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Ding Y, Sun Y, Wang H, Zhao H, Yin R, Zhang M, Pan X, Zhu X. Atherosis-associated lnc_000048 activates PKR to enhance STAT1-mediated polarization of THP-1 macrophages to M1 phenotype. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2488-2498. [PMID: 38526285 PMCID: PMC11090429 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202419110-00029/figure1/v/2024-03-08T184507Z/r/image-tiff Our previous study has demonstrated that lnc_000048 is upregulated in large-artery atherosclerotic stroke and promotes atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. However, little is known about the role of lnc_000048 in classically activated macrophage (M1) polarization. In this study, we established THP-1-derived testing state macrophages (M0), M1 macrophages, and alternately activated macrophages (M2). Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to verify the expression of marker genes and the expression of lnc_000048 in macrophages. Flow cytometry was used to detect phenotypic proteins (CD11b, CD38, CD80). We generated cell lines with lentivirus-mediated upregulation or downregulation of lnc_000048. Flow cytometry, western blot, and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that down-regulation of lnc_000048 reduced M1 macrophage polarization and the inflammation response, while over-expression of lnc_000048 led to the opposite effect. Western blot results indicated that lnc_000048 enhanced the activation of the STAT1 pathway and mediated the M1 macrophage polarization. Moreover, catRAPID prediction, RNA-pull down, and mass spectrometry were used to identify and screen the protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR), then catRAPID and RPIseq were used to predict the binding ability of lnc_000048 to PKR. Immunofluorescence (IF)-RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) double labeling was performed to verify the subcellular colocalization of lnc_000048 and PKR in the cytoplasm of M1 macrophage. We speculate that lnc_000048 may form stem-loop structure-specific binding and activate PKR by inducing its phosphorylation, leading to activation of STAT1 phosphorylation and thereby enhancing STAT1 pathway-mediated polarization of THP-1 macrophages to M1 and inflammatory factor expression. Taken together, these results reveal that the lnc_000048/PKR/STAT1 axis plays a crucial role in the polarization of M1 macrophages and may be a novel therapeutic target for atherosclerosis alleviation in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ding
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Qingdao Cadre Health Care Service Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongqin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ruihua Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Wang J, Du L, Zhang T, Chu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Ji X, Kang Y, Cui R, Zhang G, Liu J, Shi G. Edaravone Dexborneol ameliorates the cognitive deficits of APP/PS1 mice by inhibiting TLR4/MAPK signaling pathway via upregulating TREM2. Neuropharmacology 2024; 255:110006. [PMID: 38763325 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there are no effective therapeutic agents available to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, edaravone dexborneol (EDB), a novel composite agent used to treat acute ischemic stroke, has recently been shown to exert efficacious neuroprotective effects. However, whether EDB can ameliorate cognitive deficits in AD currently remains unclear. To this end, we explored the effects of EDB on AD and its potential mechanisms using an AD animal model (male APP/PS1 mice) treated with EDB for 10 weeks starting at 6 months of age. Subsequent analyses revealed that EDB-treated APP/PS1 mice exhibited improved cognitive abilities compared to untreated APP/PS1 mice. Administration of EDB in APP/PS1 mice further alleviated neuropathological alterations of the hippocampus, including Aβ deposition, pyramidal cell karyopyknosis, and oxidative damage, and significantly decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and COX-2 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. Transcriptome sequencing analysis demonstrated the critical role of the inflammatory reaction in EDB treatment in APP/PS1 mice, indicating that the alleviation of the inflammatory reaction by EDB in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice was linked to the action of the TREM2/TLR4/MAPK signaling pathway. Further in vitro investigations showed that EDB suppressed neuroinflammation in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells by inhibiting the TLR4/MAPK signaling pathway and upregulating TREM2 expression. Thus, the findings of the present study demonstrate that EDB is a promising therapeutic agent for AD-related cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China; Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Longyuan Du
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Tianyun Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yun Chu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Xiaoming Ji
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yunxiao Kang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Rui Cui
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Junyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Geming Shi
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
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Qin J, Yuan H, An X, Liu R, Meng B. Macrophage-derived exosomes exacerbate postoperative cognitive dysfunction in mice through inflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 394:578403. [PMID: 39047317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of two-hit inflammation on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in mice and the role of macrophage-derived exosomes in regulating this process. Mice models were used to mimic the state of two-hit inflammation, and cognitive function was assessed through behavioral experiments. Proinflammatory cytokine expression levels and blood-brain barrier (BBB)-associated functional proteins were measured using ELISA and Western blot, respectively. An in vitro macrophage inflammation two-hit model was created, and the role of exosomes was examined using the previously mentioned assays. Additionally, exosomes were injected into mice to further understand their impact in the two-hit inflammation model. Mice exposed to two-hit inflammation experienced impaired cognitive function, increased BBB permeability, and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Macrophages subjected to two-hit inflammation released higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines compared to the control group and other treatment groups. Treatment with an exosome inhibitor GW4869 effectively reduced the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages exposed to two-hit inflammation. Moreover, injection of macrophage-released exosomes into healthy mice induced inflammation, hippocampal damage, and cognitive disorders, which were mitigated by treatment with GW4869. In mice with two-hit inflammation, macrophage-released exosomes worsened cognitive disorders by promoting inflammation in the peripheral blood and central nervous system. However, treatment with GW4869 protected cognitive function by suppressing exosome release. These findings highlight the importance of two-hit inflammation in POCD and emphasize the critical role of exosomes as regulatory factors. This research provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of POCD and potential intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiujun An
