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Kim TY, Kim JM, Lee HL, Go MJ, Joo SG, Kim JH, Lee HS, Jeong WM, Lee DY, Kim HJ, Heo HJ. Codium fragile Suppressed Chronic PM 2.5-Exposed Pulmonary Dysfunction via TLR/TGF-β Pathway in BALB/c Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1743. [PMID: 37760047 PMCID: PMC10525573 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the ameliorating effect of the aqueous extract of Codium fragile on PM2.5-induced pulmonary dysfunction. The major compounds of Codium fragile were identified as palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleamide using GC/MS2 and hexadecanamide, oleamide, and 13-docosenamide using UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE. Codium fragile improved pulmonary antioxidant system deficit by regulating SOD activities and reducing GSH levels and MDA contents. It suppressed pulmonary mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating ROS contents and mitochondrial membrane potential levels. It regulated the inflammatory protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, p-JNK, p-NF-κB, iNOS, Caspase-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β. In addition, it improved the apoptotic protein expression of BCl-2, BAX, and Caspase-3 and attenuated the fibrous protein expression of TGF-β1, p-Smad-2, p-Smad-3, MMP-1, and MMP-2. In conclusion, this study suggests that Codium fragile might be a potential material for functional food or pharmaceuticals to improve lung damage by regulating oxidative stress inflammation, cytotoxicity, and fibrosis via the TLR/TGF-β1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yoon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.Y.K.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (M.J.G.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.Y.K.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (M.J.G.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hyo Lim Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.Y.K.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (M.J.G.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Min Ji Go
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.Y.K.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (M.J.G.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Seung Gyum Joo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.Y.K.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (M.J.G.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Ju Hui Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.Y.K.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (M.J.G.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Han Su Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.Y.K.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (M.J.G.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Won Min Jeong
- Research & Development Team, Gyeongnam Anti-Aging Research Institute, Sancheong 52215, Republic of Korea; (W.M.J.); (D.Y.L.)
| | - Dong Yeol Lee
- Research & Development Team, Gyeongnam Anti-Aging Research Institute, Sancheong 52215, Republic of Korea; (W.M.J.); (D.Y.L.)
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.Y.K.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (M.J.G.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Ho Jin Heo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (T.Y.K.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (M.J.G.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.); (H.-J.K.)
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Phuah YQ, Chang SK, Ng WJ, Lam MQ, Ee KY. A review on matcha: Chemical composition, health benefits, with insights on its quality control by applying chemometrics and multi-omics. Food Res Int 2023; 170:113007. [PMID: 37316075 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This review discussed the origin, manufacturing process, chemical composition, factors affecting quality and health benefits of matcha (Camellia sinensis), and the application of chemometrics and multi-omics in the science of matcha. The discussion primarily distinguishes between matcha and regular green tea with processing and compositional factors, and demonstrates beneficial health effects of consuming matcha. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses was adopted to search for relevant information in this review. Boolean operators were incorporated to explore related sources in various databases. Notably, climate, cultivar, maturity of tea leaves, grinding process and brewing temperature impact on the overall quality of matcha. Besides, sufficient shading prior to harvesting significantly increases the contents of theanine and chlorophyll in the tea leaves. Furthermore, the ground whole tea leaf powder delivers matcha with the greatest benefits to the consumers. The health promoting benefits of matcha are mainly contributed by its micro-nutrients and the antioxidative phytochemicals, specifically epigallocatechin-gallate, theanine and caffeine. Collectively, the chemical composition of matcha affected its quality and health benefits significantly. To this end, more studies are required to elucidate the biological mechanisms of these compounds for human health. Chemometrics and multi-omics technologies are useful to fill up the research gaps identified in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qian Phuah
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia; Centre for Biomedical and Nutrition Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Wen Jie Ng
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia; Centre for Biomedical and Nutrition Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Ming Quan Lam
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia; Centre for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Kah Yaw Ee
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia; Centre for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
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Lee HL, Kim JM, Go MJ, Kim TY, Joo SG, Kim JH, Lee HS, Kim HJ, Heo HJ. Protective Effect of Lonicera japonica on PM 2.5-Induced Pulmonary Damage in BALB/c Mice via the TGF-β and NF-κB Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040968. [PMID: 37107342 PMCID: PMC10135714 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the protective effect of an extract of Lonicera japonica against particulate-matter (PM)2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. The compounds with physiological activity were identified as shanzhiside, secologanoside, loganic acid, chlorogenic acid, secologanic acid, secoxyloganin, quercetin pentoside, and dicaffeoyl quinic acids (DCQA), including 3,4-DCQA, 3,5-DCQA, 4,5-DCQA, and 1,4-DCQA using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE). The extract of Lonicera japonica reduced cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammation in A549 cells. The extract of Lonicera japonica decreased serum T cells, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and total T helper 2 (Th2) cells, and immunoglobulins, including immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin E (IgE), in PM2.5-induced BALB/c mice. The extract of Lonicera japonica protected the pulmonary antioxidant system by regulating superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In addition, it ameliorated mitochondrial function by regulating the production of ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ATP contents. Moreover, the extract of Lonicera japonica exhibited a protective activity of apoptosis, fibrosis, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) via TGF-β and NF-κB signaling pathways in lung tissues. This study suggests that the extract of Lonicera japonica might be a potential material to improve PM2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Lim Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Go
