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Dofuor AK, Quartey NKA, Osabutey AF, Boateng BO, Lutuf H, Osei JHN, Ayivi-Tosuh SM, Aiduenu AF, Ekloh W, Loh SK, Opoku MJ, Aidoo OF. The Global Impact of COVID-19: Historical Development, Molecular Characterization, Drug Discovery and Future Directions. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (THOUSAND OAKS, VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.) 2023; 16:2632010X231218075. [PMID: 38144436 PMCID: PMC10748929 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x231218075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, an outbreak of a respiratory disease called the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a new coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began in Wuhan, China. The SARS-CoV-2, an encapsulated positive-stranded RNA virus, spread worldwide with disastrous consequences for people's health, economies, and quality of life. The disease has had far-reaching impacts on society, including economic disruption, school closures, and increased stress and anxiety. It has also highlighted disparities in healthcare access and outcomes, with marginalized communities disproportionately affected by the SARS-CoV-2. The symptoms of COVID-19 range from mild to severe. There is presently no effective cure. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made in developing COVID-19 vaccine for different therapeutic targets. For instance, scientists developed multifold vaccine candidates shortly after the COVID-19 outbreak after Pfizer and AstraZeneca discovered the initial COVID-19 vaccines. These vaccines reduce disease spread, severity, and mortality. The addition of rapid diagnostics to microscopy for COVID-19 diagnosis has proven crucial. Our review provides a thorough overview of the historical development of COVID-19 and molecular and biochemical characterization of the SARS-CoV-2. We highlight the potential contributions from insect and plant sources as anti-SARS-CoV-2 and present directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboagye Kwarteng Dofuor
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Naa Kwarley-Aba Quartey
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Belinda Obenewa Boateng
- Coconut Research Program, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Hanif Lutuf
- Crop Protection Division, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kade, Ghana
| | - Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Selina Mawunyo Ayivi-Tosuh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Albert Fynn Aiduenu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Ekloh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Seyram Kofi Loh
- Department of Built Environment, School of Sustainable Development, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Maxwell Jnr Opoku
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Owusu Fordjour Aidoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
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Alshammari MK, Fatima W, Alraya RA, Khuzaim Alzahrani A, Kamal M, Alshammari RS, Alshammari SA, Alharbi LM, Alsubaie NS, Alosaimi RB, Asdaq SMB, Imran M. Selenium and COVID-19: A spotlight on the clinical trials, inventive compositions, and patent literature. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1225-1233. [PMID: 36265330 PMCID: PMC9529344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an indispensable trace element for all living organisms. It is an essential structural component of several selenium-dependent enzymes, which support the human body's defense mechanism. Recently, the significance of selenium in preventing/treating COVID-19 has been documented in the literature. This review highlights the clinical studies, compositions, and patent literature on selenium to prevent/treat COVID-19. Selenium exerts its anti-COVID-19 action by reducing oxidative stress, declining the expression of the ACE-2 receptor, lowering the discharge of pro-inflammatory substances, and inhibiting the 3CLPro (main protease) and PLpro enzyme of SARS-CoV-2. The data of clinical studies, inventive compositions, and patent literature revealed that selenium monotherapy and its compositions with other nutritional supplements/drugs (vitamin, iron, zinc, copper, ferulic acid, resveratrol, spirulina, N-acetylcysteine, fish oil, many herbs, doxycycline, azithromycin, curcumin, quercetin, etc.,) might be practical to prevent/treat COVID-19. The studies have also suggested a correlation between COVID-19 and selenium deficiency. This indicates that adequate selenium supplementation may provide promising treatment outcomes in COVID-19 patients. The authors foresee the development and commercialization of Selenium-based compositions and dosage forms (spray, inhalers, control release dosage forms, etc.) to battle COVID-19. We also trust that numerous selenium-based compositions are yet to be explored. Accordingly, there is good scope for scientists to work on developing novel and inventive selenium-based compositions to fight against COVID-19. However, there is also a need to consider the narrow therapeutic window and chemical interaction of selenium before developing selenium-based compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waseem Fatima
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Reem Ahmed Alraya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, First Health Cluster in Eastern Province, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - A Khuzaim Alzahrani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Reem Saud Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Maternity and Children Hospital, Rafha 76321, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sarah Ayad Alshammari
- Al-Dawaa Medical Services Company (DMSCO), Eastern Province, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Norah Saad Alsubaie
- Sales Department, SPIMACO Addwaeih, Eastern Region Office, Al-Hofuf 9449, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia.
