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Schloesser L, Klose SM, Mauschitz MM, Abdullah Z, Finger RP. The role of immune modulators in age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 2024:S0039-6257(24)00084-5. [PMID: 39097172 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
We provide an overview of the expanding literature on the role of cytokines and immune mediators in pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although many immunological mediators have been linked to AMD pathophysiology, the broader mechanistic picture remains unclear with substantial variations in the levels of evidence supporting these mediators. Therefore, we reviewed the literature considering the varying levels of supporting evidence. A Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) term-based literature research was conducted in September, 2023, consisting of the MeSH terms "cytokine" and "Age-related macular degeneration" connected by the operator "AND". After screening the publications by title, abstract, and full text, a total of 146 publications were included. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (especially in basic research studies), IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, TNF-α, and MCP-1 are the most extensively characterised cytokines/chemokines, highlighting the role of local inflammasome activation and altered macrophage function in the AMD pathophysiology. Among the antiinflammatory mediators IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β were found to be the most extensively characterised, with IL-4 driving and IL-10 and TGF-β suppressing disease progression. Despite the extensive literature on this topic, a profound understanding of AMD pathophysiology has not yet been achieved. Therefore, further studies are needed to identify potential therapeutic targets, followed by clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schloesser
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Sara M Klose
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert P Finger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Vilkeviciute A, Cebatoriene D, Kriauciuniene L, Zaliuniene D, Liutkeviciene R. Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association between Treatment Efficacy and Single-Nucleotide Variants in RAD51B, TRIB1, COL8A1, COL10A1, IL-9, IL-10, and VEGFA Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6859. [PMID: 38999967 PMCID: PMC11241034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition leading to vision loss and eventual blindness, with exudative AMD posing a heightened risk due to choroidal neovascularization and localized edema. Therapies targeting the VEGF pathway aim to address this mechanism for treatment effectiveness. Our study aimed to evaluate associations between specific genetic variants (RAD51B rs8017304, rs2588809; TRIB1 rs6987702, rs4351379; COL8A1 rs13095226; COL10A1 rs1064583; IL-9 rs1859430, rs2069870, rs11741137, rs2069885, rs2069884; IL-10 rs1800871, rs1800872, rs1800896; VEGFA rs1570360, rs699947, rs3025033, rs2146323) and the response to anti-VEGF treatment for exudative AMD. We enrolled 119 patients with exudative AMD categorized as responders or non-responders based on their response to anti-VEGF treatment. Statistical analysis revealed that RAD51B rs8017304 heterozygous and homozygous minor allele carriers had increased CMT before treatment compared to wild-type genotype carriers (p = 0.004). Additionally, TRIB1 rs4351379 heterozygous and homozygous minor allele carriers exhibited a greater decrease in central macular thickness (CMT) after 6 months of treatment than wild-type genotype carriers (p = 0.030). IL-9 rs1859430, rs2069870, and rs2069884 heterozygous and homozygous minor allele carriers had worse BCVA before treatment than wild-type genotype carriers (p = 0.018, p = 0.012, p = 0.041, respectively). Conversely, IL-9 rs2069885 heterozygous and homozygous minor allele carriers showed greater improvement in BCVA after 6 months compared to wild-type genotype carriers (p = 0.032). Furthermore, VEGFA rs699947 heterozygous and homozygous minor allele carriers had better BCVA before treatment and after 3 and 6 months of treatment than wild-type genotype carriers (p = 0.003, p = 0.022, respectively), with these carriers also exhibiting higher CMT after 6 months of anti-VEGF treatment (p = 0.032). Not all results remained statistically significant under this stringent correction for multiple comparisons. The comparisons of the serum concentrations of IL-10, VEGF-A, and VEGF-R2/KDR between non-responders and responders did not yield statistically significant differences. Our study identified significant associations between genetic variants, including RAD51B rs8017304, TRIB1 rs4351379, IL-9 rs1859430, rs2069870, rs2069884, rs2069885, and VEGFA rs699947, and parameters related to the efficacy of exudative AMD treatment, such as BCVA and CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvita Vilkeviciute
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Eiveniu St. 2, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.K.); (R.L.)
