351. [PMID: 38125540 PMCID: PMC10730444 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential biotechnological uses of bat-associated bacteria are discussed briefly, indicating avenues for biotechnological applications of bat-associated microbes. The uniqueness of bats in terms of their lifestyle, genomes and molecular immunology may predispose bats to act as disease reservoirs. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has shown several instances of bats harbouring the ancestral lineages of bacterial (Bartonella), protozoal (Plasmodium, Trypanosoma cruzi) and viral (SARS-CoV2) pathogens infecting humans. Along with the transmission of viruses from bats, we also discuss the potential roles of bat-associated bacteria, fungi, and protozoan parasites in emerging diseases. Current evidence suggests that environmental changes and interactions between wildlife, livestock, and humans contribute to the spill-over of infectious agents from bats to other hosts. Domestic animals including livestock may act as intermediate amplifying hosts for bat-origin pathogens to transmit to humans. An increasing number of studies investigating bat pathogen diversity and infection dynamics have been published. However, whether or how these infectious agents are transmitted both within bat populations and to other hosts, including humans, often remains unknown. Metagenomic approaches are uncovering the dynamics and distribution of potential pathogens in bat microbiomes, which might improve the understanding of disease emergence and transmission. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on bat zoonoses of public health concern and flag the gaps in the knowledge to enable further research and allocation of resources for tackling future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Dhivahar
- Research Department of Zoology, St. Johns College, Palayamkottai, 627002, India
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Loyola College, Chennai, 600034, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Virology, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Anutthaman Parthasarathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Richmond Building, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Kathiravan Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Virology, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Basavaraj S. Kovi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Yoshida Ushinomiyacho, 69, Sakyo Ward, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ganesh N. Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Yoshida Ushinomiyacho, 69, Sakyo Ward, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
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Barbosa AD, Egan S, Feng Y, Xiao L, Ryan U. How significant are bats as potential carriers of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia? CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 4:100155. [PMID: 38149267 PMCID: PMC10750029 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Bats are known to harbour various pathogens and are increasingly recognised as potential reservoirs for zoonotic diseases. This paper reviews the genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in bats. The risk of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium from bats to humans appears low, with bat-specific Cryptosporidium genotypes accounting for 91.5% of Cryptosporidium-positive samples genotyped from bats worldwide, and C. parvum and C. hominis accounting for 3.4% each of typed positives, respectively. To date, there have only been sporadic detections of Giardia in bats, with no genetic characterisation of the parasite to species or assemblage level. Therefore, the role bats play as reservoirs of zoonotic Giardia spp. is unknown. To mitigate potential risks of zoonotic transmission and their public health implications, comprehensive research on Cryptosporidium and Giardia in bats is imperative. Future studies should encompass additional locations across the globe and a broader spectrum of bat species, with a focus on those adapted to urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D. Barbosa
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Siobhon Egan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Adhikari RB, Dhakal MA, Ghimire TR. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in street dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) with highlights on zoonosis in Lalitpur, Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2513-2526. [PMID: 37669424 PMCID: PMC10650340 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of intestinal parasites influences the growth and well-being of canids. Additionally, infected dogs and their faeces with considerably higher eggs/oocysts released per gram (epg/opg) of zoonotic parasites contribute to parasitic spillover to humans, domestic animals and sympatric wildlife. OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to reveal the prevalence of intestinal parasites (protozoa and helminths) and to list the zoonotically significant parasites in free-roaming street dogs in Lalitpur Metropolitan City, Nepal. METHODS Fresh faecal samples (n = 332) were collected from feral dogs of varying ages and sexes and transported to the