Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Role of S100A12 as a Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Biomarker in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Prognostic significance of the aspartate aminotransferase to lymphocyte ratio index in patients with acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to investigate the clinical value and prognostic significance of the alanine aspartate aminotransferase-to-lymphocyte ratio index (ALRI) in patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

METHODS

Clinical indices of patients with AMI were collected from the Medical Information Mark for Intensive Care (MIMIC) III database and Wuhan Sixth Hospital. Cox regression analysis was used to explore whether ALRI was a risk factor for a worse prognosis in patients with AMI, and a nomogram including ALRI was created to estimate its predictive performance for 28-day mortality.

RESULTS

Based on clinical data from the MIMIC-III database, we found that a high ALRI was closely associated with a variety of clinical parameters. It was an important risk factor for 28-day survival in patients with AMI (HR = 5.816). ALRI had a high predictive power for worse 28-day survival in patients with AMI (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.754). Additionally, we used clinical data from the Wuhan Sixth Hospital to verify the predictive power of ALRI in patients with AMI, and a high level of ALRI remained an independent risk factor for worse survival in patients with AMI (HR = 4.969). The AMI nomogram, including ALRI, displayed a good predictive performance for 28-day mortality in both the MIMIC-III (AUC = 0.826) and Wuhan Sixth Hospital cohorts (AUC = 0.795).

CONCLUSION

The ALRI is closely related to the survival outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed AMI, indicating that it could serve as a novel biomarker for risk stratification such patients.

Rap1GAP exacerbates myocardial infarction by regulating the AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway

Rap1 GTPase-activating protein (Rap1GAP) is an important tumor suppressor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Rap1GAP in myocardial infarction (MI) and its potential mechanism. Left anterior descending coronary artery ligation was performed on cardiac-specific Rap1GAP conditional knockout (Rap1GAP-CKO) mice and control mice with MI. Seven days after MI, Rap1GAP expression in the hearts of control mice peaked, the expression of proapoptotic markers (Bax and cleaved caspase-3) increased, the expression of antiapoptotic factors (Bcl-2) decreased, and the expression of the inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α increased; thus, apoptosis occurred, inflammation, infarct size, and left ventricular dysfunction increased, while the heart changes caused by MI were alleviated in Rap1GAP-CKO mice. Mouse heart tissue was obtained for transcriptome sequencing, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to analyze Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. We found that Rap1GAP was associated with the AMPK and NF-κB signaling pathways and that Rap1GAP inhibited AMPK/SIRT1 and activated the NF-κB signaling pathway in model animals. Similar results were observed in primary rat myocardial cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) to induce ischemia and hypoxia. Activating AMPK with the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) reversed the damage caused by Rap1GAP overexpression in cardiomyocytes. In addition, the coimmunoprecipitation results showed that exogenous Rap1GAP interacted with AMPK. Rap1GAP was verified to regulate the AMPK SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway and exacerbate the damage to myocardial cells caused by ischemia and hypoxia. In conclusion, our results suggest that Rap1GAP promotes MI by modulating the AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway and that Rap1GAP may be a therapeutic target for MI treatment in the future.

Revealing a Novel Methylated Integrin Alpha-8 Related to Extracellular Matrix and Anoikis Resistance Using Proteomic Analysis in the Immune Microenvironment of Lung Adenocarcinoma

Genomic epigenetics of extracellular matrix (ECM) play an important role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Our study identified a signature of potential prognostic genes associated with ECM and constructed immune risk-related prognosis model in LUAD. We downloaded mRNAs transcriptome data, miRNAs expression data, and clinical patient information for LUAD based on The Cancer Genome Atlas. "Limma, clusterProfiler, ggplot2" R packages and GSEA were used to analyze meaningful genes and explore potential biological function. A competing endogenous RNA network was constructed to reveal the mechanism of ECM-related genes. Combined with clinical LUAD patients' characteristics, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to build prognostic immune risk model. Next, we calculated AUC value of ROC curve, and explored survival probability of different risk groups. A total of 2966 mRNAs were differently expressed in LUAD samples and normal samples. Function enrichment analyses proved mRNAs were associated with many tumor pathways, such as cell adhesion, vascular smooth muscle contraction, and cell cycle. There were 18 mRNAs related to ECM receptor signaling pathway, and 7 mRNAs expressions were correlated with EGFR expression, but only 5mRNAs were associated with the long-term prognosis. Based on Integrin alpha-8 (ITGA8) molecule, we identified potential 3 miRNAs from several databases. The promoter of ITGA8 was higher-methylated and lower-expressed in LUAD. And lower-expressed group has poor prognosis for patients. 66 immunomodulators related to ITGA8 were performed to construct immune correlation prediction model (p < 0.05). Comprehensive analyses of ITGA8 revealed it combined focal adhesion kinase to activate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to influence the occurrence and development of LUAD. A novel immune prognostic model about ITGA8 was constructed and verified in LUAD patients. Combined with non-coding genes and genomic epigenetics, identification of potential biomarkers provided new light on therapeutic strategy for clinical patients.