| | - Dzastina Cebatoriene
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus St. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Loresa Kriauciuniene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Eiveniu St. 2, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.K.); (R.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu St. 2, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Dalia Zaliuniene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu St. 2, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Rasa Liutkeviciene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Eiveniu St. 2, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.K.); (R.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu St. 2, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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Son A, Baral I, Falduto GH, Schwartz DM. Locus of (IL-9) control: IL9 epigenetic regulation in cellular function and human disease. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1331-1339. [PMID: 38825637 PMCID: PMC11263352 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a multifunctional cytokine with roles in a broad cross-section of human diseases. Like many cytokines, IL-9 is transcriptionally regulated by a group of noncoding regulatory elements (REs) surrounding the IL9 gene. These REs modulate IL-9 transcription by forming 3D loops that recruit transcriptional machinery. IL-9-promoting transcription factors (TFs) can bind REs to increase locus accessibility and permit chromatin looping, or they can be recruited to already accessible chromatin to promote transcription. Ample mechanistic and genome-wide association studies implicate this interplay between IL-9-modulating TFs and IL9 cis-REs in human physiology, homeostasis, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran Son
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste, 34136, Italy
| | - Ishita Baral
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guido H Falduto
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Botey-Bataller J, Vrijmoeth HD, Ursinus J, Kullberg BJ, van den Wijngaard CC, Ter Hofstede H, Alaswad A, Gupta MK, Roesner LM, Huehn J, Werfel T, Schulz TF, Xu CJ, Netea MG, Hovius JW, Joosten LAB, Li Y. A comprehensive genetic map of cytokine responses in Lyme borreliosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3795. [PMID: 38714679 PMCID: PMC11076587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Lyme borreliosis has risen, accompanied by persistent symptoms. The innate immune system and related cytokines are crucial in the host response and symptom development. We characterized cytokine production capacity before and after antibiotic treatment in 1,060 Lyme borreliosis patients. We observed a negative correlation between antibody production and IL-10 responses, as well as increased IL-1Ra responses in patients with disseminated disease. Genome-wide mapping the cytokine production allowed us to identify 34 cytokine quantitative trait loci (cQTLs), with 31 novel ones. We pinpointed the causal variant at the TLR1-6-10 locus and validated the regulation of IL-1Ra responses at transcritpome level using an independent cohort. We found that cQTLs contribute to Lyme borreliosis susceptibility and are relevant to other immune-mediated diseases. Our findings improve the understanding of cytokine responses in Lyme borreliosis and provide a genetic map of immune function as an expanded resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Botey-Bataller
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Community for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hedwig D Vrijmoeth
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Community for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanine Ursinus
- National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart-Jan Kullberg
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Community for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cees C van den Wijngaard
- National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hadewych Ter Hofstede
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Community for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Alaswad
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manoj K Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lennart M Roesner
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Schulz
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Community for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Community for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department for Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joppe W Hovius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Community for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Community for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Th2 Cytokines (Interleukin-5 and -9) Polymorphism Affects the Response to Anti-TNF Treatment in Polish Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113177. [PMID: 36361964 PMCID: PMC9657232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory disease that belongs to the spondyloarthritis family. IL-5 and IL-9 belong to the group of Th2 cytokines of anti-inflammatory nature. Polymorphisms in their coding genes have been so far associated with various inflammatory diseases, but there are no reports regarding their involvement in AS pathogenesis to date. The purpose of the study was to investigate relationships between IL5 and IL9 genetic variants with AS susceptibility, clinical parameters as well as response to therapy with TNF inhibitors. In total 170 patients receiving anti-TNF therapy and 218 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The genotyping of IL5 rs2069812 (A > G) and IL9 rs2069885 (G > A) single nucleotide polymorphisms was performed using the Real-Time PCR method based on LightSNiP kits assays. The present study demonstrated significant relationships between IL5 rs2069812 and IL9 rs2069885 polymorphisms and response to anti-TNF therapy. Presence of the IL5 rs2069812 A allele in patients positively correlated with better response to treatment (p = 0.022). With regard to IL9 rs2069885, patients carrying the A allele displayed better outcomes in anti-TNF therapy (p = 0.046). In addition, IL5 rs2069812 A and IL9 rs2069885 A alleles were associated with lower CRP and VAS values. The obtained results may indicate a significant role for IL-5 and IL-9 in the course of AS and response to anti-TNF therapy.