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yoon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Gyum Joo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hui Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Su Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jin Heo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar R, Suryanegara L, Fatriasari W, Tangke Arung E, Wijaya Kusuma I, Setiati Achmadi S, Izyan Wan Azelee N, Ain Abdul Hamid Z. The Role of Selected Flavonoids from Bajakah Tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) Stem on Cosmetic Properties: A Review. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:382-400. [PMID: 37026052 PMCID: PMC10071331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cosmetics made from natural ingredients are increasingly popular because they contain bioactive compounds which can provide many health benefits, more environmentally friendly and sustainable. The health benefits obtained from natural-based ingredients include anti-aging, photoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. This article reviewed the potential of selected flavonoids from bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) as the native plant in Indonesia. We present in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research data on the use of selected flavonoids that have been reported in other extracts.
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The therapeutic potential of matcha tea: A critical review on human and animal studies. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 6:100396. [PMID: 36582446 PMCID: PMC9792400 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Matcha is a powdered form of Japanese green tea that has been gaining global popularity recently. Matcha tea has various health benefits, including an enhancing effect on cognitive function, cardio-metabolic health, and anti-tumorogenesis. To date, randomized clinical trials (RCT) showed that matcha decreases stress, slightly enhances attention and memory, and has no effect on mood. Results regarding the effect of matcha on cognitive function are contradictory and more RCTs are warranted. The cardio-metabolic effects of matcha have only been studied in animals, but findings were more homogenous. Consuming matcha with a high-fat diet resulted in decreased weight gain velocity, food intake, improved serum glucose and lipid profile, reduced inflammatory cytokines and ameliorated oxidative stress. Evidence regarding the anti-tumor function of matcha is very limited. Findings showed that matcha can affect proliferation, viability, antioxidant response, and cell cycle regulation of breast cancer cells. Nonetheless, more studies are needed to examine this effect on different types of cancer cells, and there is also a need to verify it using animal models. Overall, the evidence regarding the effect of matcha tea on cognitive function, cardio-metabolic function, and anti-tumor role is still limited, and conclusions cannot be drawn.
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Fadó R, Molins A, Rojas R, Casals N. Feeding the Brain: Effect of Nutrients on Cognition, Synaptic Function, and AMPA Receptors. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194137. [PMID: 36235789 PMCID: PMC9572450 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, traditional eating habits have been replaced by a more globalized diet, rich in saturated fatty acids and simple sugars. Extensive evidence shows that these dietary factors contribute to cognitive health impairment as well as increase the incidence of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. However, how these nutrients modulate synaptic function and neuroplasticity is poorly understood. We review the Western, ketogenic, and paleolithic diets for their effects on cognition and correlations with synaptic changes, focusing mainly (but not exclusively) on animal model studies aimed at tracing molecular alterations that may contribute to impaired human cognition. We observe that memory and learning deficits mediated by high-fat/high-sugar diets, even over short exposure times, are associated with reduced arborization, widened synaptic cleft, narrowed post-synaptic zone, and decreased activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, and also observe that these alterations correlate with deregulation of the AMPA-type glutamate ionotropic receptors (AMPARs) that are crucial to neuroplasticity. Furthermore, we explored which diet-mediated mechanisms modulate synaptic AMPARs and whether certain supplements or nutritional interventions could reverse deleterious effects, contributing to improved learning and memory in older people and patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Fadó
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-504-20-00
| | - Anna Molins
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rocío Rojas
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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Kim JM, Kang JY, Park SK, Moon JH, Kim MJ, Lee HL, Jeong HR, Kim JC, Heo HJ. Powdered Green Tea (Matcha) Attenuates the Cognitive Dysfunction via the Regulation of Systemic Inflammation in Chronic PM 2.5-Exposed BALB/c Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121932. [PMID: 34943034 PMCID: PMC8750520 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-amnesic effect of the aqueous extract of powdered green tea (matcha) (EM) in particulate matter (PM)2.5-induced systemic inflammation in BALB/c mice. EM ameliorated spatial learning and memory function, short-term memory function, and long-term learning and memory function in PM2.5-induced mice. EM protected against antioxidant deficit in pulmonary, dermal, and cerebral tissues. In addition, EM improved the cholinergic system through the regulation of acetylcholine (ACh) levels and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain tissue, and it protected mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP contents in brain tissue. EM attenuated systemic inflammation and apoptotic signaling in pulmonary, dermal, olfactory bulb, and hippocampal tissues. Moreover, EM suppressed neuronal cytotoxicity and cholinergic dysfunction in hippocampal tissue. This study suggests that EM might be a potential substance to improve PM2.5-induced cognitive dysfunction via the regulation of systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.M.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.K.P.); (J.H.M.); (M.J.K.); (H.L.L.); (H.R.J.)