research laboratory. The copro microscopic examination was carried out via direct wet mount, formalin ethyl acetate sedimentation, saturated salt flotation, acid-fast staining and sporulation techniques. RESULTS Coproscopy revealed an overall 95.7% (318/332) prevalence rate with 23 diverse species of intestinal parasites (10 protozoa and 13 helminths). Among them, 5 protozoa and 11 helminths possessed zoonotic potential, and their overall prevalence was 92.5%. Helminth's overall prevalence was double that of the protozoa (87.7% vs. 43%). Polyparasitism was dominant over mono parasitism (79.5% vs. 16.3%), and co-infection of up to seven species of parasites at a time was recorded. CONCLUSIONS Urban street dogs harboured a higher prevalence of intestinal parasites that varied with age and sex. Since most of the reported parasites are zoonotic, dog density and parasitic richness indicate a greater spillover risk to humans and domestic animals. Furthermore, this study also provides appropriate 'baseline' data for assessing effective control measures against parasitic infestations among street dogs and controlling their transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Babu Adhikari
- Nepali Army College of Health Sciences (NACHS)KathmanduNepal
- Third Pole ConservancyBhaktapurNepal
- Institute of Medical ScienceAlka Hospital Pvt. Ltd.LalitpurNepal
- Nepal Academy of Science and TechnologyLalitpurNepal
| | - Madhuri Adhikari Dhakal
- Department of Microbiology and Research and DevelopmentNew Edge MicrobialsAlburyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Tirth Raj Ghimire
- Nepal Academy of Science and TechnologyLalitpurNepal
- Department of ZoologyTri‐Chandra Multiple CampusTribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal
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Cacique ER, Bello R, Zamora H, Mares K, Saéz G, Severino R, Cruces C, Chero JD. Four new species of Anenterotrema Stunkard, 1938 (Digenea: Dicrocoellidae) infecting phyllostomid bats in the Peruvian Amazon. Syst Parasitol 2023; 100:531-542. [PMID: 37340144 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
During a research of digeneans (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) infecting leaf-nosed bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from the Kawsay Biological Station in Madre de Dios, southeastern Peru, four new species were described based on light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM): Anenterotrema paramegacetabulum n. sp. from the seba's short-tailed bat Carollia perspicillata Linnaeus, A. hastati n. sp., A. kawsayense n. sp., and A. peruense n. sp. from the greater spear-nosed bat Phyllostomus hastatus (Pallas). Anenterotrema paramegacetabulum n. sp. differs from all congeners by having a terminal oral sucker, a transversely elongated ventral sucker without clamp-shaped, and by having the testes located immediately posterior to ventral sucker. Anenterotrema hastati n. sp. is easily differentiated from the other congeneric species by having an almost clamp-shaped oral sucker, well-developed cirrus sac, a bilobulated seminal receptacle, and a group of well-developed unicellular glands located anterolateral to cirrus sac. Anenterotrema kawsayense n. sp. is characterized by possessing protuberances on the anterior margin of the oral sucker. Anenterotrema peruense n. sp. is mainly characterized by having the testes located principally anterior to ventral sucker and the cirrus sac located perpendicular to midline of the body. The present finding brings to 12, the number of known species of Anenterotrema. A key to the species of Anenterotrema Stunkard, 1938 is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson R Cacique
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados, Departamento Académico de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (FCB), Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Av. Universitaria cruce con Av. Venezuela cuadra 34, Lima, Peru
| | - Raúl Bello
- Kawsay Biological Station, Madre de Dios, Peru
| | - Hugo Zamora
- Kawsay Biological Station, Madre de Dios, Peru
- Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Katherin Mares
- Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Gloria Saéz
- Laboratorio de Parasitología General y Especializada, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal (UNFV), Código postal 15007, El Agustino, Lima, Peru
| | - Ruperto Severino
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados, Departamento Académico de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (FCB), Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Av. Universitaria cruce con Av. Venezuela cuadra 34, Lima, Peru
| | - Celso Cruces
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados, Departamento Académico de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (FCB), Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Av. Universitaria cruce con Av. Venezuela cuadra 34, Lima, Peru
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Jhon D Chero
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados, Departamento Académico de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (FCB), Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Av. Universitaria cruce con Av. Venezuela cuadra 34, Lima, Peru.