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VEGFA Haplotype and VEGF-A and VEGF-R2 Protein Associations with Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060996. [PMID: 35326447 PMCID: PMC8947491 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to reveal the associations between VEGFA SNPs (rs1570360, rs699947, rs3025033, and rs2146323), their haplotypes, VEGF-A and VEGF-R2 serum concentrations, and early and exudative AMD. A total of 339 subjects with early AMD and 419 with exudative AMD groups, and 374 healthy subjects, were genotyped for four VEGFA SNPs (rs1570360, rs699947, rs3025033, and rs2146323). VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 serum concentrations were measured in exudative AMD and controls. The results revealed that rs3025033 G allele was significantly associated with lower odds of exudative AMD under the dominant model (OR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49–0.80; p = 0.0088) and additive (OR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.54–0.90; p = 0.0058) models after Bonferroni correction. In the female group, rs3025033 AG genotype was associated with exudative AMD under the codominant model (OR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.37–0.87; p = 0.009) and G allele under the dominant (OR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.37–0.82; p = 0.0032) and additive models (OR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.42–0.84; p = 0.0028). Haplotype analysis revealed that individuals carrying rs1570360, rs699947, rs3025033, and rs2146323 haplotype A-A-G-A had decreased risk of exudative AMD (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.23–0.90; p = 0.023). The VEGF-A and VEGF-R2 serum concentrations did not differ between study groups; we found that patients with exudative AMD carrying at least one C allele at rs699947 have statistically significantly higher VEGF-A serum concentrations compared to AA genotype carriers (485.95 (945.93) vs. 194.97 (-), respectively, p = 0.046). In conclusion, we found that VEGFA rs3025033 and haplotype rs1570360A-rs699947A-rs3025033G- rs2146323A play a protective role for exudative AMD in the Caucasian population. Furthermore, rs699947 is associated with elevated VEGF-A serum concentrations in exudative AMD.
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Li X, Cao X, Zhao M, Bao Y. The Changes of Irisin and Inflammatory Cytokines in the Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Retinal Vein Occlusion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:861757. [PMID: 35370941 PMCID: PMC8970465 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.861757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO) are irreversible chorioretinal diseases, which might induce severe damage in visual function. The metabolic factor and inflammatory factors might play important roles in the pathogenesis of AMD and RVO. The levels of irisin and 14 cytokines were analyzed in aqueous humor of AMD and RVO eyes to evaluate the roles of irisin and inflammatory factors. METHODS We collected aqueous humor samples from patients with AMD (n = 27), RVO (n = 30), and cataract (as control, n = 23) eyes. Samples were assayed using ELISA kit for irisin and a multiplex immunoassay kit for 14 cytokines. The macular thickness (MT) was measured with OCT in all included eyes. RESULTS MT in the RVO group is significantly higher than that in the AMD or control group. Irisin levels in the aqueous samples of AMD and RVO eyes were both significantly lower than that in the control. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between irisin and MT in the RVO. Compared with the controls, AMD eyes had significantly higher levels of BDNF, VEGF-A, VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, IL-10, TNF-α, VCAM-1, IP-10, and MCP-1. Similarly, RVO eyes had significantly higher levels of BDNF, VEGF-A, VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IP-10, and MCP-1. However, there was no significant difference between the levels of PDGF-BB or TNF-β in these three groups. A negative correlation was found between VEGF-A and MT in AMD, as well as in control. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between IL-6 and MT in the 80 included eyes, as well as in RVO. A positive correlation was found between ICAM-1 and MT in the 80 included eyes, as well as in RVO. CONCLUSIONS The metabolic factor, irisin levels in the aqueous humor are decreased in AMD and RVO eyes and show a positive correlation between irisin and MT in RVO eyes, prompting researchers to explore the relationship between irisin and macular edema. We also identified the higher expression of vascular growth factors (VEGF-A, VEGF-R1, and PDGF-BB), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α), and chemokines (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IP-10, and MCP-1) in AMD and RVO eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital; Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases; College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital; Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases; College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital; Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases; College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhen Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital; Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases; College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongzhen Bao,
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