1
|
Huang Y, Chen L, Li L, Qi Y, Tong H, Wu H, Xu J, Leng L, Cheema S, Sun G, Xia Z, McGuire J, Rodrigues B, Young LH, Bucala R, Qi D. Downregulation of adipose LPL by PAR2 contributes to the development of hypertriglyceridemia. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e173240. [PMID: 38973609 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes circulating triglycerides (TGs), releasing fatty acids (FA) and promoting lipid storage in white adipose tissue (WAT). However, the mechanisms regulating adipose LPL and its relationship with the development of hypertriglyceridemia are largely unknown. WAT from obese humans exhibited high PAR2 expression, which was inversely correlated with the LPL gene. Decreased LPL expression was also inversely correlated with elevated plasma TG levels, suggesting that adipose PAR2 might regulate hypertriglyceridemia by downregulating LPL. In mice, aging and high palmitic acid diet (PD) increased PAR2 expression in WAT, which was associated with a high level of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). MIF downregulated LPL expression and activity in adipocytes by binding with CXCR2/4 receptors and inhibiting Akt phosphorylation. In a MIF overexpression model, high-circulating MIF levels suppressed adipose LPL, and this suppression was associated with increased plasma TGs but not FA. Following PD feeding, adipose LPL expression and activity were significantly reduced, and this reduction was reversed in Par2-/- mice. Recombinant MIF infusion restored high plasma MIF levels in Par2-/- mice, and the levels decreased LPL and attenuated adipocyte lipid storage, leading to hypertriglyceridemia. These data collectively suggest that downregulation of adipose LPL by PAR2/MIF may contribute to the development of hypertriglyceridemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Liujun Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lisha Li
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yadan Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Haibin Tong
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jinjie Xu
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Guang Sun
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - John McGuire
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lawrence H Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dake Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reches G, Piran R. Par2-mediated responses in inflammation and regeneration: choosing between repair and damage. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:26. [PMID: 38816842 PMCID: PMC11138036 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The protease activated receptor 2 (Par2) plays a pivotal role in various damage models, influencing injury, proliferation, inflammation, and regeneration. Despite extensive studies, its binary roles- EITHER aggravating injury or promoting recovery-make a conclusive translational decision on its modulation strategy elusive. Analyzing two liver regeneration models, autoimmune hepatitis and direct hepatic damage, we discovered Par2's outcome depends on the injury's nature. In immune-mediated injury, Par2 exacerbates damage, while in direct tissue injury, it promotes regeneration. Subsequently, we evaluated the clinical significance of this finding by investigating Par2's expression in the context of autoimmune diabetes. We found that the absence of Par2 in all lymphocytes provided full protection against the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in mice, whereas the introduction of a β-cell-specific Par2 null mutation accelerated the onset of autoimmune diabetes. This pattern led us to hypothesize whether these observations are universal. A comprehensive review of recent Par2 publications across tissues and systems confirms the claim drafted above: Par2's initial activation in the immune system aggravates inflammation, hindering recovery, whereas its primary activation in the damaged tissue fosters regeneration. As a membrane-anchored receptor, Par2 emerges as an attractive drug target. Our findings highlight a crucial translational modulation strategy in regenerative medicine based on injury type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gal Reches
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 8 Henrietta Szold St, Safed, Israel
| | - Ron Piran
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 8 Henrietta Szold St, Safed, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thromboinflammatory Processes at the Nexus of Metabolic Dysfunction and Prostate Cancer: The Emerging Role of Periprostatic Adipose Tissue. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071679. [PMID: 35406450 PMCID: PMC8996963 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As overweight and obesity increase among the population worldwide, a parallel increase in the number of individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer was observed. There appears to be a relationship between both diseases where the increase in the mass of fat tissue can lead to inflammation. Such a state of inflammation could produce many factors that increase the aggressiveness of prostate cancer, especially if this inflammation occurred in the fat stores adjacent to the prostate. Another important observation that links obesity, fat tissue inflammation, and prostate cancer is the increased production of blood clotting factors. In this article, we attempt to explain the role of these latter factors in the effect of increased body weight on the progression of prostate cancer and propose new ways of treatment that act by affecting how these clotting factors work. Abstract The increased global prevalence of metabolic disorders including obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and diabetes is mirrored by an increased incidence of prostate cancer (PCa). Ample evidence suggests that these metabolic disorders, being characterized by adipose tissue (AT) expansion and inflammation, not only present as risk factors for the development of PCa, but also drive its increased aggressiveness, enhanced progression, and metastasis. Despite the emerging molecular mechanisms linking AT dysfunction to the various hallmarks of PCa, thromboinflammatory processes implicated in the crosstalk between these diseases have not been thoroughly investigated. This is of particular importance as both diseases present states of hypercoagulability. Accumulating evidence implicates tissue factor, thrombin, and active factor X as well as other players of the coagulation cascade in the pathophysiological processes driving cancer development and progression. In this regard, it becomes pivotal to elucidate the thromboinflammatory processes occurring in the periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), a fundamental microenvironmental niche of the prostate. Here, we highlight key findings linking thromboinflammation and the pleiotropic effects of coagulation factors and their inhibitors in metabolic diseases, PCa, and their crosstalk. We also propose several novel therapeutic targets and therapeutic interventions possibly modulating the interaction between these pathological states.
Collapse
|