S100A12 protein as a porcine health status biomarker when quantified in saliva samples

The S100A12 protein was validated as a biomarker of health status in porcine saliva samples using a semi-quantitative approach based on Western blotting in four healthy and sixteen diseased animals, and in four animals with severe respiratory disease during three days of antibiotic therapy. Afterwards, a non-competitive sandwich immunoassay was then developed, validated, and used to quantify S100A12 in clinical porcine samples, using 14 healthy and 25 diseased pigs. Finally, the S100A12 concentrations in the saliva of ten pigs with respiratory disease were monitored during antibiotic therapy. Diseased animals showed higher concentrations of S100A12 than healthy animals, and the high concentrations of S100A12 in pigs with respiratory distress were reduced after antimicrobial therapy. The assay developed showed good precision and accuracy, as well as a low limit of detection of 3.19 ng/mL. It was possible to store saliva samples at -20 °C, or even at 4 °C, for two weeks before analysis without losing the validity of the results. The concentrations of S100A12 observed in serum and saliva samples showed a moderately positive association with a correlation coefficient of 0.48. The concentrations of the new validated biomarker S100A12 are highly associated with the novel salivary biomarker of inflammation, adenosine deaminase, and moderately to highly associated with the total oxidant status. The results reported in this study provide a new way of evaluating inflammatory diseases in pigs using saliva samples, which should be further explored for disease prevention and monitoring in the field.

The Association Between S100A12 Protein and C-Reactive Protein with Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias Following Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly

Objective

To investigate the association of S100A12 protein and C-reactive protein (CRP) with the onset of malignant ventricular arrhythmias (MVA) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the elderly.

Methods

A total of 159 elderly AMI patients admitted to Chongming Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences from January 2018 to January 2023 were enrolled in the study. CRP levels were determined using an automatic biochemical analyzer, and S100A12 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Patients were categorized based on the Lown classification into groups without MVA and with MVA. Univariate analysis was initially performed to identify independent variables, followed by multivariate logistic regression to determine the risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmias post-AMI. The predictive value of S100A12 protein and CRP for malignant ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction in the elderly was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results

Among the 159 patients with AMI, 27 (17%) had MVA. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that both S100A12 protein and CRP could be independent risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmias following acute myocardial infarction in the elderly (p < 0.05). The area under the ROC curve showed the area under the curve (AUC) for S100A12 protein to be 0.7147, for CRP 0.7356, and for the combined diagnosis 0.8350 (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

S100A12 protein and CRP are independent risk factors for MVA after MI in the elderly. The combined application of S100A12 protein and CRP has higher diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.

Sestrin2 levels in patients with anxiety and depression myocardial infarction was up-regulated and suppressed inflammation and ferroptosis by LKB1-mediated AMPK activation

Although great progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in recent years, its morbidity and mortality are still relatively high. In this study, we explain that the function of Sestrin2 gene in Anxiety and Depression Myocardial infarction and its possible mechanism. 26 patients with Anxiety and Depression Myocardial infarction (ADMI) and 26 normal volunteers were collected from our hospital. All mice anaesthetized using 50 mg/kg of pentobarbital sodium and the left anterior descending arteries (LAD) were ligated to induce myocardial infarction. H9c2 cells were stimulated with 5% oxygen (O2) and 5% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 90% N2 for 24 h. The serum expression of Sestrin2 in patients with ADMI was up-regulated. Sestrin2 gene up-regulation reduced collagen I/II and KEAP1 mRNA expressions, and increased GPX4 and Nrf2 mRNA expressions in vitro model of AMI. Down-regulation of Sestrin2 increased collagen I/II and KEAP1 mRNA expressions, and decreased GPX4 and Nrf2 mRNA expressions in vitro model of AMI. These data confirmed that Sestrin2 reduced inflammation and ferroptosis in model of ADMI by LKB1-mediated AMPK activation. This infers that Sestrin2 is potential target to be used in the treatment of premature AMI.