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Kytko OV, Vasil’ev YL, Dydykin SS, Diachkova EY, Sankova MV, Litvinova TM, Volel BA, Zhandarov KA, Grishin AA, Tatarkin VV, Suetenkov DE, Nikolaev AI, Pastbin MY, Ushnitsky ID, Gromova SN, Saleeva GT, Saleeva L, Saleev N, Shakirov E, Saleev RA. COVID-19 Vaccinating Russian Medical Students-Challenges and Solutions: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11556. [PMID: 36141828 PMCID: PMC9517622 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: The role of preventive measures increases significantly in the absence of effective specific COVID-19 treatment. Mass population immunization and the achievement of collective immunity are of particular importance. The future development of public attitudes towards SARS-CoV-2 immunization depends significantly on medical students, as future physicians. Therefore, it seemed relevant to determine the percentage of COVID-19-vaccinated medical students and to identify the factors significantly affecting this indicator. Methods: A total of 2890 medical students from years one to six, studying at nine leading Russian medical universities, participated in an anonymous sociological survey. The study was performed in accordance with the STROBE guidelines. Results: It was found that the percentage of vaccinated Russian medical students at the beginning of the academic year 2021 was 58.8 ± 7.69%, which did not significantly differ from the vaccination coverage of the general population in the corresponding regions (54.19 ± 4.83%). Student vaccination rate was largely determined by the region-specific epidemiological situation. The level of student vaccination coverage did not depend on the gender or student residence (in a family or in a university dormitory). The group of senior students had a higher number of COVID-19 vaccine completers than the group of junior students. The lack of reliable information about COVID-19 vaccines had a pronounced negative impact on the SARS-CoV-2 immunization process. Significant information sources influencing student attitudes toward vaccination included medical professionals, medical universities, academic conferences, and manuscripts, which at that time provided the least information. Conclusion: The obtained results make it possible to develop recommendations to promote SARS-CoV-2 immunoprophylaxis among students and the general population and to increase collective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya V. Kytko
- Sklifosovskyi Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy L. Vasil’ev
- Sklifosovskyi Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey S. Dydykin
- Sklifosovskyi Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Yu Diachkova
- Sklifosovskyi Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V. Sankova
- Sklifosovskyi Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana M. Litvinova
- Sklifosovskyi Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Beatrice A. Volel
- Sklifosovskyi Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill A. Zhandarov
- Sklifosovskyi Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Grishin
- Sklifosovskyi Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav V. Tatarkin
- Department of Operative and Clinical Surgery with Topographic Anatomy Named after S.A. Simbirtsev, Mechnikov North-West State Medical University, Kirochnaya St., 41, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitriy E. Suetenkov
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, B. Kazachya St., 112, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Alexander I. Nikolaev
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Smolensk State Medical University, Krupskoy St., 28, 214019 Smolensk, Russia
| | - Michael Yu Pastbin
- Department of Children Dentistry, Northern State Medical University, Troitsky Avenue, 51, 163000 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Innokenty D. Ushnitsky
- Department of Therapeutic, Surgical and Prosthetic Dentistry, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Belinsky St., 58, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana N. Gromova
- Department of Dentistry, Kirov State Medical University, K. Marx St., d.112, 610998 Kirov, Russia
| | - Gulshat T. Saleeva
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Kazan State Medical University, Butlerova St., 49, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Liaisan Saleeva
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Kazan State Medical University, Butlerova St., 49, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Nail Saleev
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Kazan State Medical University, Butlerova St., 49, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Eduard Shakirov
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Kazan State Medical University, Butlerova St., 49, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Rinat A. Saleev
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Kazan State Medical University, Butlerova St., 49, 420012 Kazan, Russia
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