- Laboratorio de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Ricardo Palma (URP), Av. Alfredo Benavides 5440, Santiago de Surco, Lima, Peru.
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Adhikari RB, Dhakal MA, Ale PB, Regmi GR, Ghimire TR. Survey on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in domestic cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) in central Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:559-571. [PMID: 36346533 PMCID: PMC10029910 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cats (Felis catus) are the only felines that live in close contact with humans. Since cats can act as vectors, carriers, reservoirs and definitive hosts of many gastrointestinal (GI) parasites, parasitic assessment could contribute to their survival and well-being. AIMS The current study aimed to assess the diversity and prevalence of GI parasites in domestic and feral cats from Ratnanagar in Chitwan in Central Nepal. METHODS A total of 107 fresh faecal samples of cats (90 household cats and 17 feral cats) of varied ages and sex were collected and transported to the laboratory. The copromicroscopic examination was carried out following direct wet mount, formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation, saturated salt flotation, acid-fast staining and sporulation techniques. Furthermore, associated risk factors were evaluated to ascertain the predictor of risks for parasitic acquisition. RESULTS The current study revealed an overall 95.3% prevalence rate with a 100% rate in feral cats and 94.4% in household cats. Altogether, 18 (17 known and one unknown) different species of GI parasites were reported with the helminths (95.3%; 11 species) and the protozoa (55.1%; seven species). Besides age and sex, outdoor lifestyle, absence or unknown history of medication and hunting behaviour of the felines are the predictors of risk. Furthermore, mixed infection was comparatively higher than single infection in the faecal samples. CONCLUSIONS Cats harbour a higher prevalence and greater diversity of GI parasites, and parasitism varies with age and sex. This finding can be essential for veterinarians and public health authorities for strategic treatment and for assessing the zoonotic transmission of the parasites from these felines. Importantly, an effective medication strategy for cats and owners is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Babu Adhikari
- Third Pole Conservancy, Bhaktapur, Nepal
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences (NAIHS), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | | | - Tirth Raj Ghimire
- Department of Zoology, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Giraldo-Martínez CA, Castillo-Figueroa D, Peñuela-Salgado MM, Poche-Ceballos AM, Rodríguez-León CH. Gastrointestinal parasites in phyllostomid bats from the Colombian Amazon. J NAT HIST 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2182240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Federici L, Masulli M, De Laurenzi V, Allocati N. An overview of bats microbiota and its implication in transmissible diseases. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1012189. [PMID: 36338090 PMCID: PMC9631491 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1012189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent pandemic events have raised the attention of the public on the interactions between human and environment, with particular regard to the more and more feasible transmission to humans of micro-organisms hosted by wild-type species, due to the increasing interspecies contacts originating from human’s activities. Bats, due to their being flying mammals and their increasing promiscuity with humans, have been recognized as hosts frequently capable of transmitting disease-causing microorganisms. Therefore, it is of considerable interest and importance to have a picture as clear as possible of the microorganisms that are hosted by bats. Here we focus on our current knowledge on bats microbiota. We review the most recent literature on this subject, also in view of the bat’s body compartments, their dietary preferences and their habitat. Several pathogenic bacteria, including many carrying multidrug resistance, are indeed common guests of these small mammals, underlining the importance of preserving their habitat, not only to protect them from anthropogenic activities, but also to minimize the spreading of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Federici
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d' Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d' Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Masulli
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d' Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Laurenzi
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d' Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d' Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Nerino Allocati
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d' Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
- *Correspondence: Nerino Allocati,