Retracted: Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Role of S100A12 as a Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Biomarker in Acute Myocardial Infarction

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/2633123.].

Integrated bioinformatics and experiment revealed that cuproptosis is the potential common pathogenesis of three kinds of primary cardiomyopathy

Cuproptosis is a recently reported new mode of programmed cell death which might be a potential co-pathogenesis of three kinds of primary cardiomyopathy. However, no investigation has reported a clear relevance between primary cardiomyopathy and cuproptosis. In this study, the differential cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) shared by three kinds of primary cardiomyopathy were identified in training sets. As a result, four CRGs shared by three kinds of primary cardiomyopathy were acquired and they were mainly related to biological processes such as cell death and immuno-inflammatory response through differential analysis, correlation analysis, GSEA, GSVA and immune cell infiltration analysis. Then, three key CRGs (K-CRGs) with high diagnostic value were identified by LASSO regression. The results of nomogram, machine learning, ROC analysis, calibration curve and decision curve indicated that the K-CRGs exhibited outstanding performance in the diagnosis of three kinds of primary cardiomyopathy. After that, in each disease, two molecular subtypes clusters were distinguished. There were many differences between different clusters in the biological processes associated with cell death and immunoinflammation and K-CRGs had excellent molecular subtype identification efficacy. Eventually, results from validation datasets and in vitro experiments verified the role of K-CRGs in diagnosis of primary cardiomyopathy, identification of primary cardiomyopathic molecular subtypes and pathogenesis of cuproptosis. In conclusion, this study found that cuproptosis might be the potential common pathogenesis of three kinds of primary cardiomyopathy and K-CRGs might be promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and molecular subtypes identification of primary cardiomyopathy.

Broadening Horizons: Exploring mtDAMPs as a Mechanism and Potential Intervention Target in Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been recognized as the leading cause of premature mortality and morbidity worldwide despite significant advances in therapeutics. Inflammation is a key factor in CVD progression. Once stress stimulates cells, they release cellular compartments known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Mitochondria can release mitochondrial DAMPs (mtDAMPs) to initiate an immune response when stimulated with cellular stress. Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the DAMPs that regulate CVD progression is crucial for improving CVDs. Herein, we discuss the composition and mechanism of DAMPs, the significance of mtDAMPs in cellular inflammation, the presence of mtDAMPs in different types of cells, and the main signaling pathways associated with mtDAMPs. Based on this, we determined the role of DAMPs in CVDs and the effects of mtDAMP intervention on CVD progression. By offering a fresh perspective and comprehensive insights into the molecular mechanisms of DAMPs, this review seeks to provide important theoretical foundations for developing drugs targeting CVDs.

The Role of microRNAs in Arsenic-Induced Human Diseases: A Review

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs with 20-22 nucleotides, which are encoded by endogenous genes and are capable of targeting the majority of human mRNAs. Arsenic is regarded as a human carcinogen, which can lead to many adverse health effects including diabetes, skin lesions, kidney disease, neurological impairment, male reproductive injury, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as cardiac arrhythmias, ischemic heart failure, and endothelial dysfunction. miRNAs can act as tumor suppressors and oncogenes via directly targeting oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Recently, miRNA dysregulation was considered to be an important mechanism of arsenic-induced human diseases and a potential biomarker to predict the diseases caused by arsenic exposure. Endogenic miRNAs such as miR-21, the miR-200 family, miR-155, and the let-7 family are involved in arsenic-induced human disease by inducing translational repression or RNA degradation and influencing multiple pathways, including mTOR/Arg 1, HIF-1α/VEGF, AKT, c-Myc, MAPK, Wnt, and PI3K pathways. Additionally, exogenous miRNAs derived from plants, such as miR-34a, miR-159, miR-2911, miR-159a, miR-156c, miR-168, etc., among others, can be transported from blood to specific tissue/organ systems in vivo. These exogenous miRNAs might be critical players in the treatment of human diseases by regulating host gene expression. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in arsenic-induced human diseases, including cancers, CVD, and other human diseases. These special miRNAs could serve as potential biomarkers in the management and treatment of human diseases linked to arsenic exposure. Finally, the protective action of exogenous miRNAs, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-CVD, antioxidant stress, and antivirus are described.