| | - Jin Yong Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.M.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.K.P.); (J.H.M.); (M.J.K.); (H.L.L.); (H.R.J.)
- Advanced Process Technology and Fermentation Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea
| | - Seon Kyeong Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.M.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.K.P.); (J.H.M.); (M.J.K.); (H.L.L.); (H.R.J.)
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Moon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.M.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.K.P.); (J.H.M.); (M.J.K.); (H.L.L.); (H.R.J.)
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.M.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.K.P.); (J.H.M.); (M.J.K.); (H.L.L.); (H.R.J.)
| | - Hyo Lim Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.M.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.K.P.); (J.H.M.); (M.J.K.); (H.L.L.); (H.R.J.)
| | - Hye Rin Jeong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.M.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.K.P.); (J.H.M.); (M.J.K.); (H.L.L.); (H.R.J.)
| | | | - Ho Jin Heo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.M.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.K.P.); (J.H.M.); (M.J.K.); (H.L.L.); (H.R.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-557721907
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Alkan I, Altunkaynak BZ, Gültekin Gİ, Bayçu C. Hippocampal neural cell loss in high-fat diet-induced obese rats-exploring the protein networks, ultrastructure, biochemical and bioinformatical markers. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 114:101947. [PMID: 33766576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity, which has become one of the main health problems, results from irregular and unhealthy nutrition. In particular, an increase in the intake of high-fat foods leads to obesity and associated disorders. It is noteworthy to specify that obese individuals have memory problems. This study aims to examine the effects of high-fat diet on hippocampus, with stereological, histopathological methods and STRING bioinformatic tool. METHODS Female Adult Sprague Dawley rats (n = 20) were equally divided into control (CONT) and high-fat diet (HFD) groups. The control group was given standard rat pellet feed, while the high-fat diet group was fed with a 40 % fat content for 2 months. Following the feeding program, rats were sacrificed. The collected blood samples were analyzed biochemically to determine the level of oxidative stress while performing a stereological and histopathological examination of the brain tissues. Functional protein-protein networks for BDNF, C-Fos, CAT, LPO, SOD and MPO by gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis were evaluated. FINDINGS The number of neurons decreased in the HFD group compared to the CONT group. Damage to the histological structure of the hippocampus region; such as degenerate neurons, damaged mitochondria and extended cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum was observed. Although C-Fos level and oxidative stress parameters increased in HFD group, BDNF level decreased. While BDNF and C-Fos were observed in pathways related to neuron death, oxidative stress and memory, BDNF was pronounced in the mitochondria, and C-Fos in the endoplasmic reticulum. DISCUSSION This study shows that changes in both BDNF and C-Fos levels in obesity due to high-fat diet increase oxidative stress and cause neuron damage in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Işınsu Alkan
- Dept of Basic Medical Sciences, Dentistry Faculty, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir Turkey
| | - Berrin Zuhal Altunkaynak
- Depts of Histology and Embryology and Physiology Departments, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Okan University, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Güldal İnal Gültekin
- Physiology Department, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Okan University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Bayçu
- Histology Department, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Okan University, İstanbul, Turkey
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