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongjun Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
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Li H, Zhang J, Tan M, Yin Y, Song Y, Zhao Y, Yan L, Li N, Zhang X, Bai J, Jiang T, Li H. Exosomes based strategies for cardiovascular diseases: Opportunities and challenges. Biomaterials 2024; 308:122544. [PMID: 38579591 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, as nanoscale extracellular vesicles (EVs), are secreted by all types of cells to facilitate intercellular communication in living organisms. After being taken up by neighboring or distant cells, exosomes can alter the expression levels of target genes in recipient cells and thereby affect their pathophysiological outcomes depending on payloads encapsulated therein. The functions and mechanisms of exosomes in cardiovascular diseases have attracted much attention in recent years and are thought to have cardioprotective and regenerative potential. This review summarizes the biogenesis and molecular contents of exosomes and details the roles played by exosomes released from various cells in the progression and recovery of cardiovascular disease. The review also discusses the current status of traditional exosomes in cardiovascular tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, pointing out several limitations in their application. It emphasizes that some of the existing emerging industrial or bioengineering technologies are promising to compensate for these shortcomings, and the combined application of exosomes and biomaterials provides an opportunity for mutual enhancement of their performance. The integration of exosome-based cell-free diagnostic and therapeutic options will contribute to the further development of cardiovascular regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, PR China
| | - Mingyue Tan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, PR China; Department of Geriatrics, Cardiovascular Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yunfei Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, PR China
| | - Yiyi Song
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, PR China
| | - Yongjian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, PR China
| | - Lin Yan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China
| | - Xianzuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Tingbo Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, PR China.
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, PR China.
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Omoto ACM, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Hall JE, Mouton AJ. Immunometabolism, extracellular vesicles and cardiac injury. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1331284. [PMID: 38260141 PMCID: PMC10800986 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1331284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence from our lab and others suggests that metabolic reprogramming of immune cells drives changes in immune cell phenotypes along the inflammatory-to-reparative spectrum and plays a critical role in mediating the inflammatory responses to cardiac injury (e.g. hypertension, myocardial infarction). However, the factors that drive metabolic reprogramming in immune cells are not fully understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are recognized for their ability to transfer cargo such as microRNAs from remote sites to influence cardiac remodeling. Furthermore, conditions such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, which are implicated in the majority of cardiovascular disease (CVD) cases, can skew production of EVs toward pro-inflammatory phenotypes. In this mini-review, we discuss the mechanisms by which EVs may influence immune cell metabolism during cardiac injury and factors associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome that can disrupt normal EV function. We also discuss potential sources of cardio-protective and anti-inflammatory EVs, such as brown adipose tissue. Finally, we discuss implications for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alan J. Mouton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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You Z, Ye X, Jiang M, Gu N, Liang C. lnc-MRGPRF-6:1 Promotes ox-LDL-Induced Macrophage Ferroptosis via Suppressing GPX4. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:5513245. [PMID: 37621767 PMCID: PMC10447047 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5513245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ferroptosis, a newly discovered mode of cell death, emerges as a new target for atherosclerosis (AS). Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the regulation of ferroptosis. In our previous study, lnc-MRGPRF-6:1 was highly expressed in patients with coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD) and closely associated with macrophage-mediated inflammation in AS. In the present study, we aim to investigate the role of lnc-MRGPRF-6:1 in oxidized-low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced macrophage ferroptosis in AS. Methods Firstly, ox-LDL-treated macrophages were used to simulate macrophage injury in AS. Then, ferroptosis-related biomarkers and mitochondrial morphology were detected and observed in ox-LDL-treated macrophages. Subsequently, we constructed lnc-MRGPRF-6:1 knockdown and overexpression of THP-1-derived macrophages and investigated the role of lnc-MRGPRF-6:1 in ox-LDL-induced ferroptosis. Then human monocytes were isolated successfully and were used to explore the role of lnc-MRGPRF-6:1 in macrophage ferroptosis. Likely, we constructed lnc-MRGPRF-6:1 knockdown and overexpression of human monocyte-derived macrophages and detected the expression levels of ferroptosis-related biomarkers. Then, transcriptome sequencing, literature searching, and following quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were implemented to explore specific signaling pathway in the process. It was demonstrated that lnc-MRGPRF-6:1 may regulate ox-LDL-induced macrophage ferroptosis through glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Eventually, the correlation between lnc-MRGPRF-6:1 and GPX4 was measured in monocyte-derived macrophages of CAD patients and controls. Results The ox-LDL-induced injury in macrophages was involved in ferroptosis. The knockdown of lnc-MRGPRF-6:1 could alleviate ox-LDL-induced ferroptosis in macrophages. Meanwhile, the overexpression of lnc-MRGPRF-6:1 could intensify ox-LDL-induced ferroptosis. Furthermore, the knockdown of lnc-MRGPRF-6:1 could alleviate the decrease of GPX4 induced by RAS-selective lethal compounds 3 (RSL-3). These indicated that lnc-MRGPRF-6:1 may suppress GPX4 to induce macrophage ferroptosis. Eventually, lnc-MRGPRF-6:1 was highly expressed in the monocyte-derived macrophages of CAD patients and was negatively correlated with the expression of GPX4. Conclusion lnc-MRGPRF-6:1 can promote ox-LDL-induced macrophage ferroptosis through inhibiting GPX4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihuan You
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaotian Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meihua Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Caihong Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Shin HS, Shin JJ, Park J, Arab I, Suk K, Lee WH. Role of Macrophage lncRNAs in Mediating Inflammatory Processes in Atherosclerosis and Sepsis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1905. [PMID: 37509544 PMCID: PMC10377468 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are molecules >200 bases in length without protein-coding functions implicated in signal transduction and gene expression regulation via interaction with proteins or RNAs, exhibiting various functions. The expression of lncRNAs has been detected in many cell types, including macrophages, a type of immune cell involved in acute and chronic inflammation, removal of dead or damaged cells, and tissue repair. Increasing evidence indicates that lncRNAs play essential roles in macrophage functions and disease development. Additionally, many animal studies have reported that blockage or modulation of lncRNA functions alleviates disease severity or morbidity rate. The present review summarizes the current knowledge regarding lncRNAs expressed in macrophages, focusing on their molecular targets and the biological processes regulated by them during the development of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and sepsis. Possible application of this information to lncRNA-targeting therapy is also discussed. The studies regarding macrophage lncRNAs described in this review can help provide valuable information for developing treatments for various pathological conditions involving macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeung-Seob Shin
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Joon Shin
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkwang Park
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Imene Arab
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Wang H, Ye X, Spanos M, Wang H, Yang Z, Li G, Xiao J, Zhou L. Exosomal Non-Coding RNA Mediates Macrophage Polarization: Roles in Cardiovascular Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050745. [PMID: 37237557 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes are nanosized extracellular particles that contain proteins, DNA, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and other molecules, which are widely present in biofluids throughout the body. As a key mediator of intercellular communication, EVs transfer their cargoes to target cells and activate signaling transduction. Increasing evidence shows that ncRNA is involved in a variety of pathological and physiological processes through various pathways, particularly the inflammatory response. Macrophage, one of the body's "gatekeepers", plays a crucial role in inflammatory reactions. Generally, macrophages can be classified as pro-inflammatory type (M1) or anti-inflammatory type (M2) upon their phenotypes, a phenomenon termed macrophage polarization. Increasing evidence indicates that the polarization of macrophages plays important roles in the progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, the role of exosomal ncRNA in regulating macrophage polarization and the role of polarized macrophages as an important source of EV in CVD remains to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize the role and molecular mechanisms of exosomal-ncRNA in regulating macrophage polarization during CVD development, focusing on their cellular origins, functional cargo, and their detailed effects on macrophage polarization. We also discuss the role of polarized macrophages and their derived EV in CVD as well as the therapeutic prospects of exosomal ncRNA in the treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China
| | - Xuan Ye
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Michail Spanos
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Huanxin Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zijiang Yang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
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Lu Z, Tang H, Li S, Zhu S, Li S, Huang Q. Role of Circulating Exosomes in Cerebrovascular Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1575-1593. [PMID: 36847232 PMCID: PMC10472809 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230214112408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles that contain multiple macromolecules secreted by the parent cells and play a vital role in intercellular communication. In recent years, the function of exosomes in cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) has been intensively studied. Herein, we briefly review the current understanding of exosomes in CVDs. We discuss their role in the pathophysiology of the diseases and the value of the exosomes for clinical applications as biomarkers and potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Lu
- Department of Neurovascular Centre, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Haishuang Tang
- Department of Nerurosurgery, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Sisi Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Intervention, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shijie Zhu
- Department of Neurovascular Centre, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Neurovascular Centre, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qinghai Huang
- Department of Neurovascular Centre, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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