Identification of Oxidative Stress-Related Biomarkers in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Purpose

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is globally prevalent, with oxidative stress as a key contributor to its pathogenesis. This study aimed to explore oxidative stress-related genes as potential AMI biomarkers, elucidating their role in disease progression.

Patients and Methods

Gene expression data from AMI samples in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and oxidative stress-related genes (OSRGs) from the GeneCards database were extracted. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) identified key module genes associated with AMI. Intersecting OSRGs, key module genes, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AMI and normal samples led to the extraction of differentially expressed ORSGs (DE-ORSGs) related to AMI. Feature genes were mined using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, followed by potential diagnostic value assessment using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was executed on the identified key genes. Immune infiltration levels were explored using the CIBERSORT algorithm, and a Transcription Factor (TF) -mRNA regulatory network of key genes was created. The key genes were validated using qRT-PCR.

Results

We authenticated three key genes (MMP9, TGFBR3, and S100A12) from 6 DE-ORSGs identified in AMI. GSEA revealed that these key genes were enriched in immune-related signaling pathways. Immune infiltration analysis identified three differential immune cell types (resting NK cells, Monocytes, and M0 Macrophages) between AMI and normal groups. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations of MMP9 with M0 Macrophages and S100A12 with Monocytes and M0 Macrophages, whereas TGFBR3 was negatively related to Monocytes. A TF-mRNA regulatory network was generated based on these key genes. qRT-PCR validation confirmed the differential expression of S100A12 and TGFBR3 between AMI and control samples.

Conclusion

TGFBR3, and S100A12 were identified as potential oxidative stress-related biomarkers in AMI, providing new insights for AMI diagnosis and treatment.

Changes in S100A8/A9 and S100A12 and Their Comparison with Other Analytes in the Saliva of Pigs with Diarrhea Due to E. coli

The family of calgranulins includes S100A8 (calgranulin A), S100A9 (calgranulin B), which can appear as a heterodimer known as S100A8/A9 or calprotectin, and S100A12 (calgranulin C). These proteins are related to different inflammatory conditions, immune-mediated diseases, and sepsis and are considered biomarkers of potential interest. This study aims to evaluate if S100A8/A9 and A12 could change in pigs with diarrhea due to E. coli and to compare the changes of S100A8/A9 and A12 with other analytes in order to explore the possible causes or mechanisms involved. For this purpose, a panel integrated by analytes related to inflammation (haptoglobin, inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor 4 (ITIH4), and total protein); immune system (adenosine deaminase, ADA); stress (alpha-amylase); tissue damage (lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)); sepsis (aldolase) and redox status (ferric-reducing ability of saliva (FRAS) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP)) was evaluated. S100A8/A9 and A12 and the other analytes measured in this study showed increases in the saliva of pigs with diarrhea due to E. coli. S100A8/A9 and/or A12 showed a significant correlation of different magnitude with some of the other analytes evaluated. Further studies should be conducted to gain knowledge about the possible practical applications as biomarkers of the measurements of S100A8/A9 and A12 in the saliva of pigs.

S100 proteins in cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular diseases have become a serious threat to human health and life worldwide and have the highest fatality rate. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases have become a focus for public health experts. The expression of S100 proteins is cell- and tissue-specific; they are implicated in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory diseases and cancer. This review article discusses the progress in the research on the role of S100 protein family members in cardiovascular diseases. Understanding the mechanisms by which these proteins exert their biological function may provide novel concepts for preventing, treating, and predicting cardiovascular diseases.