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Couso-Pérez S, Pardavila X, Ares-Mazás E, Gómez-Couso H. Molecular identification of Eimeria species in Spanish bats. Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102621. [PMID: 35809844 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study reporting the detection and molecular characterization of Eimeria in bats in Spain, specifically in 12 of 32 chiropteran species described in the Iberian Peninsula. A total of 76 faecal samples were collected from different bat roosting sites across Spanish territory. The DNA was extracted from the samples and sequenced by targeting the Eimeria SSU-rRNA gene. Two Eimeria species were detected in 29 of the 76 faecal samples (38%), and the bat-specific Eimeria rioarribaensis and rodent-specific Eimeria jerfinica were detected in 4 (5%) and 25 (33%) of the samples, respectively. This is the first report of E. rioarribaensis in the bats Rhinolophus euryale, Myotis myotis and Nyctalus lasiopterus, extending the host and geographical ranges for this bat coccidian parasite. The identification of the rodent-specific parasite species E. jerfinica in bats indicates the occurrence of this species in Spain, although its presence has not previously been reported in wild rodents in this country. Considering that most of the Eimeria spp. reported in bats were described only on the basis of morphometric data, molecular studies are required to determined which Eimeria species occur in bats, to complete the identification of these species and to clarify the phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seila Couso-Pérez
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Xosé Pardavila
- Sorex Ecoloxía e Medio Ambiente S.L.U., Rúa das Barreiras 80,15702 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Elvira Ares-Mazás
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Hipólito Gómez-Couso
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain; Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
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Adhikari RB, Ale PB, Dhakal MA, Ghimire TR. Prevalence and diversity of intestinal parasites in household and temple pigeons (
Columba livia
) in central Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1528-1538. [PMID: 35352510 PMCID: PMC9297752 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal infection, caused by various protozoans and helminths, represents one of the significant health concerns in pigeons around the world. Objectives The present study aimed to determine the diversity and prevalence of the intestinal parasites in pigeons found in Ratnanagar Municipality, Chitwan, in central Nepal. Methods The fresh faecal samples (n = 155) were non‐invasively collected from different households and temples pigeons The individual samples were immediately preserved in the 2.5% potassium dichromate solution and transported to the research laboratory. Following direct wet mount and concentration methods, the samples were observed under a compound microscope. Results The results showed 87.1% prevalence rate with 16 parasite species that included 8 protozoan and 8 helminth faunae. The faecal samples of temple pigeons contained a higher prevalence rate with higher parasitic richness (95.6%; 16 species) than household pigeons (75.4%; 12 species). Mixed infection up to four different species was recorded in both types of sampling populations. Conclusions Pigeons harbour a greater prevalence and wider diversity of intestinal parasites and the parasitism varies based on the habitats. Proper management and effective deworming practices are recommended to control intestinal parasitic infection in these avian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tirth Raj Ghimire
- Department of Zoology Tri‐Chandra Multiple Campus Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal
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Aryal M, Adhikari RB, Kandel P, Ghimire TR, Khadka D, Maharjan J, Gaire KP, Shrestha S, Manandhar KD, Kandel RC, Poudel RC, Pandey K. First report on the molecular detection of Entamoeba bovis from the endangered wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) in Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2021; 8:799-807. [PMID: 34919350 PMCID: PMC8959252 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Asiatic wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) is an endangered species that is conserved in the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), Nepal, and was recently translocated to the Chitwan National Park (CNP). Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites are the cause of significant negative health and production impacts on animals worldwide. Methods A coprological survey of GI parasites of wild water buffalo was carried out in the CNP in 2020. Fresh dung samples (n = 25) were collected from wild water buffaloes and analysed using sedimentation and flotation techniques for morphological identification of parasite cysts, oocysts and eggs. Results Nine different GI parasites were recorded of which Entamoeba spp. (20 samples, 80%) were the most common. The presence of Entamoeba spp. was further validated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and DNA sequencing. The PCR results were positive for all of the microscopically positive samples, and the species was identified as Entamoeba bovis. Three samples were sequenced and formed a cluster of E. bovis, which was separated from other Entamoeba spp. in phylogenetic analysis. Conclusion This is the first report for molecular detection of E. bovis from wild water buffaloes in Nepal. Future work should focus on the prevalence of such infections in water buffaloes in forest environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menuka Aryal