Deciphering the Function of New Therapeutic Targets and Prospective Biomarkers in the Management of Psoriasis

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin condition affecting people worldwide, presenting at any age, and leading to a substantial burden physically and mentally. The innate and adaptive immune systems interact intricately with the pathomechanisms that underlie disease. T cells can interact with keratinocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells through the cytokines they secrete. According to recent research, psoriasis flare-ups can cause systemic inflammation and various other co-morbidities, including depression, psoriatic arthritis, and cardio-metabolic syndrome. Additionally, several auto-inflammatory and auto-immune illnesses may be linked to psoriasis. Although psoriasis has no proven treatment, care must strive by treating patients as soon as the disease surfaces, finding and preventing concurrent multimorbidity, recognising and reducing bodily and psychological distress, requiring behavioural modifications, and treating each patient individually. Biomarkers are traits that are assessed at any time along the clinical continuum, from the early stages of a disease through the beginning of treatment (the foundation of precision medicine) to the late stages of treatment (outcomes and endpoints). Systemic therapies that are frequently used to treat psoriasis provide a variety of outcomes. Targeted therapy selection, better patient outcomes, and more cost-effective healthcare would be made possible by biomarkers that reliably predict effectiveness and safety. This review is an attempt to understand the role of Antimicrobial peptides (AMP), Interleukin-38 (IL-38), autophagy 5 (ATG5) protein and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) as biomarkers of psoriasis.

The Correlation Between Cardiac Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Cytokine Response Following Myocardial Infarction

Our study was conducted to investigate the potential correlation between cardiac oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine response following myocardial infarction. A total of 120 patients harboring acute myocardial infarction who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at our hospital were included. Their general clinical data were analyzed, and comparisons were made regarding the levels of inflammatory factors, oxidative stress markers, heart pump function, and cardiac function. The correlation between cardiac oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine response was assessed using Pearson's linear correlation. Following treatment, significant reductions were seen in the serum levels of cortisol, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and catalase (CAT) compared to pre-treatment levels. Conversely, the levels of growth hormone (GH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), cardiac output (CO), and cardiac index (CI) were significantly elevated. Serum cortisol (r = 0.481, P = .001), BNP (r = 0.437, P = .001), CRP (r = 0.542, P = .001), STAT3 (r = 0.835, P = .001), TSH (P = .001), IL-8 (r = 0.867, P = .001), TNF-α (r = 0.439, P = .001), and cardiac oxidative stress demonstrated significantly positive correlations (P < .05). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was found between GH (r = -0.654, P = .001) and immune balance (P < .05). This study evaluated the severity of myocardial infarction using indicators such as CO and CI. This study found a significant correlation between cardiac oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines after myocardial infarction, suggesting their potential as predictors of myocardial infarction severity.

Expression pattern and diagnostic value of ferroptosis-related genes in acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

Ferroptosis is a form of regulatory cell death (RCD) caused by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. The role of ferroptosis in the process of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is still unclear and requires further study. Therefore, it is helpful to identify ferroptosis related genes (FRGs) involved in AMI and explore their expression patterns and molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

The AMI-related microarray datasets GSE66360 and GSE61144 were obtained using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) online database. GO annotation, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis were performed for the common significant differential expression genes (CoDEGs) in these two datasets. The FRGs were obtained from the FerrDb V2 and the differentially expressed FRGs were used to identify potential biomarkers by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The expression of these FRGs was verified using external dataset GSE60993 and GSE775. Finally, the expression of these FRGs was further verified in myocardial hypoxia model.

RESULTS

A total of 131 CoDEGs were identified and these genes were mainly enriched in the pathways of "inflammatory response," "immune response," "plasma membrane," "receptor activity," "protein homodimerization activity," "calcium ion binding," "Phagosome," "Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction," and "Toll-like receptor signaling pathway." The top 7 hub genes ITGAM, S100A12, S100A9, TLR2, TLR4, TLR8, and TREM1 were identified from the PPI network. 45 and 14 FRGs were identified in GSE66360 and GSE61144, respectively. FRGs ACSL1, ATG7, CAMKK2, GABARAPL1, KDM6B, LAMP2, PANX2, PGD, PTEN, SAT1, STAT3, TLR4, and ZFP36 were significantly differentially expressed in external dataset GSE60993 with AUC ≥ 0.7. Finally, ALOX5, CAMKK2, KDM6B, LAMP2, PTEN, PTGS2, and ULK1 were identified as biomarkers of AMI based on the time-gradient transcriptome dataset of AMI mice and the cellular hypoxia model.

CONCLUSION

In this study, based on the existing datasets, we identified differentially expressed FRGs in blood samples from patients with AMI and further validated these FRGs in the mouse time-gradient transcriptome dataset of AMI and the cellular hypoxia model. This study explored the expression pattern and molecular mechanism of FRGs in AMI, providing a basis for the accurate diagnosis of AMI and the selection of new therapeutic targets.