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | - Tirth Raj Ghimire
- Department of Zoology, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Jyoti Maharjan
- Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | | | | | | | - Ram Chandra Kandel
- Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Ministry of Forests and Environment, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Kishor Pandey
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
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Sharma HP, Achhami B. Gastro-intestinal parasites of sympatric red panda and livestock in protected areas of Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2021; 8:568-577. [PMID: 34599791 PMCID: PMC8959333 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disease transmission among humans, domestic animals and wildlife can have profound consequences in human health, wildlife conservation and maintenance of biodiversity. The issue of disease transmission can be particularly important for threatened wildlife species, yet such information remains scarce due to logistic constraints and government regulation on animal handlings. The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is one of the globally threatened species challenged with habitat fragmentation and human disturbance. In Nepal, livestock grazing is recognised as one of the major threats to the red panda. Aim We aimed to provide the first empirical data on gastro‐intestinal parasites for sympatric livestock and red panda from two geographically isolated regions in Nepal. Methods In this study, we systematically sampled, and examined the faecal of livestock and red panda in two separate protected areas to provide the first empirical data on their gastro‐intestinal parasite, including the prevalence, parasite richness and load. Results We documented 11 parasite taxa (7 nematodes, 2 cestodes, 1 trematode and 1 coccidian), of which 8 are shared by both livestock and red panda. Furthermore, parasite prevalence, parasite load and parasite richness were generally higher in the livestock than the red panda. Conclusion The data provided from this systematic survey on parasites of sympatric livestock and red panda in wild raises the concern about the potential role of livestock mediating disease dynamics in the red panda. Our study suggests that cross‐transmission of parasites between livestock and red panda are likely, and the livestock may be a competent agent bringing disease to both red panda and human. Therefore, managing human‐livestock‐wildlife contact to reduce disease risk to all groups should be a key component in conservation planning of protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Prasad Sharma
- Central Department of ZoologyTribhuvan UniversityKirtipurKathmanduNepal
- Nepal Zoological SocietyKathmanduNepal
| | - Bishnu Achhami
- Central Department of ZoologyTribhuvan UniversityKirtipurKathmanduNepal
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Adhikari RB, Adhikari Dhakal M, Thapa S, Ghimire TR. Gastrointestinal parasites of indigenous pigs (Sus domesticus) in south-central Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1820-1830. [PMID: 34021721 PMCID: PMC8464252 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal parasites have a significant impact on productivity of pigs. Additionally, presence of zoonotic parasites in pig faeces used as fertilizer and ingestion of raw or undercooked pork products originated from parasite-infested pigs pose a risk to human health. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in indigenous pigs (Sus domesticus) maintained under traditional rearing system in Nepal. METHODS Fresh faecal samples (n = 100) were collected from the pigs of varying age and sex maintained in 18 small-scale farms in south-central Nepal. Samples were processed using various standard methods and examined for parasite eggs, cysts or oocysts. RESULTS Prevalence of GI parasites in indigenous pigs was 91%, comprising of 14 different genera of protozoans and helminths. Male pigs generally had a higher (97.5%) prevalence of GI parasites than females (87%). While 90% of the suckling and weaner piglets were positive for the GI parasites, all growers and 85% the adult pigs were infected with the parasites. Entamoeba spp. were the primary protozoans in all age groups. Strongyloides sp. was more prevalent helminths in suckling and weaner piglets, whereas Ascarid spp. were higher in both growers and adults. Triplet infection was higher (33.3%) in suckling and weaner piglets, while quadruplet and pentuplet infections were higher (p < .05) among growers (46.7%) and adults (30%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The indigenous pigs harbour a higher prevalence and greater diversity of GI parasites. GI parasitism varies by sex and age of the pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan B Adhikari
- Animal Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal.,Third Pole Conservancy, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | | | - Santosh Thapa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tirth R Ghimire
- Animal Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal.,Department of Zoology, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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